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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
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<title>ARIES :: Rec specs</title>
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<li><a href="main.html" rel="gotsubmenu">About</a></li>
<li><a href="modules.html" rel="gotsubmenu">Modules</a></li>
<li><a href="science.html" rel="gotsubmenu">Case studies</a></li>
<li><a href="science.html" rel="gotsubmenu">Resources</a></li>
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<h1><span class="style14">Recreation</span>
<span class="style1"><strong class="style12"> Current Status: </strong>
</span><span class="style24">Functional; flow model still in development</span></h1>
<h6 style="background-color:#eeeeee">
<span>A flow model accounts for travel from a person’s home to a
particular location suitable for that recreational activity. In this
way, a recreation flow model can show from where a particular recreation
area draws its users or to which (substitute) areas a specific
recreational user group in the same area gravitates toward. All
recreation models thus contain a transportation network-based flow model
to move people toward recreational areas capable of supporting their
activities of interest. While flows of most other ecosystem services
are defined biophysically (i.e., through movement of water, nutrients,
sediment, or atmospheric gases), biologically (i.e., through migration and
movement of key species), or through trade networks (i.e., for ecosystem
goods) recreational flows are based on human preferences for a particular
activity and perceptions about places capable of providing a setting for
that activity.</span> </h6>
</div>
<div class="yui-gd">
<div class="yui-u first">
<div style="padding-right:12px">
<h2 style="margin-top:32px">Definitions</h2>
<hr/>
<!-- benefits panel -->
<h5 class="style10"><span>Tr</span><span class="style14">ansferability</span></h5>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Given the heterogeneity of
recreational preferences in different parts of the world, we
do not currently envision creating a generalized global
ARIES recreation model, but instead plan to develop local
case studies such as those described here. We also
look forward to including other recreational activities, as
we develop new case studies. These future case studies
could allow us to expand the geographic coverage of ARIES
recreation models while enabling us to better understand
when and where development of national or global scale
recreation models might be more appropriate. <o:p></o:p>
</span></p>
<br></div>
</div>
<div class="yui-u">
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<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
<h2 style="margin-top:32px">Module specifications</h2>
<hr/>
<!-- benefits panel -->
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" class="style9">
<h5 class="style10" style="width: 609px">Case studies</h5>
<h5 class="style21" style="width: 609px">(1)
<a href="ravinridge.html">Vermont</a> (2)
<a href="sanpedro.html">San Pedro River</a></h5>
<h5 class="style19" style="width: 609px"> </h5>
<h5 class="style10" style="width: 609px">E<span class="style14">xplanation</span></h5>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>To calculate the recreation
source value needed by this transportation flow model,
an initial physical or biological flow model may also be
needed (e.g., to identify spatial dependencies for areas
having high quality viewsheds, providing sources of
water for water-based recreation, or providing habitat
for recreationally valued species). For instance,
a physical or biological flow model could show where
high-quality views are provided to key vantage points
(along with visual blight that reduces view quality),
where runoff is provided to a watershed valued for
rafting or fishing, or where critical habitat outside a
protected area supports populations of recreationally
valuable species. These models can then show
off-site areas outside of the directly valued
recreational resource that are critical toward
maintaining the quality of that resource.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> </o:p><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div class="style8">
<h5 class="style10">Assumptions</h5>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span>Viewsheds. <o:p></o:p>
</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The use model for aesthetic views is
based on locations where hikers will be accessing views (i.e.
trails, vistas, outcroppings). The enjoyment of this use depends
on the height of the viewers’ position, how congested the area
is, and the access to the area. The conditional probability
table for “ViewerUse” simply states that in order to have value,
hikers must be able to access the view (view position, public
access, presence of hiking trails) and that there is little
congestion of the area. The congestion of an area will depend on
both the proximity (in travel cost/time) to population centers
and the public use status of the land. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>A view position in Vermont can be
either low (0-1500’ elevation), medium (1500-3000’), or high
(3000-5500’). Within the Raven Ridge Preserve, view position can
be low (400-500’), medium (500 - 650’), or high (650-800’).
Prior probability distributions for view position were based on
the percentage of land in Vermont included in each category: low
70%, medium 29%, and high 1%. </span><b><span><o:p></o:p></span>
</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>For the state of Vermont, prior
probability distributions for public access were based on the
amount of current public land in the state (15%) with the
remaining land divided between private land (75%) with no access
and, to a lesser extent, private lands with public access (10%).
Raven Ridge Preserve is owned by The Nature Conservancy with
public access. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Travel cost can be low (0-30
minutes), medium (30 - 90 minutes), or high (> 90 minutes).
Travel cost for the Raven Ridge Preserve was based on the
comparison time of travel from Burlington, VT (population
center) to fifteen similar TNC properties in Vermont. Based on
these fifteen properties, I established prior probability
distributions of 20% low travel cost, 20% medium travel cost,
and 60% high travel cost. For Raven Ridge Preserve, the travel
cost is medium. For other views throughout the state or region,
travel cost associated with accessing the site could be
calculated using the travel time, based on road class and travel
speed, with the proximity to a population center. <o:p></o:p>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>PublicAccess and TravelTime were
combined into an intermediate node “Congestion” where full
public access and low travel time were assumed to produce higher
congestion and no public access and high travel time would
produce the lowest congestion. The corners were pegged and
intermediate values interpolated.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Hiking difficulty is also a component
in view use. Based on the Appalachian Trail, Long Trail, and
Green Mountain Club ratings, the difficulty of a hiking trail is
based on the slope and the distance of a trail. The difficulty
of a hiking trail depends more on the slope. Slope of hiking
trails can be steep (greater than 45 degrees), moderate (10-45
degrees), or low (up to 10 degrees). Hiking trail distances can
be long (greater than 6 miles), medium (2 – 5 miles), or short
(less than 2 miles). Prior probability distributions are based
off the digital elevation model slope data and a hiking guide
book for the state of Vermont (GMC 2003). HikingSlope and
HikingDistance were combined into an intermediate node “HikingDifficulty.”
A conditional probability table was developed by pegging the
corners and interpolating intermediate values using steep slope
and long distance as the highest difficulty and low slope and
short distance as the lowest difficulty.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Finally, all the components of viewer
enjoyment (use) are aggregated into an top node “ViewerEnjoyment”
and assigned values for “high,” “moderate”, and “low”, with the
higher enjoyment values derived from high view position, low
congestion, and easy to moderate hiking difficulty and the
lowest enjoyment value derived from low view position, high
congestion, and strenuous hiking difficulty. Those assumptions
allowed me to peg the corners, and interpolate intermediate
values to develop the conditional probability (CP) table.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span>Aesthetic view sinks. <o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>We assumed that either obstructions
(e.g., buildings or vegetation) or undesirable visual features
(blight associated with development, energy infrastructure or
roads) directly obstruct or reduce the quality of views (Gret-Regamey
et al. 2008, Bourassa et al. 2004, Benson et al. 1998). Views of
lost forest cover, including clearcuts, could also act as a
sink, reducing view quality (Palmer 2008, Wundscher et al.
2008). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Prior probability distributions were
established using land cover/land use data and other resources.
Based on a 1998 Vermont Agency of Natural Resources assessment,
approximately 2% of the Vermont landscape was heavily cut or
clear cut. This data was used to establish prior probabilities
where data layers are missing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Although not currently included in
the models, dust, air pollution, or persistent cloudy or foggy
conditions also reduce views, and could act as sinks at variable
temporal scales. These could be accounted for as a scenario in
the ARIES model dependent on weather and a particular time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>B<span>irding and hunting
value. </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Birding and hunting are
two biodiversity-based recreation ecosystem services
provided by the Southeast Arizona’s San Pedro River.
The San Pedro is internationally known as a birding
area, and draws visitors from across the United
States and world. As a key water source in an
arid region, the San Pedro is also habitat for
several valued game species, including white-tailed
and mule deer, javelina, white-winged and mourning
dove, and Mearns’, Gambel’s, and scaled quail.
Potentially valuable birding areas can be identified
based on spatial data for bird species richness.
Hunting potential can be identified based on habitat
quality maps for the above-listed game species.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Initial data to map
recreational use can be based on a population or
housing density map. For some activities, it
may be possible to estimate the percentage of the
population taking part in that recreational activity
(i.e., the number of licensed hunters in a state
relative to its total population).
Representing users as a uniform percentage of the
population engaging in a particular activity makes
the admittedly naïve assumption that the same
percentage of recreational users across all
communities engage in a particular activity. A
more realistic model would account for the fact that
different types of communities are likely to prefer
different recreational activities, and in some cases
choose their location of residence to provide
proximity to a valued recreational amenity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span>Recreation sinks</span></b><span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Sinks will be present for
some, but not all types of recreation. For
viewsheds, the sink model identifies areas of visual
blight that reduce view quality, similar to the
aesthetic viewsheds model. For most types of
recreation where the source value can be assessed <i>
in situ</i>, no sink model is necessary. This
is the case for the birding and hunting models for
the San Pedro River. However, a new
habitat-based flow model could eventually be
developed or an existing one incorporated to account
for spatial dependencies in bird or game habitat.
Such habitat models are not currently included in
the modeling framework.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span>Recreation flow</span></b><span>.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Recreational flow models
should ideally incorporate several factors that
define how people choose among and travel to
recreational sites. Ideally this would
incorporate the distance that people are willing to
travel in order to reach a particular recreational
site. If data or studies are available, zip
code based travel cost or recreational preference
surveys can show how far people travel to a
particular site. Otherwise an expert-informed
distance decay function for a particular activity
could be constructed. The distance potential
recreational users are willing to travel to a given
site differs based on the quality of the site and
its substitutes, as well as the nature of the
activity. For instance, on the San Pedro,
birders visit the site from around the nation and
world. Hunters and other recreational users
(e.g., hikers, mountain bikers, equestrians, viewers
of historical sites) are less likely to travel great
distances (i.e., these visitors are more likely to
come from “local” areas such as the San Pedro Valley
itself or from Tucson, with Phoenix being considered
a long-distance trip). The flow model uses a
data layer for road locations and speed limits to
estimate the time needed to move people from their
residences to recreational sites. The flow
model should also define how and why people choose
to visit one site over another – based on factors
such as distance, the site’s ecological quality, the
quality of recreational facilities, and congestion.
While such data may be available for some
recreational sites, in many cases it will need to be
informed by expert opinion, anecdotal observations
by park managers, or data from the recreation
literature.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h5 class="style10">Spatial data<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="style22" style="mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black">
</table>
</h5>
<div>
<div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="style22" style="mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black">
<tr>
<td colspan="6" valign="top" width="590">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>
Source models</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>
Layer</strong></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>
Case studies used</strong></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>
Source</strong></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>
Spatial extent</strong></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>
Spatial resolution</strong></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>
Year</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Amphibian, bird, mammal, reptile
species richness<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>San
Pedro<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>USGS
Southwestern Biological Center
Sonoran Desert Research Station<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>AZ,
CO, NM, NV, UT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Vector shapefile<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
1999-2001<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Elevation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Vermont<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>SRTM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Global<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>90 x
90 m<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>n/a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Habitat for game species<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>San
Pedro<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Southwest Regional GAP analysis
(SWReGAP)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>AZ,
CO, NM, NV, UT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>240 x
240 m<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
1999-2001<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Hydrography<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>San
Pedro<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
National Hydrography Dataset<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Arizona<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Vector line data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>n/a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Vermont<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
National Hydrography dataset<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Vermont<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Vector line data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>n/a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Lakes
and ponds<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Vermont<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
National Hydrography dataset<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Vermont<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Vector shapefile<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>n/a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Public lands<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>San
Pedro<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Arizona Geographic Information
Council<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Arizona<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Vector shapefile<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>2010<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Rare
& charismatic bird habitat
presence<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>San
Pedro<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Southwest Regional GAP analysis
(SWReGAP)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>AZ,
CO, NM, NV, UT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>240 x
240 m<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
1999-2001<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Riparian condition class<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>San
Pedro<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Stromberg et al. (2006)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
SPRNCA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Vector shapefile<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
2001-2004<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Springs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>San
Pedro<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Arizona Geographic Information
Council<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Arizona<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>
Rasterized point data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>n/a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="style22" style="mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black">
</table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="style22" style="mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black">
<tr>
<td colspan="6" valign="top" width="590">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Sink models<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Layer</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Case studies
used</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Source</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Spatial extent</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Spatial
resolution</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Year</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Developed land<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vermont<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>NLCD 2001<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>United States<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>30 x 30 m<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>2001<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Energy
infrastructure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vermont<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vermont Center
for Geographic Information<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vermont<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vector line data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Transportation
infrastructure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vermont<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vermont Agency of
Transportation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vermont<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vector line data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>2010<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="style20" style="mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black">
</table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="style22" style="mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black">
<tr>
<td colspan="6" valign="top" width="590">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Use models<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Layer</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Case studies
used</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Source</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Spatial extent</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Spatial
resolution</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Year</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Viewpoints<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vermont<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Digitized
locations of peaks in Vermont with scenic
views<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vermont<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Rasterized point
data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>n/a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Population
density<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>All<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>U.S. Census
Bureau<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Arizona<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vector shapefile<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>2000-2007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>
<p class="style3">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="style22" style="mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black">
<tr>
<td colspan="6" valign="top" width="590">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Flow models<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Layer</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Case studies
used</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Source</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Spatial extent</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Spatial
resolution</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Year</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Roads – speed
limits/travel capacity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>All<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>TIGER line files<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>United States<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vector line data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>2000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>San Pedro<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Arizona
Geographic Information Council<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Arizona<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vector line data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>2009<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Trails<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>San Pedro<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>BLM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>SPRNCA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="92">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Vector line data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>
<h5 class="style10"> </h5>
<h5 class="style10">References</h5>
<p class="MsoNormal">Arnberger, A. and W. Haider.<span>
</span>2007.<span> </span>Would you displace?<span>
</span>It depends!<span> </span>A multivariate
visual approach to intended displacement from an
urban forest trail.<span> </span>Journal of
Leisure Research 39 (2): 345-365. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Benson E.D., J.L. Hansen,
A.L. Schwartz, and G.T. Smersh. 1998. Pricing
residential amenities: the value of a view. Journal
of Real Estate Finance and Economics 16: 55-73. <o:p></o:p>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Bourassa, S.C., M. Hoesli, and
J. Sun.<span> </span>2004.<span> </span>
What’s in a view?<span> </span>Environment and
Planning A 36: 1427-1450.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Boyd, J., and S. Banzhaf.<span>
</span>2007.<span> </span>What are ecosystem
services?<span> </span>The need for
standardized environmental accounting units.<span>
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