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 <meta:initial-creator>Charles Curley</meta:initial-creator><dc:date>2020-01-07T10:12:26.290985458</dc:date><dc:creator>Charles Curley</dc:creator><dc:subject>A User&apos;s Guide to real-Forth</dc:subject><meta:document-statistic meta:table-count="18" meta:image-count="2" meta:object-count="0" meta:page-count="78" meta:paragraph-count="1668" meta:word-count="20863" meta:character-count="116663" meta:non-whitespace-character-count="95645"/><meta:user-defined meta:name="Info 3"/><meta:user-defined meta:name="Info 4"/><meta:user-defined meta:name="Product Name">real-Forth</meta:user-defined><meta:user-defined meta:name="Version Number">3.0</meta:user-defined><meta:template xlink:type="simple" xlink:actuate="onRequest" xlink:title="Technical Document Template" xlink:href="../../.config/libreoffice/4/user/template/technical.ott" meta:date="2019-04-01T10:28:10.413341561"/></office:meta>
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    <form:form form:name="unnamed0" form:apply-filter="true" form:control-implementation="ooo:com.sun.star.form.component.Form" office:target-frame="" xlink:href="http://eng.millenigence.com:4003/tse/?cmd=auth" xlink:type="simple">
     <form:properties>
      <form:property form:property-name="PropertyChangeNotificationEnabled" office:value-type="boolean" office:boolean-value="true"/>
     </form:properties>
     <form:hidden form:name="cmd" form:control-implementation="ooo:com.sun.star.form.component.HiddenControl" xml:id="control1" form:id="control1" form:value="auth"/>
    </form:form>
    <form:form form:name="unnamed1" form:apply-filter="true" form:control-implementation="ooo:com.sun.star.form.component.Form" office:target-frame="" xlink:href="http://eng.millenigence.com:4003/tse/?cmd=post_vacation&amp;sid=862534297&amp;uid=30" xlink:type="simple">
     <form:properties>
      <form:property form:property-name="PropertyChangeNotificationEnabled" office:value-type="boolean" office:boolean-value="true"/>
     </form:properties>
     <form:hidden form:name="cmd" form:control-implementation="ooo:com.sun.star.form.component.HiddenControl" xml:id="control2" form:id="control2" form:value="post_vacation"/>
     <form:hidden form:name="sid" form:control-implementation="ooo:com.sun.star.form.component.HiddenControl" xml:id="control3" form:id="control3" form:value="862534297"/>
     <form:hidden form:name="uid" form:control-implementation="ooo:com.sun.star.form.component.HiddenControl" xml:id="control4" form:id="control4" form:value="30"/>
     <form:hidden form:name="vac" form:control-implementation="ooo:com.sun.star.form.component.HiddenControl" xml:id="control5" form:id="control5" form:value="S"/>
     <form:hidden form:name="comment" form:control-implementation="ooo:com.sun.star.form.component.HiddenControl" xml:id="control6" form:id="control6"/>
    </form:form>
   </office:forms>
   <text:sequence-decls>
    <text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="1" text:separation-character="." text:name="Illustration"/>
    <text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Table"/>
    <text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Text"/>
    <text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Drawing"/>
    <text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Figure"/>
   </text:sequence-decls>
   <text:p text:style-name="P85"/>
   <text:p text:style-name="Title"><text:title>A User&apos;s Guide to real-Forth</text:title></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Subtitle"><text:user-defined style:data-style-name="N0" text:name="Product Name">real-Forth</text:user-defined></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P9"/>
   <text:p text:style-name="P10">Revision: <text:user-defined style:data-style-name="N0" text:name="Version Number">3.0</text:user-defined></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P11">Date of revision: <text:date style:data-style-name="N76" text:date-value="2020-01-07T10:12:26.421995968">January 7, 2020</text:date></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P11"/>
   <text:p text:style-name="P11"/>
   <text:p text:style-name="P11"/>
   <text:p text:style-name="P11"><text:initial-creator>Charles Curley</text:initial-creator></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P11"><text:sender-street text:fixed="false">Box 845</text:sender-street></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P11"><text:sender-city text:fixed="false">Thermopolis</text:sender-city>, <text:sender-state-or-province text:fixed="false">WY</text:sender-state-or-province><text:s/><text:sender-postal-code text:fixed="false">82443</text:sender-postal-code></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P12"><text:sender-email text:fixed="false"/></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P11"/>
   <text:table-of-content text:style-name="Sect1" text:protected="true" text:name="Table of Contents1">
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     <text:index-source-styles text:outline-level="1">
      <text:index-source-style text:style-name="Appendix_20_1"/>
     </text:index-source-styles>
     <text:index-source-styles text:outline-level="2">
      <text:index-source-style text:style-name="Appendix_20_2"/>
     </text:index-source-styles>
    </text:table-of-content-source>
    <text:index-body>
     <text:index-title text:style-name="Sect1" text:name="Table of Contents1_Head">
      <text:p text:style-name="Contents_20_Heading">Table of Contents</text:p>
     </text:index-title>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">1 <text:s/>Introduction <text:tab/>7</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">1.1 <text:s/>Using This Documentation <text:tab/>7</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">1.2 <text:s/>About This Documentation <text:tab/>7</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">1.2.1 <text:s/>Ancient History <text:tab/>7</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">2 <text:s/>Licensing <text:tab/>9</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">2.1 <text:s/>The Product <text:tab/>9</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">2.1.1 <text:s/>Product Software <text:tab/>9</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">2.1.2 <text:s/>Public Domain Code <text:tab/>9</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">3 <text:s/>Other Documentation <text:tab/>11</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">3.1.1 <text:s/>Cross Compile Trace <text:tab/>11</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">3.1.2 <text:s/>Cross Compile VLIST <text:tab/>11</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">3.1.3 <text:s/>Kernel Cross Reference <text:tab/>11</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">3.2 <text:s/>Other Material <text:tab/>11</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">3.2.1 <text:s/>Processor and Implementation Specific <text:tab/>11</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">4 <text:s/>Pedigree <text:tab/>12</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">4.1 <text:s/>Changes From fig FORTH <text:tab/>12</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.1.1 <text:s/>&lt;BUILDS … DOES&gt; <text:tab/>12</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.1.2 <text:s/>Overlays <text:tab/>12</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.1.3 <text:s/>#BUFS <text:tab/>13</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.1.4 <text:s/>Vectoring <text:tab/>13</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.1.5 <text:s/>OUT <text:tab/>13</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.1.6 <text:s/>;CODE <text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.1.7 <text:s/>TRIAD <text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.1.8 <text:s/>ON , OFF , and 1+! <text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.1.9 <text:s/>DRIVE <text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.1.10 <text:s/>BOUNDS <text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.1.11 <text:s/>Error Reporting <text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">4.2 <text:s/>fast-Forth <text:tab/>15</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.2.1 <text:s/>Headers <text:tab/>15</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.2.2 <text:s/>CREATE … DOES&gt; <text:tab/>16</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.2.3 <text:s/>Reduction From Forth to Assembly Language <text:tab/>16</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">4.2.4 <text:s/>Compile Time Optimization <text:tab/>16</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">5 <text:s/>New System Information <text:tab/>18</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">5.1 <text:s/>Booting real-Forth <text:tab/>18</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">5.1.1 <text:s/>Host O.S. With Files <text:tab/>18</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">5.1.2 <text:s/>Host O.S. Without Files <text:tab/>18</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">5.1.3 <text:s/>Standalone FORTH <text:tab/>18</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">5.2 <text:s/>Auto Sizing <text:tab/>18</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">5.3 <text:s/>After Booting FORTH <text:tab/>18</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">5.4 <text:s/>Bringing In the Utilities Overlay <text:tab/>20</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">5.5 <text:s/>Editor Installation <text:tab/>20</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139"><text:soft-page-break/>5.6 <text:s/>Choice of Editors <text:tab/>21</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">5.6.1 <text:s/>Incorporating Changes into the Overlays <text:tab/>21</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">5.6.2 <text:s/>Cursor Controls <text:tab/>22</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">5.6.3 <text:s/>Control Keys <text:tab/>22</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">6 <text:s/>Using the Screen Editor <text:tab/>24</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">6.1 <text:s/>Entering the Screen Editor <text:tab/>24</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.1.1 <text:s/>SEE: <text:tab/>24</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.1.2 <text:s/>EDIT <text:tab/>24</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.1.3 <text:s/>Z <text:tab/>25</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.1.4 <text:s/>Q <text:tab/>25</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.1.5 <text:s/>The Editor Display <text:tab/>25</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">6.2 <text:s/>Screen Editor Functions <text:tab/>25</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.2.1 <text:s/>Character Functions <text:tab/>25</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.2.2 <text:s/>Screen Movement Functions <text:tab/>27</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.2.3 <text:s/>Cursor Movement Functions <text:tab/>28</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.2.4 <text:s/>Line Movement Functions <text:tab/>29</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.2.5 <text:s/>Line Modification Functions <text:tab/>30</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.2.6 <text:s/>String Stack Functions <text:tab/>31</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.2.7 <text:s/>Other Screen Functions <text:tab/>32</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">6.3 <text:s/>Non-screen Editor Functions <text:tab/>32</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.3.1 <text:s/>COPY <text:tab/>32</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.3.2 <text:s/>WIPE <text:tab/>32</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.3.3 <text:s/>Documentors <text:tab/>32</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">6.4 <text:s/>Text Location Functions <text:tab/>34</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.4.1 <text:s/>SEARCH <text:tab/>34</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.4.2 <text:s/>RESEARCH <text:tab/>34</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.4.3 <text:s/>CONT <text:tab/>35</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.4.4 <text:s/>F <text:tab/>35</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.4.5 <text:s/>N <text:tab/>35</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.4.6 <text:s/>X <text:tab/>35</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">6.4.7 <text:s/>TILL <text:tab/>35</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">7 <text:s/>Overlaid Utilities <text:tab/>37</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.1 <text:s/>What You SEE: Is What You Get <text:tab/>37</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.1.1 <text:s/>Doesn&apos;t Exist <text:tab/>37</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.1.2 <text:s/>Too Low in memory <text:tab/>37</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.1.3 <text:s/>Found <text:tab/>38</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.2 <text:s/>TRY and RETRY <text:tab/>38</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.2.1 <text:s/>TRY <text:tab/>38</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.2.2 <text:s/>RETRY <text:tab/>38</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.3 <text:s/>LOADER <text:tab/>39</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.4 <text:s/>real-Forth Decompiler <text:tab/>39</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.5 <text:s/>Disassembler <text:tab/>40</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.5.1 <text:s/>DISASSEMBLE <text:tab/>40</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140"><text:soft-page-break/>7.5.2 <text:s/>DISASSEMBLELINES <text:tab/>40</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.5.3 <text:s/>DISASSEM <text:tab/>40</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.6 <text:s/>Assembler <text:tab/>41</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.7 <text:s/>(PQUIT) <text:tab/>41</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.8 <text:s/>.S <text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.9 <text:s/>.RS. <text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.10 <text:s/>DUMP <text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.11 <text:s/>WDUMP <text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.12 <text:s/>VLIST <text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.13 <text:s/>FUDGE , T@ and TC@ <text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.14 <text:s/>:: <text:tab/>43</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.15 <text:s/>Printer Control <text:tab/>43</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.15.1 <text:s/>PRINT <text:tab/>43</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.15.2 <text:s/>Adding new output devices <text:tab/>43</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.15.3 <text:s/>OUT <text:tab/>44</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.15.4 <text:s/>Console Identifiers <text:tab/>44</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.15.5 <text:s/>Supplied Drivers <text:tab/>44</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.15.6 <text:s/>Printer Checking <text:tab/>44</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.16 <text:s/>CTL and ASCII vs ASCI <text:tab/>44</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.16.1 <text:s/>ASCI <text:tab/>44</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.16.2 <text:s/>ASCII <text:tab/>45</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.16.3 <text:s/>CTL <text:tab/>45</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.17 <text:s/>Block Move Operators <text:tab/>45</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.18 <text:s/>A Pack of Cases <text:tab/>45</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.18.1 <text:s/>CASE , OF , ENDOF and ENDCASE <text:tab/>45</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">7.18.2 <text:s/>EXEC <text:tab/>46</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.19 <text:s/>STOP <text:tab/>47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.20 <text:s/>Double Precision Operators <text:tab/>47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.21 <text:s/>Shifty Operators <text:tab/>48</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.22 <text:s/>NEEDED <text:tab/>48</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">7.23 <text:s/>Extended Line Editor <text:tab/>48</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">8 <text:s/>Disk Operations in the Kernel <text:tab/>50</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">8.1 <text:s/>DRIVE <text:tab/>50</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">8.2 <text:s/>#BUFS <text:tab/>50</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">8.3 <text:s/>EMPTY-BUFFERS and SETU/P <text:tab/>50</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">8.4 <text:s/>FIRST and LIMIT <text:tab/>50</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">8.5 <text:s/>MAXBLK , B/CRD and B/DRV <text:tab/>51</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">9 <text:s/>The DISKING facility <text:tab/>53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">9.1 <text:s/>BACKUP and BACKING <text:tab/>53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">9.2 <text:s/>MAXBUFS <text:tab/>53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">9.3 <text:s/>STBUFS <text:tab/>53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">9.4 <text:s/>Disk Rearranging <text:tab/>53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">9.5 <text:s/>Disk Cleaning <text:tab/>54</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140"><text:soft-page-break/>9.5.1 <text:s/>WIPE <text:tab/>54</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">9.5.2 <text:s/>BULKCLEAR <text:tab/>54</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">9.5.3 <text:s/>CLEARDISK <text:tab/>54</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">9.6 <text:s/>Screen Comparisons <text:tab/>54</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">9.7 <text:s/>CLEAN ing a Screen <text:tab/>55</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">9.8 <text:s/>Disk Initialization <text:tab/>55</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">10 <text:s/>Documenting Facility <text:tab/>56</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">10.1 <text:s/>LIST <text:tab/>56</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">10.2 <text:s/>INDEX <text:tab/>56</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">10.3 <text:s/>TRIAD <text:tab/>56</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">10.4 <text:s/>SHOW <text:tab/>57</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">10.5 <text:s/>SINCE <text:tab/>57</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">10.6 <text:s/>Shadow Screens <text:tab/>57</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">10.7 <text:s/>Screen 213 <text:tab/>58</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">10.8 <text:s/>EMPTIES <text:tab/>58</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">11 <text:s/>Filing <text:tab/>59</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.1.1 <text:s/>Screen Files <text:tab/>59</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">11.2 <text:s/>Multiple File Handlers <text:tab/>59</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">11.3 <text:s/>High Level Functions <text:tab/>60</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.3.1 <text:s/>.FILE: <text:tab/>60</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.3.2 <text:s/>HD: <text:tab/>60</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">11.4 <text:s/>File operators <text:tab/>60</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.4.1 <text:s/>MKF: <text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.4.2 <text:s/>OPF: <text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.4.3 <text:s/>CLF <text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.4.4 <text:s/>RM: <text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">11.5 <text:s/>File Output Device <text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.5.1 <text:s/>OUTFILE <text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.5.2 <text:s/>CLOSEOUTFILE <text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">11.6 <text:s/>Directories <text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.6.1 <text:s/>LS <text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.6.2 <text:s/>PWD: <text:tab/>62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.6.3 <text:s/>.PATH: <text:tab/>62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.6.4 <text:s/>CD: <text:tab/>62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.6.5 <text:s/>PWD <text:tab/>62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.6.6 <text:s/>Drive Letter Words <text:tab/>62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">11.7 <text:s/>File Manipulations <text:tab/>62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.7.1 <text:s/>LSEEK <text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.7.2 <text:s/>RDF <text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">11.7.3 <text:s/>WTF <text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">11.8 <text:s/>Attributes <text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">12 <text:s/>Application Preparation <text:tab/>64</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">12.1 <text:s/>Recompiled and Overlaid Code <text:tab/>64</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139"><text:soft-page-break/>12.2 <text:s/>ROMmed Code and Executable Files <text:tab/>64</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">12.2.1 <text:s/>Relocation of RAM Areas <text:tab/>64</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">12.2.2 <text:s/>The Boot Parameter Area Layout <text:tab/>64</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">12.2.3 <text:s/>The Cold Start Code <text:tab/>66</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">12.3 <text:s/>Changes To Make <text:tab/>66</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">12.3.1 <text:s/>Words Are Added <text:tab/>67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">12.3.2 <text:s/>New I/O Routines Are Added <text:tab/>67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">12.3.3 <text:s/>New Initialization Code <text:tab/>67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">12.3.4 <text:s/>New Boot Code Is Added <text:tab/>67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P140">12.3.5 <text:s/>New Vocabularies Are Added <text:tab/>68</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">13 <text:s/>Target Compiling <text:tab/>69</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">13.1 <text:s/>Useful Words <text:tab/>69</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">13.2 <text:s/>Versions <text:tab/>70</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">13.3 <text:s/>Writing to Disk <text:tab/>70</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">13.4 <text:s/>Differences Between the real-forth and fast-Forth Cross compilers <text:tab/>70</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">14 <text:s/>Assembly Language Debugger <text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P139">14.1 <text:s/>Useful Words <text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">15 <text:s/>Bibliography <text:tab/>72</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">16 <text:s/>Glossary <text:tab/>73</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">17 <text:s/>Contact Information <text:tab/>74</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P138">18 <text:s/>Index <text:tab/>75</text:p>
    </text:index-body>
   </text:table-of-content>
   <text:p text:style-name="P13"/>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1">Introduction</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This is a users&apos; guide to real-Forth, a specific implementation of FORTH. It is designed to <text:span text:style-name="T4">familiarize</text:span> FORTH users with this particular dialect. It is not an introductory text on programming in FORTH. If you are not familiar with FORTH, you will have problems with this document.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This document also covers <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/>fast-Forth<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/>, a derivative of real-Forth for the 68000. <text:span text:style-name="T48">There is additional material on fast-Forth in the User&apos;s Guide to fast-Forth.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">It is recommended that you read this Users&apos; Guide before reading any other documentation.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">For further information on FORTH, including suggested reading and publications on FORTH, <text:span text:style-name="T23">see</text:span> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39687_859971406">15</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39687_859971406">Bibliography</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39687_859971406">72</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39687_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Because this document covers many different products, it is impossible to give more than a few specific references to locations. Addresses are not valid from one product to another, and screen locations are not always identical from product to product. To locate the source for a given word, several methods are detailed below. These include using the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span> <text:s/>function <text:span text:style-name="T4">(</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">7.1</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">What You  SEE:  Is What You Get</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">, page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">37</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">)</text:span>.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this documentation and the product are most welcome.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Using This Documentation</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Each document has its own table of contents, which may be used to locate a subject quickly. The table of contents points to chapter, section, subsection and paragraph within the document.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This arrangement is designed to allow use of these documents as quick reference manuals as well as introductory reading on real-Forth.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Text searches in <text:span text:style-name="T5">text and </text:span>PDF documents and in the real-Forth screens will also help.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">About This Documentation</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P20">real-Forth documentation is prepared using LibreOffice on Debian Linux. Documents are now shipped as LibreOffice <text:span text:style-name="T5">text or </text:span>PDF files, not printed. LibreOffice <text:span text:style-name="T23">text documents are kept in the flat ODT (.fodt) format to be more compatible with a version control system.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Ancient History</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This section is retained for the curious.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The real-Forth documentation was originally prepared on an Ohio Scientific C2-8X, running real-Forth under OS-65D. The editor is an adaptation of the standard real-Forth screen editor, <text:span text:style-name="T23">originally the fig-Forth line editor. T</text:span>he runoff program is an advanced <text:soft-page-break/>version of the typical FORTH style word processor. All paging and formatting were done in the runoff vocabulary, WP-FORTH. The tables of contents and decimalization were automatically generated.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Camera ready copy was printed on an NEC Spinwriter model 5500 using a Super Courier typeface. The Spinwriter driver was also written in real-Forth.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Listings were prepared on a C. Itoh 8300 dot matrix printer, using an <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706806536"/>AIM 65<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706806536"/> as spooler. The spooler program was written in <text:span text:style-name="T7">Rockwell </text:span>AIM FORTH.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P109" text:outline-level="1">Licensing</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P51">Real-Forth and fast-Forth are licensed per the included file LICENSE.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P102" text:outline-level="2">The Product</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P22">There are three categories of software in this product.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P122" text:outline-level="3">Product Software</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P22">Product software is original to real-Forth. This category includes disk I/O code, the additions to fig-Forth that make the product real-Forth, and the utility code that is documented in these manuals. Product software is fully supported and maintained by the vendor. Updates will be made available as needed.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P22">Product software includes (but is not limited to) any disk or terminal or other I/O; all changes to the fig-Forth kernel that produce real-Forth; the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span> <text:s/>utility <text:span text:style-name="T4">(</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">7.1</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">What You  SEE:  Is What You Get</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">, page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">37</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">) </text:span>and the words <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TRY</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RETRY</text:span> <text:span text:style-name="T4">(</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc40299_859971406">7.2</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc40299_859971406">TRY  and  RETRY</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">, page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc40299_859971406">38</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">, </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc40299_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">)</text:span>; the I/O vectoring scheme, including the device select words such as <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PRINT</text:span> <text:s/>and the inclusion of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OK</text:span> <text:s/>in <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(PQUIT)</text:span> <text:span text:style-name="T4">(</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc40532_859971406">7.7</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc40532_859971406">(PQUIT)</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">, on page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc40532_859971406">41</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc40532_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">)</text:span>; the real-Forth screen editor; the editor <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">STAMP</text:span> <text:s/>code; the 6502 and 68000 assemblers and any disassembler; any hardware specific additions to the assembler; the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXEC</text:span> <text:s/>case statement; the real-Forth decompiler; the cross reference utility; the documenting facility code other than <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TRIAD</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">INDEX</text:span> ; and the real-Forth target compiler.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P122" text:outline-level="3">Public Domain <text:span text:style-name="T9">Code</text:span></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P22">This category includes public domain utilities and tools. The most that has been done is to adapt it to run on real-Forth <text:span text:style-name="T42">or fast-Forth</text:span>. Some of it is used in the product utilities. These parts are documented. It is still public domain.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P22"><text:span text:style-name="T42">Describing the public domain code</text:span> does not mean that any code not identified as public domain is rel<text:span text:style-name="T24">e</text:span>ased into the public domain. <text:span text:style-name="T42">F</text:span>ull protection<text:span text:style-name="T42">s</text:span> of copyright <text:span text:style-name="T42">and licensing are</text:span> reserved.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P22"><text:span text:style-name="T42">We acknowledge and thank the authors of t</text:span>he public domain code included in this product. Without the public domain code, the FORTH world would be a poorer place.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P22">The <text:span text:style-name="T5">identifiable</text:span> public domain code in this release <text:span text:style-name="T42">includes</text:span>:</text:p>
   <text:list xml:id="list492179614" text:style-name="L1">
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">The <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377632487080"/>fig-Forth<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377632487080"/> kernel from which real-Forth was developed, by the fig team.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">The <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Eaker, Dr. Charles"/>Dr. Charles Eaker <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377987146056"/>CASE<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377987146056"/> statement. From FORTH Dimensions, V II, # 3. Screen 24.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">A Wordstar compatible full screen editor word, <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">Q</text:span> , by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Rodriguez, Brad"/>Brad Rodriguez. Screens 84 and 85</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86"><text:soft-page-break/><text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Killbridge, Dave"/>Dave Killbridge&apos;s Smart <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FORGET</text:span> , in the kernel.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P95"><text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Perry, Mike"/>Mike Perry’s 8086 assembler (in the 8086 product).</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86"><text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Haller, Jack"/>Jack Haller&apos;s fix for 6502 <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">U/</text:span> , in the 6502 kernel.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">:: , the instant compiler, by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Ragsdale, Bill"/>Bill Ragsdale, screen 57.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">NEW , a quick screen editor, by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Ragsdale, Bill"/>Bill Ragsdale, screen 59.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">Code to intermix high level and assembler, originally developed by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Tracy, Martin"/>Martin Tracy, screens 76 and 77.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">Transient definition support code, developed by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Tracy, Martin"/>Martin Tracy, screens 78 and 79.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">The Checkbook Language, developed by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Curley, Charles"/>Charles Curley.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86"><text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Baden, Will"/>Will Baden&apos;s Calendar code, screens 9<text:span text:style-name="T11">6</text:span> <text:span text:style-name="T11">through</text:span> 100.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P96">Will Baden’s square root, screen 105.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">A code timer routine, for execution timing. Charles Curley, scr<text:span text:style-name="T12">een 674 of the Atari ST fast-Forth product</text:span>.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">Module creation code, by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Schoore, Dewey Val"/>Dewey Val Schoore, FORTH Dimensions, V II, #5, page 132. Screen 106.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">Conditional Interpretation code, of unknown authorship. Possibly <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Boulton, Dave"/>Dave Boulton. Screen 107.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">The ever-popular Towers of Hanoi program by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Midnight, Peter"/>Peter Midnight, FORTH Dimensions, V II, # 2. Screens 150 to 155.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">The Theory Jack Built, from A Space Child&apos;s Mother Goose, by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Winsor, Fredrick"/>Fredrick Winsor. The author <text:span text:style-name="T9">of the program</text:span> is unknown. Screens 174 to 176.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">Shadow Screen code, by Charles Curley. Screens 181 to 182.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">String Handlers, by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Tracy, Martin"/>Martin Tracy. Screens 183 to 190.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">The Leo-Forth editor. Originally written by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Daniel, Sam"/>Sam Daniel, and modified by Dave Boulton and <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Curley, Charles"/>Charles Curley.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P86">Eight Queens problem, as coded by LeVan, Forth Dimensions II #1 p.6, and modified by Wilson M. Federici, (GEnie W.FEDERICI, Compuserve 74756,2716), <text:span text:style-name="T12">screen 676 of the Atari St fast-Forth product.</text:span></text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P97">The direct threaded code kernel and compiler modifications that change real-Forth into fast-Forth. See the two articles by Charles Curley in the <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39687_859971406">15</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39687_859971406">Bibliography</text:bookmark-ref>, on page <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39687_859971406">72</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39687_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref>, for details.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
   </text:list>
   <text:p text:style-name="P22">Any assistance in <text:span text:style-name="T12">identifying other public domain code, and in </text:span>giving proper credit, will be appreciated.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1">Other Documentation</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P21">Several other documents are included in the real-Forth product. All documentation is supplied as LibreOffice <text:span text:style-name="T48">fodt or</text:span> PDF.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Cross Compile Trace</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This is the trace output produced by the cross compiler at the time the kernel was produced. It contains a cross reference of kernel words (some of which may be headerless) to their source code screens. It also lists each word&apos;s code field address (CFA). It may be used to locate the source code for a word. Tick the word, and look up its address in the cross compile trace.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">scr# <text:s/>cfa word <text:s text:c="2"/>cfa word <text:s text:c="2"/>stack at end of screen</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">316 <text:s text:c="2"/>5EA U/ <text:s text:c="4"/>630 2+ <text:s text:c="4"/>1: <text:s text:c="4"/>A</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Note that the CFAs are given in the appropriate base for the processor (hex or octal), but screen numbers are always in decimal.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Cross Compile <text:s/>VLIST</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This is a <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">VLIST</text:span> <text:s/>of the kernel, as performed at target compile time. It lists all headerless words in addition to words that appear in a regular vlist.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Kernel Cross Reference</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This is a cross reference to the kernel, produced at cross compile time. This listing is more complete than one produced with a native cross reference utility, since this listing includes any headerless words.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Other Material</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">There are three other documents provided with each real-Forth system.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Processor <text:span text:style-name="T25">and Implementation </text:span>Specific</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">There are a number of features based on the nature of each processor. These are detailed in the processor specific documentation. Implementation specific documentation provides information relevant to only one specific machine, such as the Apple II or the PDP 11.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1">Pedigree</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">real-Forth is derived from <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721626712"/>fig-Forth<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721626712"/>, a public domain product of the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707957192"/>Forth Interest Group<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707957192"/>. real-Forth is upward compatible with fig-Forth, with <text:span text:style-name="T5">a few</text:span> exceptions. fig-Forth code will run on a real-Forth system, but real-Forth code may not run on a fig-Forth system.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Changes that have been made to fig-Forth to create real-Forth fall into two categories: improvements and additions. Improvements include re-coding to eliminate bugs in fig-Forth, to speed up, to make more compact the kernel, and other transparent changes. For example, <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">-DUP</text:span> <text:s/>is now a code definition more compact and faster than the original fig-Forth high level definition.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Additions include new words added to the kernel: increased flexibility, more compact or faster code, and better cold start diagnostic ability.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">real-Forth is an indirect threaded Forth. <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602536"/>fast-Forth<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602536"/> is a direct threaded Forth, taking full advantage of the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/>68000<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/>&apos;s BSR and JSR instructions. That has implications for internals and cross compiling.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Changes From fig FORTH</text:h>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:span text:style-name="T49">&lt;BUILDS</text:span> … DOES&gt;</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P23"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377260385624"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T49">&lt;BUILDS</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377260385624"/><text:span text:style-name="T49"> (</text:span>In fast-Forth, <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379717530952"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T1">CREATE</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379717530952"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T1"> </text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T1">)</text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T1"> </text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T1">… </text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634522520"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T1">DOES&gt;</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634522520"/><text:span text:style-name="T1"> <text:s/>daughter words have their pointers to the <text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T1">DOES&gt;</text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T1"> <text:s/>code in their code fields, not (as in fig-Forth) in their parameter fields. This provides faster and more compact code for defining words and their daughters. This change should be transparent to almost all source code. It is consistent with the 1979 and later FORTH standards.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc43384_859971406"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602536"/>Overlays<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc43384_859971406"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602536"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">One major addition to real-Forth&apos;s kernel is the addition of overlay support code. Overlays permit fast installation of application code previously compiled.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">BRING</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377987152408"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BRING</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377987152408"/> <text:s/>requires a block number on the stack. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BRING</text:span> <text:s/>loads that block and subsequent ones into the dictionary as needed, and link them into FORTH&apos;s dictionary structure. For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">45 BRING</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P99">See screen 3 for an example.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4"><text:soft-page-break/>SAVEOVER</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379717530856"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SAVEOVER</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379717530856"/> <text:s/>is used to save resident object code out to disk. It will save from the name field of a specified word in the dictionary to the top of the dictionary out to a specified block on the disk, and to subsequent blocks as required. For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last"><text:span text:style-name="T2">UTILITIES</text:span> SAVEOVER TASK</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P99">See screen 9 for an example.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">#BUFS</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Additional disk support code is provided to facilitate addition or deletion of extra disk buffers by the user. The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640822952"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">#BUFS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640822952"/> <text:s/>returns on the stack the current number of buffers. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">#BUFS</text:span> <text:s/>will execute a cold start if the buffer area is of incorrect size.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Vectoring</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">All terminal and disk input and output words have been vectored, permitting the user to adapt the I/O routines to new peripherals and new control sequences.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The following words have been vectored:</text:p>
   <table:table table:name="vectoredWords" table:style-name="vectoredWords">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="vectoredWords.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="vectoredWords.B"/>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">KEY</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379717530856"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXPECT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379717530856"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377258851880"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">?TERMINAL</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377258851880"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379717530952"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379717530952"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906472"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TYPE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906472"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379717530856"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">GOTOXY</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379717530856"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377258851880"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">KEY</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377258851880"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640822952"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAGE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640822952"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377349396376"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377349396376"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377258851880"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CR</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377258851880"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">R/W</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640822952"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">QUIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640822952"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377349066008"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ABORT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377349066008"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="vectoredWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377349396376"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CREATE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377349396376"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">OUT</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The variable <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602536"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OUT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602536"/> <text:s/>is maintained by the console output functions <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMIT</text:span> , <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CR</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAGE</text:span> . It is maintained indirectly by <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707708328"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(TYPE)</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707708328"/> , since <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(TYPE)</text:span> <text:s/>calls <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMIT</text:span> . <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMIT</text:span> <text:s/>increments <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="User_20_Entry">OUT</text:span> <text:s/>once for each character emitted, regardless of the character. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="User_20_Entry">CR</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAGE</text:span> <text:s/>each set <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OUT</text:span> <text:s/>to 0.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:soft-page-break/>;CODE</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">;CODE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/> <text:s/>has been moved to the options on disk. This removes the need to patch it when the assembler is added at run time. This makes the code ROMable and saves space in the kernel.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">TRIAD</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377339444792"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TRIAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377339444792"/> <text:s/>has been moved to the documenting facility (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41020_859971406">10.3</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41020_859971406">TRIAD</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41020_859971406">56</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41020_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>).</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">ON , OFF , and <text:s/>1+!</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The words <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726522296"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ON</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726522296"/> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OFF</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/> , and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721101496"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">1+!</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721101496"/> <text:s/>have been added to the kernel. The word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ON</text:span> <text:s/>stores a 1 into an address given on the stack. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OFF</text:span> <text:s/>stores a 0 into an address given on the stack, and the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">1+!</text:span> <text:s/>increments by one a location whose address is given on the stack.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">: EMIT <text:s/>OUT 1+! <text:s/>&apos;EMIT <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726522296"/>@EXECUTE<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726522296"/> ;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">: PAGE <text:s/>&apos;PAGE @ EXECUTE <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706311064"/>OUT<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706311064"/> OFF ;</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">DRIVE</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The fig words <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706311064"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DR0</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DR1</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706311064"/> <text:s/>have been replaced with the single operator <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377353068536"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DRIVE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377353068536"/> . <text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DRIVE</text:span> <text:s/>is used to select drives by placing the number of the desired drive on the stack. For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">0 DRIVE</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">3 DRIVE</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">BOUNDS</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/>BOUNDS<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> was written to replace the phrase <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OVER + SWAP</text:span> <text:s/>commonly found in code which sets up for a <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707706040"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DO … LOOP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707706040"/> . Given a starting address and a count, <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BOUNDS</text:span> <text:s/>returns a ending address and a starting address, set up for <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DO … LOOP</text:span> . E.g:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">: (TYPE) <text:s/>-DUP IF BOUNDS DO I C@ EMIT LOOP</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last"><text:s text:c="2"/>ELSE DROP THEN ;</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Error Reporting</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">In fig-Forth, the error code will place the contents of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">IN</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377349066008"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BLK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377349066008"/> <text:s/>on the stack at the two locations just &quot;below&quot; the bottom of the stack. The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377349396440"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">WHERE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377349396440"/> <text:s/>will recover these data correctly if it is used immediately after the error.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">real-Forth places the data on the stack &quot;above&quot; the bottom of the stack, where it will not be disturbed by other processes. This means that the user can return to the error data after <text:soft-page-break/>making other investigations. However, the error data are only returned if the error occurred while interpreting a disk block.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">fast-Forth</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This section documents <text:span text:style-name="T42">major</text:span> differences between <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/>fast-Forth<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> and real-Forth.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Headers</text:h>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">Changes To The Headers</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">real-Forth uses a fig-Forth style header. fast-Forth re-arranges that a bit. Because it is direct threaded, there is no runtime code for colon definitions. The code field starts the compiled definition. Other types of words (variables, user variables, etc.) have a BSR or JSR <text:span text:style-name="T25">(determined at compile time) </text:span>to the run-<text:span text:style-name="T10">t</text:span>ime code, and possibly a parameter field.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P99">Because the distinction between the code field address and parameter field address is blurred, <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="&apos; (tick)"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span> <text:s/>(tick) return the code field address, unlike fig-Forth and real-Forth.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P23"><text:span text:style-name="T1">The last two bytes of the name field are a hidden field, the </text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906472"/><text:span text:style-name="T1">length field</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906472"/><text:span text:style-name="T1">.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The possible fields are, in order in memory,</text:p>
   <table:table table:name="headerFields" table:style-name="headerFields">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="headerFields.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="headerFields.B"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="headerFields.C"/>
    <table:table-header-rows>
     <table:table-row>
      <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.A1" office:value-type="string">
       <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Heading">Field name</text:p>
      </table:table-cell>
      <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.A1" office:value-type="string">
       <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Heading">Acronym</text:p>
      </table:table-cell>
      <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.C1" office:value-type="string">
       <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Heading">Width</text:p>
      </table:table-cell>
     </table:table-row>
    </table:table-header-rows>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P68">see (optional)</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379702079704"/>SFA<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379702079704"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.C2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:span text:style-name="T10">cell</text:span> (typically)</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">link</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/>LFA<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.C2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P70">cell</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">name</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379708056360"/>NFA<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379708056360"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.C2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">variable, as in fig-Forth. <text:span text:style-name="T49">The first byte has the smudge and immediate bits, and the length of the name, as in fig-Forth. After that, the name is stored, also as in fig-Forth. Following that is the hidden length field.</text:span></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">code</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377339444792"/>CFA<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377339444792"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.C2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">variable. May contain a BSR or JSR to the run time code, or the code itself.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">parameter</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379708056360"/>PFA<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379708056360"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="headerFields.C2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Optional, <text:span text:style-name="T10">and variable if present.</text:span></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379708056360"/>Length Field<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379708056360"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P92">The last two bytes of the name field are a hidden field, the length field. This is the length of code that the compiler can copy in line, if it is non-zero and less than the value of the user variable <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377346156680"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T25">LENGTH</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377346156680"/> . <text:span text:style-name="T25">Generally, programmers should leave the length field alone. See </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T25"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38570_859971406">4.2.4</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T25">, </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T25"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38570_859971406">Compile Time Optimization</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T25">, on page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T25"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38570_859971406">16</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T25">, </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T25"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38570_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T25">, for more information.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4"><text:soft-page-break/>Header Navigation Words</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Because of the differences in the headers, the fig style header navigation words have been replaced with new words. They are:</text:p>
   <table:table table:name="ffHeaderNavigationWords" table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords.B"/>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">C&gt;N</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords.B1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Given a code field address (CFA) (returned by dictionary search words like <text:s/>&apos; [&quot;tick&quot;]), return the name field address (NFA).</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P69"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703886584"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">C&gt;P</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703886584"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P69">Given a code field address, calculate the parameter field address. Do not use on colon definitions <text:span text:style-name="T10">or code words!</text:span></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707009000"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">L&gt;S</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707009000"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Given a link field address (LFA), return the associated see field address (SFA). Note: See fields are optional.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377346156680"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">N&gt;C</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377346156680"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Given an NFA, return the associated code field address.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726522296"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">N&gt;L</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726522296"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="ffHeaderNavigationWords.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Given an NFA, return the associated link field address.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">CREATE … DOES&gt;</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P28"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379702079704"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CREATE … DOES&gt;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379702079704"/> <text:s/>words operated exactly as they do in most Forths for almost all purposes.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P28">The main difference is that the code field is a variable size. The closer in memory a defined word is to its defining word, the smaller the code field, depending on whether the compiler used a BSR or JSR instruction. The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707009000"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">C&gt;P</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707009000"/> , given a <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/>CFA<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/>, detects the size of the code field based on the op code, and returns the proper <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377295998680"/>PFA<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377295998680"/>.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Reduction <text:span text:style-name="T25">F</text:span>rom Forth to <text:span text:style-name="T25">A</text:span>ssembly <text:span text:style-name="T25">L</text:span>anguage</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P51">Earlier processors and extreme memory limitations made indirect threaded code a very compact way to represent a program, at the cost of some speed. More recent processors have changed this calculus somewhat. This makes replacing code written in Forth with assembly language attractive. A number of words in the kernel and elsewhere have been reduced to assembly language. Which words vary with the processor. The 68000 and PDP 11 are prime candidates for this treatment.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc38570_859971406"/>Compile Time Optimization<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc38570_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P41">In the traditional indirect threaded code Forth, a colon definition is a sequence of addresses to be executed. In a direct threaded Forth, a colon definition is a sequence of subroutine calls to the words that make up the colon definition.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P41">fast-Forth takes that a step further. If a called word is short enough (and certain other conditions are true), the code from the called word is copied in line.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P41">For example, look at the definition of the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">N&gt;L</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last"><text:soft-page-break/>: N&gt;L <text:s/>4<text:span text:style-name="T25">-</text:span> ;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P18">But <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">4</text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T25">-</text:span></text:span> <text:s/>is a single two byte instruction. The compiler copies that instruction in line so that <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">N&gt;L</text:span> <text:s/>executes that same instruction and no more. <text:span text:style-name="T25">By doing this, we eliminate a subroutine call and a return from subroutine instruction, for a considerable savings both in dictionary space and in execution time.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1">New System Information</text:h>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Booting real-Forth</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The procedure for booting real-Forth varies, depending on the processor and the host operating system (if any).</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">See your system specific documentation. In general, the procedure will be one of the following three.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Host O.S. With Files</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If real-Forth operates under a host operating system, and uses screens files for screens, then first bring up the operating system. Then run the appropriate binary execution file according to the host operating system <text:span text:style-name="T25">procedures.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">real-Forth for the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/>Atari ST<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> and for <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379708056360"/>MS<text:span text:style-name="T25">-</text:span>DOS<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379708056360"/> support command line tail interpretation. You may provide a line of <text:span text:style-name="T25">F</text:span>orth commands to fast-Forth from a shell, <text:span text:style-name="T49">shell script,</text:span> or from the desktop. A typical command would be <text:s/>&quot;<text:span text:style-name="Teletype">3 load</text:span>&quot; <text:s/>or <text:s/>&quot;<text:span text:style-name="Teletype">3 load application</text:span>&quot; , where <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">APPLICATION</text:span> <text:s/>is a previously defined loader word,. e.g.: “<text:span text:style-name="Teletype">3 load filing</text:span>”.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Host O.S. Without Files</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If real-Forth operates under a host operating system using raw disk for screen data, then first bring up the operating system. Then run the appropriate binary execution file according to the host operating system procedures. Once the binary execution file has been run, remove the system disk from your drive and substitute a FORTH data disk.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Standalone FORTH</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If the FORTH system is the primary operating system, simply boot the system according to the system specific instructions.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Auto Sizing</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">At boot time, real-Forth takes advantage of any memory it can grab for itself. If there is a host operating system, real-Forth will attempt to determine how much memory it may have. If this is not possible, a fairly simple memory sizing routine is built into real-Forth. In a few cases, the system will assume a given size, typically 48K or 64K, depending on the hardware.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">After Booting FORTH</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Once you have booted the real-Forth system, and have seen the welcome message,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last"><text:soft-page-break/>real-FORTH x.y dd/mm/yy</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">you are up in real-Forth. At this time, real-Forth will have given you the most memory it can, and will have conditioned the host operating system (if any) to allow access to the FORTH data.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Check to be sure that, if required by the boot <text:span text:style-name="T5">procedure</text:span> for your system, you have placed the FORTH screens disk(s) in the disk drive(s) and closed the door(s).</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Now, all references to the FORTH screens assume that they are resident on disk somewhere, and can be accessed with the usual FORTH operators: <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906472"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BLOCK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906472"/> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602536"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">R/W</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602536"/> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706806536"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BUFFER</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706806536"/> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379717530856"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LOAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379717530856"/> , <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635222552"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635222552"/> , etc. System specific questions such as the actual physical location of the screens are irrelevant; that has been taken care of for you.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Now, hit return a few times. FORTH should respond with an upper case &quot; OK &quot; message. Try an experiment to be sure that everything is there. Type in:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">12 34 * .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">(As usual with FORTH, hit the Return or Enter key at the end of each line.)</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">You should receive the answer: 408.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Now verify that the disks are working correctly. Type:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">3 LIST</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">You should see something similar to the following. Check to see that at least lines 0 through 3 look similar to these. Note that different versions will have different screen 3s. Check your system listing for the exact appearance of screen 3 on your system.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>Scr # <text:s text:c="4"/>3</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>0 ( LOAD SCREEN -- serial -- Pre-compiled <text:s text:c="2"/>( <text:s/>1 <text:s/>4 88 CRC <text:s text:c="6"/>)</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>1 HEX : \ ?LOADING <text:s/>IN @ C/L + -40 AND <text:s/>IN ! ; IMMEDIATE <text:s/>: | ;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>2 <text:s text:c="2"/>: THRU <text:s/>1+ SWAP DO I LOAD LOOP ;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>3 <text:s text:c="2"/>SCR @ ABS MAXBLK MIN SCR ! <text:s text:c="2"/>DECIMAL <text:s/>198 CONSTANT UTILITIES</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>4 <text:s text:c="2"/>HEX 317E DP ! PAD 2200 OVER - ERASE</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>5 <text:s text:c="2"/>UTILITIES BRING <text:s/>R# @ ABS B/BUF MIN R# !</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>6 \ SPIN 3FC RMRGN ! INITSPIN <text:s/>VERTS 0A ERASE <text:s text:c="2"/>RESTORE \ nec</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>7 <text:s text:c="2"/>SEI <text:s/>DISABLE <text:s text:c="2"/>&apos; ABORT CFA INVECT ! <text:s text:c="2"/>40 1C0 C! &apos; C/L 1C1 !</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>8 <text:s text:c="2"/>&apos; TASK NFA FENCE ! CR HEX 0F MESSAGE</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>9 <text:s text:c="2"/>&apos; NEWCREATE CFA &apos;CREATE ! OK</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">10 <text:s text:c="2"/>IXKEY <text:s text:c="2"/>FORTH <text:s text:c="2"/>&apos; (PQUIT) CFA <text:s/>&apos;QUIT <text:s text:c="2"/>! FORGET TASK</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">11 <text:s text:c="2"/>CR <text:s/>?DICT ( <text:s/>SPINCHK ) SEA HOME CR</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">12 <text:s text:c="2"/>EDITOR DECIMAL <text:s/>213 block 42 + (stamp) 22 cmove</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">13 <text:s text:c="2"/>.STAMP <text:s/>: TASK ; <text:s/>VT52 ( 4 LOAD) <text:s text:c="2"/>PAD C/L 1+ BLANKS</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">14 ( &apos; spinout cfa <text:s/>spin &apos; oops !) .&quot; o(si)k&quot; EDITOR QUIT</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">15</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P52">If this is the first time you have booted real-Forth, you must compile the overlays before you can use them.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P65"><text:soft-page-break/>9 load</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Bringing In the Utilities Overlay</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The standard <text:span text:style-name="T5">procedure</text:span> for loading the utilities is quite simple.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">3 <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379708414824"/>LOAD<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379708414824"/></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">You will see a series of dots typed across the screen, and you may notice some heavy disk access. This is the real-Forth system bringing in some previously defined overlays. You are then given several messages, including that good old copyright notice and the date of the last time the system listing has been updated by the operator. For example, on an Ohio Scientific machine,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">real-FORTH for O.S.I. <text:s/>(c) 1988 <text:s/>Charles Curley <text:s/>24 Jul 1988 CRC</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">You will also see how much space you have available in the dictionary, between <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602664"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">HERE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602664"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377986547784"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FIRST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377986547784"/> . Since <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FIRST</text:span> is readily <text:span text:style-name="T5">movable</text:span>, and the dictionary is always changing, this value changes.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">25E5 Bytes (hex) Dictionary space available.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If there is a complaint, the overlay may not be correct for the memory you have, or otherwise broken. Recompile the overlay with:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602664"/>COLD<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602664"/></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">then</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">9 LOAD</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Hit the return key several times. Each time, the system should respond with a lower case &quot; ok &quot; prompt. If it does, then the system is up and ready for your use.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">In most versions of real-Forth, the prompt will contain some indication of the system. This was developed because in the process of moving real-Forth from one system to another, and in the hosted development environment, there may be confusion as to exactly which system the user is on. So the O<text:span text:style-name="T25">hio </text:span>S<text:span text:style-name="T25">cientific</text:span> is identified as &quot;o(si)k&quot;, the Atari ST as &quot;aok&quot;, and so on.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Editor Installation</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Terminals vary widely in their command sequences, and host operating systems vary widely in the control characters they will pass. Therefore, each real-Forth system must be customized.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">real-Forth systems are provided with two editors, a line editor and a screen editor. The line editor is a plain vanilla <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377986547784"/>leo-Forth<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377986547784"/> line editor. It is terminal independent, and is provided to allow you to customize the screen editor to suit your terminal. This version is a public domain version, and is documented in detail in <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707160184"/>Starting FORTH<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707160184"/>, by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Brodie, Leo"/>Leo Brodie.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:soft-page-break/>The full screen editor is capable of editing a screen at a time, with a full screen editor set of commands. These commands are terminal dependent, and use control and escape sequences as well as terminal function keys when available.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Choice of Editors</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The utilities overlay contains an editor for normal editing functions. The real-Forth editor must be <text:span text:style-name="T5">customized</text:span> to specific terminals. Then any changes must be incorporated into the utilities overlay. This section covers the choices that must be made, and shows how to add the resulting editor to the utilities overlay.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The real-Forth full screen editor is described below. You may use the real-Forth control keys, which generally have some <text:span text:style-name="T5">mnemonic</text:span> value. Or you may use the Wordstar-like control keys, as written by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Rodriguez, Brad"/>Brad Rodriguez. Or you may prefer the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707160184"/>leo-Forth<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707160184"/> editor, and incorporate that into your utilities overlay.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc38671_859971406"/>Incorporating Changes into the Overlays<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc38671_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Once you have decided on your editor and other options, you will need to make it permanent in the overlays. This is done by first editing screen 9 and then recompiling the overlays.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">Scr # <text:s text:c="4"/>9</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>0 ( LOAD SCREEN -- serial -- Recompiling <text:s text:c="3"/>( 27 <text:s/>5 88 CRC <text:s text:c="6"/>)</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>1 HEX : \ ?LOADING <text:s/>IN @ C/L + -40 AND <text:s/>IN ! ; IMMEDIATE <text:s/>: | ;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>2 <text:s text:c="3"/>: THRU <text:s/>1+ SWAP DO I LOAD LOOP ; <text:s/>FF00 F412 ! \ printer</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>3 DECIMAL <text:s/>198 CONSTANT UTILITIES</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>4 <text:s text:c="3"/>HEX HERE 2200 OVER - ERASE <text:s/>317E DP ! DECIMAL 27 CONSTANT LI</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>5 <text:s text:c="3"/>SCR @ BLK @ LIST MAXBLK MIN SCR !</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>6 <text:s text:c="3"/>DECIMAL 24 LOAD <text:s/>42 LOAD ( assem) 62 LOAD <text:s/>22 LOAD \ &lt;cmove</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>7 <text:s text:c="3"/>76 LOAD ( 10 16 THRU) 25 LOAD <text:s/>18 LOAD CR <text:s/>20 LOAD <text:s/>\ nec</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>8 <text:s text:c="3"/>27 38 THRU ( editor) 40 41 THRU <text:s/>128 LOAD ( newcreate )</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>9 <text:s text:c="3"/>SCR @ BLK @ LIST SCR ! <text:s/>C/L LOAD <text:s/>17 LOAD \ i/o vectors</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">10 <text:s text:c="3"/>51 LOAD 55 LOAD 57 58 THRU 60 61 THRU ( utilities, ) 63 LOAD</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">11 : ?DICT <text:s/>BASE @ FIRST HERE - HEX U. <text:s/>9 MESSAGE BASE ! SPACE ;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">12 <text:s text:c="3"/>93 <text:s/>LOAD 121 LOAD 50 LOAD <text:s text:c="2"/>HERE FENCE ! CR <text:s/>15 MESSAGE <text:s/>CR</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">13 <text:s text:c="3"/>191 LOAD 192 LOAD 104 LOAD <text:s text:c="2"/>HERE 1024 BLANKS CR ?DICT CR</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">14 <text:s text:c="3"/>26 LOAD <text:s/>UTILITIES SAVEOVER LI PAD C/L BLANKS CR</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">15 <text:s text:c="3"/>EDITOR .STAMP <text:s/>IXKEY <text:s/>7 EMIT CR .&quot; <text:s/>ok&quot; EDITOR <text:s/>QUIT</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The normal real-Forth editor is compiled from a product-dependent location. On the <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Atari"/>Atari ST, the editor starts at screen 630. Check screen 9 for the editor. Something like the following line will compile it.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">27 38 THRU ( editor) 40 41 THRU</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To use the Wordstar style screen commands, <text:span text:style-name="T25">comment out or </text:span>delete the reference to the real-Forth style commands, and substitute the appropriate screen. For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last"><text:soft-page-break/>27 37 THRU 84 LOAD ( editor) 40 41 THRU</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To load the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377986547976"/>leo-Forth<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377986547976"/> editor instead, delete this line and replace it with a call to the appropriate screen.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">It is then necessary to recompile the overlays. From a cold start, either a newly booted system, or after using the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377344617752"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">COLD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377344617752"/> , the utilities may be recompiled by executing a cold start, then loading screen 9.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">9 LOAD</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Cursor Controls</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The source code for the four major cursor control functions is found on screen 25 and possibly 26. These may be already suited to your terminal. See your system listing and system specific documentation.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The four cursor command functions required for the real-Forth editor are:</text:p>
   <table:table table:name="cursorControlWords" table:style-name="cursorControlWords">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="cursorControlWords.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="cursorControlWords.B"/>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="cursorControlWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/>GOTOXY<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="cursorControlWords.B1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Place the cursor at given x,y co-ordinates.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="cursorControlWords.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377344617752"/>ERL<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377344617752"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="cursorControlWords.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Erase from cursor to end of the current line.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="cursorControlWords.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/>PAGE<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="cursorControlWords.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Home the cursor and clear the screen.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="cursorControlWords.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377344617752"/>BOTTOM<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377344617752"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="cursorControlWords.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Place cursor at a given place and erase from there to the end of the screen.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Some terminals use the ANSI standard terminal controls, such as the VT100. Where possible, the ANSI standard cursor control sequences were used. If you have an ANSI standard terminal, and the appropriate drivers are not included in your system, please inquire.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Consult your computer or terminal documentation for the control sequences necessary to produce these four functions. It may be necessary to simulate one or more in software.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P99">8086 real-Forth has a direct to hardware driver written for PC compatible hardware, in the <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="DIRECT vocabulary"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DIRECT</text:span> <text:s/>vocabulary.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Control Keys</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Control key functions are readily translated from terminal to terminal or computer to computer. First, verify that your host operating system will pass each desired control key. For example, <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379708723912"/>RT-11<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379708723912"/> will not pass control S, control Q, or control O. So in this case these functions must be reassigned to alternate keys.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Cursor control and some of the more sophisticated functions are controlled from function keys when these are available. When these are not <text:span text:style-name="T5">available</text:span>, it is recommended that the cursor control keys be assigned to control keys in a diamond pattern on the ASCII <text:soft-page-break/>keyboard. The following keys have been reserved for this use in the real-Forth style editor.</text:p>
   <table:table table:name="editorCursorKeys" table:style-name="editorCursorKeys">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="editorCursorKeys.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="editorCursorKeys.B"/>
    <table:table-row table:style-name="editorCursorKeys.1">
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="editorCursorKeys.A1" table:number-columns-spanned="2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P67">CTL T <text:s/>-- <text:s/>uparrow</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:covered-table-cell/>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="editorCursorKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P67">CTL F <text:s/>-- <text:s/>left arrow</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="editorCursorKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P67">CTL G -- right arrow</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="editorCursorKeys.B2" table:number-columns-spanned="2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P67">CTL V <text:s/>-- <text:s/>downarrow</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:covered-table-cell/>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">When function keys are not available, it is recommended that the remaining escape sequences be assigned a two keystroke sequence: <text:s/>ESC <text:s/>and then a number. For example, the following is used on the Ohio Scientific keyboard:</text:p>
   <table:table table:name="escapeKeys" table:style-name="escapeKeys">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="escapeKeys.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="escapeKeys.B"/>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="escapeKeys.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14">ESC 0</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="escapeKeys.B1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379708035192"/>Placing<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379708035192"/> (insert on/off)</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="escapeKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14">ESC 1</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="escapeKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14">Blanks Left</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="escapeKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14">ESC 2</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="escapeKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/>Merge<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="escapeKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14">ESC 3</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="escapeKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14">Blanks Right</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="escapeKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14">ESC 8</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="escapeKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379708056456"/>.PAD<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379708056456"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="escapeKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14">ESC 9</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="escapeKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602536"/>Top<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602536"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Either these functions are rarely used (for example, .PAD ), or they are destructive, and therefor should require a bit of work before they are used (for example, Blanks Left).</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">While terminals differ widely, some effort at commonality will aid the programmer in moving from one system to another. This is particularly important in an environment where a programmer must work on several different machines.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Once you have arrived at a satisfactory keyboard arrangement for your terminal(s), make a listing of the appropriate screens. Keep it next to the terminal so that you may refer to it as needed.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Once you are satisfied with your reworking of the cursor controls and control key functions, you may compile the editor into the overlays by recompiling them. See <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38671_859971406">5.6.1</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38671_859971406">Incorporating Changes into the Overlays</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38671_859971406">21</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38671_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc59184_859971406"/>Using the Screen Editor<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc59184_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P19">The following discussion applies to the real-Forth full screen editor, whether the real-Forth control key layout or the Wordstar control key layout is used. It does not apply to the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/>leo-Forth<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> editor.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P19"><text:span text:style-name="T21">We will show the real-Forth editor control keys with the word they invoke. Or r</text:span>efer to a listing of the editor word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(Q)</text:span> <text:s/>to determine the keystroke(s) needed to access each function. <text:span text:style-name="T21">Function keys may or may not be shifted. Unshifted function keys are indicated with a lower case f (e.g.: f1). Shifted function keys are indicated with an upper case F (e.g.: F1).</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Once you have edited the screen editor to suit your terminal requirements, you will have a flexible editor. Below is a list of the individual functions.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P42">A note on editing style: I have over the years adopted a style of writing trial code in lower case, and code I am satisfied with in upper. Two words in the full screen editor make converting from lower to upper case very easy, <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc58874_305386925">6.2.5.5</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc58874_305386925">LUPP</text:bookmark-ref>, and <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc58876_305386925">6.2.5.6</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc58876_305386925">RUPP</text:bookmark-ref>, on page <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc58876_305386925">31</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc58876_305386925">below</text:bookmark-ref>.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Entering the Screen Editor</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The full screen editor may be entered in any one of four ways.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">SEE:</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">From any vocabulary, type:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/>SEE:<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/> &lt;wordname&gt;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span> <text:s/>(<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">7.1</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">What You  SEE:  Is What You Get</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">37</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">, </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>) can find the wordname given, this phrase will place you in the full screen editor with the current screen set to that containing the source code for <text:s/>&lt;wordname&gt; .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">EDIT</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">From any vocabulary type:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">&lt;Scr#&gt; <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379708035288"/>EDIT<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379708035288"/></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This phrase will place you in the full screen editor, with the current screen set to the indicated screen number.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">In both cases, the current vocabulary will automatically be set to the <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379708056456"/>EDITOR <text:s/>vocabulary<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379708056456"/>.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:soft-page-break/>Z</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">From within the <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707223208"/>EDITOR <text:s/>vocabulary<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707223208"/>, the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712515688"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">Z</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712515688"/> <text:s/>will place on the screen the full screen editor display. This word will then place you in the full screen editor, with the cursor placed in the screen listing.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Q</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P62">To re-enter the full screen <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707223208"/>editor<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707223208"/> if the full screen editor display is already on the <text:span text:style-name="T5">display</text:span>, use the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707980696"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">Q</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707980696"/> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Warning"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">Q</text:span> <text:s/>simply places the cursor where it belongs, regardless of the state of the terminal display, so use <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">Q</text:span> <text:s/>with caution until you are accustomed to the system.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">The Editor Display</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The full screen editor clears the screen from the top of the display to the 18th line of the display, leaving the rest of the display intact. It places the phrase &quot;pad&quot; in the upper left hand corner of the display, followed by the 64 characters (possibly garbage!) in the buffer area called <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/> . Then it shows the state of the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377353084920"/>Placing<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377353084920"/> flag (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41277_859971406">6.2.1.8</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41277_859971406">INSERT</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41277_859971406">27</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">, </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41277_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>), either &quot;Inserting&quot; or &quot;Replacing&quot;, in the upper right corner of the display.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The screen is then listed, from line 0 of the screen on the third line of the display, and on down. The traditional line numbers will be provided on the left of the display if and only if the screen is not marked as &quot;empty&quot; (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406">6.3.2</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406">WIPE</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406">32</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>). No end of line marker is provided. In general, it is not wise to place text to the right of the date stamp in line 0 (column 52) in any line.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Screen Editor Functions</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The following functions are available within the full screen editor. Refer to a listing of the screens where <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379708056456"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(Q)</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379708056456"/> <text:s/>and subsidiary words are defined for more information. Some products have improvements over what is described here.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P29">Control characters are governed by the editor word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906312"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DOCTLS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906312"/> , and function keys, and some other keys, are governed by the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377352160088"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DOFUNS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377352160088"/> . Some keys are system dependent.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Character Functions</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">These are functions that affect only one character on the screen, or require only one keystroke to execute. Some functions are not (yet) available on all products.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4"><text:soft-page-break/>RETURN or ENTER</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This key exits the full screen editor. It places the cursor below the screen display, blanks out the rest of the screen, and returns control to FORTH&apos;s normal text interpreter. The current vocabulary remains the EDITOR vocabulary.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">Any Printing Character</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Any printing character may be typed. It is placed in the current screen &quot;under&quot; the cursor. The cursor then moves one place to the right, with wraparound if needed.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To toggle between the two placing modes, use the PLACING function (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41277_859971406">6.2.1.8</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41277_859971406">INSERT</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41277_859971406">27</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41277_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>). Printing characters typed while the cursor is &quot;outside&quot; the screen are ignored.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">DEL or DELETE</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T26">(Delete) </text:span>This key deletes the character immediately to the LEFT of the current cursor position, moving the cursor and the remainder of the line to the left one position. This function is unaffected by the placing function. It is used to delete a character just typed without first moving the cursor, making correction of typos fast and simple.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P116" text:outline-level="4">Backspace</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P42">(Backspace) This key moves the cursor to the left, the<text:span text:style-name="T50">n</text:span> deletes the character immediately to the right, moving subsequent characters one place left.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377333503528"/>HELP<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377333503528"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(F1) </text:span>The (system dependent) help key shows a screen of help. Any key returns to the screen being edited. <text:span text:style-name="T3">Some emulators u</text:span>se the “Print Screen” key on a PC keyboard. <text:span text:style-name="T3">&lt;SHIFT&gt;F1, the traditional “Help” key on MS-DOS and Windows, may also work.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/>UNDO<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(F2, f6) </text:span>The (system dependent) undo key reverts all changes in the current screen since the last time it was saved. You can simulate it by leaving the full screen editor (enter key), and running</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">undo q</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P117" text:outline-level="4">ZAPSTRING</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P36">(ctl c) <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">Z$</text:span> <text:s/>deletes from the current cursor position the number of characters in <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span> . After you have found a string in the current screen, this will delete it from the screen.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc41277_859971406"/><text:soft-page-break/>INSERT<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc41277_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(Insert) </text:span>The Placing function toggles between two forms of character placement on a screen, inserting and replacing.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The insert mode is used to insert text into a line of existing text. New characters are inserted into the line, and old characters are pushed to the right, with the right end of the line being lost.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The replacing mode means that a new character will replace the one &quot;under&quot; the cursor, without otherwise disturbing the text on the line.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc32857_305386925"/>Screen Movement Functions<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc32857_305386925"/></text:h>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">LAST</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(ctl b, page up; “back”) </text:span>This function replaces the current screen with the one next lower in number. The new screen is displayed, and the cursor remains in the same place.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">NEXT</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(ctl n, page down; “next”) </text:span>This function replaces the current screen with the one next higher in number. The new screen is displayed, and the cursor remains in the same place.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc49712_859971406"/>OTHER<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc49712_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(ctl o; “other”) </text:span>This function replaces the current screen with the one whose number is on the top of the stack. This function is useful for toggling between two screens or two areas of screens. For example, to compare screens 45 and 128, enter the full screen editor with the two screen numbers on the stack.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">45 128 EDIT</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Then use the <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OTHER</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> <text:s/>function to switch between the two screens. <text:span text:style-name="T17">The next two functions may be useful when you are toggling between two regions of screens.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P118" text:outline-level="4">DECBOTH</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P35"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(ctl [) </text:span>This function moves to the next screen, like <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">NEXT</text:span> . It also increments the top of the stack, useful when you are toggling between two sets of screens with <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OTHER</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P118" text:outline-level="4">INCBOTH</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P35"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(ctl ]) </text:span>This function moves to the previous screen, like <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LAST</text:span> . It also decrements the top of the stack, useful when you are toggling between two sets of screens with <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OTHER</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:soft-page-break/>Cursor Movement Functions</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">UPARROW</text:span> , <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DOWNARROW</text:span> , <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LEFTARROW</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RIGHTARROW</text:span> <text:s/>functions move the cursor nondestructively in the indicated direction. They have other uses as well.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">LEFTARROW</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P19"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(⭠, ctl f) </text:span>The leftarrow function wraps around to the right end of the next higher line on the screen, unless the cursor is already on line 0. In that case, the cursor moves &quot;off&quot; the screen. Use the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TOP</text:span> <text:s/>(<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc42118_859971406">6.2.3.6</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc42118_859971406">TOP</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc42118_859971406">29</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc42118_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>) function or the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RIGHTARROW</text:span> <text:s/>function (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc42423_859971406">6.2.3.2</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc42423_859971406">RIGHTARROW</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc42423_859971406">28</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc42423_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>) to return the cursor to the screen. More recent versions of the editor will wrap to the bottom of the previous screen.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc42423_859971406"/>RIGHTARROW<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc42423_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P19"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(⭢, ctl g) </text:span>If the cursor was on the right end of a line, the Rightarrow function similarly wraps around to the left hand end of the next lower line on the screen. If the cursor was on line fifteen, it wraps around to an imaginary line sixteen. This pseudo-line is only be used for cursor movement. More recent versions of the editor will wrap to the top of the next screen.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">UPARROW</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P19"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(⭡, ctl t) </text:span>If the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">UPARROW</text:span> <text:s/>function is used while the cursor is on line 0, the next lower numbered screen becomes the current screen, and the cursor appears on line fifteen of that screen. This feature is used to &quot;scroll&quot; &quot;backwards&quot; across a range of screens.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">DOWNARROW</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P19"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(⭣, ctl v) </text:span>The <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DOWNARROW</text:span> <text:s/>function &quot;scrolls&quot; &quot;forward&quot; if it is used on line fifteen of the current screen. The <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">UPARROW</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DOWNARROW</text:span> <text:s/>functions, in combination with the line movement operators, are used to move text from one screen to an adjacent screen. This relieves some of the crowding that occurs in heavily rewritten FORTH code.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">TAB</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(Tab, ctl i) </text:span>The newer version of the tab function in replacing mode skips the cursor right to the next column which is a multiple of eight. In inserting mode, it inserts spaces until it reaches the next column which is a multiple of eight. Characters are dropped o<text:span text:style-name="T18">f</text:span>f the right edge of the screen.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The older version places the cursor at the left end of the next line below the current line. It does no wraparound or &quot;scrolling&quot;, but can place the cursor on the imaginary line sixteen. It is convenient for editing the date on screen 1, line 15, prior to using the documenting facility. <text:span text:style-name="T50">(See </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T50"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43055_859971406">10</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T50"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T50"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43055_859971406">Documenting Facility</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T50"><text:s/>page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T50"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43055_859971406">56</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T50"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T50"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43055_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T50">.)</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc42118_859971406"/><text:soft-page-break/>TOP<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc42118_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(Home) </text:span>The <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729050024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TOP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729050024"/> <text:s/>function places the cursor in the left hand position of line 0 of the current screen.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">BACK</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(ctl a) </text:span>The <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729271016"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BACK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729271016"/> <text:s/>function will place the cursor backward in the screen by the length of the text in <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span> . This allows the user to locate a string, and easily move the cursor back to the beginning of the string on the screen.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P119" text:outline-level="4">NL</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P39">(ctl u) <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">NL</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/> <text:s/>moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line, with wrap to the next <text:span text:style-name="T26">screen</text:span>.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P119" text:outline-level="4">EOL</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P39">(ctl \) <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726243736"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EOL</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726243736"/> <text:s/>moves the cursor to the right end of the current line.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Line Movement Functions</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The real-Forth editor maintains a temporary storage space called <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span> . Its contents are displayed by the full screen editor as they are changed.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Warning">If the contents of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span> <text:s/>contain uninitialized garbage, sending those characters to your terminal may have unintended consequences. It may be necessary to clean out <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span> <text:s/>after compiling, forgetting, or at other times. This may be done by any of the functions that store text in <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span> , or with the phrase <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD C/L 1+ BLANKS</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">D</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(ctl d) </text:span>The <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378306815208"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">D</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378306815208"/> <text:s/>(Delete line) function deletes the current line from the current screen, and places its former contents in <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span> . Every line below the current line is moved up one.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/>R<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(ctl r) </text:span>The <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">R</text:span> <text:s/>(Replace line) function replaces the contents of the current line with the contents of <text:s/>PAD . No other lines are affected. The old contents of the current line are lost.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">S</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(ctl s) </text:span>The <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379719534808"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">S</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379719534808"/> <text:s/>(Spread Line) function moves the current line and each line below it down one line. Line fifteen is lost. The current line is then filled with blanks.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4"><text:soft-page-break/>I</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(ctl j) </text:span>The <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706330696"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">I</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706330696"/> <text:s/>(Insert line) function spreads the current screen at the current cursor position. It inserts the contents of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span> <text:s/>into the current line. The previous line and all lines below it are moved down one line, and the previous line fifteen is lost. It is a combination of the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">S</text:span> <text:s text:c="2"/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">R</text:span> <text:s/>functions.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">Z</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(ctl z) </text:span>The <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729050024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">Z</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729050024"/> <text:s/>function places the contents of the current line in <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727903448"/> . The old contents of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span> <text:s/>are lost, and the current screen is unaffected.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">.PAD</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(f8) </text:span>The <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726443336"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">.PAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726443336"/> function refreshes the display of the contents of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906472"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906472"/> <text:s/>on the top line of the terminal.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Line Modification Functions</text:h>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">E</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(ctl e) </text:span>The <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729086200"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">E</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729086200"/> <text:s/>(Erase) function will erase the current line of the current screen, replacing it with blanks. The old line is not saved, and no other lines are affected. Use the <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721860040"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">Z</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721860040"/> <text:s/>function to save a line before erasing it.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">BLL</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(f1) </text:span>The <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BLL</text:span> <text:s/>(BLanks Left) function places blanks in the current line to the left of the cursor. The previous contents of that portion of the line are lost.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">BLR</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(f3) </text:span>The <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BLR</text:span> <text:s/>(BLanks Right) function places blanks in the current line from the current cursor position, inclusive, to the right hand end of the line. The previous contents of that portion of the line are lost.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">MERGE</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T21">(f2) </text:span>The <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640581704"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">MERGE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640581704"/> <text:s/>function moves text from one line to the one above it. The text to be moved is the text from the current cursor position to the last non-blank character in the current line. It is copied into the line immediately above the current line. The cursor is moved up one line. The old current line is unaffected, and the material replaced by the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">MERGE</text:span> <text:s/>function is lost.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P19">The <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">MERGE</text:span> <text:s/>function is useful for combining two or more lines of code onto one line.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P116" text:outline-level="4"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc58874_305386925"/><text:soft-page-break/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707223208"/>LUPP<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc58874_305386925"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707223208"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P42">(f4) Upper case everything from the left end of the current line to the cursor.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P116" text:outline-level="4"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc58876_305386925"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/>RUPP<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc58876_305386925"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P42">(f5) Upper case everything from the cursor to the right end of the current line.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P123" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379717438568"/>String Stack Functions<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379717438568"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P36">The real-Forth screen editor supports a string stack, useful for <text:span text:style-name="T22">rapidly </text:span>moving lots of text around. Strings are 64 characters wide, and come from or go to the current screen. The string stack is a transient area starting at <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FIRST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/> , and growing down in memory toward <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378305441096"/><text:span text:style-name="User_20_Entry">PAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378305441096"/> . <text:span text:style-name="T22">String stack functions have dollar signs ($) in their names, mnemonic for “strings”.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P37">With one exception, they work in pairs.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P117" text:outline-level="4">Initialize the String Stack</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P36">(ctl y) Before the string stack is useful, you must initialize it <text:span text:style-name="T22">with <text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T22">CLR$S</text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T22"> </text:span>. <text:span text:style-name="T50">This fills a dummy “top of stack” string with Ts, to give the user a visual indicator that she is at the top of the stack.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P117" text:outline-level="4">PULL$ and PUSH$</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P38">The first two functions are useful for re-arranging within one screen.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P37">(ctl w) <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PULL$</text:span> <text:s/>pulls a string from the string stack, and inserts it into the current screen at the current cursor line. <text:span text:style-name="T22">The cursor does not move.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P36">(ctl q) <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PUSH$</text:span> <text:s/>pushes the current line onto the string stack, and deletes it from the current screen. <text:span text:style-name="T22">The cursor does not move.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P120" text:outline-level="4">GRAB$ <text:s/>and <text:s/>PUT$</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P37"><text:span text:style-name="T22">This pair </text:span>wrap<text:span text:style-name="T22">s</text:span> to the next or previous screen, allowing rapid movement across multiple screens. <text:span text:style-name="T22">Use this pair with <text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T22">OTHER</text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T22"> , <text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T22">DECBOTH</text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T22"> , and <text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T22">INCBOTH</text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T22"> <text:s/>(</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T22"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc32857_305386925">6.2.2</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T22"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T22"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc32857_305386925">Screen Movement Functions</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T22"><text:s/>page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T22"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc32857_305386925">27</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T22"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T22"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc32857_305386925">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T22">) to rapidly move multiple screens between regions of screens.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P38">(ctl l) <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">GRAB$</text:span> <text:s/>non-destructively pushes the current line onto the string stack. It then moves the cursor down one line, wrapping to the top of the next screen if necessary.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P38">(ctl p) <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PUT$</text:span> <text:s/>pops the top of the string stack into the current screen, overwriting the current line. It then moves up one line, wrapping to the bottom of the previous screen if necessary.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P124" text:outline-level="3"><text:soft-page-break/>Other Screen Functions</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P40">(f10, ctl x) <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378305441096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FLUSH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378305441096"/> <text:s/>writes the screen buffers out to disk non-destructively.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P40">(f7) <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DATE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/> <text:s/>places the current date into the screen at the cursor location.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Non-screen Editor Functions</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">There are a number of editor functions which are not called from the full screen editor. These involve screen movement, date stamping, and text searches. They are all normal FORTH words and are used as such.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">COPY</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707223208"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">COPY</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707223208"/> <text:s/>is used to copy one screen to another. For example, the following phrase:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">145 147 COPY</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">copies the contents of screen 145 to screen 147. The previous contents of the destination screen are lost.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">There are more powerful screen moving utilities in the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729271016"/>disking<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729271016"/> utilities (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc58192_859971406">9</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc58192_859971406">The DISKING facility</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T5">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc58192_859971406">53</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc58192_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5">)</text:span>.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406"/>WIPE<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378330405256"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">WIPE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378330405256"/> <text:s/>will blank the current screen. The screen will be filled with blanks, except the first two bytes, which will have the value 0 placed in them. This 0 indicates to documenting routines (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43055_859971406">10</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43055_859971406">Documenting Facility</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43055_859971406">56</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43055_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>) that the screen is empty and is not to be printed out or listed. Such screens may also contain binary data such as overlays (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43384_859971406">4.1.2</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43384_859971406">Overlays</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43384_859971406">12</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43384_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>).</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Documentors</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">There are five documenting functions in the editor. These are used to maintain the date and initials stamp in the upper right hand corner of each screen.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P100">N. B.: The time and date functions may be automated.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">Setting the Stamp</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Four of these functions are produced with the defining word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DOCUMENTOR</text:span> , and others may be created to suit.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The four functions are: <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726208568"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DAY</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726208568"/> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378330405256"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">MONTH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378330405256"/> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379719534808"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">YEAR</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379719534808"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378306815208"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PROGRAMMER</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378306815208"/> . The first three each expect up to two characters following them, which will be placed in the appropriate spot on the screen. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PROGRAMMER</text:span> <text:s/>expects up to three characters, typically the programmer&apos;s initials. These functions are used once to set up a stamp in memory for use during editing.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:soft-page-break/>The format of the time stamp is day, month, year; per European usage. For example, 1 4 84 is the first day of April, 1984.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To use a documentor function, type the name of the documentor function, followed by the text to be placed in the appropriate position. Note that leading 0s are not required. For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">DAY 1 MONTH 4 YEAR 84 PROGRAMMER ABC</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">will produce a stamp that will look like this:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">( <text:s/>1 <text:s/>4 84 ABC <text:s text:c="6"/>)</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This tells us that on 1 April, 1984, programmer ABC last made a major change in the current screen.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The stamp image in memory also contains a close parenthesis which will be placed in the last position of line 0 and an open parenthesis which will be placed in the 42nd position of line 0. While most screens in real-Forth use the backslash character as a comment marker, some screens do not. So the parentheses are included.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The array is initialized in screen 3.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Warning">Unless the hardware has a battery backed up clock/calendar, the stamp set on screen three will be arbitrary, and the stamp will have to be reset each time the system is booted or screen 3 is loaded.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">Printing the Stamp</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729086200"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">.STAMP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729086200"/> <text:s/>will print out the current contents of the stamp in memory. For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">( 24 <text:s/>7 88 CRC <text:s text:c="6"/>)</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">Stamping a Screen</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P36">In the full screen real-Forth editor, use ctl k to stamp the current screen.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The stamp in memory may be placed into the current screen (as pointed to by <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SCR</text:span> ) by using the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377633194744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">STAMP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377633194744"/> . For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">\ real-Forth Doc: editor usage <text:s text:c="10"/>( 26 <text:s/>9 85 CRC <text:s text:c="6"/>)</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The time stamp created using the documentors is used by the <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707983880"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SINCE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707983880"/> <text:s/>utility (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43725_859971406">10.5</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43725_859971406">SINCE</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43725_859971406">57</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc43725_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>) to print out only the screens time stamped with dates after a given date. This makes the problem of maintaining a current listing of a project simply one of replacing change pages in one&apos;s loose leaf binder. This should encourage the people associated with a project to keep up to date listings for their own reference.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Warning"><text:soft-page-break/>Because the <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SINCE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726208568"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">STAMP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726208568"/> <text:s/>utilities are interdependent, do not modify one without also modifying the other!</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Text Location Functions</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">There are six text location functions within the editor. Four operate within the current screen, and two operate across screen boundaries. Note that with all of these, a space is required between the function name and the search text. This space is not part of the search text, although any subsequent spaces will be included in the search text. <text:span text:style-name="T18">Note that that includes trailing spaces. There is a difference between &quot;scr&quot; and &quot;scr &quot;.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Searches may or may not be not case sensitive. Some products provide both and words to switch between them. See the definition of the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707983880"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">-TEXT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707983880"/> .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">SEARCH</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379725476072"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEARCH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379725476072"/> <text:s/>will search across a given range of screens for a given text. The given text is placed in <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378305441096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378305441096"/> , where it may be re-used.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The syntax is:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">first-scr last-scr SEARCH text-to-carriage-return</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEARCH</text:span> <text:s/>will search from first-scr to last-scr for the text given after the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEARCH</text:span> <text:s/>until the carriage return.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If the text is found, the first occurrence will be selected. The screen on which it is found will be shown, ready for the full screen editor. The cursor will be placed to the right of the text phrase in the screen. The full screen editor will automatically be entered.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If the text is not found, the full screen editor will be entered with the current screen set to the last screen of the range given, and the cursor placed at the left hand end of the imaginary line sixteen.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">RESEARCH</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707576216"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RESEARCH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707576216"/> <text:s/>works in an almost identical manner to <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEARCH</text:span> . The search text is already in <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379700728344"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379700728344"/> . <text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEARCH</text:span> <text:s/>may be used to search for the first occurrence of a string, and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RESEARCH</text:span> <text:s/>for subsequent occurrences.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The syntax is:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">first-scr last-scr RESEARCH</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P125" text:outline-level="3"><text:soft-page-break/>CONT</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P26">Short for “continue”, <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707576216"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CONT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707576216"/> <text:s/>starts from the next screen and continues searching until the last screen in the most recent <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766705000"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEARCH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766705000"/> <text:s/>or <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726208568"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RESEARCH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726208568"/> <text:s/>command.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">F</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">F</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/> <text:s/>can be used to find a given string within the current screen. E.<text:span text:style-name="T51">g</text:span>.:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">F wordname</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">It begins searching in the current screen at the current position.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If the given text is located, the full screen editor is entered without first updating the display. The cursor is placed at the right hand end of the <text:span text:style-name="T5">occurrence</text:span> of the text. <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707223208"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">F</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707223208"/> <text:s/>stores the search text in <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729050024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729050024"/> , where it may be re-used.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If the search text is not found, an error is reported, with the sought text printed out followed by a question mark.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">N</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377633194744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">N</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377633194744"/> <text:s/>is used in a similar manner to <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729271016"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">F</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729271016"/> , except that it locates the text already in <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727518744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727518744"/> . Thus, <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">F</text:span> <text:s/>can be used to find the first occurrence of text within a screen, and <text:s/>N <text:s/>to find subsequent occurrences. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">N</text:span> <text:s/>may also be used after <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEARCH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/> <text:s/>or <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RESEARCH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Syntax:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">N</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">X</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726243736"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">X</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726243736"/> <text:s/>accepts all of the text following it until the end of the line. It then searches the current screen starting at the current cursor position for the first occurrence of that text. It then deletes the given text from the screen, moving text from the right of it to the left and padding the line with blanks. The full screen editor is then entered.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Syntax:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">X text text</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">X</text:span> <text:s/>places the sought text in <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span> <text:s/>where it may be reused by <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">N</text:span> <text:s/>or <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RESEARCH</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">TILL</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377644090376"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TILL</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377644090376"/> <text:s/>accepts given text from the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TILL</text:span> <text:s/>to the end of the line. It then searches the current line of the current screen starting at the current cursor position. If it locates the given text, it deletes all of the text between the old cursor position and the <text:soft-page-break/>right hand end of the given text in the screen. The display is then refreshed and the full screen editor entered.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">TILL <text:s/>places the sought text in <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766705000"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766705000"/> <text:s/>where it may be reused by <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">N</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727903448"/> <text:s/>or <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726151784"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RESEARCH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726151784"/> .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1">Overlaid Utilities</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This chapter will detail a number of utilities which are typically present in the utilities <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Overlays"/>overlay. In general, these are FORTH words that make programming or documentation much easier. They are normally present during program <text:span text:style-name="T5">development.</text:span> They may be discarded for the final application (for example, <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729086200"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729086200"/> <text:s/>or the editor), or added to it (for example, <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CASE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378305441096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2/</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378305441096"/> ).</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The utilities overlay also contains the full screen editor. Use of the full screen editor is described in <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc59184_859971406">6</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc59184_859971406">Using the Screen Editor</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T5">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc59184_859971406">24</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc59184_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406"/>What You <text:s/>SEE: <text:s/>Is What You Get<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Probably the most useful utility for the programmer is the <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379718040104"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379718040104"/> <text:s/>command. This is especially useful to the programmer just learning a new FORTH system. The <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span> <text:s/>command lets the user ask the system to show the source code for any word compiled into the dictionary above it.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To see the source for a word named <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FRED</text:span> , type:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">SEE: FRED</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Normally, you will get one of three responses.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Doesn&apos;t Exist</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FRED</text:span> <text:s/>doesn&apos;t exist, or the system can&apos;t find it, the system will tell you that it isn&apos;t in the dictionary.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">?? Not in dictionary ??</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This only means that <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span> <text:s/>couldn&apos;t find <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FRED</text:span> <text:s/>in either the current or context vocabulary, not that it doesn&apos;t exist. It may be in some other vocabulary.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Too Low in memory</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FRED</text:span> <text:s/>is in the dictionary, but was compiled lower in the dictionary than the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span> utility, the system will respond by saying, &quot;kernel&quot;. For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">SEE: @</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Some products have the necessary data compiled into the kernel and into all compiled words. On those products, you will not get this message, and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378304985480"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378304985480"/> <text:s/>will find the word. The kernel source code must be available for it to work on the kernel.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:soft-page-break/>Found</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FRED</text:span> <text:s/>is in the dictionary and has the see field compiled in, then the system will respond by placing the source screen for <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FRED</text:span> <text:s/>on the <text:span text:style-name="T18">display</text:span>, and placing the cursor on the line where the definition begins. For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">SEE: TASK</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">For more information on how <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span> <text:s/>works, take a look at its source code:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">SEE: SEE:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/> <text:s/>has two major uses. First, it permits the FORTH programmer to let the computer track where his source code is. No longer does the programmer have to worry about where the source code for that obscure definition is, <text:span text:style-name="T4">or which definition is the one compiled into the system</text:span>. Second, it permits any user of the FORTH system to see the source code. The user can also examine the comments, including stack diagrams, which -- one hopes -- accompany the source code.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P17">If <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span> <text:s/>has found the word you are looking for, it will place the system into the real-Forth full screen editor (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc59184_859971406">6</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc59184_859971406">Using the Screen Editor</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T5">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc59184_859971406">24</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc59184_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>). Until you are accustomed to that editor, the only thing you need to know is this: do nothing until after you have typed a RETURN key to exit the editor. This action will clear the screen below the screen listing, and place the cursor at the next line below the listing. Then leave the editor vocabulary by typing the name of the vocabulary to which you wish to return:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">FORTH</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Application programmers may find it useful to adapt <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727903448"/> <text:s/>to provide <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706330696"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">HELP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706330696"/> <text:s/>screens for their programs.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc40299_859971406"/>TRY <text:s/>and <text:s/>RETRY<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc40299_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">TRY</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721860040"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TRY</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721860040"/> <text:s/>allows recompilation of the screen currently pointed to by the editor. It is defined as</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">: TRY <text:s/>SCR @ LOAD ;</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">RETRY</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766837096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RETRY</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766837096"/> <text:s/>is used to re-compile a given word already in the dictionary. Its syntax is:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">RETRY &lt;wordname&gt;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RETRY</text:span> <text:s/>searches the dictionary for <text:s/>&lt;wordname&gt; . If it fails to find it, an error is reported. If the given word name is found, the existing compiled version of the word is <text:soft-page-break/>forgotten. Interpretation is then begun at the beginning of the half line where the source code for <text:s/>&lt;wordname&gt; resided at the time it was compiled.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RETRY</text:span> <text:s/>will continue interpretation in the normal FORTH manner. It is therefore essential that the programmer write load screens in such a way that interpretation may be commenced in the middle.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RETRY</text:span> <text:s/>may be used to recompile part of an application, or to experiment with one screen of code from an application. It has the virtue that, like <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span> , the programmer need not know in what screen the source code resides before he or she can recompile it.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Note that <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728069464"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RETRY</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728069464"/> <text:s/>only works on code that <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726443336"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726443336"/> can find in the dictionary. Also, like <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729271016"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FORGET</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729271016"/> , <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RETRY</text:span> <text:s/>respects <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FENCE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727903448"/> .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc48802_859971406"/>LOADER<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc48802_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378330405256"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LOADER</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378330405256"/> <text:s/>is a facility used to give a name to a compile screen. For example, the screen on which all of the documentation utilities exist or from which they would be called is the documentation load screen. The word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LOADER</text:span> <text:s/>permits the user to give such screens names, which are easier to remember.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The operation of a loader is very simple: simply enter the name of the loader desired. It will load the specified screen. For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">DOCUMENTING</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Existing loaders in the real-Forth system include: <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DOCUMENTING</text:span> , <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DISKING</text:span> , and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CREF</text:span> . The user may add others. To see the existing loaders on the system, use the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span> <text:s/>utility <text:span text:style-name="T4">(</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">7.1</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">What You  SEE:  Is What You Get</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">, page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">37</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">)</text:span>:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">SEE: LOADER</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P15">Loaders may also be used to bring in applications or parts of applications, thereby making the product more user friendly.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P103" text:outline-level="2">real-Forth <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/>Decompiler<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P15">The real-Forth decompiler is called with the one word, <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766705000"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">UN:</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766705000"/> . The syntax, where &lt;wordname&gt; is the name of a word to be decompiled, is:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P63">UN: &lt;wordname&gt;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P15"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">UN:</text:span> <text:s/>will decompile colon <text:span text:style-name="T3">definitions</text:span>, including defining words. The daughter words of high level defining words will be decompiled by decompiling the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DOES&gt;</text:span> <text:s/>portion of the defining word. Constants, user variables and variables will each have their values shown.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P15">On some real-Forth systems, <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">UN:</text:span> <text:s/>will disassemble code definitions and the code portions of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CREATE … ;CODE</text:span> <text:s/>defining words.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P24"><text:soft-page-break/>The decompiler will disassemble code definitions. On <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379700728344"/>fast-Forth<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379700728344"/> it will disassemble colon definitions as well.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc44080_859971406"/>Disassembler<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc44080_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Some real-Forth systems, notably <text:span text:style-name="T28">the 8086, </text:span>6502, and 68000 versions, have a <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729271016"/>disassembler<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729271016"/> as part of the options overlay. This utility may be invoked from the decompiler. It may also be used as a standalone program. Note that this disassembler also prints out as text the area of memory being disassembled, thereby making it easier for the user to identify text such as headers.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">DISASSEMBLE</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DISASSEMBLE</text:span> , <text:span text:style-name="T2">if present,</text:span> will disassemble 16 lines of code, and wait for a keystroke. If the key is the escape key, the disassembly will end; otherwise 16 more lines will be disassembled. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DISASSEMBLE</text:span> <text:s/>leaves the next address to be disassembled on the stack when it is done.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">DISASSEMBLELINES</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DISASSEMBLELINES</text:span> , <text:span text:style-name="T2">if present,</text:span> may be used to disassemble over a given range of addresses. The syntax is:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">start-addr end-addr DISASSEMBLELINES</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">For example, on a 6502 system,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">&apos; CLIT 10 OVER + DISASSEMBLELINES</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">will produce something like the following printout.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">Address Opcode Operand Opcode Operand Mode ASCII</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">2A3 <text:s text:c="4"/>B1 AE <text:s text:c="5"/>LDA <text:s text:c="7"/>(AE),Y <text:s text:c="2"/>1.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">2A5 <text:s text:c="4"/>48 <text:s text:c="8"/>PHA <text:s text:c="16"/>H</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">2A6 <text:s text:c="4"/>98 <text:s text:c="8"/>TYA <text:s text:c="16"/>.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">2A7 <text:s text:c="4"/>F0 B2 <text:s text:c="5"/>BEQ <text:s text:c="7"/>25B <text:s text:c="5"/>p2</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">2A9 <text:s text:c="4"/>0A <text:s text:c="8"/>ASL <text:s text:c="8"/>.A <text:s text:c="5"/>.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">2AA <text:s text:c="4"/>85 A5 <text:s text:c="5"/>STA <text:s text:c="8"/>A5 0P <text:s text:c="2"/>.%</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">2AC <text:s text:c="4"/>B5 00 <text:s text:c="5"/>LDA <text:s text:c="8"/>00 0,X <text:s/>5.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">2AE <text:s text:c="4"/>99 A6 00 <text:s text:c="2"/>STA <text:s text:c="8"/>A6 ,Y <text:s text:c="2"/>.&amp;.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">2B1 <text:s text:c="4"/>E8 <text:s text:c="8"/>INX <text:s text:c="16"/>h</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">2B2 <text:s text:c="4"/>C8 <text:s text:c="8"/>INY <text:s text:c="16"/>H</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">2B3 <text:s text:c="4"/>C4 A5 <text:s text:c="5"/>CPY <text:s text:c="8"/>A5 0P <text:s text:c="2"/>D%</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P126" text:outline-level="3">DISASSEM</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P101">DISASSEM , if present, will start disassembly at a given address, one keystroke at a time. As usual, the escape key will exit. <text:span text:style-name="T52">Other key strokes have special functions.</text:span></text:p>
   <table:table table:name="disassemControlKeys" table:style-name="disassemControlKeys">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="disassemControlKeys.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="disassemControlKeys.B"/>
    <table:table-header-rows>
     <text:soft-page-break/>
     <table:table-row>
      <table:table-cell table:style-name="disassemControlKeys.A1" office:value-type="string">
       <text:p text:style-name="P137">Key</text:p>
      </table:table-cell>
      <table:table-cell table:style-name="disassemControlKeys.A1" office:value-type="string">
       <text:p text:style-name="P137">Function</text:p>
      </table:table-cell>
     </table:table-row>
    </table:table-header-rows>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="disassemControlKeys.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Ctl t</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="disassemControlKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">When presented with a branch or a jump instruction, follow the instruction.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="disassemControlKeys.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Ctl b</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="disassemControlKeys.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Go back. List the previous screen, <text:span text:style-name="T52">then disassemble the next instruction</text:span>.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="disassemControlKeys.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Ctl l</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="disassemControlKeys.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">List the <text:span text:style-name="T52">current</text:span> screen, <text:span text:style-name="T52">then disassemble the next instruction</text:span>.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="disassemControlKeys.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Ctl n</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="disassemControlKeys.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Go <text:span text:style-name="T52">forward</text:span>. List the <text:span text:style-name="T52">next</text:span> screen, <text:span text:style-name="T52">then disassemble the next instruction</text:span>.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:p text:style-name="P24">After stopping disassembly, you may use the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RESUME</text:span> <text:s/>to pick up disassembling again.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P104" text:outline-level="2">Assembler</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P24">real-Forth comes with an <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/>assembler<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/>, which is of course processor specific. In general, real-Forth assemblers are typical Forth assemblers: they use reverse Polish notation. Most have useful macros.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc40532_859971406"/>(PQUIT)<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc40532_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">One of the fundamental vectored functions of real-Forth is the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766705000"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">QUIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766705000"/> . <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">QUIT</text:span> <text:s/>is FORTH&apos;s outer or text interpreter. By vectoring this word, it is possible for the user to add new functions to <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">QUIT</text:span> <text:s/>without committing major surgery on the kernel. In addition, all functions which normally lead to <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">QUIT</text:span> <text:s/>-- <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707223208"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721532776"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">COLD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721532776"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707223208"/> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729050024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ABORT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729050024"/> , and <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379725476072"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ERROR</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379725476072"/> <text:s/>-- are automatically directed to the new version of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">QUIT</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">An extended, or &quot;<text:span text:style-name="T5">development</text:span>&quot;, version of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">QUIT</text:span> , <text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(PQUIT)</text:span> , is provided in the overlays. This rewrite of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">QUIT</text:span> <text:s/>is the reason that the &quot;ok&quot; prompt is upper case before the overlays are brought in, and lower case after.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(PQUIT)</text:span> <text:s/>has two significant functions.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">First, it always redirects text output back to the console. Thus it is possible to send the text output of an entire line of commands to some other device, such as a printer, and have the output return to the console automatically at the end.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Second, the user may enable an automatic print out of the parameter stack after each line of input is interpreted. This is controlled by the variable <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729271016"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">STACKPRINT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729271016"/> . Storing 0 in <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">STACKPRINT</text:span> <text:s/>turns off the stack print utility; any non-zero value enables it. The feature is enabled when the overlays are brought in.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">STACKPRINT ON</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Or:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">STACKPRINT OFF</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:soft-page-break/>.S</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The stack print utility is the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602536"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">.S</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602536"/> . <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">.S</text:span> <text:s/>will print out the current stack depth in cells, followed by a colon. Then it will print out unsigned in the current base the contents of the stack, top of the stack last. This is the representation that would result if the user had just typed those values onto the stack.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">.RS.</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Source code for a similar utility for the return stack, <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729086200"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">.RS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729086200"/> , exists on the same screen as the source code for <text:span text:style-name="Teletype">.S</text:span> . This utility is rarely used, and so is not normally part of the options overlay. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">.RS</text:span> <text:s/>may be included in the overlays by removing the comment markers on the source screen, and recompiling the overlays.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc44078_859971406"/>DUMP<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc44078_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word<text:span text:style-name="T6">s</text:span> <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729086200"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DUMP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729086200"/> <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T6">and <text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T6">WDUMP</text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T6"> <text:s/></text:span>may be used to examine memory. It takes a starting address and a count, and dumps in the current base that number of bytes of memory. The display is accompanied by a representation of the ASCII text in the given memory. Bit 7 is ignored in the ASCII display. Non-printing characters are represented by the period.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">WDUMP</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Word addressing processor versions of real-Forth have a word similar to <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729271016"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DUMP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729271016"/> , called <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602536"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">WDUMP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602536"/> , which represents memory as words on even address boundaries.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">VLIST</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The fig-Forth function <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378304985480"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">VLIST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378304985480"/> <text:s/>is expanded in the utilities overlay in two aspects. First, the words <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">COL</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727518744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TAB</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727518744"/> <text:s/>are used to present a neater display. Second, the display includes a new version of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726151784"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ID.</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726151784"/> <text:s/>which prints the name of the word, and also prints out its code field address. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">VLIST</text:span> <text:s/>temporarily forces the base to <text:span text:style-name="T6">hexadecimal</text:span>.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">FUDGE , <text:s/>T@ <text:s/>and <text:s/>TC@</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Two of the memory display routines, <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377633194744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DUMP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377633194744"/> <text:s/>(<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc44078_859971406">7.10</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc44078_859971406">DUMP</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc44078_859971406">42</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc44078_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>) and <text:span text:style-name="T4">the </text:span>disassemble<text:span text:style-name="T4">r</text:span> (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc44080_859971406">7.5</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc44080_859971406">Disassembler</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc44080_859971406">40</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc44080_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>), use the words <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">T@</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TC@</text:span> <text:s/>to obtain their data. These two words add an offset to the given address before fetching their data. This offset is contained in the variable <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FUDGE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/> . It is normally 0, but it may be changed for work with target compilers or for <text:span text:style-name="T6">dissecting</text:span> code which reside<text:span text:style-name="T6">s</text:span> at a different address. The &quot;T&quot; stands for &quot;target&quot;.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:soft-page-break/>::</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729271016"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">::</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729271016"/> <text:s/>(pronounced &quot;<text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/>double colon<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/>&quot;) is used to perform testing on code phrases which contain branching and other program flow operators. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">::</text:span> <text:s/>enters the compile state, compiles everything until the compile state is finished, and then executes it. The compiled code is then forgotten, restoring the dictionary to its previous size, and returning control to the console.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">HEX :: ASCII _ ASCII @ DO I EMIT LOOP ;</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Printer Control</text:h>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">PRINT</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Output may be directed to the printer with the overlay word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729050024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PRINT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729050024"/> . Once the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PRINT</text:span> <text:s/>is invoked all subsequent output is sent to the printer, until one of three events:</text:p>
   <text:list xml:id="list805773163" text:style-name="L2">
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P87">output is returned to the console with the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378330405256"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378330405256"/> , or</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P87">the end of the current input line is reached, or</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P87">an error occurs, causing the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726243736"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ERROR</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726243736"/> <text:s/>to be executed.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
   </text:list>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Adding new output devices</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906472"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PRINT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906472"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/> <text:s/>work by changing the vectors of six output words: <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727903448"/> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378304985480"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TYPE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378304985480"/> , <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">GOTOXY</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602536"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAGE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602536"/> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726243736"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CR</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726243736"/> . New output devices may be added to the system by writing drivers for each of these functions, and writing a word which will place the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379708635544"/>CFA<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379708635544"/>s of those words into the appropriate vectors. The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721829816"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OUTPUT&gt;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721829816"/> <text:s/>is used for this purpose.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Replacement drivers need not be written for all of these functions if that is desired. The definitions of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(CR)</text:span> , <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(LIST)</text:span> , <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(PAGE)</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640581704"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(TYPE)</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640581704"/> <text:s/>all call <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMIT</text:span> , which is in turn vectored through <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;EMIT</text:span> . <text:s/>It is anticipated that not all of these functions would be rewritten for a printer, but might be for a memory mapped video display. Where a printer spooler of some sort exists, an assembly language version of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(TYPE)</text:span> <text:s/>for the printer might be worthwhile.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P27">The IBM PC versions of real-Forth have a direct to screen driver <text:span text:style-name="T50">in the <text:s/></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377644090376"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T50">DIRECT</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377644090376"/><text:span text:style-name="T50"> <text:s/>vocabulary</text:span>. For the source,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379717438568"/>SEE:<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379717438568"/> dok</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:soft-page-break/>OUT</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">One change from fig-Forth that is embodied in real-Forth is that the variable <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726208568"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OUT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726208568"/> <text:s/>is maintained by the kernel. <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377633194744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377633194744"/> <text:s/>increments <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OUT</text:span> <text:s/>for each character. <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378304985480"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAGE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378304985480"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721248856"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CR</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721248856"/> <text:s/>set <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OUT</text:span> <text:s/>to 0 after they execute their vectored code. Thus, a printer version of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMIT</text:span> <text:s/>would not have to maintain <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OUT</text:span> , but an assembly language version of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TYPE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/> <text:s/>(since it would not call <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMIT</text:span> ) would have to do so.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Console Identifiers</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">These may be used to control output for different devices, such as using a different format for a 132 column printer than that for an 80 column terminal. They return a 1 if the indicated device is the current output device; otherwise they return a 0.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">?CRT</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">?CRT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/> <text:s/>indicates that output is currently going to the console device.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_4" text:outline-level="4">?PRINT</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602536"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">?PRINT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602536"/> <text:s/>indicates that output is currently going to the printer.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Supplied Drivers</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P16">The drivers supplied with the real-Forth system are documented in the system specific documentation. They may be inspected in source code form by using the <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377633194744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEE:</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377633194744"/> <text:s/>command <text:span text:style-name="T4">(</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">7.1</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">What You  SEE:  Is What You Get</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">, page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">37</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc38784_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">)</text:span> on the vocabulary word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PRINTER</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/> .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Printer Checking</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Where possible, an output vectoring word, such as <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378304985480"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PRINT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378304985480"/> , should check to ensure that the device is ready, and error if it is not. This is done in <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PRINT</text:span> , but not in the console device vectoring word ( <text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OK</text:span> ). The error messages 1A (hex) and 1B are set up for this function. See the definition of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PRINT</text:span> <text:s/>for an example.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">CTL and ASCII vs ASCI</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">There are two words in the real-Forth overlays which have similar names and very different functions.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">ASCI</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377633194744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ASCI</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377633194744"/> <text:s/>is used to print out as text an area of memory. It is part of the memory dump utility. Its syntax is:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last"><text:soft-page-break/>addr count ASCI</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">ASCII</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377192002712"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ASCII</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377192002712"/> <text:s/>is used to create a literal with the value of the first character in a given text string. The delimiter is the ASCII character Blank. The syntax is:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">ASCII text</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If this were typed in as shown, a literal would be formed with the ASCII value for lower case T. If the state is compiling, the literal will be compiled as an in-line literal; otherwise the literal will be left on the stack.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">For example, the following will emit a period.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">ASCII . EMIT</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">CTL</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Similar in use to <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ASCII</text:span> <text:s/>is the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379725476072"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CTL</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379725476072"/> , which produces the control code for the first character in the given text. For example, the phrase</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">CTL M</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">may be used to compile a carriage return as an inline literal. Thus, the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(CR)</text:span> <text:s/>might be defined as:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">: (CR) <text:s/>CTL M EMIT CTL J EMIT ;</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Block Move Operators</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">real-Forth has two memory move operators. The fig-Forth word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706330696"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CMOVE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706330696"/> <text:s/>is part of the kernel, and is the <text:span text:style-name="T7">preferred</text:span> block move word. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CMOVE</text:span> <text:s/>moves starting at the low address and working its way upward in memory. It is therefor useless for a block move where the destination is higher than the source, but within the source block of memory.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766837096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&lt;CMOVE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766837096"/> <text:s/>was written to handle this problem. It starts at the top of the memory block and works its way down in memory. Its syntax is identical to that of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CMOVE</text:span> . <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&lt;CMOVE</text:span> <text:s/>does two additions in assembly language in order to determine its start points. For this reason, it is slower than <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CMOVE</text:span> , and its use should be avoided.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">A Pack of Cases</text:h>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">CASE , <text:s/>OF , ENDOF <text:s/>and <text:s/>ENDCASE</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">There are two different case statements available in the options overlay of real-Forth. First is the case statement implemented by Dr. <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Eaker, Dr. Charles"/>Charles Eaker and described by him in FORTH Dimensions, Vol 2, #3. An example of the use of this case statement may be <text:soft-page-break/>found in the editor, screens 38 and 39. It is also used in the 6502 disassembler, <text:span text:style-name="T29">the 68000 assembler, the extended line editor (</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T29"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc67277_305386925">7.23</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T29"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T29"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc67277_305386925">Extended Line Editor</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T29"><text:s/>page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T29"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc67277_305386925">48</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T29"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T29"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc67277_305386925">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T29">),</text:span> and the decompiler.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The general syntax of this <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706330696"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CASE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706330696"/> <text:s/>statement is as follows:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">: <text:s/>name <text:s text:c="2"/>… preparation and setup code …</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">CASE <text:s text:c="2"/>….</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">test … OF … handle this case … ENDOF</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">test … OF … handle this case … ENDOF</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">… default handler … ENDCASE</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">closing code … ;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This is the equivalent of a series of nested <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">IF … ELSE … THEN</text:span> <text:s/>statements, with the compiler words providing the final test for the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">IF</text:span> <text:s/>clause. The <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OF</text:span> <text:s/>tests for equality, so that range testing must be done <text:span text:style-name="T4">explicitly</text:span> by the programmer.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>0 \ sample case statement <text:s text:c="18"/>( <text:s/>8 <text:s/>9 85 CRC <text:s text:c="6"/>)</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>1 FORTH DEFINITIONS</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>2</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>3 : TEST <text:s text:c="3"/>CR DUP 5 .R .&quot; <text:s/>is &quot; CASE</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>4 <text:s text:c="3"/>DUP 0&lt; <text:s text:c="7"/>1 <text:s/>OF <text:s/>DROP .&quot; less than zero&quot; <text:s/>ENDOF <text:s/>DROP</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>5 <text:s text:c="3"/>0 <text:s text:c="21"/>OF .&quot; equal to zero&quot; <text:s text:c="2"/>ENDOF</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>6 <text:s text:c="3"/>1 <text:s text:c="21"/>OF .&quot; equal to one&quot; <text:s text:c="3"/>ENDOF</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>7 <text:s text:c="3"/>2 <text:s text:c="21"/>OF .&quot; equal to two&quot; <text:s text:c="3"/>ENDOF</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>8 <text:s text:c="3"/>3 OVER &gt; 5 ROT &lt; OR 0 <text:s/>OF .&quot; between 3 and 5&quot; ENDOF</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s/>9 <text:s text:c="3"/>.&quot; in the default case&quot; <text:s/>ENDCASE ASCII . EMIT ;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">10</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">11 -2 TEST <text:s/>0 TEST 5 TEST <text:s/>8 TEST</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">12</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">13</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">14</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">15</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc39168_859971406"/>EXEC<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc39168_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The other form of case statement available in real-Forth consists of the single word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378305441096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXEC</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378305441096"/> . <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXEC</text:span> may only be used in a compiled definition, and it has no run time checks for this restriction. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXEC</text:span> <text:s/>takes as its <text:span text:style-name="T7">argument</text:span> a value which is treated as the index into a lookup table of <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/>CFA<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/>s. This lookup table begins immediately after the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXEC</text:span> <text:s/>in the word where it is compiled, and extends as far as needed to provide the cases necessary. An example of the use of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXEC</text:span> <text:s/>might be a printer driver:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">: (NEC) 7 MAX <text:s/>17 MIN 7 - EXEC <text:s/>| <text:s text:c="3"/>\ 07 <text:s/>hex</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">BKSPC <text:s text:c="6"/>| <text:s text:c="11"/>(LINEFEED) <text:s/>\ 08 - 0A</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">| <text:s text:c="10"/>FORMFEED <text:s text:c="4"/>RETURN <text:s text:c="5"/>\ 0B - 0D</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">| <text:s text:c="10"/>| <text:s text:c="11"/>| <text:s text:c="10"/>\ 0E - 10</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:soft-page-break/>| <text:s text:c="10"/>| <text:s text:c="11"/>| <text:s text:c="10"/>\ 11 - 13</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">(SUPER) <text:s text:c="4"/>| <text:s text:c="11"/>(SUB) <text:s text:c="6"/>\ 14 - 16</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">| <text:s text:c="6"/>STOP <text:s text:c="24"/>\ 17</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(NEC)</text:span> <text:s/>accepts control characters for the control of an NEC Spinwriter over a Diablo interface. It first ranges the value of the control character to between 7 and (hex) 17. This is then normali<text:span text:style-name="T18">z</text:span>ed to a range of 0 to (hex) 10. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXEC</text:span> <text:s/>then fetches the appropriate cfa from the rest of the body of the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(NEC)</text:span> , and executes it. Control does not return to <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(NEC)</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">It can be seen by examining <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(NEC)</text:span> <text:s/>that the control characters for linefeed, formfeed and carriage return are all correctly selected. Also, this printer driver provides for superscripts (hex 14) and subscripts (hex 16). The rest of the control codes will execute the no-op word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377633194744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">|</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377633194744"/> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Since control never returns to the calling word after <text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXEC</text:span> <text:s/>is executed, a <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">;S</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> <text:s/>on the end of such a word is <text:span text:style-name="T4">superfluous</text:span> and occupies a cell of memory. <text:span text:style-name="T4">Use t</text:span>he word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377644090376"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">STOP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377644090376"/> (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc44832_859971406">7.19</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc44832_859971406">STOP</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc44832_859971406">47</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc44832_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>) instead.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc44832_859971406"/>STOP<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc44832_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">In some cases, a <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766705000"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">;S</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766705000"/> <text:s/>on the end of such a word is <text:span text:style-name="T18">superfluous</text:span> and occupies a cell of memory. The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379718040104"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">STOP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379718040104"/> <text:s/>provides the save compile time checking as <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/> <text:s/>but does not compile <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726151784"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">;S</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726151784"/> . It is used for <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729050024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXEC</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729050024"/> <text:s/>case statements, vectored execution words and endless loops such as <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379700728344"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">QUIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379700728344"/> . <text:span text:style-name="Teletype">STOP</text:span> <text:s/>is immediate. See <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXEC</text:span> , <text:span text:style-name="T4">(</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39168_859971406">7.18.2</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39168_859971406">EXEC</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">, on page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39168_859971406">46</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">, </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39168_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">)</text:span>, for an example of its use.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Double Precision Operators</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The following double precision operators are provided in real-Forth.</text:p>
   <table:table table:name="doublePrecisionOoperators" table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.B"/>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766705000"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2!</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766705000"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.B1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">utilities overlay</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2@</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">utilities overlay</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640581704"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2DROP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640581704"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">kernel</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728069464"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2SWAP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728069464"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">utilities overlay</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379700728344"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">D+</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379700728344"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">kernel</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DMINUS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="doublePrecisionOoperators.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">kernel</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2@</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2!</text:span> <text:s/>will place operands into memory or on the stack in a consistent but processor <text:span text:style-name="T7">dependent</text:span> manner. The <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377641340712"/>68000<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377641340712"/> <text:span text:style-name="T2">versions</text:span> will be suitable for manipulating 68000 addresses, etc. For transportability, one should not mix precisions in fetch and store <text:soft-page-break/>operations. For example, one should only use <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2@</text:span> <text:s/>on a double precision variable, never <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">@</text:span> <text:s/>or <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">C@</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc45608_859971406"/>Shifty Operators<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc45608_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Logical shift left and right are provided in the words <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2*</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726243736"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2/</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726243736"/> , respectively. They are named as they are because the effects of the two shifts are to multiply or divide by two, unsigned. The sign bit is given no special treatment.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P16"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2*</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2/</text:span> <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T4">shift one bit per call. On selected products, <text:s/></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729086200"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2*</text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T4">s</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729086200"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2/</text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T4">s</text:span></text:span> <text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T4">take a count of bits to shift. For example,</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">30 2 2/s</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P25">will return 7.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">These are single precision operators.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">NEEDED</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This word is used to force compilation of a word if and only if it is not already in memory. If several applications all require the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ABORT&quot;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> <text:s/>it must be compiled for each one. However, by using <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706330696"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">NEEDED</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706330696"/> , it is possible to ensure its presence without recompiling it for each application.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">NEEDED</text:span> <text:s/>requires a screen number on the stack. If the next word name in the input stream is not found in the current or context vocabularies, that screen is loaded. E.g:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">200 NEEDED BAUD <text:s text:c="2"/>107 NEEDED IFTRUE</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P105" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc67277_305386925"/>Extended Line Editor<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc67277_305386925"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P34">A line editor now replaces <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377633194744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXPECT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377633194744"/> <text:s/>in the utilities overlays.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P34"><text:span text:style-name="T17">On the Atari ST, the HELP key (print screen on the </text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729086200"/><text:span text:style-name="T17">Hatari</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729086200"/><text:span text:style-name="T17"> emulator) shows a brief bit of help. The F7 function key displays a history. To preserve the command line history, fast-Forth creates and uses a history file called HIST.FF.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P33">Here is a summary for the fast-Forth line editor:</text:p>
   <table:table table:name="lineEditorKeys" table:style-name="lineEditorKeys">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B"/>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">&lt;---, ---&gt;</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">move cursor in current line</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">home</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">move to right hand end of line</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">up, down arrows</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">scroll through buffer <text:span text:style-name="T14">(mouse scroll wheels may work here)</text:span></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">insert</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">toggle insert/replace mode</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71"><text:span text:style-name="T19">h</text:span>elp <text:span text:style-name="T19">(Atari)<text:line-break/></text:span><text:soft-page-break/><text:span text:style-name="T19">f1 (MS-DOS)</text:span></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">cause th<text:span text:style-name="T15">e</text:span> help screen to appear</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">undo/<text:span text:style-name="T19">f2</text:span></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P73">kill <text:span text:style-name="T16">the </text:span>current line</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">f1</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">insert <text:span text:style-name="T16">today’s </text:span>date</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">f2</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">kill current line</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P72">f4</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P72">move to the next blank to the left, or the left end.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P72">f5</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P72">move to the next blank to the right, or the right end.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">f7</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">history</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">f8</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="lineEditorKeys.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P71">scan for line <text:span text:style-name="T16">containing current text</text:span>, <text:span text:style-name="T16">and retrieve it if found. (ST only)</text:span></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:p text:style-name="P35"/>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1">Disk Operations in the Kernel</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">A number of changes have been made to the fig-Forth kernel with regard to the disk operations.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">DRIVE</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The <text:span text:style-name="T2">fig-Forth </text:span>words <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DR0</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DR1</text:span> <text:s/>have been replaced with the single operator <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377192002712"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DRIVE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377192002712"/> . It may be used to select drives by placing the number of the desired drive on the stack:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">0 DRIVE</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">3 DRIVE</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">#BUFS</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726443336"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">#BUFS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726443336"/> <text:s/>computes from the current values of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377641340712"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIMIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377641340712"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728069464"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FIRST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728069464"/> <text:s/>the current number of disk buffers available to the system. This word also checks to ensure that the disk buffer area is of the correct size for that number of buffers. If <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">#BUFS</text:span> <text:s/>detects an invalid disk buffers area size, a cold start is performed, which will re-initialize <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FIRST</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIMIT</text:span> , among other things. Thus, <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">#BUFS</text:span> <text:s/>may be used to verify that any code which moves or otherwise affects the disk buffers has worked correctly.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc47632_859971406"/>EMPTY-BUFFERS <text:s/>and <text:s/>SETU/P<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc47632_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706330696"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMPTY-BUFFERS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706330696"/> <text:s/>sets <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727518744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">USE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727518744"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729271016"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PREV</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729271016"/> <text:s/>to <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721532776"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FIRST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721532776"/> . In addition, the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726913960"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SETU/P</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726913960"/> <text:s/>is provided to do this function without emptying the buffers. It should be used any time buffer space is released, by changing either <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FIRST</text:span> <text:s/>or <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIMIT</text:span> (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc46808_859971406">8.4</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc46808_859971406">FIRST  and  LIMIT</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc46808_859971406">50</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc46808_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>).</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">At cold start time, the contents of a variable in memory are examined. If the variable is not set to 0, then an <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMPTY-BUFFERS</text:span> <text:s/>is performed, and that variable set to 0. Subsequent cold starts will not clear the buffer area, <text:span text:style-name="T4">thereby</text:span> preserving disk buffers. The usefulness of this feature depends on whether or not the buffers have been corrupted.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc46808_859971406"/>FIRST <text:s/>and <text:s/>LIMIT<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc46808_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The words <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377192002712"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FIRST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377192002712"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIMIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727903448"/> <text:s/>are pseudo constants. That is, they act like constants, but in fact return the contents of the variables <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;FIRST</text:span> <text:s/>and <text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;LIMIT</text:span> . Thus, it is easy to move the disk buffers about, or add or delete disk buffers on the fly.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">When changing the disk buffers, observe the following general recommendations. When adding buffers, first <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FLUSH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/> <text:s/>the existing disk buffers. Then add the new buffer(s). Then perform an <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726243736"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMPTY-BUFFERS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726243736"/> . Then once again perform a <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FLUSH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/> , to permit references to block 0.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:soft-page-break/>When deleting disk buffers, first perform a <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729050024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FLUSH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729050024"/> . After the deletion has been made, perform a <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377192002712"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SETU/P</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377192002712"/> <text:s/>(<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc47632_859971406">8.3</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc47632_859971406">EMPTY-BUFFERS  and  SETU/P</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc47632_859971406">50</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc47632_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>) to set <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377989737464"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">USE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377989737464"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726151784"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PREV</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726151784"/> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">For examples of the deletion and addition of buffers, see the word <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379725476072"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BACKUP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379725476072"/> (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39329_859971406">9.1</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39329_859971406">BACKUP  and  BACKING</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">on page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39329_859971406">53</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4">, </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39329_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>). <text:span text:style-name="T7">To set have the most buffers possible, use </text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T7">MAXBUFS</text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T7"> (</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T7"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc63037_859971406">9.2</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T7"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T7"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc63037_859971406">MAXBUFS</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T7"><text:s/>page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T7"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc63037_859971406">53</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T7"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T7"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc63037_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T7">).</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P25">Here is an example for use on a 16 bit real-Forth:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">: <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726208568"/>SETBUFS<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726208568"/> \ n -- <text:s text:c="2"/>| set system to have n buffers</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s text:c="2"/>FLUSH B/BUF 4 + * LIMIT SWAP - &apos;FIRST !</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s text:c="2"/>EMPTY-BUFFERS FLUSH ;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"/>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">: -BUF <text:s/>\ steal a buffer for the target image</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s text:c="2"/>#BUFS 2 &lt; 2 ?ERROR <text:s text:c="2"/>FLUSH <text:s/>404 &apos;FIRST +! SETU/P ;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"/>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">: ?-BUF <text:s/>\ shall we drop a buffer?</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last"><text:s text:c="3"/>FIRST HERE 0A0 + U&lt; IF -BUF THEN ;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P25">This is useful for compiling large applications, such as a cross compiler. <text:span text:style-name="T7">You can start with the maximum number of buffers. </text:span>The<text:span text:style-name="T7">n the</text:span> system can relinquish buffers as needed.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">MAXBLK , B/CRD <text:s/>and <text:s/>B/DRV</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The constants <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">MAXBLK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">B/DRV</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/> <text:s/>indicate the highest block number the real-Forth system will try to access, and the number of blocks on a disk drive. In addition, the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766837096"/>Apple II<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766837096"/> has the constant <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">B/CRD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727903448"/> , which is the number of blocks per Apple II disk controller card. This allows for multiple disk controller cards, and the disk primitives permit multiple disk controllers by changing the value of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377192002712"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">MAXBLK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377192002712"/> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">With RAM based real-Forth systems, the number or size of disk drives can be altered by simply changing the value of the appropriate constants. Code <text:span text:style-name="T7">dependent</text:span> on these constants, such as the disk backup utility, will automatically use the new values. <text:span text:style-name="T51">For fast-Forth systems, see the source code for these words.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Since <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721532776"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">R/W</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721532776"/> <text:s/>is vectored, new devices may readily be added by the following steps.</text:p>
   <text:list xml:id="list3572438521" text:style-name="L3">
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P88">Write the required device driver.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P88">Write a new <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766705000"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(R/W)</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766705000"/> <text:s/>incorporating the old one and the new driver, and incorporating a new <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378306815208"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">MAXBLK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378306815208"/> .</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P88">Install the cfa of the new version of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(R/W)</text:span> <text:s/>into <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379700728344"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;R/W</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379700728344"/> .</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
   </text:list>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">For an example, see <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39502_859971406">12.3.3</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39502_859971406">New Initialization Code</text:bookmark-ref>, <text:span text:style-name="T4">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39502_859971406">67</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T4"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc39502_859971406">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:soft-page-break/>If a hard disk is added, it is recommended that it be divided up into &quot;volumes&quot; the same size as the system floppies (or multiples), for ease of backup, and for consistency. Alternatively, <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602536"/><text:span text:style-name="User_20_Entry">DRIVE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602536"/> <text:s/>can be rewritten using table lookup.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc58192_859971406"/>The DISKING facility<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc58192_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DISKING</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> <text:s/>facility is called by the loader <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DISKING</text:span> and is thereafter in the vocabulary <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DISKING</text:span> . It compiles a number of useful disk oriented functions.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc39329_859971406"/>BACKUP <text:s/>and <text:s/>BACKING<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc39329_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The most useful function in the disking facility is the <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377633194744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BACKUP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377633194744"/> <text:s/>function, which will copy the contents of 0 drive to 1 drive. This utility is intended to be used on systems which do not use host operating system files, such as the <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Apple II"/>Apple // or the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/>AIM 65<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/>. Also provided is <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721532776"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BACKING</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721532776"/> , which can be used to back up a specified range of screens from 0 drive to 1 drive.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc63037_859971406"/>MAXBUFS<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc63037_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Both <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BACKING</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726151784"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BACKUP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726151784"/> <text:s/>extend the disk buffer area to the maximum area it can occupy in order to speed up disk operations. The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379718040104"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">MAXBUFS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379718040104"/> <text:s/>calculates the largest number of buffers FORTH can have, and sets <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378304985480"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FIRST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378304985480"/> <text:s/>accordingly.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">STBUFS</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">STBUFS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/> <text:s/>sets the system to the standard or default number of buffers. Since <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">STBUFS</text:span> <text:s/>does not affect <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906472"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIMIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906472"/> , it is assumed that <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIMIT</text:span> <text:s/>is not changed.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Disk Rearranging</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378305441096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DISKING</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378305441096"/> <text:s/>facility also includes a disk re-arranging utility. Disk re-arranging is done by copying an old disk onto a new one, re-arranging the screens in the process.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To re-arrange a disk or part of one, place the disk to be re-arranged in 0 drive and the disk to which it will be copied in 1 drive. Then set <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728069464"/>SCR<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728069464"/> <text:s/>to the first screen to be copied.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">&lt;scr#&gt; <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/>LIST<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Select the destination screen on the new disk with the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">START</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">&lt;scr#&gt; <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/>START<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To skip over screens on the new disk, use the word ALLOT . This will <text:span text:style-name="T2">leave</text:span> spare screens between screens on the new disk.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">&lt;ct&gt; <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706330696"/>ALLOT<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706330696"/></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To skip over an unwanted screen on the source disk, use the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378330405256"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SKIP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378330405256"/> . <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SKIP</text:span> <text:s/>requires no parameters, and simply skips one screen.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:soft-page-break/>To copy the current screen to the destination disk use the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377633194744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SEND</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377633194744"/> . This word will copy the current screen and advance the screen pointers on the source and destination disks. The new source screen will then be displayed for your inspection.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Disk Cleaning</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The use of any of these words can clobber vast amounts of text if used erroneously! Also, none of these three utilities will format a disk.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">WIPE</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To clear out a single screen and mark it as empty, use the editor vocabulary word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">WIPE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/> (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406">6.3.2</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406">WIPE</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T5">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406">32</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>).</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">BULKCLEAR</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To clear out a range of screens, use the disking utility <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BULKCLEAR</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/> . <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BULKCLEAR</text:span> <text:s/>takes a start block number and an end block number as its parameters. Thus, to clear the screens from 250 for forty screens,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">250 290 DISKING BULKCLEAR</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">CLEARDISK</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To clear an entire disk, such as a newly <text:span text:style-name="T13">initialized</text:span> disk, u<text:span text:style-name="T13">s</text:span>e the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906472"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CLEARDISK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906472"/> .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Screen Comparisons</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To compare two screens or a series of screens against each other, the words <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CHECK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">VERIFY</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727903448"/> and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377644090376"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">VERIFYDISK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377644090376"/> <text:s/>are provided. These may be used to verify a disk copy, or to check for changes in an application since a given backup.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To compare two screens against each other, use the following syntax:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">scr1 scr2 <text:s/>CHECK</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To compare a range of screens against another set of screens:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">scr1 scr2 Count VERIFY</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To check two disks against each other, use <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">VERIFYDISK</text:span> . The syntax for <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">VERIFYDISK</text:span> <text:s/>is:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">VERIFYDISK</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P50">Note that these tools silently ignore <text:span text:style-name="T51">pairs of </text:span>blocks which are both blanked.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:soft-page-break/>CLEAN ing a Screen</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">To clean any non-printing characters out of a given screen or series of screens, use the words <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766837096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CLEAN</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766837096"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378306815208"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CLEANERS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378306815208"/> . These words will replace non-printing characters with either the ASCII character ~ or with blanks, depending on the original character. A ~ will be substituted for characters greater in value that hex 7E; a blank for characters less than hex 20.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The syntax for <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CLEAN</text:span> <text:s/>is:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">scr# CLEAN</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The syntax for <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CLEANERS</text:span> <text:s/>is:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">first last CLEANERS</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Disk <text:span text:style-name="T2">Initialization</text:span></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">In systems which do not use disk files for screens, code is generally provided to <text:span text:style-name="T2">initialize</text:span> or format a diskette. This code is, of course, system specific. See your system specific documentation to determine if this code is present on your system. To <text:span text:style-name="T2">initialize</text:span> an entire diskette, place it in 1 drive, and use the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">INIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Since <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">INIT</text:span> <text:s/>always <text:span text:style-name="T2">initializes</text:span> 1 drive, and <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BACKUP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/> copies from 0 drive, it is possible to <text:span text:style-name="T2">initialize</text:span> backup disks before each backup, if this is desired, by simply adding the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">INIT</text:span> <text:s/>to <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">BACKUP</text:span> . As real-Forth is shipped, <text:span text:style-name="Teletype">INIT</text:span> <text:s/>is used once for each new diskette.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc43055_859971406"/>Documenting Facility<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc43055_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Documenting real-Forth is done with the utilities in the documenting facility. This is compiled with the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/>DOCUMENTING<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> loader (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc48802_859971406">7.3</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc48802_859971406">LOADER</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T5">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc48802_859971406">39</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc48802_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>). Once compiled, the documenting facility is contained in the vocabulary <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DOCUMENTING</text:span> <text:s/>except <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIST</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc49251_859971406"/>LIST<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc49251_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The real-Forth word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721532776"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721532776"/> <text:s/>is vectored. The kernel version of the word called by <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIST</text:span> <text:s/>is <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(LIST)</text:span> . Part of the utilities overlay is a word, <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379717438568"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">NLIST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379717438568"/> <text:s/>(for New LIST). <text:span text:style-name="Teletype">NLIST</text:span> <text:s/>is automatically made the working word for <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIST</text:span> <text:s/>when the overlays are brought in.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">NLIST</text:span> <text:s/>is smart in two respects. First, if the output device is not the console, then the screen number is right justified, so that the last digit of the screen number is in the last column of the screen. This is useful for keeping listings in three ring binders, as the screen numbers are on the right side of the page.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Second, <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">NLIST</text:span> <text:s/>will not print the contents of a screen flagged as empty by a 0 in the first word. That way, accidental list<text:span text:style-name="T41">i</text:span>ng of a screen containing binary data (such as an overlay block) will not drive a terminal bananas with unanticipated control codes. If an empty screen is detected, the screen number will be printed as usual, and then 16 line feeds will be generated. In a listing an empty screen is easily identified by the lack of line numbers.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">INDEX</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721860040"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">INDEX</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721860040"/> <text:s/>as it is provided in the kernel will print the top line of an empty screen; it therefor should be used with caution. The documenting facilities version of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">INDEX</text:span> <text:s/>will print only the screen number of an screen flagged as empty. If output is not to the console, a form feed is issued on every multiple of 60.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc41020_859971406"/>TRIAD<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc41020_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377644090376"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TRIAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377644090376"/> <text:s/>is not provided in the kernel, but it is provided in the documenting facilities. As is traditional in FORTH systems, <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TRIAD</text:span> <text:s/>prints out a bottom line on each page. This line is usually used to convey copyright information, the date of the listing, and other useful information. This line is stored in memory as the documentation facilities are compiled. This text must be edited before the facilities are compiled. The text is taken from the last line of screen 1.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729271016"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TRIAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729271016"/> <text:s/>is smart enough to detect empty screens, in the manner of <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">NLIST</text:span> <text:s/>(<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc49251_859971406">10.1</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc49251_859971406">LIST</text:bookmark-ref><text:s text:c="2"/><text:span text:style-name="T5">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc49251_859971406">56</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc49251_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>). It is also smart enough that if all three blocks to be listed are empty, no listing is generated. This saves a lot of paper.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:soft-page-break/>SHOW</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721860040"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SHOW</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721860040"/> <text:s/>is used to prepare a listing of a series of screens. Like <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728069464"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">INDEX</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728069464"/> , its syntax is first screen, last screen. The word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">2DUP</text:span> <text:s/>can be used to save typing in the screen numbers twice.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">45 90 2DUP INDEX SHOW</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">INDEX</text:span> , <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TRIAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/> <text:s/>and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SHOW</text:span> <text:s/>are also smart enough to detect whether a form feed is necessary before printing, assuming the printer driver maintains an appropriate flag or line count.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc43725_859971406"/>SINCE<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc43725_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906472"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SINCE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906472"/> <text:s/>produces a listing of all the screens updated since a given date. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SINCE</text:span> <text:s/>uses the date information in the upper right hand corner of each screen to determine whether it should be printed. If a screen is more recent than the given date, it will be printed as a triad page. Maintaining a current listing is as simple as using the <text:s/>SINCE <text:s text:c="2"/>utility and replacing only the changed pages in a loose leaf binder.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SINCE</text:span> <text:s/>expects the comparison date to be provided as three one or two digit numbers following it in the input stream, and expects the range of screens to be on the stack. E.g., to print out all the screen changed since 8 November, 1984 in the 20 screens starting at screen 60, enter:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">60 80 SINCE 8 11 84</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">N.B. The syntax is the European usage: day, month, year. Not the North American month, day, year. Also, note that screens updated on the given date are not printed.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Shadow Screens</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706330696"/>Shadow screen<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706330696"/> documentation facilities are also provided. The shadow screen equivalents are:</text:p>
   <table:table table:name="shadowScreensWords" table:style-name="shadowScreensWords">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="shadowScreensWords.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="shadowScreensWords.B"/>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="shadowScreensWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721860040"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721860040"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="shadowScreensWords.B1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377989737464"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DOC</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377989737464"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="shadowScreensWords.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729050024"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TRIAD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729050024"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="shadowScreensWords.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">3DOC</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="shadowScreensWords.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SHOW</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="shadowScreensWords.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707983880"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SHOWOFF</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707983880"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Shadow screen documentation uses a &quot;shadow&quot; screen on another drive to document a given screen. The editor’<text:span text:style-name="T5">s</text:span> &quot;<text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="OTHER"/>Other&quot; <text:span text:style-name="T2">function</text:span> (<text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc49712_859971406">6.2.2.3</text:bookmark-ref> <text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc49712_859971406">OTHER</text:bookmark-ref><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T5">page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc49712_859971406">27</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T5"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc49712_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span>) is useful for preparing this documentation. Shadow screen documentation is <text:span text:style-name="T5">particularly </text:span>useful if you have a printer that can produce 132 column listings.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Use of compressed type provided on many printers is not recommended. Paper is cheap. Eyestrain is a nuisance at best.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2"><text:soft-page-break/>Screen 213</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">For ease of use of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726208568"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SINCE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726208568"/> <text:s/>for documenting the facilities disk, use screen 213 after editing the proper date into the screen. Each time the system is documented, the date in the upper right hand corner will be changed to that day&apos;s date. Thus, the time of the last listing is the date of the screen itself. This means that screen 213 keeps a record of when it was used.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">EMPTIES</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The disking utility <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726443336"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMPTIES</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726443336"/> <text:s/>may be used to list the unused screens over a given range of screens. The syntax is: first screen, last screen. For example,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">100 250 DISKING EMPTIES</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMPTIES</text:span> <text:s/>will print a screen number if a screen is unused, a period ( &quot;.&quot; ) if it is occupied with text, or an asterisk ( &quot;*&quot; ) if it is occupied with an overlay or other binary data. If the first word in a given block is not zero, it is assumed to be an occupied screen, and a period is printed. Otherwise, the second word is tested for having two ASCII blanks in it. If it does, the block is unoccupied; otherwise it is assumed to have an overlay in it.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P23"><text:span text:style-name="T1">To make a block unoccupied, use the editor word <text:s/></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729271016"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T1">WIPE</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729271016"/><text:span text:style-name="T1"> (</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T1"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406">6.3.2</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T1"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T1"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406">WIPE</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T1"><text:s/>page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T1"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406">32</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T1"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T1"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc41546_859971406">above</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T1">).</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P115" text:outline-level="1">Filing</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377641340712"/>File handlers<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377641340712"/> written in Forth are available for those who wish to use them. The <text:span text:style-name="T30">kernel </text:span>file handlers are very simple: they allow only one <text:span text:style-name="T31">screens </text:span>file, <text:span text:style-name="T46">RF.SCR (real-forth) or FF.SCR (fast-Forth),</text:span> open at a time. <text:span text:style-name="T47">Extensions allow more flexibility.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P59">The <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766837096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T31">FILING</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766837096"/><text:span text:style-name="T31"> </text:span><text:s/>high level functions are available from the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FORTH</text:span> <text:s/>vocabulary <text:span text:style-name="T47">or the loader of the same name</text:span>.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P59">In general, a word with a colon on the end requires a trailing string, such as a file name or drive designator. Also, the customary wild card operators <text:span text:style-name="T32">may </text:span>apply: ? indicates a single wild character, and * indicates wild characters from the current character to the end of the string.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P127" text:outline-level="3">Screen Files</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P59">A given file may be used as a screen file. Block 0 of the file is the first 1024 bytes of the file, and so on. No effort is made at text compression. No <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766705000"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FLUSH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766705000"/> <text:s/>or <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMPTY-BUFFERS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/> <text:s/>is done either on entering a screen file or on leaving it; that is the user&apos;s responsibility.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P59"><text:span text:style-name="T33">You may add n</text:span>ew blocks to an existing file, but under the current code it is a long and obnoxious process. The user must &quot;read&quot; one block past the end of the file. The file handlers will abort. Mark the appropriate buffer as updated, and <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FLUSH</text:span> <text:s/>the new block out to the file. Alternatively, create <text:span text:style-name="T34">the file</text:span> to the size you want, and then leave it alone.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P121" text:outline-level="4"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378306815208"/>USING:<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378306815208"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P59">This word opens a named file, and installs it as the current screen file. Any other previously opened file is closed.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P121" text:outline-level="4"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906472"/>RAWDISK<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906472"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P59">This word closes any currently open file and installs <text:span text:style-name="T47">the </text:span>disk driver that was present when the file handlers were compiled. <text:span text:style-name="T32">It is generally only useful when switching between disk drivers.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Multiple File Handlers</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P59"><text:span text:style-name="T47">Multiple file handling </text:span>functions are found in the vocabulary <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726443336"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T31">SCREENS</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726443336"/> , which is compiled by the loader <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FILING</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P79">The driver will transparently open and close files as needed as the user moves across files, giving the appearance of one monster hard drive.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P84"><text:soft-page-break/>There is no check for overlapping <text:span text:style-name="T34">screens </text:span>files!</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P83">The effects of overlapping screens files are undefined and probably not what you wanted.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P61">fast-Forth <text:span text:style-name="T47">and real-Forth </text:span>divide <text:span text:style-name="T47">their</text:span> screen space into volumes, each normally represented by one file. <text:span text:style-name="T47">By tradition, volumes are multiples of 720 blocks. 720 blocks is the size of a double density 3 ½” floppy diskette, which were used to develop fast-Forth.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P61">To access a screen within a volume, you can set the volume. E.g.:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P66">232 +vol: ffx edit</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P61">To access a volume, set the volume and then use relative screen numbers.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P66">filing setvol: ffx <text:s/>232 edit</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P44">You can verify that all the screens files you have defined are present and accounted for with the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXERCISE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P60">You can get a detailed listing with <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378306815208"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FLIST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378306815208"/> . <text:span text:style-name="T47">For each volume, this shows the name of the volume, the current handle (of which there should only be one non-zero handle), the starting and ending block numbers, and the path to the screen file.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P58">It is possible to define multiple screens files, and integrate them into real-forth or fast-Forth, using the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SCREENS</text:span> <text:s/>vocabulary. Load them by loading the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FILING</text:span> <text:s/>loader.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P106" text:outline-level="2">High Level Functions</text:h>
   <text:h text:style-name="P128" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378330405256"/>.FILE:<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378330405256"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">This word will print out a file as a straight ASCII text file. The file type must first be set with one of the file type operators. Most text files are R-W.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P129" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379725476072"/>HD:<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379725476072"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">This word prints out a hex dump of a given file starting at file relative address 0 and going until the end of the file.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P106" text:outline-level="2">File operators</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P45">TOS file names are normally case sensitive and not case preserving.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">The following file handling words condition a file for use.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P128" text:outline-level="3"><text:soft-page-break/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:span text:style-name="T35">MKF</text:span>:<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">This word will create a new file, or truncate to length 0 an existing file of a given name. It will error out if any file is already open.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P130" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/>OPF:<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">This word is used to open an already existing file.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P131" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640581704"/>CLF<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640581704"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">If any file is open, this word will close it and update the directory. This operation must be performed before <text:span text:style-name="T36">the operating system </text:span>&quot;knows&quot; of any changes to a given file.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P131" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766837096"/>RM:<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766837096"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">A file may be completely deleted from the directory with the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T36">RM</text:span></text:span>: . It also expects a trailing file specification.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P106" text:outline-level="2">File Output Device</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">A file, once opened, may be used as an output device. <text:span text:style-name="T41">For example, to get a listing of the editor on MS-DOS real-Forth:</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">filing mkf: editor.txt</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">2<text:span text:style-name="T41">7</text:span> 48 documenting <text:span text:style-name="T41">2dup </text:span>outfile <text:span text:style-name="T41">index show</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">filing c<text:span text:style-name="T47">loseoutfile</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P128" text:outline-level="3">OUTFILE</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379725476072"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OUTFILE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379725476072"/> <text:s/>will vector all output (in the manner of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721532776"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PRINT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721532776"/> ). All output from the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OUTFILE</text:span> <text:s/>until either the end of the command line or the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">OK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> <text:s/>will be to the previously <text:span text:style-name="T47">opened </text:span>output file. Form feed, carriage return and linefeed are all respected. This facility may be used, e.g., to prepare text for printer output.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P128" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726151784"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726443336"/>CLOSEOUTFILE<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726443336"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726151784"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">This word will flush the text buffer maintained by FORTH out to <text:span text:style-name="T41">the operating system</text:span>&apos;s disk buffers, and then proceed to close the file. Therefore at the end of text output to a file, this word must be called, rather than <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T41">CLF</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="T41"> </text:span>.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P106" text:outline-level="2"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/>Directories<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/></text:h>
   <text:h text:style-name="P132" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906472"/>LS<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906472"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">A list of the files or subdirectories in the current file may be obtained with the word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LS</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49"><text:soft-page-break/><text:span text:style-name="T37">On the </text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377641340712"/><text:span text:style-name="T37">Atari ST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377641340712"/><text:span text:style-name="T37">, </text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LL</text:span> , <text:span text:style-name="T38">or <text:s/>“</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707983880"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T38">FILING</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707983880"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T38"> L</text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T38">” , </text:span><text:s/>will provide a long listing. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LC</text:span> <text:s/>provides a short listing, in four columns.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P133" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728069464"/>PW<text:span text:style-name="T47">D:</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728069464"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P46">On the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906472"/>Atari ST<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906472"/>, <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PWD:</text:span> <text:s/>prints out <text:span text:style-name="T47">the working directory of the given drive. If no drive is given, it shows </text:span>the current drive’<text:span text:style-name="T47">s working directory</text:span>.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P128" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377989737464"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766837096"/>.PATH:<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766837096"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377989737464"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49"><text:span text:style-name="T39">On </text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379719534808"/><text:span text:style-name="T39">MS-DOS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379719534808"/><text:span text:style-name="T39">, t</text:span>his word can be used to print out the current path on a specified drive. E.g, to print the current path on drive C (the hard disk),</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P64">.PATH: C</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49"><text:span text:style-name="T32">Without a drive specification, <text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T32">.PATH:</text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T32"> <text:s/>will print the current path on the current drive.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P134" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/>CD:<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49"><text:span text:style-name="T32">On the </text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378305441096"/><text:span text:style-name="T32">Atari ST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378305441096"/><text:span text:style-name="T32">, t</text:span>his word may be used to set a subdirectory (&quot;folder&quot;) as the current directory on the current disk. You must include a leading backslash (&quot;\&quot;). E.g.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P64"><text:span text:style-name="T40">CD</text:span>: \AUTO</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">not</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P64"><text:span text:style-name="T40">CD</text:span>: AUTO</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P47">You can simultaneously change TOS drives with <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CD:</text:span> . E.g.:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P64">cd: d:\WORK</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P135" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379717438568"/>PWD<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379717438568"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P48"><text:span text:style-name="T32">On the </text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377989737464"/><text:span text:style-name="T32">Atari ST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377989737464"/><text:span text:style-name="T32">, </text:span><text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PWD</text:span> <text:s/>shows the current path – “Print Working Directory”. It also shows the current drive letter.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P136" text:outline-level="3">Drive Letter Words</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P43"><text:span text:style-name="T32">On the Atari ST and MS-DOS, s</text:span>everal drive letter words are already defined; you can add more. <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">A:</text:span> , <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">C:</text:span> , etc. <text:span text:style-name="T32">Use them to select your current drive. Or you can use <text:s/></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729086200"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T32">SETDRIVE:</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729086200"/><text:span text:style-name="T32"> <text:s/>to set the current drive.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P106" text:outline-level="2">File Manipulations</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">Between the time a file is opened and the time it is closed, a file may be read from or (if it is not read only) written to. In addition, a pointer in the file may be manipulated. These functions, in combination, permit flexible random access to any file from FORTH.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P128" text:outline-level="3"><text:soft-page-break/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377644090376"/>LSEEK<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377644090376"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">The <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LSEEK</text:span> <text:s/>function supports file addresses relative to the start of the file. E.g. block 0 of a screen file would be at file address 0, block 1 at file address 1024. The word <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LSEEK</text:span> <text:s/>requires on the stack the file address and the handle of the file to be manipulated. It returns an error code, which if 0, indicates a successful operation.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P128" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726151784"/>RDF<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726151784"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">Given on the stack an address, a count, and a file handle number, this word will read either the count or until the end of the file from the current file address (as set by <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LSEEK</text:span> ) to the given address in memory. The count of bytes actually transferred is returned on the stack. A negative number returned indicates an error. The file address is updated by the number of bytes actually transferred.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P128" text:outline-level="3"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/>WTF<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">Given on the stack an address, a count, and a file handle number, this word will write the count of bytes from the given address to the current file address (as set by <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LSEEK</text:span> ) The count of bytes actually transferred is returned on the stack. A negative number returned indicates an error. The file address is updated by the number of bytes actually transferred.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P106" text:outline-level="2"><text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="File Attributes"/>Attributes</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P49">File attributes <text:span text:style-name="T51">operating system specific. They </text:span>are specified at creation time, and then rarely changed. The available attributes are:</text:p>
   <table:table table:name="fileAttributes" table:style-name="fileAttributes">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="fileAttributes.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="fileAttributes.B"/>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P80">Attribute</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.B1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P80">Description</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P74"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727518744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">R-W</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727518744"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P74">read and write</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P74"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377644090376"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">R-O</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377644090376"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P74">read only</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P74"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721860040"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">HIDDEN</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721860040"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P74">This does not show up under the desktop or most directory utilities</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P74"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726151784"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SYSTEM</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726151784"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P74">Also does not show up under the desktop</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P74"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">W/VOL</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P74">Returns volume names in a directory</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.A2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P74"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729086200"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ALL</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729086200"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="fileAttributes.B2" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P74">Returns all entries in a directory</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:p text:style-name="Text_20_body"/>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1">Application Preparation</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:span text:style-name="T2">You should read t</text:span>his chapter with the source listing for your kernel at hand.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">FORTH is a programming language, and like any other programming language, it is used to prepare applications for an end user. This usually means writing the code in an open FORTH environment, and then preparing the resulting object code so that the user may run it at his will. The object code may be:</text:p>
   <text:list xml:id="list3216309705" text:style-name="L4">
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P89">re-compiled under FORTH.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P89">Run as an overlay under FORTH.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P89">ROMmed and executed on power up.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P89">Saved as an executable file.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
   </text:list>
   <text:p text:style-name="P94">The application may also be target compiled, an option which is outside the <text:span text:style-name="T7">purview</text:span> of this chapter. <text:span text:style-name="T51">See </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc27196_3053290932">13</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc27196_3053290932">Target Compiling</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:s/>page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc27196_3053290932">69</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc27196_3053290932">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51">.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Recompiled and Overlaid Code</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Recompiled applications tend to be applications which are for people familiar with FORTH, such as programming utilities. These can be made easier to use by providing them with a load screen, and having that load screen called by a loader, much the same way as the various facilities provided with real-Forth are provided with loaders.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">ROMmed Code and Executable Files</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">ROMmed code and executable files are prepared in much the same way. Whether real-Forth is provided in ROM or not, its kernel is ROMable, but it is not relocatable. To relocate real-Forth, a target compiler is necessary. <text:span text:style-name="T51">See </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="chapter" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc27196_3053290932">13</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="text" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc27196_3053290932">Target Compiling</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:s/>page </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="page" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc27196_3053290932">69</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51"><text:bookmark-ref text:reference-format="direction" text:ref-name="__RefHeading___Toc27196_3053290932">below</text:bookmark-ref></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51">.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Relocation of RAM Areas</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">However, the various aspects of FORTH that require RAM can be relocated. Thes<text:span text:style-name="T20">e</text:span> include the two stacks, the disk buffer area, the text interpretation buffer, and the user variable area. All of these are initiali<text:span text:style-name="T20">z</text:span>ed by FORTH during startup from a table called the boot parameter area. This table extends from <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">0 +ORIGIN</text:span> <text:s/>up to the name field of the <text:span text:style-name="T19">first </text:span>word <text:span text:style-name="T19">in the dictionary:</text:span> <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T51">ROT</text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T51">, <text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIT</text:span>, <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="T19">or <text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T19">CLIT</text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T19"> <text:s/>on real-forth systems, <text:s/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T19">EXECUTE</text:span></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T19"> <text:s/>on fast-Forth systems</text:span>. In general, this area&apos;s layout will stay the same from real-Forth system to real-Forth system, with the obvious exception of the difference between 32 and 16 bit FORTHs. Examine your own system to determine its exact layout.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">The Boot Parameter Area Layout</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">In general the layout, sta<text:span text:style-name="T20">r</text:span>ting at <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">0 </text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378304985480"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">+ORIGIN</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378304985480"/> , is as follows:</text:p>
   <text:list xml:id="list3657103254" text:style-name="L5">
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:soft-page-break/>An absolute jump to the cold start code</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">An absolute jump to the warm start code</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The processor, in radix 36. Four bytes</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The initial value of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LATEST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/></text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The backspace character<text:span text:style-name="T29">(s)</text:span></text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The user area</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The top of the parameter stack -- <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379718040104"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SP0</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379718040104"/></text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The top of the return stack</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The address of the <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Text interpretation buffer"/>text interpretation buffer -- <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378305441096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TIB</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378305441096"/></text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">Header size -- <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707983880"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">WIDTH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707983880"/></text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The error action flag -- <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379719534808"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">WARNING</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379719534808"/></text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The top of the protected dictionary -- <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726243736"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FENCE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726243736"/></text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The top of the dictionary -- <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728069464"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728069464"/></text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The vocabulary chain pointer -- <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706330696"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">VOC-LINK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706330696"/></text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The initial values of:</text:p>
     <text:list>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="&apos;KEY"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">KEY</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379700728344"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EXPECT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379700728344"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726208568"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766837096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">?TERMINAL</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766837096"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726208568"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377633194744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">EMIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377633194744"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377989737464"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377644090376"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TYPE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377644090376"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377989737464"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726151784"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707906472"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">GOTOXY</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707906472"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726151784"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602536"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378305441096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">PAGE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378305441096"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602536"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640581704"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640581704"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379725476072"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CR</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379725476072"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726243736"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706330696"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379709563816"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">R/W</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379709563816"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706330696"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726243736"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729050024"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379700728344"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766837096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">QUIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766837096"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379700728344"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729050024"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377989737464"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ABORT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377989737464"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766705000"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379712602536"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CREATE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379712602536"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766705000"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707983880"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726443336"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FIRST</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726443336"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707983880"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
      <text:list-item>
       <text:p text:style-name="P90"><text:soft-page-break/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&apos;</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379721860040"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">LIMIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379721860040"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/></text:p>
      </text:list-item>
     </text:list>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">Three cells of vocabulary information for <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377641340712"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FORTH</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377641340712"/> :</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">A pseudo header; pointer to the top of the FORTH vocabulary, and the vocabulary link.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P90">The bottom of the parameter stack.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
   </text:list>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">See the source code for your version of real-Forth.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Prior to ROMming or to saving as an executable file, any of these values can be changed.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">The Cold Start Code</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The cold start code is arranged as a main line routine, the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378330334632"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">COLD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378330334632"/> , and two subroutines. If real-Forth is ROM based, then user startup code must be provided. It should call the two subroutines to set up memory and <text:span text:style-name="T8">initialize</text:span> the user area. Then any values which must be changed can be changed in the user area. If real-Forth is RAM based, the initial values should be modified before the image is ROMmed.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">In general, the first of the two subroutines does system specific setup, such as <text:span text:style-name="T51">initializing</text:span> I/O ports or conditioning a host operating system. This should be carefully examined by the user. You may wish to substitute your own routine for this <text:span text:style-name="T8">purpose.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The second subroutine called does setup for FORTH. It <text:span text:style-name="T8">initializes</text:span> the user pointer, and then moves a specified number of bytes into the user area from the boot parameter area. It then sets up FORTH&apos;s interpretive pointer to point to a start up orphan routine, and any other setup necessary for that version of FORTH.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">This arrangement makes it possible for user provided startup code to have existing routines do most of the setup, and then make any necessary changes. For example, it would be possible to call both routines and then substitute the address of a user provided startup orphan word for the system to execute.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The cold start routine and the warm start routine share the same main line code. This is found in the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">COLD</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/> . It calls the two subroutines already described, and then jumps into the word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379719534808"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RP!</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379719534808"/> . Since <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">RP!</text:span> <text:s/>ends by calling <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727518744"/>NEXT<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727518744"/>, the FORTH system begins executing high level code at the address in IP.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The difference between <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377989737464"/>WARM<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377989737464"/> and COLD is that WARM will not <text:span text:style-name="T8">initialize</text:span> all of the user variables that COLD will, and that WARM will not perform the system <text:span text:style-name="T8">initialization</text:span> that <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378306815208"/>COLD<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378306815208"/> does.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Changes To Make</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If certain changes are made to the kernel, certain changes to the boot image will have to be made.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:soft-page-break/>Words Are Added</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If new words are added, the following will have to be updated: the <text:span text:style-name="T51">initial</text:span> value of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379717438568"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379717438568"/> , to the new value of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379706330696"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">HERE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379706330696"/> <text:s/>and the vocabulary pointer for the <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379718040104"/>FORTH<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379718040104"/> vocabulary. In addition, it may be wise to move <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FENCE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/> .</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">New I/O Routines Are Added</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If new I/O routines or other vectored words are added, the initial value of the vector will have to be updated. For example, if a new version of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379719534808"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">(R/W)</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379719534808"/> <text:s/>is added to permit access to a new disk drive, its <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377641340712"/>CFA<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377641340712"/> will have to be placed into the appropriate place in the boot parameter area. This is in addition to the changes necessary for adding new code to the kernel.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc39502_859971406"/>New <text:span text:style-name="T2">Initialization</text:span> Code<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc39502_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If new <text:span text:style-name="T2">initialization</text:span> code is added to the kernel, (for example, to <text:span text:style-name="T2">initialize</text:span> some special hardware on boot), it is necessary to alter the flow of the <text:span text:style-name="T2">initialization</text:span> code. The following is one way to do it.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">ASSEMBLER HERE <text:s/>2 <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378304985480"/>+ORIGIN<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378304985480"/> ! \ patch cold start</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">… code to init hard disk hardware …</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">&apos; COLD CFA @ JMP,</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">CODE HARDDISKSTUFF …</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">: (HARDR/W) … <text:s/>;</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code"><text:s text:c="2"/>\ N.B. system dependent offsets</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">&apos; (HARDR/W) <text:s/>CFA <text:s/>34 +ORIGIN ! \ &apos;R/W patch</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">LATEST 42 +ORIGIN ! <text:s text:c="4"/>\ FORTH vocab patch</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">&lt;value&gt; &apos; MAXBLK ! <text:s text:c="6"/>\ patch a constant</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">HERE DUP 1C +ORIGIN ! <text:s text:c="6"/>\ initial FENCE</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last"><text:s text:c="9"/>1E +ORIGIN ! <text:s text:c="9"/>\ initial DP</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">New Boot Code Is Added</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If the application is to come up as a closed application, and run a given program, then it is necessary to change the program flow for the cold and warm start routines, and for the error routines.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">The word <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379700728344"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ERROR</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379700728344"/> <text:s/>executes one of three actions, depending on the contents of the user variable <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">WARNING</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/> . If <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">WARNING</text:span> is set to a value less than 0, it executes <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766705000"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ABORT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766705000"/> . This word, in turn, is vectored. You may wish to provide your own error handling. If <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">WARNING</text:span> <text:s/>is set to 0, it issues an error message with a number, and executes <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727518744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">QUIT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727518744"/> , which is also vectored. Otherwise, <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379766837096"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ERROR</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379766837096"/> <text:s/>prints an appropriate message from the disk, and then executes <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">QUIT</text:span> .</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">A very simple application might simply have all errors restart the application. This would mean that <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378330405256"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">WARNING</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378330405256"/> <text:s/>should be set to -1, and the application code should be executed by <text:s/><text:soft-page-break/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377635762936"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">ABORT</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377635762936"/> . This way, the start up code, and any error code, will all ultimately start up or restart the application.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">New Vocabularies Are Added</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">If one or more new vocabularies are added, it is necessary to patch the vocabulary chain link to include them. This is done by patching the initial value of <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377989737464"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">VOC-LINK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377989737464"/> <text:s/>to point to the vocabulary link field of the most recent vocabulary in the chain. The initial value for <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">VOC-LINK</text:span> <text:s/>is easy to spot in the boot parameter area, since it points to the <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FORTH</text:span> <text:s/>vocabulary&apos;s link field, which is in the user area.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P110" text:outline-level="1"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc27196_3053290932"/>Target Compiling<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc27196_3053290932"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P53">The MS-DOS real-forth is self-hosting. In other words, you can use it to compile itself. Which means you can customize the kernel. It had been hosted (cross-compiled) on the Atari ST, which has a lot more room.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P53">To <text:span text:style-name="T45">examine the source code or </text:span>use the target compiler, you will need the file 8086x.scr.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P54">First, create a batch file like so, called rfx.bat. <text:span text:style-name="T44">Put it someplace on your PATH for ease of use.</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">c:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code">cd \rf</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="Sample_20_Code_20_Last">rff 3 load filing setvol: 8086x 4 load</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P54">Invoking rfx.bat loads real-forth, does a 3 load to get utilities, adds the <text:s/>FILING <text:s/>and <text:s/>SCREENS <text:s/>vocabularies, switches to the 8086x file, and compiles screen 4, which loads some preliminary code.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P53">To compile, run <text:s/>BOTH , which loads the target compiler ( TARGET ) and compiles the kernel ( 808X ). Or you can run one at a time.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Useful Words</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P53">Useful <text:span text:style-name="T44">target compiler </text:span>words include:</text:p>
   <table:table table:name="targetCompilerWords" table:style-name="targetCompilerWords">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.B"/>
    <table:table-header-rows>
     <table:table-row>
      <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
       <text:p text:style-name="P81">Word</text:p>
      </table:table-cell>
      <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
       <text:p text:style-name="P81">Result</text:p>
      </table:table-cell>
     </table:table-row>
    </table:table-header-rows>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">‘</text:span><text:span text:style-name="Teletype"><text:span text:style-name="T43">NF</text:span></text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">Get the pseudo-pfa of the target word in host memory.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P75"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726208568"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">CFA</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726208568"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">Given a target pseudo-pfa (see <text:s/>‘NF ) of a word in host memory, get its code field address in target memory.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379707983880"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">COMPILE-ADDR</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379707983880"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">The target image address in host memory.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DELTA</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">The difference between host memory addresses and target addresses. For example, the host system may start at 0x100. If the target image also starts at 0x100, you have a problem. So the target image lies somewhere else, at the location <text:s/>COMPILE-ADDR .</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377634190888"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">FUDGE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377634190888"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">Many memory access words and tools use this word to point to either target or host memory. <text:s/>FUDGE OFF <text:s/>points to host memory, and <text:s/>DELTA FUDGE ! <text:s/>points to target memory.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">MARKER</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">A dictionary place marker for the target compile. To recompile, run <text:s/>RETRY MARKER BOTH .</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P75"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378330334632"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">NFDIS:</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378330334632"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">Disassemble a code definition in the target. E.g.: <text:s/>nfdis: dup <text:s/>will disassemble <text:s/>DUP <text:s/>in target memory. Running this on a colon definition will disassemble the code that executes colon definitions, probably not what you want.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <text:soft-page-break/>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P75"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377644090376"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">NFDUMP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377644090376"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">Given the name of a target word, dump memory in and before it.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P75"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379727903448"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">NFSEE:</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379727903448"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="targetCompilerWords.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">See the source code for a target word.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Versions</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P55">The default target is MS-DOS (and successor operating systems). Forth disks are emulated in files and I/O goes through the operating system. The available targets are:</text:p>
   <table:table table:name="availableTargets" table:style-name="availableTargets">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="availableTargets.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="availableTargets.B"/>
    <table:table-header-rows>
     <table:table-row>
      <table:table-cell table:style-name="availableTargets.A1" office:value-type="string">
       <text:p text:style-name="P82">Target</text:p>
      </table:table-cell>
      <table:table-cell table:style-name="availableTargets.A1" office:value-type="string">
       <text:p text:style-name="P82">Description</text:p>
      </table:table-cell>
     </table:table-row>
    </table:table-header-rows>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="availableTargets.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">Files</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="availableTargets.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">MS-DOS for all I/O.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="availableTargets.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">Serial</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="availableTargets.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P76">Serial I/O through an 8250 serial port (or most successors). This includes code for doing disk I/O over the serial port to a host that understands the protocol. At the moment, this exists on the Atari ST fast-Forth implementation.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="availableTargets.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P77">3.5”</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="availableTargets.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P77">Sets disk I/O to use two IBM PC double density 3.5 inch floppy drives.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="availableTargets.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P77">5”</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="availableTargets.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P77">Sets disk I/O to use two IBM PC double density 5 inch floppy drives.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="availableTargets.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P77">CM</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell table:style-name="availableTargets.A1" office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P77">Supports a specific 80186 board over the serial line.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:p text:style-name="P56">The only target which is known to work (i.e. tested) on the 8086 real-forth host is the files version. All cross compile on the Atari ST fast-Forth environment, so the others should require only some debugging of the target specific code.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P107" text:outline-level="2">Writing to Disk</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P55">The compiled image isn’t very useful unless you can write it to disk. Screens 3, 13, and 14 have code to write images out to files, named REAL4TH.*, where the extension indicates the I/O environment expected by that image. The MS-DOS file is named REAL4TH.FLS (for files).</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P108" text:outline-level="2">Differences <text:span text:style-name="T44">B</text:span>etween the real-forth and fast-Forth Cross <text:span text:style-name="T44">c</text:span>ompilers</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P53">Due to space limitations (8086 real-forth being a <text:span text:style-name="T44">16</text:span> bit environment) the real-forth cross compiler uses the native assembler, so some warts show in the source code. The most common such wart is that you have to pay attention to the constant <text:s/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DELTA</text:span> <text:s/>when considering relative branches and other ad<text:span text:style-name="T44">d</text:span>resses.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P111" text:outline-level="1">Assembly Language Debugger</text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P57">Consistent with Forth&apos;s reverse polish notation, the real-Forth assembly language debugger shows reverse polish source code for the code being debugged.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P59">Use the loader <text:s/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">DEBUG</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/> <text:s/>to load it. <text:span text:style-name="T47">On fast-Forth there is a help screen available with the word <text:s/>HELP .</text:span></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P57">Processor registers are available for fetching and storing by name (DR0, AR0, etc. on the 68000; AX, DI, etc. on the 8086 family; etc.) and by Forth register name (IP, W, etc.).</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P58">The 68000 version does not support all 68000 family processors due to variations in the interrupt stack frame.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P57">There is code for testing interrupt vectors. This is probably best left for bare boards where there is no operating system lurking.</text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Useful Words</text:h>
   <table:table table:name="debuggerWords" table:style-name="debuggerWords">
    <table:table-column table:style-name="debuggerWords.A"/>
    <table:table-column table:style-name="debuggerWords.B"/>
    <table:table-header-rows>
     <table:table-row>
      <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
       <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Heading">Word</text:p>
      </table:table-cell>
      <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
       <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Heading">Function</text:p>
      </table:table-cell>
     </table:table-row>
    </table:table-header-rows>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379703921224"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">&gt;STACK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379703921224"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Move c<text:span text:style-name="T46">oun</text:span>t cells to the target data stack.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726151784"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">S</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726151784"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="P78"><text:span text:style-name="T46">A</text:span>n alias for step. Perform a single step.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697118408"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SHOWALL</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697118408"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Display all the target registers.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379700728344"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SHOWRETURN</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379700728344"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Dump a portion of the return stack.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728604024"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SHOWSTACK</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728604024"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Dump a portion of the data stack.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379697260424"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SHOWSTACKS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379697260424"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Dump both the data and return stack.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379729271016"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726243736"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">SKIP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726243736"/><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379729271016"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Skip the next instruction.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377633194744"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">STEP</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377633194744"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Perform a single step.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379718040104"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">STEPS</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379718040104"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Perform the given number of steps.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378304985480"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TAKE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378304985480"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Take the most recent branch, jump, etc. regardless of the processor flags.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94378306815208"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TRACE</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94378306815208"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Start tracing at the given address. This word initializes all the target processor registers, so execute this, then set up registers, stacks, etc., as needed.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
    <table:table-row>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379728069464"/><text:span text:style-name="Teletype">TRACE:</text:span><text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379728069464"/></text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
     <table:table-cell office:value-type="string">
      <text:p text:style-name="Table_20_Contents">Start tracing at the given word. This word initializes all the target processor registers, so execute this, then set up registers, stacks, etc., as needed.</text:p>
     </table:table-cell>
    </table:table-row>
   </table:table>
   <text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1"><text:bookmark-start text:name="__RefHeading___Toc39687_859971406"/>Bibliography<text:bookmark-end text:name="__RefHeading___Toc39687_859971406"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Two highly <text:span text:style-name="T2">recommended</text:span> books on FORTH are <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94377640910744"/>Starting FORTH<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94377640910744"/>, and <text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379700728344"/>Thinking FORTH<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379700728344"/>, both by <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Brodie, Leo"/>Leo Brodie and both published by Prenti<text:span text:style-name="T2">c</text:span>e Hall. Thinking FORTH is an excellent book on programming and software design, which happens to use FORTH as its example language. Starting FORTH is a beginner&apos;s introduction to FORTH, and is probably the most highly acclaimed such book within the FORTH community. Starting FORTH is also useful for the documentation on the Leo FORTH editor included with real-Forth.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Also recommended for the FORTH programmer&apos;s reference library are the following:</text:p>
   <text:list xml:id="list1827111498" text:style-name="L6">
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P91">The FORTH Encyclopedia, by Derick and Baker, Mountain View Press.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
    <text:list-item>
     <text:p text:style-name="P91"><text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/offete23.com/eforth/eforth-books/systems-guide-to-figforth" text:style-name="Internet_20_link" text:visited-style-name="Visited_20_Internet_20_Link">Systems Guide to fig-FORTH</text:a>, by Dr. <text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Ting, C. H."/>C. H. Ting, <text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/offete23.com/eforth/home" text:style-name="Internet_20_link" text:visited-style-name="Visited_20_Internet_20_Link">Offete Press</text:a>.</text:p>
    </text:list-item>
   </text:list>
   <text:p text:style-name="P32">Also see:</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://forth.org/" text:style-name="Internet_20_link" text:visited-style-name="Visited_20_Internet_20_Link">The FORTH Interest Group</text:a></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P32"><text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.forthlibrary.net/" text:style-name="Internet_20_link" text:visited-style-name="Visited_20_Internet_20_Link">The Forth Library</text:a></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P30">The Evolution of Forth, Elizabeth D. Rather et al. <text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://www.forth.com/resources/forth-programming-language/" text:style-name="Internet_20_link" text:visited-style-name="Visited_20_Internet_20_Link">https://www.forth.com/resources/forth-programming-language/</text:a> </text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P31">comp.lang.forth FAQs: useful information on Forth. <text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.complang.tuwien.ac.at/forth/faq/faq-general-2.html" text:style-name="Internet_20_link" text:visited-style-name="Visited_20_Internet_20_Link">http://www.complang.tuwien.ac.at/forth/faq/faq-general-2.html</text:a></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14">Two Forth Dimensions articles on fast-Forth optimizations.</text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://forth.org/fd/curley1.html" text:style-name="Internet_20_link" text:visited-style-name="Visited_20_Internet_20_Link">http://forth.org/fd/curley1.html</text:a></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P14"><text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://forth.org/fd/curley2.html" text:style-name="Internet_20_link" text:visited-style-name="Visited_20_Internet_20_Link">http://forth.org/fd/curley2.html</text:a></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P112" text:outline-level="1">Glossary</text:h>
   <text:h text:style-name="P113" text:outline-level="1"><text:alphabetical-index-mark-start text:id="IMark94379726913960"/>Contact Information<text:alphabetical-index-mark-end text:id="IMark94379726913960"/></text:h>
   <text:p text:style-name="P34"/>
   <text:p text:style-name="Text_20_body"><draw:frame draw:style-name="fr1" draw:name="Frame1" text:anchor-type="paragraph" svg:width="1.7083in" draw:z-index="0">
     <draw:text-box fo:min-height="1.7083in">
      <text:p text:style-name="Illustration"><draw:frame draw:style-name="fr2" draw:name="Image1" text:anchor-type="as-char" svg:width="1.7083in" style:rel-width="100%" svg:height="1.7083in" style:rel-height="scale" draw:z-index="1"><draw:image loext:mime-type="image/png">
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          Pi4ed9AXD75mjh5OZb46aAw02R89EjUFjTzou9BTx9EmeNbnAPpiE1j0DrCwwYW005Yq74li
          AeLh6yzjxgSqNFDTff0MD/rbo/QUTyOQB794i/1R+ATwQHuM8XJGUwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
         </office:binary-data>
        </draw:image>
       </draw:frame><text:line-break/>Illustration <text:sequence text:ref-name="refIllustration0" text:name="Illustration" text:formula="ooow:Illustration+1" style:num-format="1">17.1</text:sequence>: <text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://charlescurley.com/" text:style-name="Internet_20_link" text:visited-style-name="Visited_20_Internet_20_Link"><text:span text:style-name="T17">https://charlescurley.com</text:span></text:a></text:p>
     </draw:text-box>
    </draw:frame></text:p>
   <text:p text:style-name="P34"><draw:frame draw:style-name="fr1" draw:name="Frame2" text:anchor-type="paragraph" svg:width="2.3752in" draw:z-index="2">
     <draw:text-box fo:min-height="2.3752in">
      <text:p text:style-name="Illustration"><draw:frame draw:style-name="fr2" draw:name="Image2" text:anchor-type="as-char" svg:width="2.3752in" style:rel-width="100%" svg:height="2.3752in" style:rel-height="scale" draw:z-index="3"><draw:image loext:mime-type="image/png">
         <office:binary-data>iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKsAAACrAQMAAAAjJv5aAAAABlBMVEUAAAD///+l2Z/dAAAA
          AnRSTlP//8i138cAAAAJcEhZcwAACxIAAAsSAdLdfvwAAAK4SURBVEiJ5ZexjfMwDIVpqFAX
          LyBAa6jzSvYCcbxAvJI6rSFAC1idCsH8H+98l+Zv6PaMwAi+ALb4SD4yxP+96G/jg2i29LBl
          T262pUYa9Lhyn4PD5zmVw/YhgehxdM9QjkArl5N4S7TcwkvqY8qjHJD3u3iN/RkyWcPN8z3M
          YKU2WqM/Q14/wSsw9F6S+3w+aVBgXAd1orxG3jiPn4JQ4BrxVY5Gtj8mGlLZ7mCE5VbmM5iD
          cEB/C0OkwigiKlsqkkM95uTfwZxUdsbdvGy+gaX8ke2Yl+QP68Z0dYMS+8qQB8G5x+QGxkvU
          +Aj9afts84hwW2EEegNbfoe+pvKaCK3JybAen4GWJq2JA6KC6tUNOnwQvydzonBaHxBx5P0G
          tjTE/MC95UcwteVVj5mhN79gMxGyoajNdgMnmsmcAa2AWAmZH/X4hD9F6cW9Ie0S8a7HMBgo
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          N7PFK/MqDIc4rVtaeU8i/POKUonFXZC0sjWoTvNVyEpMhRuGM29ROrKmvugxN1gmUcC9Y6wt
          Pw6hwieMCpNk6qNMEhhVX/QYS9NMsAc8VdziSX3Q4yr2AI39zhgCbmhm0+MTriDDGRnz3PI8
          /USpwljfWKoYIs2y033PNB1GlGtD9ZGIjW2OaNVjXDAqFM6KnKerorVYtjBpTSwsmCRuSG7R
          Y+yDYnLNfU+ShS/30WHsyFZCJCtjlugaAloMeWD/D3IzFnby9RbG+obteG94fMZ7xhuY+8qw
          TPyObvBv+7toK7DozQgUgwinQy37qse6v1h/Af8DIal0gLL3nQ8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=
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        </draw:image>
       </draw:frame><text:line-break/>Illustration <text:sequence text:ref-name="refIllustration1" text:name="Illustration" text:formula="ooow:Illustration+1" style:num-format="1">17.2</text:sequence>: <text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="mailto:Charles%20Curley%20%3Ccharlescurley@charlescurley.com%3E?subject=realForth:%20" office:name="Charles Curley" text:style-name="Internet_20_link" text:visited-style-name="Visited_20_Internet_20_Link"><text:span text:style-name="T17">Email Charles Curley</text:span></text:a></text:p>
     </draw:text-box>
    </draw:frame><text:alphabetical-index-mark text:string-value="Curley, Charles"/><text:initial-creator>Charles Curley</text:initial-creator><text:line-break/><text:sender-street text:fixed="false">Box 845</text:sender-street><text:line-break/><text:sender-city text:fixed="false">Thermopolis</text:sender-city>, <text:sender-state-or-province text:fixed="false">WY</text:sender-state-or-province><text:s/><text:sender-postal-code text:fixed="false">82443</text:sender-postal-code></text:p>
   <text:h text:style-name="P114" text:outline-level="1">Index</text:h>
   <text:alphabetical-index text:style-name="Sect2" text:protected="true" text:name="Alphabetical Index1">
    <text:alphabetical-index-source text:combine-entries-with-pp="false" text:sort-algorithm="alphanumeric" fo:language="en" fo:country="US">
     <text:index-title-template text:style-name="Index_20_Heading">Alphabetical Index</text:index-title-template>
     <text:alphabetical-index-entry-template text:outline-level="separator" text:style-name="Index_20_Separator">
      <text:index-entry-text/>
     </text:alphabetical-index-entry-template>
     <text:alphabetical-index-entry-template text:outline-level="1" text:style-name="Index_20_1">
      <text:index-entry-text/>
      <text:index-entry-tab-stop style:type="right" style:leader-char="."/>
      <text:index-entry-page-number/>
     </text:alphabetical-index-entry-template>
     <text:alphabetical-index-entry-template text:outline-level="2" text:style-name="Index_20_2">
      <text:index-entry-text/>
      <text:index-entry-tab-stop style:type="right" style:leader-char="."/>
      <text:index-entry-page-number/>
     </text:alphabetical-index-entry-template>
     <text:alphabetical-index-entry-template text:outline-level="3" text:style-name="Index_20_3">
      <text:index-entry-text/>
      <text:index-entry-tab-stop style:type="right" style:leader-char="."/>
      <text:index-entry-page-number/>
     </text:alphabetical-index-entry-template>
    </text:alphabetical-index-source>
    <text:index-body>
     <text:index-title text:style-name="Sect1" text:name="Alphabetical Index1_Head">
      <text:p text:style-name="Index_20_Heading">Alphabetical Index</text:p>
     </text:index-title>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">1+!<text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">2!<text:tab/>47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">2@<text:tab/>47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">2*<text:tab/>48</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">2*s<text:tab/>48</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">2/<text:tab/>37, 48</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">2/s<text:tab/>48</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">2DROP<text:tab/>47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">2SWAP<text:tab/>47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">3DOC<text:tab/>57</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">68000<text:tab/>12, 47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">ABORT<text:tab/>13, 41, 65, 67, 68</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">ABORT&quot;<text:tab/>48</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">AIM 65<text:tab/>8, 53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">ALL<text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">ALLOT<text:tab/>53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Apple II<text:tab/>51, 53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">ASCI<text:tab/>44</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">ASCII<text:tab/>45</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">assembler<text:tab/>41</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Atari<text:tab/>21</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Atari ST<text:tab/>18, 62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">B/CRD<text:tab/>51</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">B/DRV<text:tab/>51</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">BACK<text:tab/>29</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">BACKING<text:tab/>53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">BACKUP<text:tab/>51, 53, 55</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Baden, Will<text:tab/>10</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">BLK<text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">BLOCK<text:tab/>19</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">BOTTOM<text:tab/>22</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Boulton, Dave<text:tab/>10</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">BOUNDS<text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">BRING<text:tab/>12</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Brodie, Leo<text:tab/>20, 72</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">BUFFER<text:tab/>19</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">BULKCLEAR<text:tab/>54</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">C&gt;N<text:tab/>16</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">C&gt;P<text:tab/>16</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CASE<text:tab/>9, 37, 46</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CD:<text:tab/>62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CFA<text:tab/>15, 16, 43, 46, 67, 69</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CHECK<text:tab/>54</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CLEAN<text:tab/>55</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CLEANERS<text:tab/>55</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CLEARDISK<text:tab/>54</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CLF<text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CLOSEOUTFILE<text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CMOVE<text:tab/>45</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">COL<text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">COLD<text:tab/>20, 22, 41, 66</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">COMPILE-ADDR<text:tab/>69</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CONT<text:tab/>35</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Contact Information<text:tab/>74</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">COPY<text:tab/>32</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CR<text:tab/>13, 43, 44, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CREATE<text:tab/>12, 13, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CREATE … DOES&gt;<text:tab/>16</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">CTL<text:tab/>45</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Curley, Charles<text:tab/>10, 74</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">D<text:tab/>29</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">D+<text:tab/>47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Daniel, Sam<text:tab/>10</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DATE<text:tab/>32</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DAY<text:tab/>32</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DEBUG<text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Decompiler<text:tab/>39</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DELTA<text:tab/>69</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DIRECT<text:tab/>43</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DIRECT vocabulary<text:tab/>22</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Directories<text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">disassembler<text:tab/>40</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">disking<text:tab/>32</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DISKING<text:tab/>53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DMINUS<text:tab/>47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DO … LOOP<text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DOC<text:tab/>57</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DOCTLS<text:tab/>25</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141"><text:soft-page-break/>DOCUMENTING<text:tab/>56</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DOES&gt;<text:tab/>12</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DOFUNS<text:tab/>25</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">double colon<text:tab/>43</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DP<text:tab/>65, 67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DR0<text:tab/>50</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DR0 and DR1<text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DRIVE<text:tab/>14, 50, 52</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">DUMP<text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">E<text:tab/>30</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Eaker, Dr. Charles<text:tab/>9, 45</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">EDIT<text:tab/>24</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">editor<text:tab/>25</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">EDITOR vocabulary<text:tab/>24, 25</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">EMIT<text:tab/>13, 43, 44, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">EMPTIES<text:tab/>58</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">EMPTY-BUFFERS<text:tab/>50, 59</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">EOL<text:tab/>29</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">ERL<text:tab/>22</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">ERROR<text:tab/>41, 43, 67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">EXEC<text:tab/>46, 47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">EXERCISE<text:tab/>60</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">EXPECT<text:tab/>13, 48, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">F<text:tab/>35</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">fast-Forth<text:tab/>7, 12, 15, 40</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">FENCE<text:tab/>39, 65, 67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">fig-Forth<text:tab/>9, 12</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">File Attributes<text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">File handlers<text:tab/>59</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">FILING<text:tab/>59, 62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">FIRST<text:tab/>20, 31, 50, 53, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">FLIST<text:tab/>60</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">FLUSH<text:tab/>32, 50, 51, 59</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">FORGET<text:tab/>39</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">FORTH<text:tab/>66, 67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Forth Interest Group<text:tab/>12</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">FUDGE<text:tab/>42, 69</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">GOTOXY<text:tab/>13, 22, 43, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Haller, Jack<text:tab/>10</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Hatari<text:tab/>48</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">HD:<text:tab/>60</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">HELP<text:tab/>26, 38</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">HERE<text:tab/>20, 67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">HIDDEN<text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">I<text:tab/>30</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">ID.<text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">IN<text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">INDEX<text:tab/>56, 57</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">INIT<text:tab/>55</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">KEY<text:tab/>13, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Killbridge, Dave<text:tab/>10</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">L&gt;S<text:tab/>16</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">LATEST<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">LENGTH<text:tab/>15</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">length field<text:tab/>15</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Length Field<text:tab/>15</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">leo-Forth<text:tab/>20, 21, 22, 24</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">LFA<text:tab/>15</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">LIMIT<text:tab/>50, 53, 66</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">LIST<text:tab/>13, 19, 43, 53, 56, 57, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">LOAD<text:tab/>19, 20</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">LOADER<text:tab/>39</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">LS<text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">LSEEK<text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">LUPP<text:tab/>31</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">MARKER<text:tab/>69</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">MAXBLK<text:tab/>51</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">MAXBUFS<text:tab/>53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Merge<text:tab/>23</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">MERGE<text:tab/>30</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Midnight, Peter<text:tab/>10</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">MKF:<text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">MONTH<text:tab/>32</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">MS-DOS<text:tab/>18, 62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">N<text:tab/>35, 36</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">N&gt;C<text:tab/>16</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">N&gt;L<text:tab/>16</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">NEEDED<text:tab/>48</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">NEXT<text:tab/>66</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">NFA<text:tab/>15</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">NFDIS:<text:tab/>69</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">NFDUMP<text:tab/>70</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">NFSEE:<text:tab/>70</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">NL<text:tab/>29</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">NLIST<text:tab/>56</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">OFF<text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141"><text:soft-page-break/>OK<text:tab/>43, 61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">ON<text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">OPF:<text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">OTHER<text:tab/>27, 57</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">OUT<text:tab/>13, 14, 44</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">OUTFILE<text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">OUTPUT&gt;<text:tab/>43</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Overlays<text:tab/>12, 37</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">PAD<text:tab/>25, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">PAGE<text:tab/>13, 22, 43, 44, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Perry, Mike<text:tab/>10</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">PFA<text:tab/>15, 16</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Placing<text:tab/>23, 25</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">PREV<text:tab/>50, 51</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">PRINT<text:tab/>43, 44, 61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">PRINTER<text:tab/>44</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">PROGRAMMER<text:tab/>32</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">PWD<text:tab/>62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">PWD:<text:tab/>62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Q<text:tab/>25</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">QUIT<text:tab/>13, 41, 47, 65, 67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">R<text:tab/>29</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">R-O<text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">R-W<text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">R/W<text:tab/>13, 19, 51, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Ragsdale, Bill<text:tab/>10</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">RAWDISK<text:tab/>59</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">RDF<text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">RESEARCH<text:tab/>34, 35, 36</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">RETRY<text:tab/>38, 39</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">RM:<text:tab/>61</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Rodriguez, Brad<text:tab/>9, 21</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">RP!<text:tab/>66</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">RT-11<text:tab/>22</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">RUPP<text:tab/>31</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">S<text:tab/>29, 71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SAVEOVER<text:tab/>13</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Schoore, Dewey Val<text:tab/>10</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SCR<text:tab/>53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SCREENS<text:tab/>59</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SEARCH<text:tab/>34, 35</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SEE:<text:tab/>24, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SEND<text:tab/>54</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SETBUFS<text:tab/>51</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SETDRIVE:<text:tab/>62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SETU/P<text:tab/>50, 51</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SFA<text:tab/>15</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Shadow screen<text:tab/>57</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SHOW<text:tab/>57</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SHOWALL<text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SHOWOFF<text:tab/>57</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SHOWRETURN<text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SHOWSTACK<text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SHOWSTACKS<text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SINCE<text:tab/>33, 34, 57, 58</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SKIP<text:tab/>53, 71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SP0<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">STACKPRINT<text:tab/>41</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">STAMP<text:tab/>33, 34</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">START<text:tab/>53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Starting FORTH<text:tab/>20, 72</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">STBUFS<text:tab/>53</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">STEP<text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">STEPS<text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">STOP<text:tab/>47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">String Stack Functions<text:tab/>31</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">SYSTEM<text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">TAB<text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">TAKE<text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Text interpretation buffer<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Thinking FORTH<text:tab/>72</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">TIB<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">TILL<text:tab/>35</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Ting, C. H.<text:tab/>72</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Top<text:tab/>23</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">TOP<text:tab/>29</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">TRACE<text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">TRACE:<text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Tracy, Martin<text:tab/>10</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">TRIAD<text:tab/>14, 56, 57</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">TRY<text:tab/>38</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">TYPE<text:tab/>13, 43, 44, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">UN:<text:tab/>39</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">UNDO<text:tab/>26</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">USE<text:tab/>50, 51</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">USING:<text:tab/>59</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141"><text:soft-page-break/>VERIFY<text:tab/>54</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">VERIFYDISK<text:tab/>54</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">VLIST<text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">VOC-LINK<text:tab/>65, 68</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">W/VOL<text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">WARM<text:tab/>66</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">WARNING<text:tab/>65, 67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">WDUMP<text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">WHERE<text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">WIDTH<text:tab/>65</text:p>
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     <text:p text:style-name="P141">WIPE<text:tab/>32, 54, 58</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">WTF<text:tab/>63</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">X<text:tab/>35</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">YEAR<text:tab/>32</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">Z<text:tab/>25, 30</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">-TEXT<text:tab/>34</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">;<text:tab/>47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">;CODE<text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">;S<text:tab/>47</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">::<text:tab/>43</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">?CRT<text:tab/>44</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">?PRINT<text:tab/>44</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">?TERMINAL<text:tab/>13, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">.FILE:<text:tab/>60</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">.PAD<text:tab/>23, 30</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">.PATH:<text:tab/>62</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">.RS<text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">.S<text:tab/>42</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">.STAMP<text:tab/>33</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos; (tick)<text:tab/>15</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;?TERMINAL<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;ABORT<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;CR<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;CREATE<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;EMIT<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;EXPECT<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;FIRST<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;GOTOXY<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;KEY<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;LIMIT<text:tab/>66</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;LIST<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;PAGE<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;QUIT<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;R/W<text:tab/>51, 65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&apos;TYPE<text:tab/>65</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">‘NF<text:tab/>69</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">(Q)<text:tab/>25</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">(R/W)<text:tab/>51, 67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">(TYPE)<text:tab/>13, 43</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">@EXECUTE<text:tab/>14</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">#BUFS<text:tab/>13, 50</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">+ORIGIN<text:tab/>64, 67</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&lt;BUILDS<text:tab/>12</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&lt;CMOVE<text:tab/>45</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">&gt;STACK<text:tab/>71</text:p>
     <text:p text:style-name="P141">|<text:tab/>47</text:p>
    </text:index-body>
   </text:alphabetical-index>
   <text:p text:style-name="Text_20_body"/>
  </office:text>
 </office:body>
</office:document>