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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Emacs</h1>
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of text editors</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMac" title="EMac">eMac</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the class of text editors. For the most popular current example, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption class="summary">Emacs</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EmacsIcon.svg" class="image"><img alt="EmacsIcon.svg" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/64px-EmacsIcon.png" decoding="async" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/96px-EmacsIcon.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/128px-EmacsIcon.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" width="64" height="64"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emacs27_showing_Org,_Magit,_and_Dired_with_the_modus-operandi_theme.png" class="image" title="Org-mode, Magit, and Dired buffers in GNU Emacs"><img alt="Org-mode, Magit, and Dired buffers in GNU Emacs" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/300px-Emacs27_showing_Org_Magit_and_Dired_with_the_modus-ope.png" decoding="async" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/450px-Emacs27_showing_Org_Magit_and_Dired_with_the_modus-ope.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/600px-Emacs27_showing_Org_Magit_and_Dired_with_the_modus-ope.png 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="797" width="300" height="172"></a><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org-mode" title="Org-mode">Org-mode</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magit" title="Magit">Magit</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dired" title="Dired">Dired</a> buffers in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Original author(s)</a></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Moon" title="David A. Moon">David A. Moon</a>,<br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td>Various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free/libre software</a> developers, including volunteers and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial</a> developers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td>1976<span class="noprint">; 45 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1976</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jwz_timeline_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwz_timeline-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td>27.1 (August 10, 2020<span class="noprint">; 5 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2020-08-10</span>)</span>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/Emacs&action=edit">[±]</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">Text editor</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Emacs</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <b>EMACS</b> (<b>Editor MACroS</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gnu_Emacs_FAQ_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gnu_Emacs_FAQ-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MACSimizing_TECO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACSimizing_TECO-5">[5]</a></sup> is a family of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editors</a> that are characterized by their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensibility" title="Extensibility">extensibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> The manual for the most widely used variant,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a>, describes it as "the extensible, customizable, self-documenting, real-time display editor".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
Development of the first Emacs began in the mid-1970s, and work on its
direct descendant, GNU Emacs, continues actively as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.
</p><p>Emacs has over 10,000 built-in commands and its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> allows the user to combine these commands into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a> to automate work. Implementations of Emacs typically feature a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">dialect</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>
programming language that provides a deep extension capability,
allowing users and developers to write new commands and applications for
the editor. Extensions have been written to manage <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnus" title="Gnus">email</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dired" title="Dired">files</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org-mode" title="Org-mode">outlines</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a> feeds,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> as well as clones of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA">ELIZA</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life" title="Conway's Game of Life">Conway's Life</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_(video_game_genre)" title="Snake (video game genre)">Snake</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetris" title="Tetris">Tetris</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The original EMACS was written in 1976 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Moon" title="David A. Moon">David A. Moon</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a> as a set of Editor MACroS for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TECO_(text_editor)" title="TECO (text editor)">TECO</a> editor.<sup id="cite_ref-jwz_timeline_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwz_timeline-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gnu_Emacs_FAQ_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gnu_Emacs_FAQ-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MACSimizing_TECO_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACSimizing_TECO-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> It was inspired by the ideas of the TECO-macro editors TECMAC and TMACS.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The most popular, and most ported, version of Emacs is GNU Emacs, which was created by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs" title="XEmacs">XEmacs</a> is a variant that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">branched</a>
from GNU Emacs in 1991. GNU Emacs and XEmacs use similar Lisp dialects
and are, for the most part, compatible with each other. XEmacs
development is inactive.
</p><p>Emacs is, along with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi" title="Vi">vi</a>, one of the two main contenders in the traditional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_war" title="Editor war">editor wars</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> culture. Emacs is among the oldest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open source">free and open source</a> projects still under development.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Implementations"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Implementations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_implementations"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early implementations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#GNU_Emacs"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">GNU Emacs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#XEmacs"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">XEmacs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Other_forks_of_GNU_Emacs"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Other forks of GNU Emacs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Various_Emacs_editors"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Various Emacs editors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Editors_with_Emacs_emulation"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Editors with Emacs emulation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Features"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Features</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#General_architecture"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">General architecture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Customizability"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Customizability</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Self-documenting"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Self-documenting</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Church_of_Emacs"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Church of Emacs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Emacs_pinky"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Emacs pinky</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Terminology"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guy_Steele.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Guy_Steele.jpg" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Guy_Steele.jpg 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Guy_Steele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1653" width="220" height="271"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guy_Steele.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Emacs was started by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a> as a project to unify the many divergent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TECO_(text_editor)" title="TECO (text editor)">TECO</a> command sets and key bindings at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gnu_Emacs_FAQ_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gnu_Emacs_FAQ-4">[4]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Space-cadet.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Space-cadet.jpg" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Space-cadet.jpg 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Space-cadet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="773" width="220" height="85"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Space-cadet.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The interface of Emacs was influenced by the design of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-cadet_keyboard" title="Space-cadet keyboard">space-cadet keyboard</a><sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-56592-152-6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-56592-152-6-15">[15]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C_file_in_Emacs_27_with_the_modus-operandi_theme.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-C_file_in_Emacs_27_with_the_modus-operandi_theme.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-C_file_in_Emacs_27_with_the_modus-operandi_theme.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-C_file_in_Emacs_27_with_the_modus-operandi_theme.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="759" width="220" height="169"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C_file_in_Emacs_27_with_the_modus-operandi_theme.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Editing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C programming language">C</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Writing_and_compiling_C%2B%2B_in_Emacs.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Writing_and_compiling_C_in_Emacs.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Writing_and_compiling_C_in_Emacs.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Writing_and_compiling_C_in_Emacs.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="568" width="220" height="127"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Writing_and_compiling_C%2B%2B_in_Emacs.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Editing, compiling and executing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> code from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></div></div></div>
<p>Emacs development began during the 1970s at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT AI Lab</a>, whose <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-6" title="PDP-6">PDP-6</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> computers used the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">Incompatible Timesharing System</a> (ITS) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> that featured a default <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_editor" title="Line editor">line editor</a> known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_Editor_and_Corrector" class="mw-redirect" title="Text Editor and Corrector">Tape Editor and Corrector</a>
(TECO). Unlike most modern text editors, TECO used separate modes in
which the user would either add text, edit existing text, or display the
document. One could not place characters directly into a document by
typing them into TECO, but would instead enter a character ('i') in the
TECO command language telling it to switch to input mode, enter the
required characters, during which time the edited text was not displayed
on the screen, and finally enter a character (<esc>) to switch
the editor back to command mode. (A similar technique was used to allow
overtyping.) This behavior is similar to that of the program <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a>.
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> visited the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Stanford AI Lab</a> in 1972 or 1974 and saw the lab's <i>E</i> editor, written by Fred Wright.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> He was impressed by the editor's intuitive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a>
(What You See Is What You Get) behavior, which has since become the
default behavior of most modern text editors. He returned to MIT where
Carl Mikkelsen, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)">hacker</a> at the AI Lab, had added to TECO a combined display/editing mode called <i>Control-R</i>
that allowed the screen display to be updated each time the user
entered a keystroke. Stallman reimplemented this mode to run efficiently
and then added a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> feature to the TECO display-editing mode that allowed the user to redefine any keystroke to run a TECO program.<sup id="cite_ref-MACSimizing_TECO_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACSimizing_TECO-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>E had another feature that TECO lacked: random-access editing. TECO was a page-sequential editor that was designed for editing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper tape">paper tape</a> on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-1" title="PDP-1">PDP-1</a>
and typically allowed editing on only one page at a time, in the order
of the pages in the file. Instead of adopting E's approach of
structuring the file for page-random access on disk, Stallman modified
TECO to handle large buffers more efficiently and changed its
file-management method to read, edit, and write the entire file as a
single buffer. Almost all modern editors use this approach.
</p><p>The new version of TECO quickly became popular at the AI Lab and
soon accumulated a large collection of custom macros whose names often
ended in <i>MAC</i> or <i>MACS</i>, which stood for <i>macro</i>. Two years later, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_L._Steele,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Guy L. Steele, Jr.">Guy Steele</a> took on the project of unifying the diverse macros into a single set.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Steele and Stallman's finished implementation included facilities for extending and documenting the new macro set.<sup id="cite_ref-MACSimizing_TECO_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACSimizing_TECO-5">[5]</a></sup> The resulting system was called EMACS, which stood for <i>Editing MACroS</i> or, alternatively, <i>E with MACroS</i>. Stallman picked the name Emacs "because <E> was not in use as an abbreviation on ITS at the time."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> An <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_koan#Emacs_and_Bolio" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker koan">hacker koan</a> alleges that the program was named after <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emack_%26_Bolio%27s" title="Emack & Bolio's">Emack & Bolio's</a></i>, a popular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a> ice cream store.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> The first operational EMACS system existed in late 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-519a_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-519a-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Stallman saw a problem in too much customization and <i>de facto</i> forking and set certain conditions for usage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He later wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-519a_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-519a-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>EMACS
was distributed on a basis of communal sharing, which means all
improvements must be given back to me to be incorporated and
distributed.</p></blockquote>
<p>The original Emacs, like TECO, ran only on the PDP-10 running ITS.
Its behavior was sufficiently different from that of TECO that it could
be considered a text editor in its own right, and it quickly became the
standard editing program on ITS. Mike McMahon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">ported</a> Emacs from ITS to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TENEX_(operating_system)" title="TENEX (operating system)">TENEX</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a> operating systems. Other contributors to early versions of Emacs include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Pitman" title="Kent Pitman">Kent Pitman</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_Killian_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earl Killian (engineer) (page does not exist)">Earl Killian</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Ciccarelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene Ciccarelli (page does not exist)">Eugene Ciccarelli</a>. By 1979, Emacs was the main editor used in MIT's AI lab and its Laboratory for Computer Science.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Implementations">Implementations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Implementations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_implementations">Early implementations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early implementations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Gosling_2008.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-James_Gosling_2008.jpg" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-James_Gosling_2008.jpg 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-James_Gosling_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1469" width="220" height="221"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Gosling_2008.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a> wrote the first Emacs-like editor to run on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosling_Emacs" title="Gosling Emacs">Gosling Emacs</a>) in 1981</div></div></div>
<p>In the following years, programmers wrote a variety of Emacs-like editors for other computer systems. These included <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EINE" class="mw-redirect" title="EINE">EINE</a> (<i>EINE Is Not EMACS</i>) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZWEI" class="mw-redirect" title="ZWEI">ZWEI</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> (<i>ZWEI Was EINE Initially</i>), which were written for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machine</a> by Mike McMahon and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Weinreb" title="Daniel Weinreb">Daniel Weinreb</a>, and Sine (<i>Sine Is Not Eine</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> which was written by Owen Theodore Anderson. Weinreb's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EINE" class="mw-redirect" title="EINE">EINE</a> was the first Emacs written in Lisp. In 1978, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Greenberg" title="Bernard Greenberg">Bernard Greenberg</a> wrote <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics_Emacs" title="Multics Emacs">Multics Emacs</a> almost entirely in Multics Lisp at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>'s Cambridge Information Systems Lab. Multics Emacs was later maintained by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Soley" title="Richard Soley">Richard Soley</a>,
who went on to develop the NILE Emacs-like editor for the NIL Project,
and by Barry Margolin. Many versions of Emacs, including GNU Emacs,
would later adopt Lisp as an extension language.
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a>, who would later invent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeWS" title="NeWS">NeWS</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java programming language</a>, wrote <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosling_Emacs" title="Gosling Emacs">Gosling Emacs</a> in 1981. The first Emacs-like editor to run on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, Gosling Emacs was written in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and used <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocklisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocklisp">Mocklisp</a>, a language with Lisp-like syntax, as an extension language.
</p><p>Early Ads for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Corporation_of_America" title="Computer Corporation of America">Computer Corporation of America</a>'s <i>CCA EMACS</i> (Steve Zimmerman).<sup id="cite_ref-Emacs.BookCCA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emacs.BookCCA-24">[24]</a></sup> appeared in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> 1985 comparisons to GNU Emacs, when it came out, mentioned free vs. $2,400.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="linked document does not mention a price (January 2021)">irrelevant citation</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><br>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="GNU_Emacs">GNU Emacs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: GNU Emacs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emacs-linux-console.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Emacs-linux-console.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Emacs-linux-console.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Emacs-linux-console.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" width="220" height="138"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emacs-linux-console.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a> running in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">text console</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GNU_Emacs_W32.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-GNU_Emacs_W32.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-GNU_Emacs_W32.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-GNU_Emacs_W32.png 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="687" width="220" height="144"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GNU_Emacs_W32.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>GNU Emacs running on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></div></div></div>
<p>Richard Stallman began work on GNU Emacs in 1984 to produce a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>
alternative to the proprietary Gosling Emacs. GNU Emacs was initially
based on Gosling Emacs, but Stallman's replacement of its Mocklisp
interpreter with a true Lisp interpreter required that nearly all of its
code be rewritten. This became the first program released by the
nascent GNU Project. GNU Emacs is written in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and provides <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a>,
also implemented in C, as an extension language. Version 13, the first
public release, was made on March 20, 1985. The first widely distributed
version of GNU Emacs was version 15.34, released later in 1985. Early
versions of GNU Emacs were numbered as <i>1.x.x</i>, with the initial digit denoting the version of the C core. The <i>1</i>
was dropped after version 1.12, as it was thought that the major number
would never change, and thus the numbering skipped from <i>1</i> to <i>13</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> In September 2014, it was announced on the GNU emacs-devel mailing list that GNU Emacs would adopt a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapid_release&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapid release (page does not exist)">rapid release</a> strategy and version numbers would increment more quickly in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>GNU Emacs was later ported to Unix. It offered more features than
Gosling Emacs, in particular a full-featured Lisp as its extension
language, and soon replaced Gosling Emacs as the <i>de facto</i> Unix Emacs editor. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Hess" title="Markus Hess">Markus Hess</a> exploited a security flaw in GNU Emacs' email subsystem in his 1986 cracking spree in which he gained <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser" title="Superuser">superuser</a> access to Unix computers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most of GNU Emacs functionality is implemented through a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a>. Because about 70% of GNU Emacs is written in the Elisp extension language,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
one only needs to port the C core which implements the Elisp
interpreter. This makes porting Emacs to a new platform considerably
less difficult than porting an equivalent project consisting of native
code only.
</p><p>GNU Emacs development was relatively closed until 1999 and was used as an example of the <i>Cathedral</i> development style in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i>. The project has since adopted a public development mailing list and anonymous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Concurrent Versions System">CVS</a> access. Development took place in a single CVS trunk until 2008 and was then switched to the Bazaar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Version_Control_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Version Control System">DVCS</a>. On November 11, 2014, development was moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Git (software)">Git</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>Richard Stallman has remained the principal maintainer of GNU
Emacs, but he has stepped back from the role at times. Stefan Monnier
and Chong Yidong were maintainers from 2008 to 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> John Wiegley was named maintainer in 2015 after a meeting with Stallman at MIT.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> As of early 2014, GNU Emacs has had 579 individual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commit_(revision_control)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commit (revision control)">committers</a> throughout its history.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="XEmacs">XEmacs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: XEmacs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs" title="XEmacs">XEmacs</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xemacs-21.5.b29.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Xemacs-21.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Xemacs-21.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Xemacs-21.png 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="744" width="220" height="209"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xemacs-21.5.b29.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs" title="XEmacs">XEmacs</a> 21.5 on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></div></div></div>
<p>Lucid Emacs, based on an early alpha version of GNU Emacs 19, was developed beginning in 1991 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Zawinski" title="Jamie Zawinski">Jamie Zawinski</a> and others at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucid_Inc." title="Lucid Inc.">Lucid Inc.</a> One of the best-known early forks in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>
development occurred when the codebases of the two Emacs versions
diverged and the separate development teams ceased efforts to merge them
back into a single program.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Lucid Emacs has since been renamed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs" title="XEmacs">XEmacs</a>.
Its development is currently inactive, with the most recent stable
version 21.4.22 released in January 2009 (while a beta was released in
2013), while GNU Emacs has implemented many formerly XEmacs-only
features.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_forks_of_GNU_Emacs">Other forks of GNU Emacs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other forks of GNU Emacs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Other notable forks include:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquamacs" title="Aquamacs">Aquamacs</a>
– based on GNU Emacs (Aquamacs 3.2 is based on GNU Emacs version 24 and
Aquamacs 3.3 is based on GNU Emacs version 25) which focuses on
integrating with the Apple Macintosh user interface</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow_(programming)" title="Meadow (programming)">Meadow</a> – a Japanese version for Microsoft Windows<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SXEmacs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SXEmacs (page does not exist)">SXEmacs</a> – Steve Youngs' fork of XEmacs<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Various_Emacs_editors">Various Emacs editors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Various Emacs editors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UEmacs-Pk_4.0.15_on_Linux.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-UEmacs-Pk_4.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-UEmacs-Pk_4.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-UEmacs-Pk_4.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="626" width="220" height="162"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UEmacs-Pk_4.0.15_on_Linux.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroEMACS" title="MicroEMACS">uEmacs/Pk</a> 4.0.15 on Linux</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OpenBSD_mg_Editor_Ruby_Goodbye_World.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-OpenBSD_mg_Editor_Ruby_Goodbye_World.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-OpenBSD_mg_Editor_Ruby_Goodbye_World.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-OpenBSD_mg_Editor_Ruby_Goodbye_World.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="430" width="220" height="130"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OpenBSD_mg_Editor_Ruby_Goodbye_World.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mg_(editor)" title="Mg (editor)">mg</a></i> tiny Emacs-like editor in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> 5.3. Editing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jove_Text_Editor_Screenshot.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Jove_Text_Editor_Screenshot.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Jove_Text_Editor_Screenshot.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Jove_Text_Editor_Screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="969" width="220" height="167"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jove_Text_Editor_Screenshot.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOVE" title="JOVE">JOVE</a> running in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> box</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screenshot-Zmacs.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Screenshot-Zmacs.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Screenshot-Zmacs.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Screenshot-Zmacs.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="864" width="220" height="186"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screenshot-Zmacs.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmacs" title="Zmacs">Zmacs</a>, an Emacs for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machines</a></div></div></div>
<p>In the past, projects aimed at producing small versions of Emacs
proliferated. GNU Emacs was initially targeted at computers with a
32-bit flat address space and at least 1 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a> of RAM.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Such computers were high end <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> in the 1980s, and this left a need for smaller reimplementations that would run on common <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>
hardware. Today's computers have more than enough power and capacity
to eliminate these restrictions, but small clones have more recently
been designed to fit on software installation disks or for use on less
capable hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other projects aim to implement Emacs in a different dialect of
Lisp or a different programming language altogether. Although not all
are still actively maintained, these clones include:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroEMACS" title="MicroEMACS">MicroEMACS</a>, which was originally written by Dave Conroy and further developed by Daniel Lawrence and which exists in many variations.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mg_(editor)" title="Mg (editor)">mg</a>,
originally called MicroGNUEmacs and, later, mg2a, a public-domain
offshoot of MicroEMACS intended to more closely resemble GNU Emacs. Now
installed by default on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOVE" title="JOVE">JOVE</a> (Jonathan's Own Version of Emacs), Jonathan Payne's non-programmable Emacs implementation for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX-like" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX-like">UNIX-like</a> systems.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINCE" title="MINCE">MINCE</a> (MINCE Is Not Complete Emacs), a version for CP/M and later DOS, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_of_the_Unicorn" title="Mark of the Unicorn">Mark of the Unicorn</a>. MINCE evolved into Final Word, which eventually became the Borland <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(word_processor)" title="Sprint (word processor)">Sprint</a> word processor.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Writer" title="Perfect Writer">Perfect Writer</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>
implementation derived from MINCE that was included circa 1982 as the
default word processor with the very earliest releases of the Kaypro II
and Kaypro IV. It was later provided with the Kaypro 10 as an
alternative to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordStar" title="WordStar">WordStar</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemacs" title="Freemacs">Freemacs</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> version that uses an extension language based on text macro expansion and fits within the original 64 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a> flat memory limit.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU_Zile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU Zile (page does not exist)">Zile</a>. Zile was a recursive acronym for <i><u>Z</u>ile <u>I</u>s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy"><u>L</u>ossy</a> <u>E</u>macs</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> but the project was rewritten in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>
and now gives the expansion as Zile Implements Lua Editors. The new
Zile still includes an implementation of Emacs in Lua called Zemacs.
There is also an implementation of vi called Zi.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmacs" title="Zmacs">Zmacs</a>, for the MIT <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisp Machine">Lisp Machine</a> and its descendants, implemented in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZetaLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="ZetaLisp">ZetaLisp</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climacs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climacs (page does not exist)">Climacs</a>, a Zmacs-influenced variant implemented in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_(text_editor)" title="Epsilon (text editor)">Epsilon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
an Emacs clone by Lugaru Software. Versions for DOS, Windows, Linux,
FreeBSD, Mac OS X and O/S 2 are bundled in the release. It uses a
non-Lisp extension language with C syntax and used a very early
concurrent command shell buffer implementation under the single-tasking
MS-DOS.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWI-Prolog#PceEmacs" title="SWI-Prolog">PceEmacs</a> is the Emacs-based editor for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWI-Prolog" title="SWI-Prolog">SWI-Prolog</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amacs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amacs (page does not exist)">Amacs</a>, an Apple II ProDOS version of Emacs implemented in 6502 assembly by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Fox_(computer_programmer)" title="Brian Fox (computer programmer)">Brian Fox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlock_(editor)" title="Hemlock (editor)">Hemlock</a>, originally written in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Lisp" title="Spice Lisp">Spice Lisp</a>, then <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>. A part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMU_Common_Lisp" title="CMU Common Lisp">CMU Common Lisp</a>. Influenced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmacs" title="Zmacs">Zmacs</a>. Later forked by Lucid Common Lisp (as Helix), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LispWorks" title="LispWorks">LispWorks</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozure_CL" title="Clozure CL">Clozure CL</a>
projects. There is also a Portable Hemlock project, which aims to
provide a Hemlock, which runs on several Common Lisp implementations.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umacs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umacs (page does not exist)">umacs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> an implementation under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS-9" title="OS-9">OS-9</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT/GNU_Scheme" title="MIT/GNU Scheme">edwin</a>, an Emacs-like text editor included with MIT/GNU Scheme.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Editors_with_Emacs_emulation">Editors with Emacs emulation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Editors with Emacs emulation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%27s_Own_Editor" title="Joe's Own Editor">Joe's Own Editor</a> emulates Emacs keybindings when invoked as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">jmacs</span>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JED_(text_editor)" title="JED (text editor)">JED</a> has an emulation mode for Emacs.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse (IDE)</a> provides a set of Emacs keybindings.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a> provides a set of Emacs keybindings.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_(text_editor)" title="Epsilon (text editor)">Epsilon (text editor)</a> Defaults to Emacs emulation and supports a vi mode.</li>
<li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_text_system" title="Cocoa text system">Cocoa text system</a>
uses some of the same terminology and understands many Emacs navigation
bindings. This is possible because the native UI uses the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_key" title="Command key">Command key</a> (equivalent to Super) instead of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_key" title="Control key">Control key</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Readline" title="GNU Readline">GNU Readline</a> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_editor" title="Line editor">line editor</a> that understands the standard Emacs navigation keybindings. It also has a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi" title="Vi">vi</a> emulation mode.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Builder" title="GNOME Builder">GNOME Builder</a> has an emulation mode for Emacs.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> provides Emacs keybindings for its editor.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a> provides an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=vscodeemacs.emacs">extension</a> to emulate Emacs keybindings.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Features">Features</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Emacs is primarily a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editor</a> and is designed for manipulating pieces of text, although it is capable of formatting and printing documents like a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a> by interfacing with external programs such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript" title="Ghostscript">Ghostscript</a> or a web browser. Emacs provides commands to manipulate and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">differentially display</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a> units of text such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Word (linguistics)">words</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragraph" title="Paragraph">paragraphs</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> constructs such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (programming)">functions</a>. It also features <i>keyboard macros</i> for performing user-defined batches of editing commands.
</p><p>GNU Emacs is a <i>real-time display</i> editor, as its edits are
displayed onscreen as they occur. This is standard behavior for modern
text editors but EMACS was among the earliest to implement this. The
alternative is having to issue a distinct command to display text, (e.g.
after modifying it). This is done in line editors, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a> (unix), ED (CP/M), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edlin" title="Edlin">Edlin</a> (MS-DOS).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="General_architecture">General architecture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General architecture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Almost all of the functionality in Emacs, including basic editing
operations such as the insertion of characters into a document, is
achieved through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (programming)">functions</a> written in a dialect of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisp programming language">Lisp programming language</a>. The dialect used in GNU Emacs is known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a> (ELisp). The ELisp layer sits atop a stable core of basic services and platform abstraction written in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C programming language">C programming language</a>. In this Lisp environment, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (programming)">variables</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine" title="Subroutine">functions</a> can be modified with no need to recompile or restart Emacs.
Most configuration is stored in variables, and changed by simply changing variable values.
</p><p>The main text editing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structure</a> is called <i>buffer</i> containing text with additional attributes; the most importante ones being: <i>point</i> (cursor location) and <i>mark</i> (another location, delimiting the selected <i>region</i> together with the <i>point</i>), the name of the file it is <i>visiting</i>
(if applicable) and local values of ELisp variables specific to the
buffer. Such local values specify in particular the set of active <i>modes</i> (exactly one <i>major mode</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> typically adapting the editor to the content type of the buffer (like ELisp, C, HTML etc), and any number of <i>minor modes</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
controlling other editor behaviors independent of content type). Any
interaction with the editor (like key presses or clicking a mouse
button) is realized by executing Elisp code, typically a <i>command</i>,
which is a function explicitly designed for interactive use. Keys can
be arbitrarily redefined and commands can also be accessed by name; some
commands evaluate arbitrary Elisp code from buffers (e.g. <code>eval-region</code> or <code>eval-buffer</code>).
</p><p>Buffers are displayed in <i>windows</i>, which are tiled portions of the terminal screen or the GUI window (called a <i>frame</i>
in Emacs terms; multiple frames are possible). Depending on
configuration, windows include scroll bars, line numbers, sometimes a
'header line' typically to ease navigation, and a <i>mode line</i> at the bottom (usually displaying buffer name, the active modes and point position of the buffer among others).
The bottom of every frame is used for messages (then called 'echo area') and text input for commands (then called 'minibuffer').
</p><p>Multiple windows can be opened onto the same buffer, for example
to see different parts of a long text, and multiple buffers can share
the same text, for example to take advantage of different major modes in
a mixed-language file. The major mode can also be changed manually as
needed with <code>M-x <mode name></code>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Customizability">Customizability</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Customizability">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Keystrokes can be recorded into macros and replayed to automate
complex, repetitive tasks. This is often done on an ad-hoc basis, with
each macro discarded after use, although macros can be saved and invoked
later.</li>
<li>At startup, Emacs executes an Emacs Lisp script named <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">~/.emacs</span> (recent versions also look for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">~/emacs.el</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">~/.emacs.d/init.el</span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">~/.config/emacs/init.el</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
Emacs will execute the first one it finds, ignoring the rest). This
personal customization file can be arbitrarily long and complex, but
typical content includes:
<ul><li>Setting global variables or invoking functions to customize Emacs behaviour, for example <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text" id="" style="" dir="ltr">(set-default-coding-systems 'utf-8)</code></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_shortcut" title="Keyboard shortcut">Key bindings</a>
to override standard ones and to add shortcuts for commands that the
user finds convenient but don't have a key binding by default. Example: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-elisp" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">global-set-key</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">kbd</span> <span class="s">"C-x C-b"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ss">'ibuffer</span><span class="p">)</span></code></li>
<li>Loading, enabling and initializing extensions (Emacs comes with many extensions, but only a few are loaded by default.)</li>
<li>Configuring <i>event hooks</i> to run arbitrary code at specific times, for example to automatically recompile source code after saving a buffer (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text" id="" style="" dir="ltr">after-save-hook</code>)</li>
<li>Executing arbitrary files, usually to split an overly long configuration file into manageable and homogeneous parts (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">~/.emacs.d/</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">~/elisp/</span> are traditional locations for these personal scripts)</li></ul></li>
<li>The <i>customize</i> extension allows the user to set configuration
properties such as the color scheme interactively, from within Emacs, in
a more user-friendly way than by setting variables in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">.emacs</span>:
it offers search, descriptions and help text, multiple choice inputs,
reverting to defaults, modification of the running Emacs instance
without reloading, and other conveniences similar to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Preferences">preferences</a> functionality of other programs. The customized values are saved in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">.emacs</span> (or another designated file) automatically.</li>
<li><i>Themes</i>, affecting the choice of fonts and colours, are defined as elisp files and chosen through the customize extension.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Self-documenting">Self-documenting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Self-documenting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The first Emacs contained a <i>help</i> library that included
documentation for every command, variable and internal function. Because
of this, Emacs proponents described the software as <i>self-documenting</i>
in that it presents the user with information on its normal features
and its current state. Each function includes a documentation string
that is displayed to the user on request, a practice that subsequently
spread to programming languages including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisp programming language">Lisp</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>.
This help system can take users to the actual code for each function,
whether from a built-in library or an added third-party library.
</p><p>Emacs also has a built-in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutorial" title="Tutorial">tutorial</a>.
Emacs displays instructions for performing simple editing commands and
invoking the tutorial when it is launched with no file to edit. The
tutorial is by Stuart Cracraft and Richard Stallman.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Church_of_Emacs">Church of Emacs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Church of Emacs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_war" title="Editor war">Editor war</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Stallman_-_Preliminares_2013.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/170px-Richard_Stallman_-_Preliminares_2013.jpg" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/255px-Richard_Stallman_-_Preliminares_2013.jpg 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/340px-Richard_Stallman_-_Preliminares_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" width="170" height="255"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Stallman_-_Preliminares_2013.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> as St I<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNUcius</a>, a saint in the <i>Church of Emacs</i></div></div></div>
<p>The <i>Church of Emacs</i>, formed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">parody religion</a> created for Emacs users.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> While it refers to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi" title="Vi">vi</a> as the <i>editor of the beast</i> (vi-vi-vi being <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/666_(number)" title="666 (number)">6-6-6</a> in Roman numerals), it does not oppose the use of vi; rather, it calls it <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a>. ("Using a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> version of vi is not a sin but a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>) The Church of Emacs has its own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroup</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">alt.religion.emacs</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> that has posts purporting to support this parody religion. Supporters of vi have created an opposing <i>Cult of vi</i>.
</p><p>Stallman has jokingly referred to himself as <i>St I <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> cius</i>, a saint in the Church of Emacs.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Emacs_pinky">Emacs pinky</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Emacs pinky">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There is folklore attributing a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">repetitive strain injury</a> colloquially called <i>Emacs <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">pinky</a></i> to Emacs' strong dependence on modifier keys,<sup id="cite_ref-Xahlee.org_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xahlee.org-54">[54]</a></sup>
although there have not been any studies done to show Emacs causes more
such problems than other keyboard-heavy computer programs.
</p><p>Users have addressed this through various approaches. Some users
recommend simply using the two Control keys on typical PC keyboards like
Shift keys while touch typing to avoid overly straining the left pinky,
a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_typing#Uppercase_and_symbols" title="Touch typing">proper use</a> of the keyboard will reduce the RSI. <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> Software-side methods include:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Customizing the key layout so that the Control key is transposed with the caps lock key.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> Similar techniques include defining the caps lock key as an additional Control key or transposing the Control and Meta keys.<span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;">However, as these keys are still pressed with the same finger, they may still contribute to Emacs pinky.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="wording is confusing and ambiguous. (July 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li>Software, such as xwrits or the built-in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">type-break-mode</span> in Emacs, that reminds the user to take regularly scheduled breaks.</li>
<li>Using the ErgoEmacs keybindings (with minor mode <code>ergoemacs-mode</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></li>
<li>Customizing the whole keyboard layout to move statistically frequent Emacs keys to more appropriate places.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></li>
<li>Packages such as <code>ace-jump-mode</code><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
or elisp extensions that provide similar functionality of tiered
navigation, first asking for a character then replacing occurrences of
the character with access keys for cursor movement.</li>
<li><code>evil-mode</code>, an advanced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a> emulation layer.</li>
<li><code>god-mode</code>, which provides an approach similar to vim's with a mode for entering Emacs commands without modifier keys.</li>
<li>Using customized key layout offered by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacemacs" title="Spacemacs">Spacemacs</a>, a project where <code>Space</code> key is used as the main key for initiating control sequences. The project also heavily incorporates both <code>evil-mode</code> and <code>god-mode</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StickyKeys" class="mw-redirect" title="StickyKeys">StickyKeys</a>, which turns key sequences into key combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></li>
<li>Emacs' built-in <i><code>viper-mode</code></i> that allows use of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi" title="Vi">vi</a> key layout for basic text editing and the Emacs scheme for more advanced features.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup></li>
<li>Giving a dual role to a more-comfortably accessed key such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_bar" title="Space bar">space bar</a> so that it functions as a Control key when pressed in combination with other keys. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomic_keyboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic keyboards">Ergonomic keyboards</a> or keyboards with a greater number of keys adjacent to the space bar, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_layout#Japanese" title="Keyboard layout">Japanese keyboards</a>, allow thumb control of other modifier keys too like Meta or Shift.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></li>
<li>Using a limited ergonomic subset of keybindings, and accessing other functionality by typing <code>M-x <command-name></code>. M-x itself can also be rebound.</li>
<li>Driving Emacs through voice input.</li></ul>
<p>Hardware solutions include special keyboards such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesis_(keyboard)" title="Kinesis (keyboard)">Kinesis's Contoured Keyboard</a>, which places the modifier keys where they can easily be operated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a>, or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Natural_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Natural keyboard">Microsoft Natural keyboard</a>, whose large modifier keys are placed symmetrically on both sides of the keyboard and can be pressed with the palm of the hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Xahlee.org_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xahlee.org-54">[54]</a></sup> Foot pedals can also be used.
</p><p>The <i>Emacs pinky</i> is a relatively recent development. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-cadet_keyboard" title="Space-cadet keyboard">Space-cadet keyboard</a>
on which Emacs was developed had oversized Control keys that were
adjacent to the space bar and were easy to reach with the thumb.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology">Terminology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The word <i>emacs</i> is sometimes pluralized as <i>emacsen</i>, by phonetic analogy with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boxen" class="extiw" title="wikt:boxen">boxen</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAXen</a>, referring to different varieties of Emacs.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_2009.webp" decoding="async" class="noviewer" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_2009.webp 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_2009.webp 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" width="28" height="28"></span><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_text_editors" title="Comparison of text editors">Comparison of text editors</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_text_editors" title="List of text editors">List of text editors</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" title="List of Unix commands">List of Unix commands</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/EmacsReleaseDates">"Emacs Release Dates"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emacs+Release+Dates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emacswiki.org%2Femacs%2FEmacsReleaseDates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFZawinski2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Zawinski" title="Jamie Zawinski">Zawinski, Jamie</a> (2005-06-21) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jwz.org/doc/emacs-timeline.html">"Emacs Timeline"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emacs+Timeline&rft.date=2005-06-21&rft.aulast=Zawinski&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jwz.org%2Fdoc%2Femacs-timeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Greenberg-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_3-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1979" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Bernard S. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multicians.org/mepap.html"><i>Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multics+Emacs%3A+The+History%2C+Design+and+Implementation&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multicians.org%2Fmepap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Gnu_Emacs_FAQ-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gnu_Emacs_FAQ_4-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gnu_Emacs_FAQ_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gnu_Emacs_FAQ_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs-faq.html#Origin-of-the-term-Emacs">"GNU Emacs FAQ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+Emacs+FAQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Femacs%2Femacs-faq.html%23Origin-of-the-term-Emacs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MACSimizing_TECO-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MACSimizing_TECO_5-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACSimizing_TECO_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACSimizing_TECO_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACSimizing_TECO_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFAdrienne_G._Thompson" class="citation web cs1">Adrienne G. Thompson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codeartnow.com/hacker-art-1/macsimizing-teco">"MACSimizing TECO"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MACSimizing+TECO&rft.au=Adrienne+G.+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codeartnow.com%2Fhacker-art-1%2Fmacsimizing-teco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lib.uchicago.edu/keith/tcl-course/emacs-tutorial.html">"A Tutorial Introduction to GNU Emacs"</a>. <q>For
an editor to be called "emacs" the main requirement is that it be fully
extensible with a real programming language, not just a macro language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Tutorial+Introduction+to+GNU+Emacs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fkeith%2Ftcl-course%2Femacs-tutorial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks-it.org/1565924967-ebook.htm">"GNU Emacs Pocket Reference"</a>. <q>GNU Emacs is the most popular and widespread of the Emacs family of editors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+Emacs+Pocket+Reference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks-it.org%2F1565924967-ebook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/index.html">"GNU Emacs Manual"</a>. FSF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+Emacs+Manual&rft.pub=FSF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Femacs%2Fmanual%2Fhtml_node%2Femacs%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nullprogram.com/blog/2013/09/04/">"Introducing Elfeed, an Emacs Web Feed Reader"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducing+Elfeed%2C+an+Emacs+Web+Feed+Reader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnullprogram.com%2Fblog%2F2013%2F09%2F04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Amusements.html">"Amusements"</a>. <q>Finally, if you find yourself frustrated, try describing your problems to the famous psychotherapist Eliza. Just do M-x doctor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amusements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Femacs%2Fmanual%2Fhtml_node%2Femacs%2FAmusements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> is often credited as another co-creator, but as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Weinreb" title="Daniel Weinreb">Daniel Weinreb</a>
wrote, "The original (TECO-based) Emacs was created and designed by Guy
L. Steele Jr. and David Moon. After they had it working, and it had
become established as the standard text editor at the AI lab, Stallman
took over its maintenance." Moon himself responded "All true, so far as I
can remember. But in all fairness I have to say that Stallman greatly
improved Emacs after he “liberated” it from Guy and me." See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFWeinreb2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Weinreb" title="Daniel Weinreb">Weinreb, Dan</a> (November 11, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101103828/http://danweinreb.org/blog/rebuttal-to-stallmans-story-about-the-formation-of-symbolics-and-lmi">"Rebuttal to Stallman's Story About The Formation of Symbolics and LMI"</a>, <i>Dan Weinreb's blog: software and innovation</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danweinreb.org/blog/rebuttal-to-stallmans-story-about-the-formation-of-symbolics-and-lmi">the original</a> on January 1, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dan+Weinreb%27s+blog%3A+software+and+innovation&rft.atitle=Rebuttal+to+Stallman%27s+Story+About+The+Formation+of+Symbolics+and+LMI&rft.date=2007-11-11&rft.aulast=Weinreb&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdanweinreb.org%2Fblog%2Frebuttal-to-stallmans-story-about-the-formation-of-symbolics-and-lmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xemacs.org/Documentation/21.5/html/internals_3.html">"A history of Emacs"</a>. <i>XEmacs Internals Manual</i>. 2006-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=XEmacs+Internals+Manual&rft.atitle=A+history+of+Emacs&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xemacs.org%2FDocumentation%2F21.5%2Fhtml%2Finternals_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFAllombert" class="citation web cs1">Allombert, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://popcon.debian.org/main/editors/by_vote">"Debian Popularity Contest"</a>. <i>Editors report</i>. Debian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Editors+report&rft.atitle=Debian+Popularity+Contest&rft.aulast=Allombert&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpopcon.debian.org%2Fmain%2Feditors%2Fby_vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-10-oldest-significant-open-source-programs/">"The 10 oldest, significant open-source programs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+10+oldest%2C+significant+open-source+programs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-10-oldest-significant-open-source-programs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-isbn1-56592-152-6-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-56592-152-6_15-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond,_Eric_S.Cameron,_DebraRosenblatt,_Bill1996" class="citation book cs1">Raymond, Eric S.; Cameron, Debra; Rosenblatt, Bill (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_lea3-w-1kC&q=bucky+keyboard&pg=PA408"><i>Learning GNU Emacs, 2nd Edition</i></a>. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. pp. 408–409. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-152-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-152-6"><bdi>1-56592-152-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+GNU+Emacs%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+CA&rft.pages=408-409&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-56592-152-6&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Eric+S.&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Debra&rft.au=Rosenblatt%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_lea3-w-1kC%26q%3Dbucky%2Bkeyboard%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Samuel1980" class="citation web cs1">Arthur Samuel (March 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.stanford.edu/pub/cstr/reports/cs/tr/80/796/CS-TR-80-796.pdf">"Essential E"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essential+E&rft.date=1980-03&rft.au=Arthur+Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi.stanford.edu%2Fpub%2Fcstr%2Freports%2Fcs%2Ftr%2F80%2F796%2FCS-TR-80-796.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141126181620/http://archive09.linux.com/feature/19661">"EMACS vs. vi: The endless geek 'holy war<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive09.linux.com/feature/19661">the original</a> on 2014-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-30</span></span>. <q>"EMACS as such actually started out as a standards project," emails Guy Steele</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EMACS+vs.+vi%3A+The+endless+geek+%27holy+war%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive09.linux.com%2Ffeature%2F19661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFStallman1987" class="citation news cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard M.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lysator.liu.se/history/garb/txt/87-1-emacs.txt">"The EMACS Full-Screen Editor"</a>. <i>GARB</i> (Maj 1987). Lysator, Linköping University. pp. 8–11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GARB&rft.atitle=The+EMACS+Full-Screen+Editor&rft.issue=Maj+1987&rft.pages=8-11&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lysator.liu.se%2Fhistory%2Fgarb%2Ftxt%2F87-1-emacs.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1992" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Craig (1992-02-10). Wiseman, David G. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csd.uwo.ca/staff/magi/personal/humour/Computer_Folklore/The%20Emac%20Bolio%20Name%20Koan.html">"The Emac Bolio Name Koan"</a>. <i>David G. Wiseman: Stories of Computer Folklore</i>. <q>A
cocky novice once said to Stallman: 'I can guess why the editor is
called Emacs, but why is the justifier called Bolio?'. Stallman replied
forcefully, Names are but names, Emack & Bolio's is the name of a
popular ice cream shop in Boston town. Neither of these men had anything
to do with the software.' His question answered, yet unanswered, the
novice turned to go, but Stallman called to him, 'Neither Emacs nor
Bolio had anything to do with the ice cream shop, either.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=David+G.+Wiseman%3A+Stories+of+Computer+Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Emac+Bolio+Name+Koan&rft.date=1992-02-10&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csd.uwo.ca%2Fstaff%2Fmagi%2Fpersonal%2Fhumour%2FComputer_Folklore%2FThe%2520Emac%2520Bolio%2520Name%2520Koan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-519a-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-519a_20-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-519a_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFStallman1981" class="citation techreport cs1">Stallman, Richard (March 26, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/5736/AIM-519A.pdf"><i>EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting, Display Editor</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). MIT AI Lab. AI Memo 519a<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=EMACS%3A+The+Extensible%2C+Customizable%2C+Self-Documenting%2C+Display+Editor&rft.pub=MIT+AI+Lab&rft.date=1981-03-26&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F5736%2FAIM-519A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh_Klotz2007" class="citation news cs1">Leigh Klotz (2007-08-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pogue.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/be-careful-what-you-joke-about/">"email quoted in "Be Careful What You Joke About<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=email+quoted+in+%22Be+Careful+What+You+Joke+About%22&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.au=Leigh+Klotz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpogue.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F08%2F29%2Fbe-careful-what-you-joke-about%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://steve-yegge.blogspot.be/2008/04/xemacs-is-dead-long-live-xemacs.html#c8187829185600860534">"Comment by ZWEI's author Dan Weinreb"</a>. <q>I
wrote the second Emacs ever: the Lisp machine implementation, whose
spec was "do what Stallman's PDP-10 (original) Emacs does", and then
progressed from there. There's just a whole LOT of it. It took me and
Mike McMahon endless hours to implement so many commands to make
ZWEI/Zmacs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comment+by+ZWEI%27s+author+Dan+Weinreb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsteve-yegge.blogspot.be%2F2008%2F04%2Fxemacs-is-dead-long-live-xemacs.html%23c8187829185600860534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Theodore_Anderson1979" class="citation web cs1">Owen Theodore Anderson (January 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/16038/07332831.pdf?sequence=1">"The Design and Implementation of a Display-Oriented Editor Writing System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Design+and+Implementation+of+a+Display-Oriented+Editor+Writing+System&rft.date=1979-01&rft.au=Owen+Theodore+Anderson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F16038%2F07332831.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Emacs.BookCCA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emacs.BookCCA_24-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_KeltyMario_BiagioliPeter_JasziMartha_Woodmansee2015" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Kelty; Mario Biagioli; Peter Jaszi; Martha Woodmansee (2015). <i>Making and Unmaking Intellectual Property</i>. <q><i>Computer Corporation of America (CCA)</i> EMACS, written by Steve Zimmerman</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+and+Unmaking+Intellectual+Property&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Christopher+Kelty&rft.au=Mario+Biagioli&rft.au=Peter+Jaszi&rft.au=Martha+Woodmansee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/emacs">"Emacs"</a>. December 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emacs&rft.date=2017-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.softwarepreservation.org%2Fprojects%2Femacs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/43bsd/usr/src/new/emacs/etc/CCADIFF">"Differences between GNU Emacs and CCA Emacs. Copyyright"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Differences+between+GNU+Emacs+and+CCA+Emacs.+Copyyright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.retro11.de%2Fouxr%2F43bsd%2Fusr%2Fsrc%2Fnew%2Femacs%2Fetc%2FCCADIFF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xemacs.org/Documentation/21.5/html/internals_3.html">"A History of Emacs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Emacs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xemacs.org%2FDocumentation%2F21.5%2Fhtml%2Finternals_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2014-09/msg00872.html">"emacs-devel msg 00872 (2014-09-29)"</a>. <q>In retrospect 24.3 should have been named 25.1 and 24.4 should have been named 26.1. The <i>.N</i>
thingy should really be kept only for bug-fix releases and neither of
24.3, 24.4, nor the previously planned 24.5 are bug-fix releases.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=emacs-devel+msg+00872+%282014-09-29%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.gnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Femacs-devel%2F2014-09%2Fmsg00872.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFStoll1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Stoll" title="Clifford Stoll">Stoll, Clifford</a> (1988). "Stalking the wily hacker". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>. <b>31</b> (5): 484–497. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F42411.42412">10.1145/42411.42412</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6956966">6956966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Stalking+the+wily+hacker&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=484-497&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F42411.42412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6956966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stoll&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Raymond, Eric</a> (2014-11-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2014-11/msg00681.html">"New Git repository is up"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Git+repository+is+up&rft.date=2014-11-12&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.gnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Femacs-devel%2F2014-11%2Fmsg00681.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFStallman2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard</a> (2008-02-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2008-02/msg02140.html">"Re: Looking for a new Emacs maintainer or team"</a>. gnu.org Mailing List<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Looking+for+a+new+Emacs+maintainer+or+team&rft.pub=gnu.org+Mailing+List&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.gnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Femacs-devel%2F2008-02%2Fmsg02140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara2008" class="citation news cs1">McNamara, Paul (2008-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/25360">"Stallman on handing over GNU Emacs, its future and the importance of nomenclature"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Network World">Network World</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Network+World&rft.atitle=Stallman+on+handing+over+GNU+Emacs%2C+its+future+and+the+importance+of+nomenclature&rft.date=2008-02-25&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Fcommunity%2Fnode%2F25360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Raymond, Eric</a> (2014-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=5634">"Ugliest…repository…conversion…ever"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-25</span></span>. <q>twenty-nine years of continuous development by no fewer than 579 people</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ugliest%E2%80%A6repository%E2%80%A6conversion%E2%80%A6ever&rft.date=2014-03-29&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesr.ibiblio.org%2F%3Fp%3D5634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/rms-lisp.html">"My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs"</a>. <q>There
were people in those days, in 1985, who had one-megabyte machines
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computers have more than enough resources to start and run a full Emacs
in a fraction of a second, and Emacs is probably what you want. Zile is
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footprint installations (e.g. on floppy disk), machines with little
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/zile/">"Zile home page"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zile+home+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fzile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~jrus/site/cocoa-text.html">"Cocoa text system"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cocoa+text+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcs.harvard.edu%2F~jrus%2Fsite%2Fcocoa-text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.mathworks.com/community/2007/05/11/setting-up-keybindings-for-the-command-window-and-editor/">"Setting up keybindings for the Command Window and Editor"</a>. <i>Mathworks Blogs</i>. 2007-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mathworks+Blogs&rft.atitle=Setting+up+keybindings+for+the+Command+Window+and+Editor&rft.date=2007-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.mathworks.com%2Fcommunity%2F2007%2F05%2F11%2Fsetting-up-keybindings-for-the-command-window-and-editor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Init-File.html">"Init file"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Init+file&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Femacs%2Fmanual%2Fhtml_node%2Femacs%2FInit-File.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stallman.org/saint.html">"Saint IGNUcius - Richard Stallman"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+IGNUcius+-+Richard+Stallman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstallman.org%2Fsaint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linuxhelp.blogspot.com/2006/04/unabridged-selective-transcript-of.html">"The unabridged selective transcript of Richard M Stallman's talk at the ANU"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+unabridged+selective+transcript+of+Richard+M+Stallman%27s+talk+at+the+ANU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinuxhelp.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F04%2Funabridged-selective-transcript-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:alt.religion.emacs">alt.religion.emacs newsgroup</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stallman.org/saint.html">"Saint IGNUcius - Richard Stallman"</a>. <i>www.stallman.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stallman.org&rft.atitle=Saint+IGNUcius+-+Richard+Stallman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stallman.org%2Fsaint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Xahlee.org-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xahlee.org_54-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xahlee.org_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xahlee.org/emacs/emacs_pinky.html">"How To Avoid The Emacs Pinky Problem"</a>. Xahlee.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Avoid+The+Emacs+Pinky+Problem&rft.pub=Xahlee.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxahlee.org%2Femacs%2Femacs_pinky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ergoemacs.org/emacs/swap_CapsLock_Ctrl.html">"Emacs: Why You Should Not Swap {Caps Lock, Control} Keys"</a>. <q>In
touch typing, modifiers comes in pairs, such as ⇧ Shift key. The
accepted ergonomic way to press modifier combinations is using one hand
to press the modifier key and the other to press the letter key. Using 2
hands avoids single-hand straining its muscle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emacs%3A+Why+You+Should+Not+Swap+%7BCaps+Lock%2C+Control%7D+Keys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fergoemacs.org%2Femacs%2Fswap_CapsLock_Ctrl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/RepeatedStrainInjury">"EmacsWiki: Repeated Strain Injury"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EmacsWiki%3A+Repeated+Strain+Injury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emacswiki.org%2Femacs%2FRepeatedStrainInjury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/MovingTheCtrlKey">"Moving The Ctrl Key"</a>. EmacsWiki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moving+The+Ctrl+Key&rft.pub=EmacsWiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emacswiki.org%2Femacs%2FMovingTheCtrlKey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ergoemacs.github.io/">"ErgoEmacs Homepage"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ErgoEmacs+Homepage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fergoemacs.github.io%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/keyboard-ergonomics/keymacs">"Keymacs layout"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keymacs+layout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fkeyboard-ergonomics%2Fkeymacs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/AceJump">"EmacsWiki: Ace Jump"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EmacsWiki%3A+Ace+Jump&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emacswiki.org%2Femacs%2FAceJump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/">"Spacemacs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spacemacs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fsyl20bnr%2Fspacemacs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFBayleShanks2009" class="citation web cs1">BayleShanks (2009-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/StickyModifiers">"Sticky Modifiers"</a>. EmacsWiki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sticky+Modifiers&rft.pub=EmacsWiki&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft.au=BayleShanks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emacswiki.org%2Femacs%2FStickyModifiers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/ViperMode">"Viper Mode"</a>. EmacsWiki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viper+Mode&rft.pub=EmacsWiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emacswiki.org%2Femacs%2FViperMode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.com/at-home-modifier/at-home-modifier-evdev/wikis/home">"At Home Modifier by Evdev"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+Home+Modifier+by+Evdev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitlab.com%2Fat-home-modifier%2Fat-home-modifier-evdev%2Fwikis%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ergoemacs.org/emacs/emacs_kb_shortcuts_pain.html">"Why Emacs's Keyboard Shortcuts are Painful"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Emacs%27s+Keyboard+Shortcuts+are+Painful&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fergoemacs.org%2Femacs%2Femacs_kb_shortcuts_pain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/V/VAXen.html">"VAXen"</a>. Catb.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VAXen&rft.pub=Catb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catb.org%2F~esr%2Fjargon%2Fhtml%2FV%2FVAXen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFCiccarelli1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Ciccarelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene Ciccarelli (page does not exist)">Ciccarelli, Eugene</a> (1978). <i>An Introduction to the Emacs Editor</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. AIM-447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Emacs+Editor&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Ciccarelli&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_mitaiaimAI_4967481">PDF</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFStallman1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard M.</a> (1981) [1979]. <i>EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor</i>. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. AIM-519A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EMACS%3A+The+Extensible%2C+Customizable%2C+Self-Documenting+Display+Editor&rft.place=Cambridge+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_mitaiaimAI_2207521">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs-paper.html">HTML</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFStallman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard M.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/"><i>GNU Emacs Manual</i></a> (15th ed.). GNU Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882114-85-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-882114-85-X"><bdi>1-882114-85-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GNU+Emacs+Manual&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=GNU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-882114-85-X&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Femacs%2Fmanual%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFStallman2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard M.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/rms-lisp.html">"My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Lisp+Experiences+and+the+Development+of+GNU+Emacs&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Frms-lisp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFChassel2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Chassell" title="Robert J. Chassell">Chassel, Robert J.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs-lisp-intro/"><i>An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp</i></a>. GNU Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882114-56-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-882114-56-6"><bdi>1-882114-56-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Programming+in+Emacs+Lisp&rft.pub=GNU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-882114-56-6&rft.aulast=Chassel&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Femacs%2Femacs-lisp-intro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFGlickstein1997" class="citation book cs1">Glickstein, Bob (April 1997). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writinggnuemacse00glic"><i>Writing GNU Emacs Extensions</i></a></span>. O'Reilly & Associates. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-261-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-261-1"><bdi>1-56592-261-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+GNU+Emacs+Extensions&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+%26+Associates&rft.date=1997-04&rft.isbn=1-56592-261-1&rft.aulast=Glickstein&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritinggnuemacse00glic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFCameron,_DebraElliott,_JamesLoy,_MarcRaymond,_Eric2004" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Debra; Elliott, James; Loy, Marc; Raymond, Eric; Rosenblatt, Bill (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/gnu3/"><i>Learning GNU Emacs, 3rd Edition</i></a>. O'Reilly & Associates. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00648-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00648-9"><bdi>0-596-00648-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+GNU+Emacs%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+%26+Associates&rft.date=2004-12&rft.isbn=0-596-00648-9&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Debra&rft.au=Elliott%2C+James&rft.au=Loy%2C+Marc&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Eric&rft.au=Rosenblatt%2C+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Fcatalog%2Fgnu3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFFinseth1991" class="citation book cs1">Finseth, Craig A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finseth.com/craft/"><i>The Craft of Text Editing -or- Emacs for the Modern World</i></a>. Springer-Verlag & Co. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-8297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-8297-9"><bdi>978-1-4116-8297-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Craft+of+Text+Editing+-or-+Emacs+for+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+%26+Co&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-4116-8297-9&rft.aulast=Finseth&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finseth.com%2Fcraft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2009" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Adrienne G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codeartnow.com/hacker-art-1/macsimizing-teco">"MACSimizing TECO"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MACSimizing+TECO&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Adrienne+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codeartnow.com%2Fhacker-art-1%2Fmacsimizing-teco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmacs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/34px-Wikiquote-logo.webp" decoding="async" class="noviewer" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/51px-Wikiquote-logo.webp 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/68px-Wikiquote-logo.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" width="34" height="40"></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Emacs" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Emacs">Emacs</a></b></i></td></tr>
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<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/30px-Commons-logo.webp" decoding="async" class="noviewer" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/45px-Commons-logo.webp 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/59px-Commons-logo.webp 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" width="30" height="40"></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emacs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emacs"><span style="">Emacs</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.webp" decoding="async" class="noviewer" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.webp 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.webp 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" width="40" height="40"></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Emacs" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Emacs">Emacs</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs">Official website</a></span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Emacs">Reviewed entry</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Directory" title="Free Software Directory">Free Software Directory</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikemacs.org/index.php">Wikemacs</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emacswiki.org/">EmacsWiki</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texteditors.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?EmacsFamily">EmacsFamily</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finseth.com/emacs.html">List of Emacs implementations</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chrismennie.ca/EMACS-Conceptual-Architecture.pdf">Architectural overview</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/05/oldest_software_rivalry_emacs_and_vi_two_text_editors_used_by_programmers.single.html">One of the Oldest Rivalries in Computing: Emacs vs Vi</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="17px&#124;Emacs_Emacs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"><a class="mw-collapsible-text">show</a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:EmacsNavbox" title="Template:EmacsNavbox"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:EmacsNavbox" title="Template talk:EmacsNavbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:EmacsNavbox&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="17px&#124;Emacs_Emacs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EmacsIcon.svg" class="image" title="Emacs"><img alt="Emacs" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/17px-EmacsIcon.png" decoding="async" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/26px-EmacsIcon.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/34px-EmacsIcon.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" width="17" height="17"></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emacs</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> and<br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs" title="XEmacs">XEmacs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquamacs" title="Aquamacs">Aquamacs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_(text_editor)" title="Epsilon (text editor)">Epsilon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemacs" title="Freemacs">Freemacs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EINE" class="mw-redirect" title="EINE">EINE</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosling_Emacs" title="Gosling Emacs">Gosling Emacs</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocklisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocklisp">Mocklisp</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlock_(editor)" title="Hemlock (editor)">Hemlock</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOVE" title="JOVE">JOVE</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mg_(editor)" title="Mg (editor)">mg</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroEMACS" title="MicroEMACS">MicroEMACS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINCE" title="MINCE">MINCE</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics_Emacs" title="Multics Emacs">Multics Emacs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Writer" title="Perfect Writer">Perfect Writer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vile_(editor)" title="Vile (editor)">vile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmacs" title="Zmacs">Zmacs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZWEI" class="mw-redirect" title="ZWEI">ZWEI</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emacs-logo.svg" class="image" title="GNU/Emacs Logo"><img alt="GNU/Emacs Logo" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/90px-Emacs-logo.png" decoding="async" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/135px-Emacs-logo.png 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/180px-Emacs-logo.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="217" width="90" height="72"></a></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUCTeX" title="AUCTeX">AUCTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dired" title="Dired">Dired</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnet_(video_game)" title="Dunnet (video game)">Dunnet</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs_Speaks_Statistics" title="Emacs Speaks Statistics">Emacs Speaks Statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacspeak" title="Emacspeak">Emacspeak</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMMS_(media_player)" title="EMMS (media player)">EMMS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERC_(software)" title="ERC (software)">ERC</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eww_(web_browser)" title="Eww (web browser)">eww</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnus" title="Gnus">Gnus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magit" title="Magit">Magit</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org-mode" title="Org-mode">Org-mode</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planner_(program)" title="Planner (program)">Planner</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rcirc" title="Rcirc">rcirc</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RefTeX" title="RefTeX">RefTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLIME" title="SLIME">SLIME</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3m#In_Emacs" title="W3m">w3m</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internals</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MULE" title="MULE">MULE</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics_Emacs" title="Multics Emacs">Honeywell</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_(text_editor)" title="Epsilon (text editor)">Lugaru Software</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Writer" title="Perfect Writer">Perfect Software</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_of_the_Unicorn" title="Mark of the Unicorn">Mark of the Unicorn</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Writer" title="Perfect Writer">Thorn EMI Computer Software</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosling_Emacs" title="Gosling Emacs">UniPress</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vile_(editor)" title="Vile (editor)">Thomas Dickey</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vile_(editor)" title="Vile (editor)">Paul Fox</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_P._Gabriel" title="Richard P. Gabriel">Richard P. Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hall_(computer_programmer)" title="Jim Hall (computer programmer)">Jim Hall</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">Joris van der Hoeven</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Murphy_(computer_scientist)" title="Daniel Murphy (computer scientist)">Daniel Murphy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Nelson" title="Russ Nelson">Russ Nelson</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquamacs" title="Aquamacs">David Reitter</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Weinreb" title="Daniel Weinreb">Daniel Weinreb</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociated_press" title="Dissociated press">Dissociated press</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_war" title="Editor war">Editor war</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacemacs" title="Spacemacs">Spacemacs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Commons page" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/12px-Commons-logo.webp" decoding="async" title="Commons page" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/18px-Commons-logo.webp 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/24px-Commons-logo.webp 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" width="12" height="16"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emacs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emacs">Emacs on Wikimedia Commons</a></li>
<li><img alt="Wikiquote page" src="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/13px-Wikiquote-logo.webp" decoding="async" title="Wikiquote page" srcset="Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/20px-Wikiquote-logo.webp 1.5x, Emacs%20-%20Wikipedia_files/27px-Wikiquote-logo.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" width="13" height="16"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Emacs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Emacs">Emacs on Wikiquotes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GNU_Project" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"><a class="mw-collapsible-text">show</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GNU" title="Template:GNU"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:GNU" title="Template talk:GNU"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:GNU&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GNU_Project" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_of_India" title="Free Software Foundation of India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Latin_America" title="Free Software Foundation Latin America">Latin America</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free software</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licenses</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL_linking_exception" title="GPL linking exception">linking exception</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL_font_exception" title="GPL font exception">font exception</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU Affero General Public License</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">variants</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Library" title="GNU C Library">glibc</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">coreutils</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Find_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Find Utilities">findutils</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Build_System" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Build System">Build System</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Binutils" title="GNU Binutils">binutils</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GDB</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GRUB</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Taler" title="GNU Taler">GNU Taler</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">GNU R</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Scientific_Library" title="GNU Scientific Library">GSL</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Multiple_Precision_Arithmetic_Library" title="GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library">GMP</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_(software)" title="Electric (software)">GNU Electric</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Archimedes" title="GNU Archimedes">GNU Archimedes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GNU Privacy Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Health" title="GNU Health">GNU Health</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUmed" title="GNUmed">GNUmed</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LilyPond" title="LilyPond">GNU LilyPond</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Go" title="GNU Go">GNU Go</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Chess" title="GNU Chess">GNU Chess</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnash_(software)" title="Gnash (software)">Gnash</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Guix" title="GNU Guix">Guix</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GNU_packages" title="List of GNU packages"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public<br>speakers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Oliva" title="Alexandre Oliva">Alexandre Oliva</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Heinz" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Couchet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric Couchet (page does not exist)">Frédéric Couchet</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_C._F._Greve" title="Georg C. F. Greve">Georg C. F. Greve</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Sullivan" title="William John Sullivan">John Sullivan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_E._Marchesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José E. Marchesi (page does not exist)">José E. Marchesi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Gay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joshua Gay (page does not exist)">Joshua Gay</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kefah_T._Issa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kefah T. Issa (page does not exist)">Kefah T. Issa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Dachary" title="Loïc Dachary">Loïc Dachary</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_G." title="Nagarjuna G.">Nagarjuna G.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Heath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Heath (page does not exist)">Peter Heath</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard M. Stallman</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_anti-Windows_campaigns" title="Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns">Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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lang="be-tarask">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg" style="display: none;"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Bulgarian" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="bg">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs" style="display: none;"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Bosnian" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="bs">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Catalan" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="ca">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Czech" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="cs">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Danish" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="da">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="display: none;"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Estonian" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="display: none;"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Greek" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es" style=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Spanish" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Esperanto" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="eo">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu" style="display: none;"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Basque" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="eu">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ایمکس – Persian" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="fa">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr" style=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – French" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl" style="display: none;"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Galician" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="gl">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4" title="이맥스 – Korean" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id" style=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Indonesian" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Interlingua" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="ia">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Italian" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="display: none;"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Hebrew" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="he">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Hungarian" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ഇമാക്സ് – Malayalam" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms" style=""><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Malay" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Dutch" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Japanese" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Norwegian Bokmål" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="nb">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Polish" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Romanian" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru" style=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Russian" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="ru">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Slovak" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Serbo-Croatian" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="display: none;"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Finnish" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs – Swedish" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இமேக்சு – Tamil" 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