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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
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<title>ARIES :: Coastal flood regulation specs</title>
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<h1>Coastal flood
regulation module
<span class="style1"><strong class="style12"> Current Status: </strong>
<span class="style11"><strong class="style12">Functional</strong></span></span><span class="style12">
</span>
</h1>
<h6 style="background-color:#eeeeee">
<!--<![endif]-->
</object>The benefits of disturbance regulation can be divided into
protection of economically valued assets from flooding along rivers,
flooding in coastal zones, and prevention of landslides, mudslides, or
avalanches. Different assets may be protected from these risks – crops,
privately owned housing or other buildings, publicly owned infrastructure,
and human life. GIS data showing coastal and riverine flood zones, soils
susceptible to landslides, and maps of population, agriculture, and
structures allow beneficiaries to be mapped. Opperman et al. (2009) note
that reconnection of rivers to floodplains through levee setbacks can
deliver a wide range of economic benefits from ecosystem services.</h6>
</div>
<div class="yui-gd">
<div class="yui-u first">
<div style="padding-right:12px">
<h2 style="margin-top:32px">Definitions</h2>
<hr/>
<!-- benefits panel -->
<h5 class="style10"><img alt="" height="38" src="img/underconstruction.png" width="38">Text</h5>
<span>Text text text Text text textText text textText
text textText text textText text textText text textText text
textText text textText text textText text text</span><br>
</div>
</div>
<div class="yui-u">
<!-- YOUR DATA GOES HERE -->
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
<h2 style="margin-top:32px">Module specifications</h2>
<hr/>
<!-- benefits panel -->
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" class="style9">
<h5 class="style10" style="width: 609px">Case studies</h5>
<h5 class="style21" style="width: 609px">(1) Madagascar </h5>
<h5 class="style19" style="width: 609px"> </h5>
<h5 class="style10" style="width: 609px">E<span class="style14">xplanation</span></h5>
<p class="MsoNormal">Runoff, generally associated with
storms and/or major snowmelt events, is the basic source
value for flood water.<span> </span>In cases where
good local or global runoff datasets exist, these
spatial data can be used as the source value.<span>
</span>Simple models such as the Curve Number (CN)
method, which incorporates data on precipitation,
hydrologic soils group, and land use-land cover, can
also be used to calculate runoff (SCS 1972).<span>
</span>Ad hoc Bayesian runoff models could incorporate
precipitation and snowmelt (itself a function of snow
presence, temperature, and precipitation) as
determinants of runoff, the flood regulation source
value.<span> </span>Evapotranspiration and
infiltration, typically also included in runoff models,
are included in our “sink” model, since these natural
landscape features provide beneficial depletion of the
flood regulation carrier.<span> </span>We set
priors for snow presence and monthly temperature based
on qualitative reviews of spatial data for Puget Sound,
and set monthly precipitation as an uninformed prior.<span>
</span>We set the greatest values for runoff at high
levels of rainfall and/or snowmelt, and the greatest
values for snowmelt under warm temperatures, high levels
of precipitation, and the presence of snow. We
discretized monthly snowmelt using equal intervals and
all other continuous variables using natural breaks.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div class="style8">
<h5 class="style10">Assumptions</h5>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Flood regulation use.<span>
</span></b>We can map users or beneficiaries of
flood regulation using simple spatial data and GIS
operations without requiring Bayesian networks.<span>
</span>To do this we simply overlay different
classes of beneficiaries with floodplain boundaries
(i.e., the location of farmland, housing, other
structures, and railways, highways, or other public
infrastructure.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Flood regulation sinks.<span>
</span></b>Eade and Moran (1996)<b> </b>map flood
regulation based on soil drainage classifications,
while Chan et al. (2006) mapped flood regulation by
estimating percent natural land cover, percent
natural land cover within riparian zones, distance
to the 100-year floodplain, percent agricultural
land, and housing units in the 100-year floodplain.<span>
</span>Finally, Boyd and Wainger (2003) mapped flood
regulation using spatial data including floodplain
locations, housing and commercial units and value,
percent floodplain as impervious and wetland.<span>
</span>Boyd and Wainger also included an
environmental justice component to their measures,
by mapping median income and percent black or
Hispanic populations within their impacted area.<span>
</span>We include some of these data layers in our
ad hoc model of flood regulation sinks as well as in
our use/beneficiary models described above.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We set the total flood sink as
the sum of green infrastructure storage (i.e., the
sum of infiltration, absorption, or detention of
potential flood waters by vegetation, soils, and
floodplains) and gray infrastructure storage (i.e.,
the sum of storage in detention basins and
reservoirs).<span> </span>Both gray and green
infrastructure can be “saturated” when soils or
flood control infrastructure are at full water
holding capacity; to represent this, we added mean
days of precipitation per month to account for the
fact that natural and built capital will provide
more effective flood control in drier than wetter
months.<span> </span>We assigned an uninformed
prior to mean days of precipitation per month, and
discretized this variable using natural breaks.<span>
</span>We set floodplain conveyance as a function of
floodplain width, levees and bridges.<span>
</span>Priors for these variables were based on
qualitative estimates of their frequency for Puget
Sound.<span> </span>We set conditional
probabilities for floodplain conveyance as greatest
with a wide floodplain; the presence of levees or
bridges automatically narrows the floodplain to very
low conveyance.<span> </span>We set soil
infiltration as a function of impervious surface
cover, slope, hydrologic soils group, water table
depth, and presence of frozen soil (itself dependent
on monthly temperature).<span> </span>We use
qualitative estimates of priors based on GIS data
for Puget Sound for impervious surface cover and
slope, and uninformed priors for hydrologic soils
groups.<span> </span>We set the highest values
of soil infiltration at low impervious surface cover
and slope, deep water tables, hydrologic soils
groups A and B, and unfrozen soil, and vice versa,
and interpolate intermediate values.<span>
</span>We discretize impervious surface cover to
account for ecological thresholds typically present
when impervious surface exceeds 10% (Booth and
Jackson 1997).<span> </span>We set vegetation
infiltration and interception as a function of
successional stage, percent vegetation cover,
vegetation type, and vegetation height.<span>
</span>Priors are estimated qualitatively based on
spatial data for successional stage and vegetation
type, and are uninformed for vegetation percent
cover and vegetation height.<span> </span>We
used equal intervals to discretize percent cover and
natural breaks to discretize vegetation height.<span>
</span>We set vegetation infiltration and absorption
to its greatest values in cases of later
successional stage, greater percent cover, taller
vegetation, and for wetlands, and vice versa, and
interpolated intermediate values.<span> </span>
We set vegetation infiltration and absorption as
slightly lower for forests, grassland, and shrubland,
and substantially lower for developed and cultivated
land use types.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Flood regulation flow. </b>
<span>HydroSheds data (Lehner et al. 2008) for flow
direction are used to route flood water across the
landscape. While this is admittedly a highly
simplistic way to move water and water-related
ecosystem service carriers (e.g., drinking water,
flood water, suspended sediment, dissolved
nutrients), it has the benefit of being applicable
at variable spatial scales and at any location on
Earth. Future work on ARIES will seek to
incorporate appropriate existing hydrologic models
to route water and water-related ecosystem service
carriers across the landscape at variable spatial
scales and under variable environmental conditions
(e.g., using appropriate and different models at
large vs. small spatial scales and in arid versus
humid ecological systems).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h5 class="style10">Spatial data</h5>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="style22" style="mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="100">
<p class="style19"><strong>Model</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19"><strong>Layer</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19"><strong>Source</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19"><strong>Resolution
</strong> <o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19"><strong>Extent</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19"><strong>Year</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7" valign="top" width="100">
<p class="style19">Flood source – Western
Washington<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Hydrologic soils group<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">SSURGO soil data<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">30 x 30 m (rasterized
vector data)<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Western Washington<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">n/a<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Land use-land cover<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">NLCD 2001<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">30 x 30 m<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">United States<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">2001<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Monthly precipitation<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">USDA-NRCS Geospatial Data
Gateway<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">800 x 800 m<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Western Washington<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">1971-2000<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Monthly temperatures<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">SAGE/Univ. of Wisconsin<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">0.5 x 0.5 degree<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Global<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">1961-1990<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Monthly snowmelt<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">Univ. of Delaware<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">0.5 x 0.5 degree<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Global<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">1950-1999<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Snow presence<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">Washington State Dept. of
Natural Resources<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">Vector shapefile<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Washington State<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">1991<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Runoff<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">SAGE/Univ. of Wisconsin<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="style19">
0.5 degree</span><span><sup class="style19">2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Global<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="14" valign="top" width="100">
<p class="style19">Flood sink – Western
Washington<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Detention basins<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">County GIS offices<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">Vector point file<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">King, Pierce, San Juan
Counties<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">Variable<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Dam storage<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">Oak Ridge National
Laboratory<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">Vector point file;
digitized shapefile of reservoirs for
Western Washington<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">United States<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">2005<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Mean days of
precipitation per month<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">PRISM/Oregon State Univ.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">Vector shapefile<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Continental United States<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">1971-2000<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Successional stage<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">BLM/Interagency
Vegetation Mapping Project<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">25 x 25 m<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Western Washington &
Oregon<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">1996<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Vegetation % cover<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">NLCD 2001<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">30 x 30 m<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">United States<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">2001<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Vegetation type<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">NLCD 2001<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">30 x 30 m<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">United States<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">2001<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Vegetation height<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">Puget Sound LIDAR
Consortium<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="style19">3
foot</span><span><sup class="style19">2</sup></span><span class="style19">
& 6 foot</span><sup class="style19">2</sup><span class="style19">,
downsampled to 30 x 30 m<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Parts of Western
Washington<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">2000-2006<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Monthly temperatures<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">SAGE/Univ. of Wisconsin<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">0.5 x 0.5 degree<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Global<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">1961-1990<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Hydrologic soils group<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">SSURGO soil data<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">30 x 30 m (rasterized
vector data)<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Western Washington<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">n/a<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Slope<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">Derived from National
Elevation Dataset<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">30 x 30 m<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Western Washington<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">n/a<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Impervious surface cover<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">NLCD 2001<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">30 x 30 m<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">United States<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">2001<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Floodplain width<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">FEMA & Washington State
Dept. of Ecology<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">Vector shapefile<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Western Washington<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Levees<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">County GIS offices<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">Vector line file<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">King, Lewis, Pierce
Counties<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">Variable<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Bridges<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">Washington State Dept. of
Transportation<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">Vector line file<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Washington State<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">2004<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" valign="top" width="100">
<p class="style19">Flood use – Western
Washington<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Floodplains<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">FEMA & Washington State
Dept. of Ecology<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">Vector shapefile<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Western Washington<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Farmland<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">NLCD 2001<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">30 x 30 m<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">United States<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">2001<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Structures<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">County assessors’ offices<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">Vector shapefiles<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Clallam, Grays Harbor,
Jefferson, King, Kitsap, Mason, Snohomish,
Thurston Cos., WA<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">2004 (Kitsap Co.), 2006
(King Co.); uncertain for others<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Highways<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">Washington State Dept. of
Transportation<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">Vector line file<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Washington State<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">2007<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Railways<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">Washington State Dept. of
Transportation<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">Vector line file<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Washington State<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">1996<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="113">
<p class="style19">Presence of housing<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="110">
<p class="style19">County assessors’ offices<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="102">
<p class="style19">Vector shapefiles<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="96">
<p class="style19">Clallam, Grays Harbor,
Jefferson, King, Kitsap, Mason, Snohomish,
Thurston Cos., WA<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="70">
<p class="style19">2004 (Kitsap Co.), 2006
(King Co.); uncertain for others<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="style20" style="mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black">
</table>
</p>
<p class="style3"> </p>
<h5 class="style10">References</h5>
<p class="style23">Booth, D.B. and C.R. Jackson.<span>
</span>1997.<span> </span>Urbanization of
aquatic systems: Degradation thresholds, stormwater
detection, and the limits of mitigation.<span>
</span>Journal of the American Water Resources
Assocation 33 (5): 1077-1090.</p>
<p class="style23"><span>Boyd, J and L. Wainger.
2003. Measuring ecosystem service benefits:
The use of landscape analysis to evaluate
environmental trades and compensation.
Discussion Paper 02-63, Resources for the Future:
Washington, DC.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style23"><span>Chan, K.M.A., et al.
2006. Conservation planning for ecosystem
services. PLOS Biology 4 (11): 2138-2152.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style23">de Groot, R.S., et al.<span>
</span>2002.<span> </span>A typology for the
classification, description, and valuation of
ecosystem functions, goods, and services.<span>
</span>Ecological Economics 41: 393-408.</p>
<p class="style23"><span>Eade, J.D.O. and D. Moran.
1996. Spatial economic valuation: Benefits
transfer using geographical information systems.
Journal of Environmental Management 48: 97-110.</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style23"><span>Lehner, B., et al.
2008. HydroSHEDS Technical Documentation,
Version 1.1. Accessed March 3, 2010 from:
http://hydrosheds.cr.usgs.gov/references.php.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style23">Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
(MA).<span> </span>2005. Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment: Living beyond our means - Natural assets
and human well-being.<span> </span>Washington,
D.C.: World Resources Institute.</p>
<p class="style23">Opperman, J.J., et al.<span>
</span>2009.<span> </span>Sustainable
floodplains through large-scale reconnection to
rivers.<span> </span>Science 326: 1487-1488.</p>
<p class="style23">Soil Conservation Service (SCS).<span>
</span>1972.<span> </span>National Engineering
Handbook, Section 4, Hydrology, SCS.</p>
<p class="style13"> </p>
<h5 class="style10">Additional contributors</h5>
<p class="style5"><span>Specific case studies were developed by Mark
Casias for Orange County and Dave Batker at Earth Economics for
Western Washington.</span></p>
<h4 style="margin-top:32px" class="style10"> </h4>
<br><br></div>
</td>
<td width="50%" class="style9"> </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
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