diff --git a/_sources/r/environments.md.txt b/_sources/r/environments.md.txt index e9f3b8d..8973f73 100644 --- a/_sources/r/environments.md.txt +++ b/_sources/r/environments.md.txt @@ -45,13 +45,9 @@ Created using instructions from [here](https://ajstewartlang.github.io/23_introd 2. Create install.R file with package installations 3. Navigate to https://mybinder.org/, paste in GitHub repository, set to "URL to open (optional)" and type in "rstudio", then launch -## Rough notes - -R - -\begin{itemize} - \item Renv - \item Posit Public Package Manager - can use Snapshot (earliest is Oct 2017, and 5 most recent versions of R), for Linux can install binary packages (which is much quicker, as usually R installs from source rather than binary unlike for Windows and Mac which makes it really slow) - \href{https://packagemanager.posit.co/client/#/repos/cran/setup}{source 1}, \href{https://docs.posit.co/faq/p3m-faq/#frequently-asked-questions}{source 2} - \item Groundhog - can go back to R 3.2 and April 2015 (and apparently can patch to go earlier) - \href{https://www.brodrigues.co/blog/2023-01-12-repro_r/}{source 1} - \item miniCRAN - \href{https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/machine-learning/package-management/create-a-local-package-repository-using-minicran?view=sql-server-ver16}{source 1} - \item Docker - requires license for non-academic (e.g. NHS) use - but Podman can drop in as replacement. To do development inside a container isn't natively supported by RStudio but can use RStudioServer via Rocker. By default, it runs in ephemeral mode - any code created or saved is lost when close - but you can use volume argument to mount local folders - \href{https://towardsdatascience.com/running-rstudio-inside-a-container-e9db5e809ff8}{source 1} -\end{itemize} \ No newline at end of file +## A few other options... + +* **Posit Public Package Manager**- can use Snapshot (earliest is Oct 2017, and 5 most recent versions of R), for Linux can install binary packages (which is much quicker, as usually R installs from source rather than binary unlike for Windows and Mac which makes it really slow) - [source 1](https://packagemanager.posit.co/client/#/repos/cran/setup), [source 2](https://docs.posit.co/faq/p3m-faq/#frequently-asked-questions) +* **Groundhog** - can go back to R 3.2 and April 2015 (and apparently can patch to go earlier) - [source 1](https://www.brodrigues.co/blog/2023-01-12-repro_r/) +* **miniCRAN** - [source 1](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/machine-learning/package-management/create-a-local-package-repository-using-minicran?view=sql-server-ver16) + * - requires license for non-academic (e.g. NHS) use - but Podman can drop in as replacement. To do development inside a container isn't natively supported by RStudio but can use RStudioServer via Rocker. By default, it runs in ephemeral mode - any code created or saved is lost when close - but you can use volume argument to mount local folders [source 1](https://towardsdatascience.com/running-rstudio-inside-a-container-e9db5e809ff8) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/r/environments.html b/r/environments.html index 6853795..5b5a3de 100644 --- a/r/environments.html +++ b/r/environments.html @@ -514,16 +514,20 @@

Binder

Navigate to https://mybinder.org/, paste in GitHub repository, set to “URL to open (optional)” and type in “rstudio”, then launch

-
-

Rough notes#

-

R - -\begin{itemize} -\item Renv -\item Posit Public Package Manager - can use Snapshot (earliest is Oct 2017, and 5 most recent versions of R), for Linux can install binary packages (which is much quicker, as usually R installs from source rather than binary unlike for Windows and Mac which makes it really slow) - \href{https://packagemanager.posit.co/client/#/repos/cran/setup}{source 1}, \href{https://docs.posit.co/faq/p3m-faq/#frequently-asked-questions}{source 2} -\item Groundhog - can go back to R 3.2 and April 2015 (and apparently can patch to go earlier) - \href{https://www.brodrigues.co/blog/2023-01-12-repro_r/}{source 1} -\item miniCRAN - \href{https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/machine-learning/package-management/create-a-local-package-repository-using-minicran?view=sql-server-ver16}{source 1} -\item Docker - requires license for non-academic (e.g. NHS) use - but Podman can drop in as replacement. To do development inside a container isn’t natively supported by RStudio but can use RStudioServer via Rocker. By default, it runs in ephemeral mode - any code created or saved is lost when close - but you can use volume argument to mount local folders - \href{https://towardsdatascience.com/running-rstudio-inside-a-container-e9db5e809ff8}{source 1} -\end{itemize}

+
+

A few other options…#

+
    +

  • Posit Public Package Manager- can use Snapshot (earliest is Oct 2017, and 5 most recent versions of R), for Linux can install binary packages (which is much quicker, as usually R installs from source rather than binary unlike for Windows and Mac which makes it really slow) - source 1, source 2

    • +

  • Groundhog - can go back to R 3.2 and April 2015 (and apparently can patch to go earlier) - source 1

    • +

  • miniCRAN - source 1

    +
      +
      • +

      • requires license for non-academic (e.g. NHS) use - but Podman can drop in as replacement. To do development inside a container isn’t natively supported by RStudio but can use RStudioServer via Rocker. By default, it runs in ephemeral mode - any code created or saved is lost when close - but you can use volume argument to mount local folders source 1

        • +
      +
      • +
    +
    • +
@@ -574,7 +578,7 @@

Rough notesHow to set-up renv for reproducible research
  • Basic renv commands
  • Binder
    • -
  • Rough notes
    • +
  • A few other options…
    • diff --git a/searchindex.js b/searchindex.js index 632d211..7b8c2a9 100644 --- a/searchindex.js +++ b/searchindex.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -Search.setIndex({"docnames": ["books/hosting_books", "books/making_books", "books/markdown", "causal_concepts/1_predict_vs_causal", "causal_concepts/2_intro_to_causality", "causal_concepts/3_dags", "causal_concepts/4_assumptions", "causal_concepts/5_estimands", "causal_concepts/6_propensity_scores", "causal_concepts/7_target_trial", "causal_methods/a1_multivariable_regression", "causal_methods/a2_stratification", "causal_methods/a3_matching", "causal_methods/a4_iptw", "causal_methods/b1_marginal_structural_models", "causal_methods/b2_gcomputation", "causal_methods/b3_gestimation", "causal_methods/c1_instrumental_variable", "causal_methods/c2_regression_discontinuity", "causal_methods/c3_interrupted_time", "causal_methods/c4_diff_in_diff", "causal_methods/other", "causal_methods/summary", "index", "programming_notes/git", "programming_notes/latex", "programming_notes/linux", "programming_notes/machine_learning", "programming_notes/open_science", "programming_notes/other", "python/environments", "python/general", "python/seeds", "python/simpy", "r/environments", "r/general", "r/packages", "simulation/discrete_event", "simulation/simulation"], "filenames": ["books/hosting_books.md", "books/making_books.md", "books/markdown.md", "causal_concepts/1_predict_vs_causal.md", "causal_concepts/2_intro_to_causality.md", "causal_concepts/3_dags.md", "causal_concepts/4_assumptions.md", "causal_concepts/5_estimands.md", "causal_concepts/6_propensity_scores.md", "causal_concepts/7_target_trial.md", "causal_methods/a1_multivariable_regression.md", "causal_methods/a2_stratification.md", "causal_methods/a3_matching.md", "causal_methods/a4_iptw.md", "causal_methods/b1_marginal_structural_models.md", "causal_methods/b2_gcomputation.md", "causal_methods/b3_gestimation.md", "causal_methods/c1_instrumental_variable.ipynb", "causal_methods/c2_regression_discontinuity.md", "causal_methods/c3_interrupted_time.md", "causal_methods/c4_diff_in_diff.md", "causal_methods/other.md", "causal_methods/summary.md", "index.md", "programming_notes/git.md", "programming_notes/latex.md", "programming_notes/linux.md", "programming_notes/machine_learning.md", "programming_notes/open_science.md", "programming_notes/other.md", "python/environments.md", "python/general.md", "python/seeds.ipynb", "python/simpy.md", "r/environments.md", "r/general.md", "r/packages.md", "simulation/discrete_event.md", "simulation/simulation.md"], "titles": ["Hosting books", "Making books", "Markdown", "Prediction v.s. causal inference", "The three \u201clanguages\u201d of causal inference", "Directed acyclic graphs", "Assumptions", "Causal estimands", "Propensity scores", "Target trial emulation", "Multivariable regression", "Stratification", "Matching", "Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) with baseline covariates", "Marginal structural models (MSM)", "G-computation", "G-estimation of structural nested models", "Instrumental variables", "Regression discontinuity (RD)", "Interrupted time series (ITS)", "Difference in differences (DiD)", "Other methods", "Overview", "Amy Heather\u2019s Notes", "Git", "Latex", "Linux", "Machine learning", "Open Science", "Other", "Python environments", "General Python Stuff", "Seeds", "DES using SimPy", "R environments", "General", "Packages", "Discrete event simulation (DES)", "Simulation"], "terms": {"need": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "sort": [0, 31, 33], "out": [0, 1, 4, 5, 7, 17, 18, 21, 31, 33, 37, 38], "list": [0, 1, 4, 11, 21, 24, 30, 31, 33, 35], "here": [0, 1, 5, 15, 17, 30, 33, 34, 36], "inc": [0, 14], "quarto": 0, "pub": 0, "posit": [0, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 22, 31, 34], "connect": [0, 5, 18], "cloud": 0, "netlifi": 0, "confluenc": 0, "hug": 0, "face": [0, 3], "space": [0, 19, 24, 25, 31, 33, 37], "rpub": 0, "readthedoc": 0, "note": [0, 1, 9, 10, 17, 31, 33, 36], "written": [0, 1], "jupyt": 0, "To": [0, 1, 4, 5, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37], "publish": [0, 28], "instal": [0, 1, 24, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36], "ghp": 0, "import": [0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 19, 22, 32, 33, 34, 36], "navig": [0, 34], "": [0, 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21, 25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37], "root": [0, 33], "directori": [0, 1, 24, 30, 31, 36], "contain": [0, 3, 5, 13, 24, 30, 33, 34, 36], "_build": [0, 1], "html": [0, 1, 32, 36], "run": [0, 1, 17, 18, 24, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37], "n": [0, 30, 31, 32, 33], "p": [0, 1, 4, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17, 22, 31, 33], "f": [0, 17, 31, 32, 33], "abov": [0, 3, 5, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 22, 31, 32, 33, 37], "can": [0, 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38], "do": [0, 1, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 20, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38], "booknam": 0, "instead": [0, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 16, 20, 22, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37], "view": [0, 24, 31, 34], "http": [0, 1, 21, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37], "user": [0, 3, 36], "io": [0, 1, 31, 32], "myonlinebook": 0, "updat": [0, 1, 24, 30, 31, 36, 37], "make": [0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 28, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "chang": [0, 1, 3, 5, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "main": [0, 5, 9, 24, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36], "branch": [0, 33, 36, 37], "rebuild": [0, 1, 31, 36], "us": [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 38], "befor": [0, 1, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 33, 37], "push": [0, 36], "newli": 0, "built": [0, 1, 3], "gh": 0, "Will": [0, 9, 30], "take": [0, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13, 16, 22, 31, 33, 37], "few": [0, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 21, 22, 32, 33, 37], "minut": [0, 3, 24, 33, 37], "set": [0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38], "thi": [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38], "up": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 16, 22, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38], "just": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36], "from": [0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38], "command": [0, 1, 30], "cd": [0, 1], "go": [0, 1, 7, 13, 17, 24, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36], "top": [0, 3, 33], "i": [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 38], "e": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38], "document": [0, 1, 2, 24, 28, 36], "nano": [0, 30], "bashrc": [0, 30], "At": [0, 9, 16, 18], "bottom": [0, 3], "file": [0, 1, 2, 17, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 36], "add": [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 15, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36], "alia": 0, "build": [0, 1, 3, 24, 30, 36], "save": [0, 3, 33, 34, 37], "sourc": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "refresh": 0, "Then": [0, 5, 17, 24, 32, 34, 37], "when": [0, 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37], "you": [0, 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38], "want": [0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 13, 17, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "recreat": 0, "where": [0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "config": [0, 1, 24], "also": [0, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38], "desir": [0, 24, 33], "execut": [0, 1, 30, 33], "off": [0, 3, 17, 18, 19, 33], "don": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 14, 17, 24, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "t": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38], "re": [0, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 17, 18, 22, 28, 33, 36], "all": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, 33, 37], "notebook": [0, 1, 23, 31], "each": [0, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37], "time": [0, 1, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, 36, 38], "system": [1, 4, 9, 10, 22, 24, 32, 33, 37, 38], "valid": [1, 4, 5, 11, 13, 14, 17, 22], "input": [1, 3, 17, 25, 31, 38], "compat": 1, "python": [1, 23, 32, 33, 35, 37], "r": [1, 3, 5, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37], "blog": [1, 20, 34], "post": [1, 11, 20, 21, 30, 31], "tag": [1, 30], "date": [1, 17, 24, 28], "filter": [1, 24], "nice": 1, "exampl": [1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 24, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36], "addit": [1, 4, 5, 13, 17], "detail": [1, 5, 12, 21, 22, 29, 37, 38], "markdown": 1, "md": [1, 24, 29, 36], "ipynb": [1, 31], "myst": [1, 2], "restructur": [1, 24], "text": [1, 2, 17, 31], "rst": 1, "recommend": [1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 19, 22, 24, 30, 32, 33], "tool": [1, 3, 33], "would": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 27, 30, 36, 37], "probabl": [1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "onli": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 22, 24, 27, 31, 33, 34, 36], "were": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 22, 28], "work": [1, 9, 17, 22, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36], "possibl": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37], "convert": [1, 10, 17, 26, 32, 36], "rmd": [1, 36], "Not": [1, 4, 24, 32], "found": [1, 3, 5, 9, 18, 30], "samuel": [1, 31], "1": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36], "2": [1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 15, 19, 21, 22, 24, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36], "easi": [1, 4, 30, 38], "integr": [1, 4, 17, 24, 33], "binderhub": 1, "googl": 1, "colab": 1, "default": [1, 24, 30, 33, 34, 36], "nbsphinx": 1, "nb": 1, "design": [1, 4, 5, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 33, 37], "didn": [1, 5, 7, 9, 18, 22], "easili": 1, "implement": [1, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 33, 37], "variou": [1, 4, 7, 13, 16, 30, 33], "languag": 1, "ye": [1, 17, 34, 37], "pyopensci": 1, "littl": [1, 5], "biomed": 1, "statist": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 32, 33, 37], "chri": 1, "holdgraf": 1, "thumbnail": 1, "galleri": 1, "binder": 1, "nbviewer": 1, "cross": 1, "qmd": 1, "which": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37], "combin": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22], "code": [1, 3, 9, 17, 24, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36], "explicitli": [1, 3, 5, 9], "support": [1, 3, 6, 17, 24, 32, 34], "dynam": [1, 16, 37], "content": [1, 18, 24, 32, 37], "julia": 1, "observ": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 27, 33, 37, 38], "comparison": [1, 4, 7, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20], "well": [1, 3, 4, 5, 15, 16, 20, 22, 37], "nativ": [1, 34], "tutori": [1, 31, 37], "3": [1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 19, 22, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34], "ddanieltan": 1, "github": [1, 17, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34], "site": [1, 20, 36], "data": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24, 27, 28, 31, 33, 37, 38], "scienc": [1, 4, 8, 17, 19, 22], "analysi": [1, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 28, 31, 33], "hsma": [1, 33], "de": 1, "huge": 1, "rang": [1, 13, 17, 18, 23, 31, 33, 37], "output": [1, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38], "format": [1, 24, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34], "jekyl": 1, "rubi": 1, "creat": [1, 2, 9, 13, 14, 15, 22, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37], "simpl": [1, 9, 14, 17, 31, 38], "static": 1, "exet": 1, "rse": 1, "workshop": 1, "websit": [1, 22], "mkdoc": 1, "seem": [1, 5], "other": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 38], "more": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38], "materi": 1, "plugin": 1, "cookiecutt": 1, "provid": [1, 3, 4, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 22, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37], "featur": [1, 3, 5, 21, 24, 27], "bookdown": 1, "definit": [1, 5, 7], "guid": [1, 7, 29], "cookbook": 1, "blogdown": 1, "hugo": 1, "hugodown": 1, "distil": 1, "eg": [1, 5, 6, 22], "project": [1, 24, 34], "pipe": 1, "hot": 1, "tidi": 1, "model": [1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 21, 22, 27], "sleep": [1, 33], "reflect": [1, 5, 14, 17, 31, 32], "rmarkdown": [1, 34], "paid": 1, "www": [1, 24, 33, 34], "gitbook": 1, "com": [1, 24, 29, 30, 34], "price": [1, 17], "random": [1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 21, 33, 37, 38], "down": [1, 11, 16, 37, 38], "option": [1, 3, 9, 24, 25, 33, 34, 36], "explor": [1, 3, 4, 13, 21], "sandpap": 1, "pegboard": 1, "varnish": 1, "carpentri": 1, "lab": 1, "good": [1, 3, 4, 13, 33, 35, 37], "enough": [1, 5, 6, 9], "practic": [1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 22, 32], "index": [1, 9, 13, 24, 31, 33], "sweav": 1, "latex": 1, "rstudio": [1, 34, 36], "pandoc": 1, "sagemath": 1, "nbconvert": 1, "pelican": 1, "org": [1, 21, 24, 31, 33, 34, 36], "mode": [1, 29, 33, 34], "doconc": 1, "scribu": 1, "madoko": 1, "texinfo": 1, "get": [1, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37], "doc": [1, 24, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37], "start": [1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 14, 17, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37], "download": 1, "linux": [1, 34], "deb": 1, "ran": 1, "sudo": [1, 30], "dpkg": 1, "packagenam": [1, 36], "environ": [1, 5, 31, 33, 36], "necessari": [1, 3, 10, 37], "requir": [1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "mai": [1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 19, 22, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "step": [1, 9, 11, 15, 21, 22, 30, 36, 37, 38], "what": [1, 3, 4, 9, 14, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 38], "decid": [1, 4, 5, 37], "me": [1, 3, 32], "ipykernel": 1, "pyyaml": 1, "nbformat": 1, "nbclient": 1, "v": [1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 17], "extens": [1, 12, 17, 24, 30, 31], "perhap": [1, 15], "open": [1, 5, 10, 17, 24, 30, 31, 34, 36], "close": [1, 5, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18, 24, 32, 33, 34, 37], "within": [1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37], "ctrl": [1, 31], "shift": [1, 17, 31, 33, 37], "select": [1, 3, 7, 9, 12, 17, 18, 24, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38], "interpret": [1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 13, 14, 17, 22, 31], "choos": [1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 15, 19, 22, 33, 37], "render": [1, 36], "full": [1, 3, 31, 33], "k": [1, 5, 15, 33, 37], "hello": 1, "alt": [1, 2], "docx": 1, "individu": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 33], "cell": 1, "button": [1, 24, 29], "ll": [1, 5, 10, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36], "see": [1, 3, 4, 5, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "pop": 1, "basic": [1, 4, 21, 31, 36], "manuscript": 1, "A": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 17, 22, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38], "actual": [1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 17, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33], "special": [1, 3, 5, 19], "type": [1, 4, 5, 7, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 24, 33, 34, 37], "most": [1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 34], "differ": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 24, 27, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38], "chapter": 1, "number": [1, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 31, 34, 37, 38], "refer": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 22, 24, 30, 32, 33], "between": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 31, 32, 33, 37], "For": [1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37], "ar": [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "seper": [1, 11, 13, 18, 22, 32], "page": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 21, 22, 24, 33], "filenam": [1, 24, 31, 35, 36], "ha": [1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 32, 33, 37], "preview": [1, 36], "vscode": [1, 24, 30, 31], "extern": [1, 5, 24, 36], "check": [1, 13, 16, 17, 21, 24, 30, 31, 33, 37, 38], "successfulli": [1, 30, 38], "whole": [1, 7, 11, 22, 31, 36], "current": [1, 9, 13, 22, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36], "click": [1, 24, 28, 29, 36], "them": [1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 31, 33, 36, 37], "except": [1, 22, 33], "packag": [1, 3, 22, 30, 33, 34, 35], "sampl": [1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 31, 37, 38], "store": [1, 17, 28, 30, 33, 36, 37], "locat": [1, 5, 19, 30], "book_nam": 1, "If": [1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37], "new": [1, 3, 5, 10, 24, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36], "tabl": [1, 5, 9, 11, 22, 33], "doesn": [1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 13, 17, 24, 33, 36, 38], "upon": 1, "try": [1, 5, 7, 17, 21, 24, 31, 33, 37], "path": [1, 2, 4, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, 22, 30, 31, 33, 37], "gener": [1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 28, 36, 37], "conf": 1, "py": [1, 30, 31], "your": [1, 3, 4, 8, 21, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37], "_config": 1, "yml": [1, 30], "_toc": 1, "b": [1, 3, 5, 11, 24, 31, 37], "rtd": 1, "theme": 1, "parser": 1, "autoapi": 1, "call": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, 18, 24, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37], "enter": [1, 9, 24, 30, 33, 37], "g": [1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "mkdir": 1, "ani": [1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 31, 33, 34, 37], "includ": [1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38], "how": [1, 2, 21, 22, 27, 30, 32, 37, 38], "descript": [1, 3, 9, 16, 22, 24, 28, 34, 36, 37], "guide1": 1, "guide2": 1, "quickstart": 1, "modifi": [1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 14, 24, 28, 33, 34, 36], "home": [1, 17, 30], "name": [1, 4, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 24, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36], "under": [1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 16, 22, 28, 30, 36, 38], "activ": [1, 3, 30, 31, 33, 36, 37], "develop": [1, 5, 15, 17, 22, 30, 32, 34], "toctre": 1, "sidebar": [1, 24], "produc": [1, 10, 17, 24, 29, 32, 37], "configur": [1, 30], "myst_pars": 1, "restructuredtext": 1, "auto": [1, 33], "modul": 1, "function": [1, 4, 13, 16, 17, 27, 31, 32], "api": [1, 17], "autoapi_dir": 1, "kailo_beewell_dashboard": 1, "source_suffix": 1, "templates_path": 1, "_templat": 1, "master_doc": 1, "exclude_pattern": 1, "thumb": [1, 13], "db": 1, "ds_store": 1, "english": 1, "html_theme": 1, "sphinx_rtd_them": 1, "html_static_path": 1, "_static": 1, "folder": [1, 30, 31, 34, 36], "clean": [1, 31], "clear": [1, 5, 9, 22, 28, 33], "els": [1, 5, 6, 17, 25, 31, 33, 37], "might": [1, 4, 5, 6, 18, 32, 33, 37], "everyth": [1, 33], "fulli": [1, 6, 10], "imag": [2, 8, 10, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 30, 37], "alongsid": 2, "img": 2, "align": [2, 9, 10], "left": [2, 3, 10, 18, 33, 37], "src": 2, "alt_nam": 2, "width": [2, 33], "900": 2, "admonit": 2, "explain": [2, 5, 10, 32, 33], "custom": [2, 3, 17, 33, 37, 38], "blue": 2, "class": [2, 16, 17, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38], "orang": 2, "red": [2, 33], "green": 2, "seealso": 2, "aim": [3, 4, 9, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22], "an": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38], "outcom": [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 38], "best": [3, 18, 24, 31, 33], "accuraci": [3, 37], "shap": [3, 21], "about": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 17, 18, 24, 28, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "understand": [3, 4, 5, 10, 17, 18, 32, 38], "why": [3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 18, 33], "certain": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 22, 33, 37], "direct": [3, 4, 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 36, 38], "relationship": [3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 22, 27], "valu": [3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 37], "true": [3, 4, 5, 7, 13, 16, 17, 19, 22, 31, 32, 33, 34], "matter": [3, 4, 5, 31, 37], "goal": [3, 5], "uncov": [3, 4], "effect": [3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24], "It": [3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 32, 33, 36, 37], "involv": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 33, 37], "find": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 31, 33, 34, 37], "unbias": [3, 4, 5, 17, 33], "estim": [3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 31, 33, 37, 38], "x": [3, 4, 6, 15, 17, 18, 31, 33, 35], "y": [3, 4, 5, 6, 15, 17, 18, 30, 33], "control": [3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 33, 38], "confound": [3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20], "factor": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 17, 37], "could": [3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 15, 17, 18, 22, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37], "bia": [3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 27], "In": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 27, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38], "counterfactu": [3, 5, 6, 15, 16, 20, 22, 27], "scenario": [3, 5, 6, 13], "typic": [3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 38], "draw": [3, 4, 11, 22, 32], "diagram": [3, 4, 5, 16, 37], "scientif": [3, 4], "categoris": 3, "summaris": [3, 13], "characterist": [3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 22], "group": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22], "person": [3, 5, 6, 9, 14, 33, 36], "hamak": 3, "et": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22], "al": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22], "2020": [3, 9, 15, 16, 20], "howev": [3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 32, 33, 37], "focuss": [3, 4, 13, 22, 33, 38], "explanatori": [3, 17], "ramspek": [3, 10], "2021": [3, 6, 10, 17, 21, 22], "predictor": [3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 17], "concern": [3, 9, 17, 32], "variabl": [3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 32, 37, 38], "direction": 3, "we": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38], "associ": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 22, 27], "aren": [3, 17], "intervent": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 22, 27, 38], "team": [3, 38], "have": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38], "xgboost": 3, "renew": 3, "subscript": 3, "thei": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 28, 32, 33, 37, 38], "made": [3, 9, 14, 18, 22, 28, 32, 33, 37], "its": [3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 30, 31, 33], "notic": [3, 5, 18], "supris": 3, "who": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 31, 33, 37, 38], "report": [3, 11, 12, 31, 33], "bug": [3, 24], "like": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38], "problem": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 18, 32, 35, 36, 37], "depend": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 14, 19, 22, 24, 30, 34, 36, 37, 38], "retent": 3, "futur": [3, 18, 37], "revenu": 3, "help": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 17, 22, 24, 29, 32, 36], "long": [3, 18, 19, 21, 24, 33, 37], "our": [3, 4, 5, 9, 15, 17, 21, 22, 31, 32, 33, 37], "inform": [3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 22, 24, 30, 37, 38], "action": [3, 36], "retain": [3, 7, 13], "case": [3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 32, 33, 35, 38], "order": [3, 11, 13, 18, 27, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "method": [3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 20, 32], "appropri": [3, 5, 7, 9, 37], "techniqu": [3, 4, 15, 22, 32, 38], "account": [3, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 21, 22, 24, 27, 33], "did": [3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 21, 22], "occur": [3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 24, 33], "simplifi": [3, 38], "version": [3, 6, 16, 30, 34], "below": [3, 4, 5, 7, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 31, 32, 33], "some": [3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 33, 36, 38], "influenc": [3, 5, 6, 13, 17, 19, 32], "unmeasur": [3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22], "WIth": 3, "peopl": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 17, 27, 31, 33, 37], "product": [3, 24], "so": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37], "encount": [3, 13], "becaus": [3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 24, 32, 36, 37], "directli": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 16, 17, 31, 32, 33, 36], "measur": [3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 33, 37], "correl": [3, 4, 13, 17, 21, 24, 32, 37], "end": [3, 5, 9, 13, 16, 22, 24, 30, 31, 33, 34], "captur": [3, 5, 9], "small": [3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 17, 29], "neg": [3, 17, 31, 33], "larg": [3, 11, 13, 18, 37], "being": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 33, 38], "abl": [3, 13, 17, 27, 32, 38], "The": [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "ai": [3, 4, 24, 27], "ml": [3, 9, 17, 27], "transpar": [3, 4, 22, 28, 29], "insight": [3, 15, 17], "sensit": [3, 5, 13, 14, 17, 37], "prosperi": 3, "contribut": [3, 17], "covari": [3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22], "often": [3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 37, 38], "mistakenli": 3, "focus": [3, 4, 5], "optimis": 3, "distribut": [3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 32, 37, 38], "hypothet": [3, 7, 16], "lin": 3, "cannot": [3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 17, 18, 22, 28, 32, 34], "sinc": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 22, 32], "bias": [3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 19, 22, 33], "stratif": [3, 5, 8, 13, 14, 15, 22], "mediat": [3, 4, 10, 13, 15, 16, 22], "pathwai": [3, 5, 10, 18, 22, 33], "wish": [3, 22], "claim": [3, 17], "casual": 3, "specif": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 22, 24, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37], "while": [3, 6, 9, 11, 15, 22, 33, 38], "mani": [3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 37, 38], "pure": [3, 5, 17], "forecast": 3, "task": 3, "rain": 3, "care": [3, 5, 9, 22, 30, 37], "caus": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 17, 18, 20, 22], "perform": [3, 9, 11, 12, 17, 24, 31, 33], "danc": 3, "presum": 3, "dy": 3, "crop": 3, "two": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37], "plan": [3, 28], "assign": [3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, 35], "fire": 3, "inspector": 3, "across": [3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 17, 21, 32, 37], "citi": 3, "should": [3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 24, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37], "establish": [3, 19], "violat": [3, 6, 10, 13], "behaviour": [3, 24, 32, 37, 38], "receiv": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22], "inspect": 3, "beck": 3, "2018": [3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 22], "argu": [3, 5, 17, 27], "remain": [3, 5, 9, 10, 13, 17, 20, 22, 33, 37], "relev": [3, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 22, 32], "even": [3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 33], "explan": [3, 5, 9, 21, 30], "invok": 3, "mechan": [3, 5, 16, 22], "alwai": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 36], "happen": [3, 5, 6, 14, 19, 33, 37, 38], "necessarili": [3, 5, 9, 11, 14, 18], "thu": [3, 6, 9, 13, 32], "both": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 32, 33], "fair": 3, "arguabl": 3, "hold": [3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 22, 33], "therefor": [3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 22, 31], "mae": 3, "rmse": 3, "auc": 3, "recal": [3, 5], "f1": 3, "As": [3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 32, 33, 36, 37], "simul": [3, 13, 23, 32, 33, 36], "studi": [3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 37], "plot": [3, 17, 33, 36, 37], "known": [3, 4, 5, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 32, 33, 37, 38], "cluster": [3, 17], "redund": 3, "structur": [3, 5, 6, 9, 13, 21, 22], "dendrogram": 3, "merg": [3, 24], "togeth": [3, 5, 28], "mean": [3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 28, 31, 32, 33, 37], "those": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 31, 32, 33, 34], "veri": [3, 7, 10, 13, 14, 20, 33, 38], "either": [3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 18, 20, 33, 37], "right": [3, 5, 10, 18, 24, 29, 33, 38], "independ": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 32, 33], "unobserv": [3, 4, 6, 12, 13, 17, 18], "henc": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 22, 32, 33, 36, 37], "subject": [3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 15, 18], "economi": 3, "dendogram": 3, "No": [3, 5, 6, 9, 13, 16, 17, 33], "digram": 3, "ad": [3, 17, 22, 24, 31, 37], "spend": [3, 33, 38], "last": [3, 7, 16, 17, 37], "upgrad": [3, 24, 30], "monthli": 3, "usag": [3, 36], "drive": [3, 5], "identifi": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 27, 33, 37, 38], "one": [3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 22, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38], "singl": [3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 22, 29, 32, 33, 37], "driver": 3, "through": [3, 4, 5, 9, 14, 17, 18, 33, 36, 37], "impos": 3, "regular": [3, 37], "fanci": 3, "wai": [3, 5, 9, 17, 22, 24, 32, 33, 37], "sai": [3, 5, 7, 15, 17], "tri": [3, 36], "simplest": [3, 11, 20], "still": [3, 5, 6, 11, 15, 18, 22, 30, 33], "equal": [3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22, 31], "rather": [3, 4, 5, 9, 15, 16, 21, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34], "than": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 24, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34], "three": [3, 9, 17, 22, 33, 38], "tend": [3, 10, 13, 19], "avoid": [3, 7, 9, 15, 17, 21], "overfit": 3, "deal": [3, 11, 22, 36, 37], "doubl": [3, 4, 9, 13, 16, 21], "debias": 3, "machin": [3, 21, 34], "learn": [3, 17, 21, 34, 37], "train": 3, "residu": [3, 5, 9, 11, 17, 22], "variat": [3, 6, 9, 14, 16, 17, 22, 32, 37], "after": [3, 5, 6, 13, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 33, 36, 37], "subtract": [3, 5], "intuit": 3, "part": [3, 5, 9, 32, 37], "There": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 30, 33, 37], "econml": 3, "lineardml": 3, "non": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 22, 33, 34, 37], "driven": 3, "anoth": [3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 15, 17, 18, 32, 33, 37], "sale": 3, "impact": [3, 5, 7, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 32], "indirect": [3, 5], "interact": [3, 5, 10, 13, 14, 15, 36], "scatter": [3, 17], "show": [3, 5, 11, 17, 24, 31, 32, 33], "underestim": [3, 13], "got": [3, 5], "put": [3, 10], "onto": 3, "fix": [3, 5, 17, 24, 33, 37], "remov": [3, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 22, 30, 33, 36, 37], "fail": [3, 11, 22, 27, 30, 36], "downstream": [3, 5, 20], "doe": [3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, 31, 33, 37, 38], "pass": [3, 5, 31, 33], "robust": [3, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 22, 37], "upstream": [3, 20, 24], "though": [3, 5, 10, 33, 36], "reduc": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 32, 33, 37], "power": [3, 5, 19], "detect": [3, 5, 9], "unfortun": 3, "graph": [3, 17, 18, 22, 31], "hard": [3, 7, 24, 25, 38], "wherea": [3, 10, 15, 37], "consequ": [3, 5, 9], "drop": [3, 31, 34, 37], "shouldn": [3, 5], "hide": 3, "split": [3, 5, 21, 33], "exist": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 31, 36], "safer": 3, "uncertain": [3, 38], "discount": 3, "suffer": [3, 9, 14], "rel": [3, 11, 12, 17, 20], "base": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "princip": [3, 11, 22], "instrument": [3, 19, 22], "regress": [3, 4, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22], "discontinu": [3, 9, 22], "sometim": [3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 17, 31, 33], "exploit": [3, 22], "partial": 3, "experi": [3, 4, 20, 22, 32, 37], "imposs": [3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15], "randomli": [3, 6, 9, 12, 13, 37], "treatment": [3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 21, 38], "nudg": 3, "toward": [3, 5, 8, 17, 19], "send": [3, 33], "email": 3, "encourag": 3, "approach": [3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 22], "introduct": [3, 5, 19, 21, 22], "stagger": 3, "final": [3, 14, 16], "pattern": [3, 17, 36, 37], "exhibit": 3, "sharp": 3, "cut": [3, 18, 33], "qualif": [3, 18], "trait": 3, "over": [3, 4, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 33, 37, 38], "5": [3, 7, 9, 17, 18, 32, 33, 34], "000": [3, 20], "per": [3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 18, 19, 20, 32, 33, 37], "month": [3, 33], "unrel": [3, 17, 22], "highli": [3, 32], "result": [3, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 22, 24, 28, 32, 37], "natur": [3, 4, 5, 9, 18, 37], "read": [3, 28, 31, 36], "unclear": 3, "carefulli": [3, 4, 9, 19, 37], "examin": [3, 5], "tempor": [3, 9], "commonli": [3, 9, 12, 14, 19, 37], "conflat": 3, "review": [3, 9, 17, 22, 37], "26": [3, 22], "46": 3, "180": [3, 9], "cohort": [3, 9, 17], "etiologi": 3, "wa": [3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37], "mainli": [3, 4, 33], "due": [3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 28, 32, 34, 37], "abil": [3, 5, 17, 18, 21, 22], "without": [3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 22, 24, 32, 33, 37], "judea": [3, 4], "pearl": [3, 4, 27], "propos": [3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22], "level": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 33, 37], "think": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 17, 18, 37, 38], "increas": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 20], "difficulti": [3, 9], "my": [3, 36], "belief": 3, "symptom": 3, "tell": [3, 5, 17, 24, 30, 33, 36, 37], "diseas": [3, 5, 9, 17, 22, 38], "survei": [3, 28], "u": [3, 4, 5, 9, 17, 24, 34], "elect": 3, "aspirin": [3, 5], "headachb": 3, "cure": 3, "ban": 3, "cigarett": 3, "imagin": [3, 9], "retrospect": 3, "had": [3, 4, 5, 9, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22, 27, 33, 36], "act": [3, 22], "stop": [3, 9, 33, 37], "headach": 3, "kennedi": 3, "aliv": 3, "oswald": 3, "shot": 3, "him": 3, "been": [3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 32, 37, 38], "smoke": [3, 5], "past": [3, 16, 22, 34, 37], "year": [3, 9, 17, 18, 20], "hierarchi": 3, "With": [3, 5, 11, 12, 18, 22], "ask": [3, 9, 34, 37], "averag": [3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 21], "These": [3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 28, 33, 38], "queri": [3, 17], "mathemat": [3, 4, 5, 13, 38], "distinct": 3, "c": [3, 4, 5, 13, 17, 18, 35, 36], "peirc": 3, "late": [3, 17, 18, 19], "1800": 3, "deduct": 3, "follow": [3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35], "logic": [3, 4, 9, 17, 33], "zhao": [3, 4], "2022": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22], "dentist": 3, "appoint": [3, 5], "10": [3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 18, 21, 22, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37], "30": [3, 9, 17, 22, 33], "deduc": 3, "leav": [3, 24, 37], "9": [3, 9, 13, 18, 32, 33], "induct": 3, "lung": [3, 5], "cancer": 3, "four": [3, 4, 8, 13, 37], "six": [3, 31], "cowork": 3, "same": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37], "sandwich": [3, 13], "induc": [3, 5, 13], "abduct": 3, "implicit": 3, "explicit": [3, 4, 34], "appeal": [3, 18], "consider": [3, 19, 22], "investig": [3, 4, 9, 11, 24], "crime": 3, "scene": 3, "exposur": [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22], "framework": [4, 9, 17, 22], "state": [4, 5, 17, 18, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38], "thought": [4, 17, 22], "contrast": [4, 5, 9, 24], "notat": [4, 5], "acycl": [4, 22], "dag": [4, 11, 12], "expert": [4, 5, 27], "knowledg": [4, 5, 10, 21, 27], "depict": 4, "node": 4, "arrow": 4, "illustr": [4, 5, 9, 17, 18, 32, 33], "indic": [4, 9, 22, 37], "expect": [4, 5, 10, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 37], "hypothesis": 4, "among": [4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 17, 18], "criteria": [4, 5, 7, 9, 24], "met": [4, 9, 13, 37], "visualis": [4, 33, 37], "translat": 4, "statement": [4, 22, 33], "assess": [4, 9, 11, 13, 14, 37, 38], "fit": [4, 5, 8, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 33, 36, 37], "improv": [4, 9, 13, 16, 24, 27], "modif": [4, 5, 11, 22, 33], "research": [4, 5, 9, 17, 21], "leder": [4, 5, 7, 22], "come": [4, 10, 13, 15, 32, 37], "talk": 4, "defin": [4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 31, 33, 37], "pioneer": 4, "strength": 4, "limit": [4, 5, 22, 32, 33, 37, 38], "1923": 4, "neyman": 4, "1973": 4, "lewi": 4, "philosophi": 4, "1974": 4, "rubin": [4, 8, 11], "1986": [4, 15, 16], "robin": [4, 5, 11, 12, 15, 16, 22], "epidemiologi": [4, 22], "articul": 4, "assumpt": [4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 37, 38], "conveni": [4, 32, 33], "complex": [4, 9, 17, 22, 37, 38], "1921": 4, "wright": 4, "genet": [4, 5, 17], "1988": 4, "comput": [4, 11, 12, 22, 37, 38], "1993": 4, "spirt": 4, "glymour": 4, "schein": 4, "difficult": [4, 5, 7, 9], "parametr": [4, 15, 22], "form": [4, 9, 13, 20, 31, 33], "underli": [4, 5, 6, 13, 19], "popul": [4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 36, 38], "challeng": [4, 7], "predefin": [4, 33], "1943": 4, "haavelmo": 4, "econometr": [4, 17], "1975": [4, 5], "duncan": 4, "social": [4, 5], "2000": 4, "simultan": [4, 15, 17, 31], "espeic": 4, "abstract": 4, "concept": [4, 5, 37], "bridg": [4, 38], "counterfactur": 4, "operationalis": 4, "danger": 4, "confus": [4, 17], "equival": [4, 6, 13, 15, 16], "igelstr\u00f6m": [4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22], "idea": [4, 9, 17], "describ": [4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22], "know": [4, 17, 18, 22, 33, 37], "ingest": 4, "poison": 4, "kill": [4, 33], "john": [4, 29], "he": [4, 18, 20, 22, 33], "live": [4, 9, 31, 37], "never": [4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 18, 30, 37], "expos": [4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 20, 22, 30], "unexpos": [4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20], "circumst": [4, 6, 22], "look": [4, 5, 10, 17, 18, 22, 32, 33, 37], "treat": [4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 38], "ben": 4, "implicitli": 4, "word": [4, 5, 6, 15, 16, 22, 24, 33], "exchang": [4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 22], "obtain": [4, 5, 9, 13, 33], "achiev": [4, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 22, 33, 38], "spiegelman": 4, "2017": [4, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 34], "taken": [4, 17, 22], "sever": [4, 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 22, 37, 38], "manipul": [4, 18], "although": [4, 5, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 30, 31, 33, 37], "ag": [4, 6, 9, 11, 17], "race": [4, 5], "gender": [4, 5, 17], "cleanli": 4, "factual": 4, "given": [4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 33, 37], "binari": [4, 7, 12, 13, 34, 37], "give": [4, 5, 7, 15, 17, 24, 28, 33], "rise": 4, "doom": 4, "experienc": [4, 12, 18], "regardless": [4, 5, 7, 9, 18], "otherwis": [4, 5, 9, 18, 21, 22, 30, 33, 34], "prevent": [4, 5, 9, 28, 33], "immun": 4, "statu": [4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 22, 24], "term": [4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 38], "0": [4, 5, 9, 13, 15, 17, 18, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34], "continu": [4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 31, 33], "condit": [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 33, 38], "constant": [4, 22, 33], "compos": [4, 6], "unidirect": 4, "repres": [4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 20, 33, 37, 38], "prior": [4, 5, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 31, 33], "itself": [4, 5, 16, 17], "back": [4, 5, 7, 10, 17, 18, 22, 24, 34], "harvardx": [4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 22], "ph559x": [4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 22], "exact": [4, 15, 32], "accur": [4, 37], "represent": 4, "world": [4, 5, 6, 18, 29, 37, 38], "sure": [4, 24, 32], "precis": [4, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 18, 31, 33], "effici": [4, 9, 33, 37], "write": [4, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36], "analyt": [4, 16, 38], "feel": 4, "discomfort": 4, "basi": [4, 17, 22], "advantag": [4, 9, 13, 22, 36], "determin": [4, 5, 9, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 32, 37], "whether": [4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 16, 17, 19, 22, 33, 37], "interest": [4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 20, 22], "avail": [4, 5, 7, 12, 20, 30, 33, 38], "clarifi": [4, 38], "question": [4, 5, 20, 22, 34, 37], "subsequ": [4, 9, 13, 33, 37], "first": [4, 5, 9, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 29, 33, 36, 37], "specifi": [4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 30, 33, 36], "expertis": 4, "graphic": [4, 14], "By": [4, 9, 22, 33, 34], "rewritten": 4, "manifest": [4, 31], "latent": 4, "exogen": [4, 17, 20], "themselv": [4, 5], "affect": [4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 22, 24, 33, 37], "endogen": [4, 17], "bidrect": 4, "isol": [4, 5], "condition": [4, 15], "oval": 4, "rectangl": 4, "head": [4, 17, 24, 33], "madhanagop": 4, "amrhein": 4, "2019": [4, 5, 22], "scm": 4, "aid": 4, "confirm": 4, "phenomenon": [4, 5, 17], "meet": [4, 7, 9, 10, 17, 18, 37, 38], "realiti": 4, "gropu": 4, "subset": [4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13], "must": [4, 5, 17, 24, 37], "parent": [4, 5, 32, 35], "ancestor": [4, 5], "soccer": 4, "heatstrok": 4, "conditoin": 4, "via": [4, 5, 17, 32, 33, 34], "dehydr": 4, "heat": 4, "stroke": [4, 5, 7, 9, 18], "door": [4, 5, 10, 18], "matrix": [4, 21, 33], "fundament": 4, "unit": [4, 13, 15, 16, 18, 33, 36], "paramet": [4, 13, 14, 16, 17, 22, 24, 32, 33, 37], "too": [4, 6, 7, 13, 24, 37, 38], "uniqu": [4, 5, 17, 21, 31, 33], "element": [4, 9], "greater": [4, 22, 33], "degre": [4, 5, 15], "freedom": 4, "hypothesi": [4, 5, 18, 28], "test": [4, 5, 6, 9, 17, 21, 24, 30, 37], "total": [4, 5, 9, 10, 15, 24, 37], "lower": [4, 9, 13, 17, 33, 37], "coeffici": [4, 16, 17], "zero": [4, 9, 16, 33], "allow": [4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 30, 32, 33, 37], "correspond": [4, 9], "constrain": [4, 11], "common": [5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 17, 22, 29, 30, 32], "lie": 5, "inclus": [5, 7, 9, 10, 22], "size": [5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 32, 33, 37], "whose": [5, 10, 17], "block": [5, 10, 22, 24], "earlier": [5, 9, 16, 17, 34, 36], "later": [5, 16, 17, 18, 31, 33], "fallaci": [5, 22], "particular": [5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 24], "primari": 5, "iv": [5, 17, 18, 19, 22], "letter": [5, 24], "highlight": [5, 22], "colour": 5, "box": [5, 11, 37], "grandpar": 5, "descend": [5, 10], "child": [5, 17, 32], "grandchild": 5, "backdoor": [5, 10, 12, 18], "possibli": [5, 9, 37], "restrict": [5, 6, 9, 11, 17], "match": [5, 8, 10, 13, 21, 22, 24, 31, 33, 36], "someth": [5, 11, 17, 24, 28, 33], "around": [5, 6, 10, 15, 17, 18, 22, 33, 35], "suggest": [5, 7, 15, 17, 36, 37], "mislead": 5, "terminologi": [5, 7], "analog": 5, "stratifi": [5, 11, 13], "yellow": 5, "finger": 5, "margin": [5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21], "uncondit": [5, 12, 13], "qualit": 5, "hern\u00e1n": [5, 11, 12, 15, 22], "2024": [5, 11, 12, 15, 22], "emm": 5, "usual": [5, 6, 14, 19, 21, 27, 33, 34, 38], "judg": 5, "disagr": 5, "weinberg": 5, "2007": [5, 9], "presenc": [5, 12, 13, 17], "extent": 5, "choic": [5, 7, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22], "multipl": [5, 6, 11, 15, 17, 32, 37, 38], "scale": [5, 12, 17, 32, 33], "link": [5, 17, 24, 28, 31, 36], "least": [5, 11, 18, 21, 22, 37], "denot": 5, "joint": 5, "sum": [5, 31, 33], "meaning": [5, 6], "interchang": 5, "asbesto": 5, "smoker": 5, "preval": [5, 9], "harm": 5, "women": [5, 17], "benefici": 5, "null": [5, 18, 21, 36], "major": [5, 9, 22, 24], "thing": [5, 7, 17, 18, 22, 32, 33], "period": [5, 9, 21, 33, 37, 38], "mix": [5, 17], "extrapol": [5, 15, 33], "transport": [5, 7], "unverifi": 5, "reliv": 5, "heavili": [5, 24], "benefit": [5, 10, 22, 32], "biolog": 5, "lead": [5, 9, 37], "place": [5, 30, 33, 37], "impli": [5, 18], "racial": 5, "dispar": 5, "socioeconom": 5, "educ": [5, 17], "quantifi": [5, 11], "much": [5, 9, 10, 17, 18, 34, 38], "assum": [5, 9, 10, 12, 17, 19, 20, 22, 37], "longer": [5, 7, 9, 14, 18, 19, 24, 32, 33], "address": [5, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22], "altern": [5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 37], "estimand": [5, 9, 13], "theoret": [5, 6, 17, 33, 38], "verifi": [5, 14, 17], "lack": [5, 13], "applic": [5, 16, 17, 18], "polici": [5, 17, 22, 32, 37], "quantiti": 5, "interven": [5, 16], "schisterman": [5, 10], "2009": [5, 10, 18], "intermedi": [5, 15, 22], "proxi": [5, 6], "point": [5, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22, 33, 37, 38], "therebi": 5, "introduc": [5, 7, 9, 10, 15, 19, 22, 32], "environment": 5, "invers": [5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 22, 33], "wasn": 5, "surgeri": [5, 9, 37], "neither": [5, 18], "nor": [5, 14], "m": [5, 16, 22, 24, 36], "focu": [5, 6, 11, 18, 21, 32], "beta": [5, 24, 33], "blocker": [5, 9], "risk": [5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 22, 37, 38], "ard": 5, "tempt": [5, 9], "crackl": 5, "heart": [5, 9], "failur": [5, 9, 13, 16, 37], "chronic": 5, "\u03b2": [5, 9], "therapi": [5, 8, 9], "pneumonia": 5, "ignor": [5, 7, 9, 14, 15, 24, 33, 37], "berkson": 5, "hospitalis": 5, "loss": [5, 7, 10, 17], "lost": [5, 13, 34], "c1": [5, 10], "c0": 5, "essenti": [5, 15, 17, 30, 36], "exclus": [5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17], "men": 5, "enrol": [5, 9, 18], "mismeasur": 5, "believ": [5, 15], "differenti": [5, 17], "disappear": 5, "themselvs": 5, "multivitamin": 5, "childhood": 5, "protect": [5, 7], "against": [5, 7, 13, 15, 33, 37], "bladder": 5, "life": [5, 37], "diagnosi": [5, 7, 9, 22], "memori": [5, 24, 33], "vitamin": 5, "uptak": 5, "spent": [5, 33], "ill": 5, "fact": [5, 9, 17], "revers": 5, "said": [5, 32], "roger": 5, "rct": [5, 6, 7, 9, 17, 22], "randomis": [5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 20, 22], "coronari": 5, "chd": [5, 13], "AND": 5, "compar": [5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 37], "ediat": 5, "drawn": 5, "insuffici": 5, "determinist": [5, 6, 18, 32], "everi": [5, 6, 9, 16, 33, 36, 37], "NOT": 5, "forward": [5, 7, 33], "backward": 5, "stepwis": 5, "similarli": [5, 13], "reli": [5, 6, 17, 21], "relat": [5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 28, 32], "construct": [5, 33], "akaik": 5, "criterion": [5, 10, 18], "bayesian": [5, 21], "evid": [5, 6, 7], "arbitrari": [5, 18, 22], "magnitud": [5, 11, 15], "purpos": [5, 22, 28, 31, 37], "autom": 5, "author": [5, 16, 29, 36], "hypothes": 5, "separ": [5, 11, 14, 18, 37], "predict": [5, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 37, 38], "identif": [5, 30], "l": [5, 11, 12, 15, 33], "everytim": 5, "consid": [5, 7, 11, 13, 16, 17, 22, 32, 37], "excel": 5, "analys": [5, 9, 14, 16, 22], "rout": [5, 38], "absenc": [5, 7, 11, 12, 20], "william": 5, "target": [5, 7, 13, 17, 21, 22, 27, 33, 37], "transmit": 5, "beyond": [5, 17], "chanc": [5, 6, 13], "whilst": [5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 33, 38], "becom": [5, 9, 10, 22, 38], "sharper": 5, "4": [5, 13, 17, 18, 22, 32, 33, 37], "opposit": [5, 20], "exactli": [5, 12, 21, 31], "half": [5, 7, 33], "poppul": 5, "correct": [5, 9, 13, 16, 22, 31, 33], "cancel": [5, 12], "perfect": [5, 6], "rare": [5, 10, 11, 13], "medicin": 5, "timepoint": 5, "dose": [5, 6], "oppos": [5, 14, 17], "took": [5, 33], "arbritari": 5, "week": [5, 24], "epo": 5, "anemia": 5, "haemoglobin": 5, "ve": [5, 6, 22, 37], "incomplet": [5, 22], "confoudn": 5, "previous": [5, 16, 33], "unabl": 5, "yield": [5, 13, 17, 33], "handl": [5, 22, 37], "serv": [5, 20, 37], "situat": [5, 9, 14, 22, 38], "aris": 5, "strongli": [5, 13], "hartig": 5, "discuss": [5, 10], "field": [5, 27, 29], "ecologi": 5, "reasonablli": 5, "varaibl": [5, 10], "inadvertenli": [5, 10], "l0": 5, "l1": 5, "wouldn": [5, 9, 31], "demonstr": [5, 17, 22, 32], "util": 5, "1970": 5, "began": 5, "oestrogren": 5, "menopaus": 5, "6": [5, 17, 31, 33], "higher": [5, 13, 17, 18, 29, 33], "endometr": 5, "uterin": 5, "bleed": 5, "exam": 5, "dure": [5, 9, 20, 33], "silent": 5, "asymptomat": 5, "diagnos": [5, 9], "ascertain": 5, "yale": 5, "likelihood": [5, 16, 17, 37], "boston": 5, "bleeder": 5, "screen": [5, 9], "frequent": [5, 34], "trial": [5, 7, 11, 14, 16, 22, 33, 37], "antiretrovir": 5, "moral": 5, "clinic": [5, 9, 11, 14, 19, 22, 33, 37, 38], "real": [5, 6, 9, 21, 31, 37, 38], "surviv": [5, 7, 9, 16], "wrong": [5, 7], "lot": [5, 10, 18, 21, 22, 33, 36, 38], "cd4": 5, "count": [5, 9, 33], "yet": [5, 9, 21, 32, 36], "elimin": [5, 15, 18, 21, 22], "incorrect": [5, 9], "closer": 5, "causal": [6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23], "interfer": [6, 16], "vaccin": 6, "consist": [6, 9, 13, 16, 17, 20, 37], "hidden": 6, "undefin": 6, "prescrib": 6, "contraind": [6, 9], "Such": 6, "justifi": 6, "theori": 6, "process": [6, 10, 16, 17, 32, 36, 37, 38], "potenti": [6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 18, 21, 22, 33], "whatev": 6, "seen": [6, 33], "whichev": [6, 33], "present": [6, 10, 17, 24, 33], "strive": 6, "anyon": 6, "spillov": 6, "satisfi": [6, 10, 17, 18], "redefin": 6, "acknowledg": 6, "unknown": [6, 9, 16, 17, 20], "kimmel": 6, "coursera": 6, "region": 6, "miss": [6, 7, 9, 18, 24, 27, 31], "latter": 6, "infer": [6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 37, 38], "literatur": [6, 11, 15, 17, 22], "pre": [6, 10, 15, 17, 21, 28, 36, 37], "older": [6, 17, 34], "hip": 6, "fractur": 6, "BUT": [6, 30], "ratio": [7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17], "emul": [7, 22], "ATE": [7, 13, 14, 15, 17], "att": [7, 15, 20], "untreat": [7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 22], "atu": [7, 15], "atut": 7, "itt": 7, "complier": [7, 17], "cace": 7, "local": [7, 17, 18, 24, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36], "vari": [7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 20, 22, 33, 37], "promot": 7, "substanti": 7, "generalis": [7, 22], "overal": [7, 9, 11, 28, 37], "strata": [7, 11, 12], "event": [7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 38], "collaps": [7, 11, 22], "greifer": 7, "2023": [7, 9, 15, 22, 34], "linear": [7, 17], "odd": [7, 11, 30], "adjust": [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22], "less": [7, 10, 13, 17, 18, 19, 21, 32, 33, 37], "vansteelandt": [7, 15, 22], "keid": [7, 15, 22], "2011": [7, 8, 12, 15, 22], "distinguish": [7, 27], "figur": [7, 11, 17, 18, 21, 33], "collapsiblil": 7, "systol": [7, 9], "blood": [7, 8, 9, 18, 22, 38], "pressur": [7, 8, 9, 22], "mmhg": 7, "rd": [7, 19, 36], "rr": [7, 11], "OR": [7, 11], "hazard": [7, 9, 13, 14], "hr": 7, "everyon": [7, 17], "NO": 7, "ONE": 7, "calcul": [7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 33, 38], "sub": [7, 31], "necessarilli": 7, "prefer": [7, 13, 31, 37], "strategi": [7, 9, 10, 17], "particip": [7, 11, 22], "alloc": [7, 9, 13, 16], "complet": [7, 9, 10, 21, 28, 29, 33, 38], "won": [7, 17, 24, 33, 35, 37], "patient": [7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 22, 32, 33, 37, 38], "respons": 7, "imput": 7, "strong": [7, 17], "carri": 7, "uncertainti": [7, 37, 38], "adher": [7, 9], "protocol": [7, 22], "young": 7, "intend": [7, 37], "deviat": [7, 9, 33, 37], "exclud": [7, 9, 12, 14], "adequ": [7, 11], "minimum": [7, 10, 18, 33], "amount": [7, 9, 24, 33, 37], "label": [7, 31, 33], "awar": 7, "compromis": [7, 9], "consort": 7, "isn": [7, 9, 34], "holder": 7, "arm": [7, 9], "compli": 7, "baselin": [8, 9, 12, 14, 20, 22], "rosenbaum": 8, "1983": 8, "balanc": [8, 13, 14, 17, 37], "similar": [8, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 33], "austin": [8, 12], "logist": [8, 9], "insulin": 8, "bmi": [8, 9], "lipid": 8, "profil": 8, "valojerdi": [8, 10, 11, 12], "shaw": 8, "talebi": 8, "enabl": [8, 9, 17, 32, 33], "incorpor": [8, 10, 13, 17, 21, 27, 37, 38], "larger": [8, 9, 10, 13, 19], "background": 8, "weight": [8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 21, 22], "iptw": [8, 9, 22], "sutva": 8, "outlin": 9, "imaginari": 9, "ideal": [9, 14, 36], "immort": 9, "initi": [9, 32, 36, 38], "systemat": [9, 22], "elig": [9, 13, 20], "ensur": [9, 12, 14, 32, 36, 37], "attempt": [9, 13, 20, 22, 37], "minimis": [9, 10, 16, 22], "ac": 9, "nu": 9, "mild": 9, "co": [9, 34], "init": [9, 24, 34, 36], "seri": [9, 16, 22, 33, 38], "artif": 9, "divid": [9, 33], "visit": 9, "sustain": [9, 38], "conduct": [9, 14, 22, 33], "answer": [9, 20, 32, 33, 37], "fu": 9, "standard": [9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 22, 29, 33, 37], "reason": [9, 17, 18, 24, 28], "qualiti": [9, 21, 29, 32], "practition": 9, "worri": 9, "self": [9, 12, 31, 32, 33], "inflict": 9, "itb": 9, "entri": 9, "misclassifi": 9, "agarw": 9, "egom": 9, "2014": 9, "surveil": 9, "appear": [9, 17, 24], "rollinson": 9, "sabel": 9, "mcstrother": 9, "own": [9, 33], "cc": 9, "BY": 9, "error": [9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 34, 35, 36, 37], "catalogu": 9, "collabor": [9, 24], "recent": [9, 34], "57": 9, "44": [9, 32], "deplet": 9, "suscept": 9, "forc": [9, 18, 19, 24], "decis": [9, 10, 17, 20, 22], "diet": 9, "physic": 9, "exercis": 9, "bariatr": 9, "medic": [9, 17, 18, 38], "semaglutid": 9, "tirzepatid": 9, "lose": [9, 24], "vital": [9, 19], "attain": 9, "amalgam": 9, "biomark": [9, 16], "reformul": 9, "suppos": 9, "donor": [9, 21], "kidnei": [9, 22], "transplant": 9, "versu": [9, 14], "deceas": 9, "graft": 9, "recipi": 9, "imbalanc": [9, 13], "inclin": 9, "fortun": 9, "solut": [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 37], "flow": [9, 37], "adapt": [9, 29, 33], "renin": 9, "angiotensin": 9, "inhibitor": 9, "calcium": 9, "channel": 9, "advanc": [9, 29], "ckd": 9, "comment": [9, 17, 22, 36], "18": [9, 32], "nephrologist": 9, "g4": 9, "egfr": [9, 22], "min": [9, 33], "73": 9, "m2": 9, "histori": [9, 14, 16, 24], "rasi": 9, "ccb": 9, "previou": [9, 13, 14, 16, 22, 24, 28, 33], "d": [9, 17, 18, 19, 24], "januari": 9, "decemb": 9, "2016": [9, 11, 16], "acei": 9, "arb": 9, "nauanc": 9, "blind": 9, "sex": [9, 17], "diastol": 9, "arrhythmia": 9, "peripher": 9, "vascular": 9, "cerebrovascular": 9, "ischem": 9, "diabet": [9, 13, 38], "mellitu": 9, "hyperkalemia": 9, "aki": 9, "thiazid": 9, "diuret": 9, "potassium": 9, "spare": 9, "statin": 9, "health": [9, 17, 22, 29, 30], "hospit": [9, 17, 18, 37], "suffici": [9, 10, 19, 20, 37, 38], "replac": [9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 24, 34], "dialysi": 9, "mortal": [9, 20], "advers": 9, "cardiovascular": 9, "composit": [9, 17], "death": [9, 17, 20], "nonfat": 9, "myocardi": 9, "infarct": 9, "regist": [9, 28], "swedish": 9, "renal": 9, "registri": 9, "icd": 9, "nation": 9, "usuallli": 9, "blindli": 9, "sicker": 9, "addresss": 9, "intent": [9, 13, 14], "switch": [9, 24, 37], "strictli": 9, "despir": 9, "occurr": 9, "administr": 9, "yr": 9, "fill": 9, "prescript": 9, "finish": [9, 37], "reach": [9, 13, 33, 37], "congruent": 9, "begin": [9, 16, 17, 21, 30, 34], "na\u00efv": 9, "cox": [9, 14, 21, 22], "cumul": [9, 16, 33], "incid": 9, "curv": 9, "aalen": 9, "johansen": 9, "estimatora": 9, "dealt": [9, 14], "properli": [9, 12], "kei": [9, 11, 15, 22, 24, 37, 38], "compon": [9, 24, 31], "moment": 9, "drug": 9, "lund": 9, "2015": [9, 34], "whom": 9, "physician": [9, 17], "imbal": [9, 13], "yoshida": 9, "uniform": [9, 32], "cours": 9, "durat": [9, 33, 37, 38], "pretreat": 9, "sendor": 9, "st\u00fcrmer": 9, "grace": 9, "onc": [9, 12, 16, 31, 33, 38], "regimen": [9, 15, 16], "offer": [9, 32], "dataset": [9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 27], "ident": [9, 15], "respect": [9, 15], "demograph": 9, "mare": 9, "artifici": [9, 13], "done": [9, 12, 13, 16, 21, 27, 28, 37], "comorbid": 9, "ipcw": 9, "coincid": 9, "inde": 9, "receipt": 9, "length": [9, 16, 17, 32, 33, 37], "hern\u00e0n": 9, "origin": [9, 24], "hernan": [9, 22], "2008": 9, "gran": 9, "2010": [9, 11, 21], "longitudin": [9, 16, 22], "msm": [9, 22], "sequenc": [9, 32, 33, 37, 38], "record": [9, 33, 37], "pool": [9, 11, 33], "keogh": 9, "convent": [10, 13, 22, 36], "section": [10, 14, 22, 36, 38], "book": [10, 23], "recap": 10, "minim": [10, 17, 38], "collid": [10, 14, 15], "conditon": 10, "alik": 10, "convari": 10, "shiba": [10, 22], "kawahara": [10, 22], "propens": [10, 12, 16, 21, 22], "score": [10, 12, 16, 17, 18, 22], "hack": 10, "tweak": 10, "spec": 10, "visibl": 10, "extrem": [10, 13, 14], "signal": 10, "pattenr": 10, "imprecis": [10, 17], "misspecif": [10, 13, 15, 16], "doubli": [10, 13, 15, 16], "expand": 10, "covariati": 10, "attract": 10, "caution": [10, 13], "varianc": [10, 11, 12, 13, 33, 37], "context": [10, 13, 22, 37], "paradox": [10, 13], "schuit": 10, "2013": [10, 11], "analyst": 10, "bad": [10, 32], "shortli": 10, "That": [10, 33, 37], "unnecessari": 10, "outsid": [10, 13, 17, 33, 37], "c2": 10, "c3": 10, "c4": 10, "gain": [10, 11], "advis": 10, "emploi": [10, 17], "entail": [10, 16], "fed": 10, "free": [10, 18, 33], "supplementari": 10, "tripepi": 11, "frangaki": 11, "2002": 11, "popular": [11, 21], "ich": 11, "e9": 11, "addendum": 11, "principl": 11, "ic": 11, "synonym": 11, "partit": 11, "stratum": 11, "nonoverlap": 11, "none": [11, 22, 31, 32, 33], "entir": [11, 15, 30, 36], "lipkovich": 11, "simpli": [11, 13, 14, 15, 22, 34], "appli": [11, 15, 24], "mutual": 11, "birth": 11, "syndrom": 11, "matern": [11, 17], "crude": [11, 13], "categori": [11, 22], "frequenc": [11, 12, 19, 31, 33, 37], "woolf": 11, "roughli": [11, 20], "homogen": [11, 17, 33], "ORs": 11, "proport": [11, 12, 13, 14, 22], "heterogen": 11, "five": [11, 32, 33], "90": 11, "20": [11, 26, 32, 35, 38], "labori": 11, "demand": [11, 33, 37, 38], "prone": 11, "spars": 11, "unstabl": [11, 13], "gharibzadeh": 11, "ip": [11, 15], "standardis": [11, 13, 15, 22], "noncollaps": 11, "express": [11, 33], "aggreg": 11, "subgroup": [11, 20], "pang": 11, "fewer": [12, 19, 30], "pair": 12, "faith": 12, "70": [12, 32], "repeat": [12, 16, 37], "decreas": [12, 20], "nearest": 12, "neighbour": 12, "calip": 12, "distanc": [12, 17], "greed": 12, "optim": [12, 14, 16], "depress": 12, "dichotom": 12, "nnt": 12, "signific": [12, 17, 21], "invari": [12, 19, 20], "synthet": [12, 33], "manner": 12, "resembl": [12, 13], "ipw": [13, 15, 22], "censor": [13, 14, 27], "pateitsn": 13, "chesnay": [13, 14, 22], "propensity_scor": 13, "conceptu": [13, 37], "rule": [13, 18, 38], "neglig": 13, "revisit": 13, "transform": [13, 33, 37], "spline": [13, 17], "extend": 13, "hour": [13, 17, 24, 32, 33, 37], "haemodialysi": 13, "ehd": 13, "hd": 13, "25": [13, 20, 22, 33], "pseudo": [13, 14, 32, 37], "33": 13, "now": [13, 33, 36, 37], "pseudopopul": [13, 14], "replic": 13, "inflat": 13, "correctli": 13, "confid": [13, 17, 33, 37], "interv": [13, 17, 19, 37], "bootstrap": [13, 15], "75": [13, 33], "categor": 13, "shown": [13, 24], "better": [13, 17, 24], "multivari": [13, 22, 37], "150": 13, "omiss": 13, "sensibl": 13, "One": [13, 18, 33], "disproportion": [13, 17], "worth": [13, 37], "low": [13, 18, 32, 33, 37], "vice": 13, "versa": 13, "outlier": [13, 14, 19, 33], "100": [13, 17, 20, 33, 37], "probbail": 13, "numer": [13, 14, 33], "unstabil": 13, "stablis": [13, 14], "stabil": [13, 14], "invovl": 13, "multipli": [13, 14, 33], "unstabilis": 13, "denomin": 13, "xie": [13, 14], "symmetr": [13, 21], "1st": 13, "99th": 13, "percentil": [13, 33], "threshold": [13, 18, 22, 37], "asymmetr": [13, 21], "q": [13, 17, 33], "quantil": [13, 33], "reduct": 13, "cost": 13, "properti": [13, 17, 30], "robustnesss": 13, "converg": 13, "flexibl": [13, 22, 38], "estima": 13, "kurz": 13, "pajouheshnia": 13, "alon": 13, "calibr": 13, "noth": [13, 33, 37], "strict": [13, 20, 31], "ineffect": 13, "worst": 13, "discrimin": 13, "led": 13, "13": [13, 24, 32, 33], "15": [13, 17, 24, 32, 33], "98": 13, "promis": 13, "prognost": 13, "naimi": 14, "williamson": [14, 16, 22], "ravani": [14, 16, 22], "unless": [14, 33], "sequenti": [14, 15, 21, 32, 33], "unlik": [14, 16, 21, 34], "procedur": [14, 16, 17, 22, 33, 37], "unadjust": 14, "unusu": 14, "failtur": 14, "trim": 14, "formul": 14, "formula": [15, 17, 22], "debat": 15, "quot": 15, "reveal": 15, "epidemiologist": 15, "opinion": 15, "far": [15, 17], "mostli": [15, 22, 33], "reserv": 15, "nomenclatur": 15, "enlighten": 15, "despit": 15, "delic": 15, "epidemiolog": 15, "novel": 15, "w": [15, 31], "polynomi": [15, 17], "copi": [15, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33], "batten": 15, "95": [15, 17], "ci": [15, 17, 24], "move": [15, 20, 24, 27, 33, 37], "chatton": [15, 16], "ultim": 15, "treatement": 15, "wang": 15, "delta": 15, "argument": [15, 34], "resolv": [15, 24, 35, 36], "decoupl": 15, "marginalis": 15, "loh": 15, "inescap": 15, "plug": 15, "whenev": [15, 36, 37], "snm": [16, 22], "feedback": [16, 31], "picciotto": 16, "neophyt": 16, "onward": [16, 22], "conceptualis": 16, "understood": 16, "grid": [16, 33], "search": [16, 37], "algorithm": [16, 21], "candid": [16, 17, 33], "maximum": [16, 37], "leverag": 16, "along": [16, 28], "stabl": [16, 19, 33], "acceler": 16, "delai": [16, 19, 33, 37], "furthermor": 16, "snaftm": 16, "median": 16, "dre": 16, "gc": 16, "exogn": 17, "mcclellan": 17, "1994": 17, "mimic": [17, 37], "famili": 17, "labour": 17, "suppli": [17, 20, 38], "children": [17, 32], "mother": 17, "incent": 17, "again": [17, 24, 36, 37], "mixtap": [17, 18, 22], "scott": [17, 18, 22], "cunningham": [17, 18, 22], "hat": 17, "problemat": 17, "bsc": 17, "movement": 17, "second": [17, 18, 32, 33], "omit": 17, "divis": 17, "increment": 17, "individud": 17, "variant": [17, 21, 33], "3sl": 17, "held": 17, "deliveri": 17, "card": 17, "weak": 17, "fals": [17, 31, 33], "z": 17, "11": [17, 18, 34], "angrist": 17, "1996": 17, "airlin": 17, "nonparametr": 17, "relax": [17, 25], "newei": 17, "powel": 17, "2003": 17, "hermit": 17, "wavelet": 17, "equat": [17, 22], "quadrat": 17, "explod": 17, "hand": [17, 33], "hartford": 17, "deep": [17, 32], "neural": 17, "net": [17, 37], "stochast": [17, 32, 33, 37], "gradient": [17, 19, 31], "descent": 17, "sgd": 17, "tune": [17, 21], "network": [17, 30], "hyper": 17, "broken": 17, "kera": 17, "pull": [17, 33], "request": [17, 37], "xu": [17, 22], "share": [17, 38], "peer": 17, "helpfulli": 17, "justif": 17, "genotyp": 17, "phenotyp": 17, "aetiolog": 17, "gene": 17, "catheteris": 17, "revascualis": 17, "elderli": 17, "medicar": 17, "ami": 17, "admit": 17, "approxim": [17, 33], "uncorrel": 17, "apx": 17, "mile": 17, "evidenc": 17, "invas": 17, "standpoint": 17, "undergo": [17, 33, 38], "netchniqu": 17, "wide": 17, "cesarean": 17, "neonat": 17, "costa": 17, "ram\u00f3n": 17, "newborn": 17, "apgar": 17, "reanim": 17, "assist": 17, "ventil": 17, "icu": [17, 38], "admiss": [17, 18, 37], "umbil": 17, "cord": 17, "ph": 17, "gestat": 17, "obstetr": 17, "unmeausr": 17, "unplan": 17, "earli": [17, 19, 38], "night": [17, 33], "dai": [17, 24, 33, 37], "observation": 17, "excess": 17, "parenthes": 17, "219": 17, "038": 17, "weekdai": 17, "037": 17, "142": 17, "043": 17, "pregnanc": 17, "deliv": 17, "declin": 17, "vagin": 17, "073": 17, "011": 17, "063": 17, "intepret": 17, "965": 17, "404": 17, "987": 17, "408": 17, "936": 17, "464": 17, "brave": [17, 22], "mit": [17, 24], "licens": [17, 24, 34, 36], "wage": [17, 18], "q1": 17, "q2": 17, "q3": 17, "q4": 17, "kid": 17, "born": 17, "school": [17, 18], "dataclass": 17, "linearmodel": 17, "iv2sl": 17, "matplotlib": [17, 33], "pyplot": [17, 33], "plt": [17, 31, 33], "o": [17, 31, 33], "panda": [17, 31, 33], "pd": [17, 31, 33], "statsmodel": 17, "smf": 17, "frozen": 17, "singleton": 17, "object": [17, 37, 38], "databas": 17, "ak91": 17, "csv": [17, 24], "read_csv": [17, 31], "join": [17, 31, 37], "log_wag": 17, "years_of_school": 17, "year_of_birth": 17, "quarter_of_birth": 17, "state_of_birth": 17, "790019": 17, "12": [17, 33, 34], "45": [17, 22], "952494": 17, "315949": 17, "595926": 17, "068915": 17, "37": 17, "categorc": 17, "dummi": [17, 33], "factor_data": 17, "int": [17, 31, 33], "astyp": 17, "def": [17, 25, 31, 32, 33, 35], "pars": 17, "exog": 17, "param": [17, 33], "se": [17, 30], "std_error": [17, 33], "p_val": 17, "pvalu": 17, "print": [17, 28, 32, 33, 35], "96": 17, "from_formula": 17, "06732572817658422": 17, "00038839984390486796": 17, "06656446": 17, "06808699": 17, "slightli": [17, 33], "simplic": 17, "group_data": 17, "groupbi": [17, 31], "reset_index": 17, "time_of_birth": 17, "lambda": [17, 31, 33], "figsiz": [17, 33], "zorder": 17, "marker": 17, "200": 17, "white": [17, 24, 37], "titl": [17, 33, 34, 36], "xlabel": 17, "ylabel": 17, "first_stag": 17, "displai": [17, 33], "10085809272786678": 17, "464829416613623e": 17, "Be": 17, "season": [17, 19], "earn": [17, 18], "bith": 17, "8": [17, 22, 31, 33], "pretti": [17, 18, 33], "favour": 17, "incom": [17, 33], "weekli": 17, "log": [17, 18, 24], "reduced_form": 17, "008603484260139599": 17, "001494912718366745": 17, "And": 17, "mathrm": 17, "_": [17, 30, 35], "dfrac": 17, "08": [17, 18], "08530286492084817": 17, "But": [17, 32], "purg": 17, "sls_data": 17, "years_of_schooling_fit": 17, "fittedvalu": 17, "iv_by_hand": 17, "08530286492089094": 17, "bit": [17, 32], "08530286494062492": 17, "025540812815019267": 17, "03524287": 17, "13536286": 17, "0008381914642161536": 17, "iv_many_z": 17, "1076937048813452": 17, "01955714901081754": 17, "06936169": 17, "14602572": 17, "657974700921329e": 17, "wider": 17, "mistak": 17, "orthogon": 17, "anyth": [17, 37], "thistlethwait": 18, "campbel": 18, "1960": 18, "convinvingli": 18, "wholli": 18, "partli": [18, 22], "exceed": [18, 22, 37], "hair": 18, "trigger": [18, 22], "tightli": 18, "arrest": 18, "dwi": 18, "alcohol": 18, "healthcar": [18, 37, 38], "insur": 18, "65": 18, "attent": 18, "jump": [18, 22, 32], "birthweight": 18, "fall": [18, 22], "500": 18, "gram": 18, "attend": [18, 33, 37], "summer": 18, "grade": 18, "attribut": [18, 19, 22, 33, 37], "besid": 18, "core": [18, 33], "overlap": 18, "sole": 18, "compet": 18, "gradual": [18, 19], "turtl": [18, 22], "fencepost": [18, 22], "himself": [18, 22], "hoekstra": 18, "colleg": 18, "flagship": 18, "univers": [18, 22], "public": [18, 22, 28, 29, 30, 34], "sat": 18, "horizont": 18, "axi": [18, 33], "centr": [18, 33], "bind": 18, "student": 18, "compens": 18, "bin": [18, 30, 33], "dot": [18, 24], "rate": [18, 20], "line": [18, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36], "squar": [18, 22, 29, 33, 37], "flexibli": 18, "track": [18, 37], "central": 18, "tendenc": 18, "side": [18, 33], "095": 18, "varieti": [18, 22], "7": [18, 33, 34], "worker": 18, "ten": [18, 33], "fifteen": 18, "bare": [18, 34], "cutoff": 18, "insofar": 18, "hi": [18, 20, 33], "goe": [18, 21], "dash": 18, "solid": 18, "caesarean": 18, "clearer": 18, "mayb": 18, "trend": [19, 20, 21, 22], "unchang": [19, 22, 37], "slope": 19, "tam": 19, "tran": 19, "feb": 19, "blogpost": 19, "regard": [19, 22], "50": [19, 33], "segment": 19, "ol": 19, "arima": 19, "consensu": 19, "shorter": 19, "trade": 19, "wane": 19, "especi": 19, "accordingli": 19, "midwai": [19, 33], "instant": 19, "predat": 20, "85": 20, "1855": 20, "infrequ": 20, "nowadai": 20, "canglia": 20, "murrai": 20, "issu": [20, 24, 34, 35, 36], "parallel": [20, 33], "figarri": 20, "keisha": 20, "march": 20, "medium": [20, 24], "suspect": 20, "waterborn": 20, "southwark": 20, "vauxhal": 20, "compani": 20, "lambeth": 20, "water": 20, "river": 20, "thame": 20, "neighbourhood": 20, "high": [20, 32, 33, 38], "1849": 20, "outbreak": 20, "1852": 20, "intak": 20, "sewag": 20, "outflow": 20, "couldn": 20, "1854": 20, "118": 20, "653": 20, "hungerford": 20, "market": 20, "ditton": 20, "map": [20, 22], "district": 20, "southwalk": 20, "neighborhood": 20, "haven": [21, 22], "cover": [21, 33], "frye": 21, "doi": 21, "48550": 21, "arxiv": 21, "1910": 21, "06358": 21, "shaplei": 21, "uniformali": 21, "discoveri": 21, "forest": 21, "popularis": 21, "abadi": 21, "diamond": 21, "hainmuel": 21, "access": [21, 33, 36], "iffi": 21, "almost": 21, "nick": [21, 22], "huntington": [21, 22], "klein": [21, 22], "accomplish": 21, "beforehand": 21, "placebo": 21, "brief": 22, "gold": 22, "clearli": 22, "vulner": 22, "confiden": 22, "nest": 22, "stage": [22, 24, 37], "rdd": 22, "interrupt": [22, 33], "ITS": 22, "simpler": [22, 30], "wijn": 22, "jame": 22, "akin": 22, "threaten": 22, "role": 22, "inappropri": 22, "overadjust": 22, "eskd": 22, "assupmt": 22, "plausibl": 22, "abbrevi": 22, "ca": 22, "psm": 22, "tdpsm": 22, "66": [22, 32], "paper": 22, "82": 22, "coavari": 22, "14": [22, 32], "clare": 22, "precog": 22, "strengthen": 22, "routin": 22, "collect": [22, 28, 33, 37, 38], "consolid": 22, "prognosi": 22, "deriv": [22, 36], "increasingli": 22, "feasibl": 22, "ethic": 22, "clinician": 22, "maker": 22, "apprais": 22, "synthesis": 22, "hansford": 22, "inconsist": 22, "onlin": [22, 37], "textbook": 22, "great": 22, "miguel": 22, "sta": 22, "640": 22, "fan": 22, "li": 22, "depart": [22, 37], "duke": 22, "topic": 23, "scope": [24, 37], "bodi": 24, "footer": 24, "break": [24, 25, 33], "semant": 24, "mandatori": 24, "summari": [24, 33], "style": [24, 29], "semi": 24, "colon": 24, "etc": [24, 30, 33, 36, 37, 38], "patch": [24, 34], "refactor": 24, "rewrit": 24, "perf": 24, "feat": 24, "amend": 24, "op": 24, "oper": [24, 33, 38], "infrastructur": 24, "deploy": 24, "backup": 24, "recoveri": 24, "chore": 24, "miscellan": 24, "gitignor": [24, 36], "regener": 24, "releas": [24, 33, 37], "revert": 24, "old": [24, 28, 32, 36], "travi": 24, "concis": 24, "tens": 24, "capitalis": 24, "motiv": 24, "blank": [24, 33], "ref": 24, "automat": [24, 31], "neudes": 24, "projectcent": 24, "22": 24, "meta": 24, "servic": [24, 33, 37], "ticket": 24, "endpoint": [24, 37], "jira": 24, "1337": 24, "enpoint": 24, "entit": 24, "shop": 24, "cart": 24, "amaz": 24, "kape": 24, "cheat_sheet": 24, "conventional_commit": 24, "docset": 24, "resourc": [24, 37, 38], "gist": 24, "qoomon": 24, "5dfcdf8eec66a051ecd85625518cfd13": 24, "conventionalcommit": 24, "en": [24, 34], "v1": 24, "innov": 24, "78d6785c2e08": 24, "url": [24, 31, 34], "dev": [24, 30, 31, 33], "editor": 24, "upload": [24, 31], "rhistori": 24, "readm": [24, 36], "front": 24, "clone": [24, 30], "remot": [24, 34], "amyheath": [24, 30], "programming_not": 24, "rm": [24, 30], "rf": [24, 30], "repofoldernam": 24, "empti": [24, 33, 34, 37], "repo": [24, 30, 31, 34], "package_test": 24, "mv": 24, "oldfilenam": 24, "newfilenam": [24, 36], "messag": [24, 33], "unstag": 24, "uncommit": 24, "reset": [24, 32], "latest": [24, 34], "commmit": 24, "warn": [24, 30, 33], "50mb": 24, "100mb": 24, "big": [24, 27], "lf": 24, "sufo": 24, "apt": [24, 30], "initialis": [24, 34], "gitattribut": 24, "tagnam": 24, "v0": 24, "f94e8f6": 24, "fresh": [24, 36], "harmless": 24, "stuff": 24, "server": [24, 30, 34], "conflict": 24, "mark": 24, "star": [24, 32], "branchnam": 24, "checkout": 24, "prune": [24, 30], "diff": 24, "return": [24, 31, 32, 33, 34], "realis": [24, 36], "accept": [24, 33], "65f8ed3": 24, "ambul": [24, 31, 37, 38], "skew": 24, "helper": [24, 31], "cach": 24, "keep": [24, 29, 31, 36, 37], "password": 24, "timeout": [24, 33], "global": [24, 33], "3600": 24, "86400": 24, "604800": 24, "nobodi": 24, "until": [24, 33, 37], "202f": 25, "narrow": [25, 33], "spot": 25, "makeatlett": 25, "utfviii": 25, "ifx": 25, "fixm": 25, "expandaft": 25, "fi": 25, "makeatoth": 25, "href": [25, 30, 34], "resiz": 26, "imagemagick": 26, "png": 26, "dest": 26, "jpg": 26, "youtu": 27, "7vsiwrasxi": 27, "domain": 27, "ladder": 27, "causat": 27, "smartli": 27, "smaller": [27, 33], "smart": 27, "throw": 27, "useless": 27, "archiv": [28, 33, 34], "contributor": 28, "permiss": [28, 36], "admin": 28, "bibliograph": 28, "citat": 28, "confirmatori": 28, "exploratori": 28, "fish": 28, "preregistr": 28, "templat": 28, "defeat": 28, "revis": 28, "anm": 28, "insert": [28, 36], "shape": [29, 31], "edit": [29, 30, 36], "opac": 29, "60": [29, 32, 37], "export": [29, 30, 36], "300dpi": 29, "institut": 29, "organis": 29, "smith": 29, "icon": 29, "next": [29, 33, 36, 37], "schema": 29, "blob": 29, "item": [30, 33, 34], "insid": [30, 34], "visualstudio": 30, "devcontain": 30, "poetri": 30, "alreadi": [30, 31, 33, 36], "venv": 30, "mamba": 30, "quicker": [30, 34, 37], "alpopk": 30, "packaging_tool": 30, "env": [30, 33], "env_nam": 30, "termin": [30, 31, 33, 37], "delet": [30, 31, 36, 37], "deactiv": 30, "forget": 30, "pip": [30, 31], "workon_hom": 30, "virtualenvwrapper_python": 30, "usr": 30, "python3": 30, "virtualenvwrapper_virtualenv": 30, "sh": 30, "reload": 30, "mkvirtualenv": 30, "workon": 30, "rmvirtualenv": 30, "THE": 30, "AS": 30, "virtual": 30, "txt": [30, 31, 34], "ubuntu": 30, "instruct": [30, 34], "engin": 30, "freez": [30, 33], "gave": 30, "dockerfil": 30, "touch": 30, "kailo_dashboard": 30, "slim": 30, "workdir": 30, "curl": 30, "softwar": 30, "git": [30, 36], "var": 30, "lib": [30, 36], "pip3": 30, "8501": 30, "healthcheck": 30, "cmd": 30, "localhost": 30, "_stcore": 30, "entrypoint": 30, "streamlit": [30, 37], "streamlit_app": 30, "port": 30, "hub": 30, "app": [30, 37], "kailo_area_dashboard": 30, "privat": 30, "ssh": 30, "listen": 30, "runtim": [30, 34], "repositori": [30, 31, 34, 36], "column": [30, 31, 33], "conda": 31, "json": 31, "workspac": 31, "typecheckingmod": 31, "df": 31, "quarter_year": 31, "stroke_sever": 31, "agg": 31, "fig": [31, 33], "ax": [31, 33], "subplot": 31, "violinplot": 31, "set_xtick": 31, "np": [31, 32, 33], "arang": [31, 33], "len": [31, 33], "jupyterlab": 31, "df1": 31, "df2": 31, "duplic": 31, "concat": 31, "drop_dupl": 31, "flake8": 31, "nbqa": 31, "load_ext": 31, "pycodestyle_mag": 31, "pycodestyle_on": 31, "assert": 31, "assert_frame_equ": 31, "betterscientificsoftwar": 31, "hpc": 31, "pypi": 31, "setup": [31, 33, 34], "sdist": 31, "bdist_wheel": 31, "twine": 31, "legaci": 31, "dist": [31, 33], "skip": 31, "sister": 31, "foldernam": 31, "whl": 31, "reinstal": 31, "symbol": 31, "kailo_beewell_dashboard_packag": 31, "packagefold": 31, "remak": [31, 32], "numpi": [31, 32, 33], "unittest": 31, "datatest": 31, "testcas": 31, "classmethod": 31, "setupclass": 31, "raw_path": 31, "str": [31, 33, 35], "raw_filenam": 31, "ssnap": 31, "extract": 31, "v2": 31, "clean_path": 31, "clean_filenam": 31, "reformatted_data": 31, "raw_data": 31, "low_memori": 31, "clean_data": 31, "raw": 31, "freq": 31, "raw_col": 31, "raw_val": 31, "clean_col": 31, "clean_val": 31, "string": 31, "assertequ": 31, "raw_freq": 31, "isin": 31, "clean_freq": 31, "time_neg": 31, "time_column": 31, "equal_arrai": 31, "col": 31, "exp_arrai": 31, "arrai": [31, 32, 33], "test_raw_shap": 31, "360381": 31, "83": 31, "test_id": 31, "id": [31, 33], "test_onset": 31, "onset_known": 31, "s1onsettimetyp": 31, "BE": 31, "nk": 31, "test_time_neg": 31, "time_col": 31, "onset_to_arrival_tim": 31, "call_to_ambulance_arrival_tim": 31, "ambulance_on_scene_tim": 31, "ambulance_travel_to_hospital_tim": 31, "ambulance_wait_time_at_hospit": 31, "scan_to_thrombolysis_tim": 31, "arrival_to_thrombectomy_tim": 31, "subtest": 31, "msg": 31, "test_no_ambul": 31, "arriv": [31, 32, 37, 38], "amb_neg": 31, "arrive_by_ambul": 31, "notnul": 31, "__name__": 31, "__main__": 31, "discret": [31, 33], "bsouthga": 31, "color": [31, 33], "webpag": 31, "credit": 31, "hex_to_rgb": 31, "hex": 31, "ffffff": 31, "255": 31, "16": [31, 32, 33], "integ": [31, 32, 33], "rgb_to_hex": 31, "rgb": 31, "sens": 31, "color_dict": 31, "dictionari": [31, 33], "linear_gradi": 31, "start_hex": 31, "finish_hex": 31, "digit": 31, "inlcud": 31, "sign": 31, "initil": 31, "rgb_list": 31, "calcuat": 31, "evenli": [31, 33], "interpol": 31, "vector": 31, "curr_vector": 31, "j": 31, "float": [31, 32, 33], "append": [31, 33], "weasyprint": 31, "encod": 31, "utf": 31, "csv_file": 31, "writer": 31, "writerow": 31, "html_content": 31, "csv_text": 31, "readlin": 31, "html_check": 31, "write_pdf": 31, "script": [32, 33, 36], "9160257015890815": 32, "014614208720352462": 32, "rng": [32, 33], "electrostat": 32, "nois": [32, 37], "prng": 32, "drbg": 32, "truli": 32, "intial": 32, "millisecond": 32, "22199317108973948": 32, "throughout": 32, "inadvert": 32, "elsewher": 32, "unknowingli": 32, "codebas": 32, "default_rng": [32, 33], "reproduc": [32, 33], "12345": 32, "22733602246716966": 32, "pcg64": 32, "entropi": 32, "particularli": [32, 37], "standard_norm": 32, "8706617379590857": 32, "thirti": 32, "joblib": [32, 33], "librari": [32, 34, 35], "wari": 32, "fork": 32, "instanc": [32, 33], "bitgener": 32, "convers": [32, 37], "hash": 32, "turn": 32, "instanti": 32, "ss": [32, 33], "child_se": 32, "spawn_kei": 32, "0x70a2b3c559a0": 32, "0x70a2b3c54d60": 32, "likewis": 32, "parent_rng": 32, "0x70a2b3c55e00": 32, "0x70a2b3c565e0": 32, "0x70a2b3c56340": 32, "0x70a2b3c56500": 32, "0x70a2b3c54ba0": 32, "0x70a2b3c567a0": 32, "0x70a2b3c56880": 32, "0x70a2b3c566c0": 32, "0x70a2b3c54c80": 32, "0x70a2b3c56dc0": 32, "acut": 32, "stai": 32, "lo": [32, 33], "exponenti": [32, 33], "rehabilit": 32, "42": [32, 33], "acute_mean": 32, "32": [32, 33], "rehab_min": 32, "rehab_max": 32, "80": [32, 38], "n_patient": 32, "acute_lo": 32, "rehab_lo": 32, "rehab": 32, "07513152": 32, "07300593": 32, "07452378": 32, "00874357": 32, "00270117": 32, "78": 32, "41545286": 32, "64": 32, "47408063": 32, "09417984": 32, "23": 32, "32738612": 32, "27508596": 32, "rerun": 32, "76": 32, "93467533": 32, "74": 32, "75806899": 32, "80886479": 32, "32892189": 32, "pythonhealthdatasci": 32, "simpi": [32, 37], "02_model_cod": 32, "04_model": 32, "__init__": [32, 33], "random_se": [32, 33], "normal": [32, 33, 37], "sigma": 32, "triage_mean": 32, "exam_mean": 32, "exam_var": 32, "n_stream": 32, "seed_sequ": 32, "triage_dist": 32, "exam_dist": 32, "sqrt": [32, 33], "90633292": 32, "48489155": 32, "37244157": 32, "83179124": 32, "79691459": 32, "17284798": 32, "17": [32, 37], "05012411": 32, "67874431": 32, "14819982": 32, "3269625": 32, "yai": [32, 37], "triage_rng": 32, "exam_rng": 32, "randomst": 32, "mess": 32, "randint": 32, "programm": 33, "journei": [33, 37], "batch": [33, 37], "sim": 33, "patient_int": 33, "mean_n_consult_tim": 33, "number_of_nurs": 33, "sim_dur": 33, "120": 33, "number_of_run": 33, "p_id": 33, "q_time_nurs": 33, "constructor": 33, "run_numb": 33, "patient_count": 33, "nurs": [33, 37], "capac": [33, 37], "datafram": 33, "results_df": 33, "set_index": 33, "inplac": 33, "mean_q_time_nurs": 33, "generator_patient_arriv": 33, "infinit": 33, "loop": 33, "indefinit": 33, "attend_clin": 33, "inter": [33, 37], "sampled_int": 33, "expovari": 33, "elaps": [33, 37], "wait": [33, 37], "start_q_nurs": 33, "req": 33, "end_q_nurs": 33, "sampled_nurse_act_tim": 33, "sink": [33, 37], "calculate_run_result": 33, "df_trial_result": 33, "print_trial_result": 33, "run_trial": 33, "my_model": 33, "loc": 33, "my_trial": 33, "drag": [33, 37], "lai": 33, "tom": [33, 37], "msc": 33, "slight": 33, "encapsul": 33, "caller": 33, "dial": 33, "111": 33, "speak": 33, "triag": [33, 37], "simualt": 33, "phone": 33, "triangular": 33, "exit": [33, 37], "start_wait": 33, "waiting_tim": 33, "3f": 33, "call_dur": 33, "01": [33, 34], "urgentcarecallcentr": 33, "arrivals_gener": 33, "iat": 33, "itertool": 33, "counter": 33, "caller_count": 33, "inter_arrival_tim": 33, "new_cal": 33, "run_length": 33, "n_oper": 33, "clock": 33, "paus": 33, "rememb": [33, 36], "success": [33, 37], "iter": 33, "geeksforgeek": 33, "simple_gener": 33, "easier": [33, 36, 38], "stream": [33, 37], "short": [33, 38], "round": 33, "bracket": 33, "comprehens": 33, "list_": 33, "helplin": 33, "queu": 33, "room": 33, "proce": 33, "indent": 33, "manual": [33, 36], "receptionist": 33, "rest": 33, "nurse_request": 33, "priorityresourc": 33, "highest": 33, "oldest": 33, "load": 33, "doctor": [33, 37], "constantli": [33, 37], "24": 33, "obstruct": 33, "walk": [33, 37], "bunch": 33, "seed": [33, 37], "esaili": 33, "sim_tool": 33, "patient_inter_arrival_dist": 33, "super": 33, "abstractmethod": 33, "ndarrai": 33, "afternoon": 33, "stationari": 33, "poisson": 33, "thin": 33, "classifi": 33, "area": [33, 38], "earthquak": 33, "reject": 33, "nsppthin": 33, "overestim": 33, "600": 33, "someon": 33, "595": 33, "monitor": [33, 37], "snapshot": [33, 34, 36], "overview": [33, 38], "metric": 33, "auditor": 33, "job": 33, "first_ob": 33, "apart": 33, "tupl": [33, 35], "dict": 33, "scheduled_audit": 33, "aduit": 33, "record_queue_length": 33, "first_observ": 33, "scheduled_observ": 33, "process_end_of_run": 33, "add_resource_to_audit": 33, "audit_typ": 33, "queue_length_": 33, "system_": 33, "record_calls_in_progress": 33, "run_result": 33, "queue_length": 33, "mean_queue_": 33, "total_in_system": 33, "mean_system_": 33, "queue_length_op": 33, "service_op": 33, "mean_queu": 33, "mean_system": 33, "summary_fram": 33, "to_fram": 33, "permut": 33, "enumer": 33, "confidence_interval_method": 33, "alpha": 33, "05": 33, "desired_precis": 33, "min_rep": 33, "decimal_plac": 33, "smallest": 33, "arraylik": 33, "decim": 33, "cumulative_mean": 33, "running_var": 33, "std": 33, "errstat": 33, "invalid": 33, "running_std": 33, "dof": 33, "t_valu": 33, "ppf": 33, "half_width": 33, "upper": 33, "commbin": 33, "rep": 33, "n_rep": 33, "iloc": 33, "operator_wait": 33, "conf_int": 33, "to_numpi": 33, "nminimum": 33, "peek": 33, "plot_confidence_interval_method": 33, "metric_nam": 33, "axvlin": 33, "set_ylabel": 33, "quick": [33, 37], "lookahead": 33, "36": 33, "immedi": [33, 37], "annual": 33, "booker": 33, "find_slot": 33, "slot": [33, 37], "diari": 33, "book_slot": 33, "create_slot": 33, "create_book": 33, "ahead": 33, "dimens": 33, "referr": [33, 37, 38], "sim_util": 33, "premad": 33, "lowprioritypooledbook": 33, "lowprioritybook": 33, "processor": 33, "deploi": 33, "web": 33, "math": [33, 38], "my_funct": 33, "num": 33, "4f": 33, "0387": 33, "n_job": 33, "paralel": 33, "6560": 33, "mike": 33, "row": 33, "run_singl": 33, "chi": 33, "rank": 33, "histogram": [33, 37], "sklearn": 33, "preprocess": 33, "standardscal": 33, "scipi": 33, "filterwarn": 33, "auto_fit": 33, "data_to_fit": 33, "hist": 33, "pp": 33, "dist_nam": 33, "dropna": 33, "sc": 33, "yy": 33, "reshap": 33, "y_std": 33, "flatten": 33, "del": 33, "expon": 33, "gamma": 33, "lognorm": 33, "norm": 33, "pearson3": 33, "weibull_min": 33, "weibull_max": 33, "chi_squar": 33, "p_valu": 33, "distrubut": 33, "aross": 33, "percentile_bin": 33, "linspac": 33, "percentile_cutoff": 33, "ed": [33, 37], "observed_frequ": 33, "cum_observed_frequ": 33, "cumsum": 33, "getattr": 33, "stat": 33, "kstest": 33, "arg": 33, "cdf": 33, "cdf_fit": 33, "expected_frequ": 33, "expected_cdf_area": 33, "cum_expected_frequ": 33, "collat": 33, "sort_valu": 33, "ndistribut": 33, "fitted_histogram": 33, "pp_qq_plot": 33, "number_of_bin": 33, "bin_cutoff": 33, "99": 33, "h": 33, "phase": 33, "number_distributions_to_plot": 33, "stroe": 33, "ot": 33, "paraemt": 33, "pdf_fit": 33, "pdf": 33, "scale_pdf": 33, "trapz": 33, "xlim": 33, "legend": 33, "dist_paramet": 33, "iterrow": 33, "qq": 33, "rv": 33, "ax1": 33, "add_subplot": 33, "121": 33, "2x2": 33, "suplot": 33, "min_valu": 33, "floor": 33, "max_valu": 33, "ceil": 33, "max": [33, 37], "set_xlim": 33, "set_xlabel": 33, "set_titl": 33, "ax2": 33, "122": 33, "101": 33, "data_count": 33, "norm_count": 33, "cum_data": 33, "cum_norm": 33, "tight_layout": 33, "pad": 33, "input_model": 33, "10_000": 33, "extra": 33, "dists_to_test": 33, "quarto_huang_2019": 34, "knitr": [34, 36], "47": 34, "27": 34, "tiff": 34, "prompt": 34, "yourself": 34, "lock": 34, "cran": 34, "rprofil": [34, 36], "lockfil": 34, "restor": 34, "mybind": 34, "launch": 34, "manag": [34, 38], "earliest": 34, "oct": 34, "window": [34, 36], "mac": 34, "realli": 34, "slow": 34, "packagemanag": 34, "client": [34, 37, 38], "faq": 34, "p3m": 34, "groundhog": 34, "april": 34, "appar": 34, "brodrigu": 34, "repro_r": 34, "minicran": 34, "microsoft": 34, "sql": 34, "ver16": 34, "docker": 34, "academ": 34, "nh": 34, "podman": 34, "rstudioserv": 34, "rocker": 34, "ephemer": 34, "volum": [34, 37], "mount": 34, "towardsdatasci": 34, "e9db5e809ff8": 34, "fine": 35, "frame": 35, "fun": 35, "str_1": 35, "x_1": 35, "suffix": 35, "return_nam": 35, "return_object": 35, "mget": 35, "return_new_nam": 35, "paste0": 35, "seq_along": 35, "lintr": 35, "pkg": 36, "commit": 36, "session": 36, "devtool": 36, "create_packag": 36, "rbuildignor": 36, "namespac": 36, "rproj": 36, "renv": 36, "roxygen2": 36, "testthat": 36, "suppressmessag": 36, "usethi": 36, "use_git": 36, "renam": 36, "master": 36, "use_github": 36, "token": 36, "gh_token_help": 36, "gitcr": 36, "gitcreds_set": 36, "use_mit_licens": 36, "use_readme_rmd": 36, "hook": 36, "sync": 36, "build_readm": 36, "chunk": 36, "emb": 36, "use_r": 36, "functionnam": 36, "docstr": 36, "cursor": 36, "roxygen": 36, "skelecton": 36, "rxoygen": 36, "man": 36, "fake": 36, "examplesif": 36, "helpfil": 36, "use_testthat": 36, "machineri": 36, "use_test": 36, "testfil": 36, "load_al": 36, "rename_fil": 36, "strsplit1": 36, "str_split_on": 36, "kbroman": 36, "pkg_primer": 36, "use_packag": 36, "readxl": 36, "tidyvers": 36, "importfrom": 36, "read_excel": 36, "attach": 36, "use_vignett": 36, "draft": 36, "package_nam": 36, "knit": 36, "vignetteindexentri": 36, "articl": 36, "cred": 36, "hadn": 36, "pat": 36, "workflow": 36, "use_pkgdown": 36, "pkgdown": 36, "build_sit": 36, "use_pkgdown_github_pag": 36, "probablist": [37, 38], "simplif": 37, "toml7": [37, 38], "hope": 37, "inbetween": 37, "entiti": 37, "prioriti": 37, "utilis": 37, "autocorrel": 37, "bernoulli": 37, "mle": 37, "kolmogorov": 37, "smirnov": 37, "emerg": 37, "toml10": 37, "transient": 37, "steadi": 37, "cycl": 37, "realist": 37, "unrealist": 37, "warm": 37, "portion": 37, "equilibrium": 37, "eyebal": 37, "warmup": 37, "disciplin": 37, "member": 37, "discplin": 37, "fifo": 37, "fcf": 37, "lifo": 37, "eat": 37, "stack": 37, "pancak": 37, "siro": 37, "reneg": 37, "themself": 37, "patienc": 37, "thats": 37, "prepar": 37, "expir": 37, "balk": 37, "jockei": 37, "pick": 37, "miu": 37, "quickli": 37, "possibil": 37, "asid": 37, "urgent": 37, "rebook": 37, "consult": 37, "safe": 37, "cope": 37, "spike": 37, "percentag": 37, "histor": 37, "3h50": 37, "4h": 37, "throughput": 37, "bottleneck": 37, "standalon": 37, "experiement": 37, "experiment": [37, 38], "lectur": 37, "black": 37, "maximis": 37, "ciw": 37, "salabim": 37, "2d": 37, "3d": 37, "anim": 37, "simmerr": 37, "foss": 37, "gui": 37, "jaamsim": 37, "simul8": 37, "queue": 38, "fast": 38, "intract": 38, "uneth": 38, "expens": 38, "imit": 38, "evolv": 38, "stress": 38, "speed": 38, "car": 38, "mont": 38, "carlo": 38, "vaiabil": 38, "agent": 38, "sketch": 38, "told": 38, "outpati": 38, "callout": 38, "pharmaci": 38, "workforc": 38, "travel": 38, "staff": 38, "shirt": 38, "inventori": 38, "ppe": 38, "bed": 38, "specialist": 38, "trajectori": 38, "complic": 38, "straddl": 38, "serivic": 38, "prioritis": 38, "progress": 38, "progressin": 38, "retinopathi": 38}, "objects": {}, "objtypes": {}, "objnames": {}, "titleterms": {"host": 0, "book": [0, 1, 33, 37], "github": [0, 24, 36], "page": [0, 36], "make": 1, "summari": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 17], "quarto": 1, "jupyt": [1, 31], "sphinx": 1, "markdown": 2, "note": [2, 23, 34], "import": [2, 17, 31], "caution": 2, "warn": 2, "attent": 2, "error": [2, 5, 25], "danger": 2, "see": 2, "also": 2, "hint": [2, 31], "tip": 2, "predict": 3, "v": [3, 15, 18, 24, 31], "": [3, 15, 18, 23, 24], "causal": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 17, 22, 27], "infer": [3, 4, 5], "execut": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], "how": [3, 5, 9, 15, 18, 33, 34], "do": [3, 5], "you": [3, 5], "know": [3, 5], "whether": 3, "ar": [3, 22], "interest": 3, "causat": 3, "illustr": 3, "exampl": [3, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 37], "explain": 3, "AND": 3, "etiolog": 3, "research": [3, 22, 34], "when": [3, 5], "can": [3, 5], "model": [3, 4, 14, 16, 33, 37, 38], "answer": 3, "question": [3, 9], "confus": 3, "controversi": 3, "reason": 3, "literatur": 3, "concept": 3, "principl": 3, "ladder": 3, "type": [3, 31, 38], "The": 4, "three": 4, "languag": 4, "potenti": 4, "outcom": [4, 14], "counterfactu": 4, "graph": [4, 5], "structur": [4, 14, 16, 33], "equat": 4, "sem": 4, "direct": 5, "acycl": 5, "name": 5, "convent": [5, 24], "kei": 5, "compon": [5, 37], "confound": [5, 9, 10, 15, 22], "moder": 5, "mediat": 5, "i": [5, 17, 31, 32, 33, 37], "cde": 5, "estim": [5, 14, 16, 17, 22], "over": 5, "adjust": 5, "bia": [5, 9, 37], "collid": 5, "select": [5, 10], "node": 5, "measur": [5, 7], "mi": 5, "variabl": [5, 17, 33], "what": [5, 17, 22, 32, 37], "includ": 5, "your": [5, 9], "dag": 5, "complet": 5, "should": 5, "draw": [5, 29], "arrow": 5, "us": [5, 9, 14, 22, 31, 33, 36], "method": [5, 12, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 33, 37], "creat": [5, 24, 32, 36], "path": 5, "d": 5, "seper": 5, "rule": 5, "each": 5, "faith": 5, "time": [5, 19, 33, 37], "vari": 5, "treatment": [5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 17, 22], "feedback": [5, 22], "present": 5, "result": [5, 33], "from": [5, 24, 33], "studi": [5, 9], "minim": 5, "set": [5, 17, 34, 35, 36, 37], "covari": [5, 13], "case": 5, "oestrogen": 5, "endometri": 5, "cancer": 5, "hiv": 5, "art": 5, "assumpt": [6, 13, 15, 17, 20, 22], "exchang": 6, "stabl": 6, "unit": [6, 31], "valu": 6, "sutva": 6, "posit": 6, "ignor": 6, "estimand": [7, 22], "averag": [7, 17, 33], "effect": [7, 17, 22], "choos": 7, "more": [7, 21], "intent": 7, "treat": [7, 13], "propens": [8, 11, 13], "score": [8, 11, 13], "target": 9, "trial": 9, "emul": 9, "introduct": 9, "relev": 9, "identifi": [9, 22], "guid": 9, "requir": 9, "data": [9, 10, 17, 22], "analysi": [9, 17, 37], "design": 9, "protocol": 9, "thi": [9, 15, 31], "inform": 9, "observ": [9, 14, 22], "activ": 9, "compar": [9, 22, 31], "new": 9, "user": 9, "acnu": 9, "clone": 9, "censor": 9, "weight": [9, 13, 14], "sequenti": 9, "multivari": 10, "regress": [10, 18], "all": 10, "possibl": 10, "driven": 10, "stratif": 11, "simpl": [11, 33], "mantel": 11, "haenszel": 11, "formula": 11, "limit": [11, 12, 13, 14, 17], "match": 12, "invers": 13, "probabl": 13, "iptw": [13, 14, 15, 16], "baselin": 13, "strength": [13, 14], "variant": 13, "stabilis": 13, "trim": 13, "truncat": 13, "augment": 13, "aipw": 13, "exclud": 13, "individu": [13, 32], "margin": [14, 22], "msm": 14, "step": 14, "1": [14, 17, 33, 37], "2": [14, 17, 33, 37], "associ": 14, "g": [15, 16], "comput": [15, 16], "terminologi": 15, "about": 15, "doe": [15, 18], "enabl": 15, "u": 15, "deal": 15, "depend": [15, 33], "nest": 16, "instrument": 17, "an": 17, "two": [17, 31], "stage": 17, "least": 17, "squar": 17, "2sl": 17, "non": 17, "parametr": 17, "mendelian": 17, "randomis": 17, "intens": 17, "mortal": 17, "patient": 17, "acut": 17, "myocardi": 17, "infarct": 17, "3": 17, "caesarean": 17, "section": 17, "python": [17, 30, 31], "up": [17, 34, 36], "packag": [17, 31, 32, 36, 37], "tradit": 17, "ol": 17, "quarter": 17, "birth": 17, "option": 17, "divid": 17, "reduc": 17, "form": 17, "1st": 17, "autom": 17, "discontinu": 18, "rd": 18, "rdd": 18, "work": 18, "sharp": 18, "fuzzi": 18, "appli": 18, "our": 18, "interrupt": 19, "seri": [19, 37], "ITS": 19, "thing": 19, "consid": 19, "differ": [20, 21], "did": 20, "john": 20, "snow": 20, "cholera": 20, "other": [21, 29, 36], "synthet": 21, "control": 21, "comparison": 21, "overview": 22, "focu": 22, "unobserv": 22, "condit": [22, 37], "typic": 22, "report": 22, "guidelin": 22, "resourc": [22, 33], "ami": 23, "heather": 23, "git": 24, "commit": 24, "download": 24, "folder": 24, "repositori": 24, "delet": 24, "add": 24, "renam": 24, "remov": 24, "push": 24, "undo": 24, "command": [24, 34], "track": [24, 33], "larg": [24, 33], "file": 24, "tag": 24, "fetch": 24, "pull": 24, "branch": 24, "version": 24, "stash": 24, "fork": 24, "store": 24, "credenti": 24, "public": 24, "privat": 24, "latex": 25, "unicod": 25, "url": 25, "linux": 26, "machin": 27, "learn": 27, "open": 28, "scienc": 28, "framework": 28, "osf": 28, "project": 28, "registr": 28, "io": 29, "zotero": 29, "citat": 29, "cff": 29, "changelog": 29, "environ": [30, 34], "conda": 30, "virtualenv": 30, "virtualenvwrapp": 30, "docker": 30, "gener": [31, 32, 33, 35], "stuff": 31, "code": 31, "pylanc": 31, "violin": 31, "plot": 31, "lab": 31, "datafram": 31, "lint": [31, 35], "test": [31, 33, 36], "colour": 31, "scale": 31, "save": 31, "html": 31, "csv": 31, "again": 31, "convert": 31, "pdf": 31, "ideal": 31, "tbh": 31, "seed": 32, "random": 32, "number": [32, 33], "pseudorandom": 32, "global": 32, "object": [32, 33, 35], "pass": 32, "around": 32, "parallel": 32, "seedsequ": 32, "spawn": 32, "stream": 32, "sampl": [32, 33], "legaci": 32, "de": [33, 37], "simpi": 33, "basic": [33, 34], "orient": 33, "program": 33, "altern": 33, "layout": 33, "produc": 33, "entiti": 33, "arriv": 33, "function": [33, 35, 36], "request": 33, "multipl": [33, 35], "simultan": 33, "prioriti": 33, "queue": [33, 37], "unavail": 33, "distribut": 33, "rate": 33, "e": 33, "utilis": 33, "across": 33, "run": 33, "interv": 33, "audit": 33, "process": 33, "scenario": [33, 37], "determin": 33, "mani": 33, "replic": [33, 37], "appoint": [33, 37], "schedul": 33, "parallelis": 33, "input": [33, 35, 37], "view": 33, "r": 34, "renv": 34, "reproduc": [34, 37], "binder": 34, "rough": 34, "default": 35, "return": 35, "ad": 36, "librari": 36, "load": 36, "check": 36, "vignett": 36, "websit": 36, "discret": [37, 38], "event": 37, "simul": [37, 38], "output": 37, "initialis": 37, "inspect": 37, "initi": 37, "manual": 37, "characterist": [37, 38], "evalu": 37, "perform": 37, "metric": 37, "verif": 37, "valid": 37, "softwar": 37, "stochast": 38, "determinist": 38, "static": 38, "dynam": 38, "continu": 38, "advic": 38, "care": 38, "pathwai": 38}, "envversion": {"sphinx.domains.c": 2, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 8, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 2, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 3, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2, "sphinx": 57}, "alltitles": {"Hosting books": [[0, "hosting-books"]], "GitHub pages": [[0, "github-pages"]], "Making books": [[1, "making-books"]], "Summary": [[1, "summary"], [17, "summary"]], "Quarto": [[1, "quarto"]], "Jupyter book": [[1, "jupyter-book"]], "Sphinx": [[1, "sphinx"]], "Markdown": [[2, "markdown"]], "Note": [[2, null]], "Important": [[2, null]], "Caution": [[2, null]], "Warning": [[2, null]], "Attention": [[2, null]], "Error": [[2, null]], "Danger": [[2, null]], "See Also": [[2, null]], "Hint": [[2, null]], "Tip": [[2, null]], "Prediction v.s. causal inference": [[3, "prediction-v-s-causal-inference"]], "Executive summary": [[3, null], [4, null], [5, null], [6, null], [7, null], [8, null], [9, null]], "How do you know whether you are interested in prediction or causation?": [[3, "how-do-you-know-whether-you-are-interested-in-prediction-or-causation"]], "Illustrative example": [[3, "illustrative-example"]], "Explainability v.s. causality": [[3, "explainability-v-s-causality"]], "Doing predictive AND etiological research": [[3, "doing-predictive-and-etiological-research"]], "When can prediction models answer causal questions?": [[3, "when-can-prediction-models-answer-causal-questions"]], "Confusion and controversy": [[3, "confusion-and-controversy"]], "Reasons for confusion": [[3, "reasons-for-confusion"]], "Confusion in the literature": [[3, "confusion-in-the-literature"]], "Concepts and principles": [[3, "concepts-and-principles"]], "Ladder of causality": [[3, "ladder-of-causality"]], "Types of inference": [[3, "types-of-inference"]], "The three \u201clanguages\u201d of causal inference": [[4, "the-three-languages-of-causal-inference"]], "Causal inference": [[4, "causal-inference"]], "Potential outcomes/counterfactuals": [[4, "potential-outcomes-counterfactuals"]], "Graphs": [[4, "graphs"]], "Structural equation modelling (SEM)": [[4, "structural-equation-modelling-sem"]], "Directed acyclic graphs": [[5, "directed-acyclic-graphs"]], "Naming conventions": [[5, "naming-conventions"]], "Key components": [[5, "key-components"]], "Confounders": [[5, "confounders"]], "Moderators": [[5, "moderators"]], "Mediators": [[5, "mediators"]], "How is CDE estimated?": [[5, "how-is-cde-estimated"]], "Over-adjustment bias": [[5, "over-adjustment-bias"]], "Colliders": [[5, "colliders"]], "Selection nodes": [[5, "selection-nodes"]], "Measurement error (mis-measured variables)": [[5, "measurement-error-mis-measured-variables"]], "How do you know what to include in your DAG?": [[5, "how-do-you-know-what-to-include-in-your-dag"]], "DAG completeness": [[5, "dag-completeness"]], "How do you know when to include mediators?": [[5, "how-do-you-know-when-to-include-mediators"]], "When should you draw arrows?": [[5, "when-should-you-draw-arrows"]], "Can you use variable selection methods?": [[5, "can-you-use-variable-selection-methods"]], "How do you create a DAG?": [[5, "how-do-you-create-a-dag"]], "Paths": [[5, "paths"]], "D-seperation rules": [[5, "d-seperation-rules"]], "Rules": [[5, "rules"]], "Examples of each rule": [[5, "examples-of-each-rule"]], "Faithfulness": [[5, "faithfulness"]], "Time-varying treatments and confounders": [[5, "time-varying-treatments-and-confounders"]], "What is a time-varying treatment?": [[5, "what-is-a-time-varying-treatment"]], "Treatment-confounder feedback": [[5, "treatment-confounder-feedback"]], "Presenting results from causal inference studies": [[5, "presenting-results-from-causal-inference-studies"]], "Minimal set of covariates": [[5, "minimal-set-of-covariates"]], "Example cases": [[5, "example-cases"]], "Example: Oestrogen and endometrial cancer": [[5, "example-oestrogen-and-endometrial-cancer"]], "Example: HIV and ART": [[5, "example-hiv-and-art"]], "Assumptions": [[6, "assumptions"], [13, "assumptions"], [15, "assumptions"], [20, "assumptions"], [22, "assumptions"]], "Exchangeability assumption": [[6, "exchangeability-assumption"]], "Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption (SUTVA)": [[6, "stable-unit-treatment-value-assumption-sutva"]], "Positivity assumption": [[6, "positivity-assumption"]], "Ignorability assumption": [[6, "ignorability-assumption"]], "Causal estimands": [[7, "causal-estimands"]], "Average causal effect": [[7, "average-causal-effect"]], "Causal effect estimands": [[7, "causal-effect-estimands"]], "Choosing a causal estimand": [[7, "choosing-a-causal-estimand"]], "Effect measures": [[7, "effect-measures"]], "Treatment effects": [[7, "treatment-effects"]], "More on: Intention-to-treat": [[7, "more-on-intention-to-treat"]], "Propensity scores": [[8, "propensity-scores"]], "Target trial emulation": [[9, "target-trial-emulation"]], "Introduction": [[9, "introduction"]], "Bias": [[9, "bias"]], "Relevant causal questions": [[9, "relevant-causal-questions"]], "Identify confounders": [[9, "identify-confounders"]], "Guides required data and analysis": [[9, "guides-required-data-and-analysis"]], "How to design your target trial protocol": [[9, "how-to-design-your-target-trial-protocol"]], "How to use this to inform your observational study": [[9, "how-to-use-this-to-inform-your-observational-study"]], "Active comparator, new user (ACNU) design": [[9, "active-comparator-new-user-acnu-design"]], "Clone-censor-weight design": [[9, "clone-censor-weight-design"]], "Sequential trial design": [[9, "sequential-trial-design"]], "Multivariable regression": [[10, "multivariable-regression"]], "All possible confounders": [[10, "all-possible-confounders"]], "Data-driven selection of confounders": [[10, "data-driven-selection-of-confounders"]], "Stratification": [[11, "stratification"]], "Simple example": [[11, "simple-example"]], "Mantel-Haenszel Formula": [[11, "mantel-haenszel-formula"]], "Stratification on the propensity score": [[11, "stratification-on-the-propensity-score"]], "Limitations of stratification": [[11, "limitations-of-stratification"]], "Matching": [[12, "matching"]], "Matching methods": [[12, "matching-methods"]], "Limitations": [[12, "limitations"], [17, "limitations"]], "Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) with baseline covariates": [[13, "inverse-probability-of-treatment-weighting-iptw-with-baseline-covariates"]], "Example": [[13, "example"]], "Strengths and limitations": [[13, "strengths-and-limitations"], [14, "strengths-and-limitations"]], "IPTW variants": [[13, "iptw-variants"]], "Weight stabilisation": [[13, "weight-stabilisation"]], "Propensity score trimming and truncation": [[13, "propensity-score-trimming-and-truncation"]], "Augmented inverse propensity weighting (AIPW)": [[13, "augmented-inverse-propensity-weighting-aipw"]], "Excluding treated individuals": [[13, "excluding-treated-individuals"]], "Marginal structural models (MSM)": [[14, "marginal-structural-models-msm"]], "Method": [[14, "method"]], "Step 1. Weight observations using IPTW": [[14, "step-1-weight-observations-using-iptw"]], "Step 2. Use weights in model to estimate treatment-outcome association": [[14, "step-2-use-weights-in-model-to-estimate-treatment-outcome-association"]], "G-computation": [[15, "g-computation"]], "Terminology": [[15, "terminology"]], "About the method": [[15, "about-the-method"]], "How does this method enable us to deal with treatment-dependent confounding?": [[15, "how-does-this-method-enable-us-to-deal-with-treatment-dependent-confounding"]], "G-computation v.s. IPTW": [[15, "g-computation-v-s-iptw"]], "G-estimation of structural nested models": [[16, "g-estimation-of-structural-nested-models"]], "G-computation + IPTW": [[16, "g-computation-iptw"]], "Instrumental variables": [[17, "instrumental-variables"]], "What is an instrumental variable?": [[17, "what-is-an-instrumental-variable"]], "Two-stage least squares (2SLS)": [[17, "two-stage-least-squares-2sls"]], "Assumptions of instrumental variable analysis": [[17, "assumptions-of-instrumental-variable-analysis"]], "Non-parametric instrumental variable methods": [[17, "non-parametric-instrumental-variable-methods"]], "Examples": [[17, "examples"], [37, "examples"]], "Example 1: Mendelian randomisation": [[17, "example-1-mendelian-randomisation"]], "Example 2: Effect of intensive treatment on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction": [[17, "example-2-effect-of-intensive-treatment-on-mortality-in-patients-with-acute-myocardial-infarction"]], "Example 3: caesarean section": [[17, "example-3-caesarean-section"]], "Python example": [[17, "python-example"]], "Set-up (import packages and data)": [[17, "set-up-import-packages-and-data"]], "Traditional OLS estimate": [[17, "traditional-ols-estimate"]], "Quarter of birth": [[17, "quarter-of-birth"]], "Estimating the average causal effect": [[17, "estimating-the-average-causal-effect"]], "Option 1. Dividing reduced form by 1st stage.": [[17, "option-1-dividing-reduced-form-by-1st-stage"]], "Option 2. 2 stages least squares (2SLS)": [[17, "option-2-2-stages-least-squares-2sls"]], "Option 3. Automated 2SLS": [[17, "option-3-automated-2sls"]], "Regression discontinuity (RD)": [[18, "regression-discontinuity-rd"]], "How does RDD work?": [[18, "how-does-rdd-work"]], "Sharp v.s. fuzzy RDD": [[18, "sharp-v-s-fuzzy-rdd"]], "Applying to our work": [[18, "applying-to-our-work"]], "Interrupted time series (ITS)": [[19, "interrupted-time-series-its"]], "Things to consider": [[19, "things-to-consider"]], "Difference in differences (DiD)": [[20, "difference-in-differences-did"]], "Example: John Snow and cholera": [[20, "example-john-snow-and-cholera"]], "Other methods": [[21, "other-methods"]], "More on: Synthetic control": [[21, "more-on-synthetic-control"]], "Comparison to difference-in-differences": [[21, "comparison-to-difference-in-differences"]], "Overview": [[22, "overview"]], "Identifying the focus of the research": [[22, "identifying-the-focus-of-the-research"]], "Methods for causal effect estimation using observational data": [[22, "methods-for-causal-effect-estimation-using-observational-data"]], "Comparing methods": [[22, "comparing-methods"]], "Treatment-confounder feedback and unobserved confounding": [[22, "treatment-confounder-feedback-and-unobserved-confounding"]], "Causal estimand & conditional/marginal effects": [[22, "causal-estimand-conditional-marginal-effects"]], "What methods are typically used?": [[22, "what-methods-are-typically-used"]], "Reporting guidelines": [[22, "reporting-guidelines"]], "Resources": [[22, "resources"], [33, "resources"]], "Amy Heather\u2019s Notes": [[23, "amy-heather-s-notes"]], "Git": [[24, "git"]], "Conventional commits": [[24, "conventional-commits"]], "Download folder from a GitHub repository": [[24, "download-folder-from-a-github-repository"]], "Create and delete repositories": [[24, "create-and-delete-repositories"]], "Add, rename, remove, push": [[24, "add-rename-remove-push"]], "Undo git command": [[24, "undo-git-command"]], "Track large file": [[24, "track-large-file"]], "Tags": [[24, "tags"]], "Git fetch v.s. git pull": [[24, "git-fetch-v-s-git-pull"]], "Branches and versions": [[24, "branches-and-versions"]], "Git stash": [[24, "git-stash"]], "Git fork": [[24, "git-fork"]], "Commits": [[24, "commits"]], "Storing credentials": [[24, "storing-credentials"]], "Public v.s. private repositories": [[24, "public-v-s-private-repositories"]], "Latex": [[25, "latex"]], "Unicode error": [[25, "unicode-error"]], "URL": [[25, "url"]], "Linux": [[26, "linux"]], "Machine learning": [[27, "machine-learning"]], "Causality": [[27, "causality"]], "Open Science": [[28, "open-science"]], "Open Science Framework (OSF)": [[28, "open-science-framework-osf"]], "Project": [[28, "project"]], "Registrations": [[28, "registrations"]], "Other": [[29, "other"]], "draw.io": [[29, "draw-io"]], "Zotero": [[29, "zotero"]], "Citation.cff": [[29, "citation-cff"]], "Changelog": [[29, "changelog"]], "Python environments": [[30, "python-environments"]], "Conda": [[30, "conda"]], "Virtualenv": [[30, "virtualenv"], [30, "id1"]], "Virtualenvwrapper": [[30, "virtualenvwrapper"]], "Docker": [[30, "docker"]], "General Python Stuff": [[31, "general-python-stuff"]], "Using VS Code": [[31, "using-vs-code"]], "Type hinting in VS Code with Pylance": [[31, "type-hinting-in-vs-code-with-pylance"]], "Violin plot": [[31, "violin-plot"]], "Jupyter lab": [[31, "jupyter-lab"]], "Comparing two dataframes": [[31, "comparing-two-dataframes"]], "Linting": [[31, "linting"], [35, "linting"]], "Compare dataframes": [[31, "compare-dataframes"]], "Package": [[31, "package"]], "Unit testing": [[31, "unit-testing"]], "Colour scales": [[31, "colour-scales"]], "Save HTML to csv and then import again and convert to PDF (this is not ideal tbh)": [[31, "save-html-to-csv-and-then-import-again-and-convert-to-pdf-this-is-not-ideal-tbh"]], "Seeds": [[32, "seeds"]], "Packages": [[32, "packages"], [36, "packages"]], "Generating a random number": [[32, "generating-a-random-number"]], "What is a pseudorandom number generator?": [[32, "what-is-a-pseudorandom-number-generator"]], "Global random number generator": [[32, "global-random-number-generator"]], "Create a generator object and pass it around": [[32, "create-a-generator-object-and-pass-it-around"]], "Parallel random number generation": [[32, "parallel-random-number-generation"]], "SeedSequence spawning": [[32, "seedsequence-spawning"]], "Creating individual random number streams for sampling": [[32, "creating-individual-random-number-streams-for-sampling"]], "Legacy Random Generation": [[32, "legacy-random-generation"]], "DES using SimPy": [[33, "des-using-simpy"]], "Basic model structure (using object-oriented programming)": [[33, "basic-model-structure-using-object-oriented-programming"]], "Alternatives layouts": [[33, "alternatives-layouts"]], "Producing entity arrivals (using generator functions)": [[33, "producing-entity-arrivals-using-generator-functions"]], "Requesting multiple resources simultaneously": [[33, "requesting-multiple-resources-simultaneously"]], "Priority queue": [[33, "priority-queue"]], "Resource unavailability": [[33, "resource-unavailability"]], "Sampling from distributions": [[33, "sampling-from-distributions"]], "Variable arrival rates (i.e. time-dependent arrivals)": [[33, "variable-arrival-rates-i-e-time-dependent-arrivals"]], "Tracking resource utilisation": [[33, "tracking-resource-utilisation"]], "Method 1. Simple average across the run": [[33, "method-1-simple-average-across-the-run"]], "Method 2. Interval audit process": [[33, "method-2-interval-audit-process"]], "Testing a large number of scenarios": [[33, "testing-a-large-number-of-scenarios"]], "Determining how many replications to run.": [[33, "determining-how-many-replications-to-run"]], "Appointment booking (i.e. scheduling)": [[33, "appointment-booking-i-e-scheduling"]], "Parallelisation": [[33, "parallelisation"]], "Input modelling": [[33, "input-modelling"]], "Viewing results from the model": [[33, "viewing-results-from-the-model"]], "R environments": [[34, "r-environments"]], "How to set-up renv for reproducible research": [[34, "how-to-set-up-renv-for-reproducible-research"]], "Basic renv commands": [[34, "basic-renv-commands"]], "Binder": [[34, "binder"]], "Rough notes": [[34, "rough-notes"]], "General": [[35, "general"]], "Function setting default inputs": [[35, "function-setting-default-inputs"]], "Function returning multiple objects": [[35, "function-returning-multiple-objects"]], "Packages: set up": [[36, "packages-set-up"]], "Packages: adding functions and testing": [[36, "packages-adding-functions-and-testing"]], "Packages: using other libraries": [[36, "packages-using-other-libraries"]], "Packages: loading and checking": [[36, "packages-loading-and-checking"]], "Packages - Vignettes:": [[36, "packages-vignettes"]], "Packages - Create GitHub pages website:": [[36, "packages-create-github-pages-website"]], "Discrete event simulation (DES)": [[37, "discrete-event-simulation-des"]], "What is DES?": [[37, "what-is-des"]], "Components of a DES": [[37, "components-of-a-des"]], "DES Inputs": [[37, "des-inputs"]], "DES Outputs": [[37, "des-outputs"]], "Initialisation bias": [[37, "initialisation-bias"]], "Method 1. Inspect time series": [[37, "method-1-inspect-time-series"]], "Method 2. Set initial conditions manually": [[37, "method-2-set-initial-conditions-manually"]], "Queue characteristics": [[37, "queue-characteristics"]], "Appointment booking": [[37, "appointment-booking"]], "Reproducibility": [[37, "reproducibility"]], "Evaluating model performance": [[37, "evaluating-model-performance"]], "Metrics": [[37, "metrics"]], "Scenario analysis": [[37, "scenario-analysis"]], "Replications": [[37, "replications"]], "Model verification and validation": [[37, "model-verification-and-validation"]], "Packages and software for discrete event simulation": [[37, "packages-and-software-for-discrete-event-simulation"]], "Simulation": [[38, "simulation"], [38, "id1"]], "Characteristics of a simulation": [[38, "characteristics-of-a-simulation"]], "Stochastic or deterministic": [[38, "stochastic-or-deterministic"]], "Static or dynamic": [[38, "static-or-dynamic"]], "Discrete or continuous": [[38, "discrete-or-continuous"]], "Types of simulation models": [[38, "types-of-simulation-models"]], "Advice on modelling care pathways": [[38, "advice-on-modelling-care-pathways"]]}, "indexentries": {}}) \ No newline at end of file +Search.setIndex({"docnames": ["books/hosting_books", "books/making_books", "books/markdown", "causal_concepts/1_predict_vs_causal", "causal_concepts/2_intro_to_causality", "causal_concepts/3_dags", "causal_concepts/4_assumptions", "causal_concepts/5_estimands", "causal_concepts/6_propensity_scores", "causal_concepts/7_target_trial", "causal_methods/a1_multivariable_regression", "causal_methods/a2_stratification", "causal_methods/a3_matching", "causal_methods/a4_iptw", "causal_methods/b1_marginal_structural_models", "causal_methods/b2_gcomputation", "causal_methods/b3_gestimation", "causal_methods/c1_instrumental_variable", "causal_methods/c2_regression_discontinuity", "causal_methods/c3_interrupted_time", "causal_methods/c4_diff_in_diff", "causal_methods/other", "causal_methods/summary", "index", "programming_notes/git", "programming_notes/latex", "programming_notes/linux", "programming_notes/machine_learning", "programming_notes/open_science", "programming_notes/other", "python/environments", "python/general", "python/seeds", "python/simpy", "r/environments", "r/general", "r/packages", "simulation/discrete_event", "simulation/simulation"], "filenames": ["books/hosting_books.md", "books/making_books.md", "books/markdown.md", "causal_concepts/1_predict_vs_causal.md", "causal_concepts/2_intro_to_causality.md", "causal_concepts/3_dags.md", "causal_concepts/4_assumptions.md", "causal_concepts/5_estimands.md", "causal_concepts/6_propensity_scores.md", "causal_concepts/7_target_trial.md", "causal_methods/a1_multivariable_regression.md", "causal_methods/a2_stratification.md", "causal_methods/a3_matching.md", "causal_methods/a4_iptw.md", "causal_methods/b1_marginal_structural_models.md", "causal_methods/b2_gcomputation.md", "causal_methods/b3_gestimation.md", "causal_methods/c1_instrumental_variable.ipynb", "causal_methods/c2_regression_discontinuity.md", "causal_methods/c3_interrupted_time.md", "causal_methods/c4_diff_in_diff.md", "causal_methods/other.md", "causal_methods/summary.md", "index.md", "programming_notes/git.md", "programming_notes/latex.md", "programming_notes/linux.md", "programming_notes/machine_learning.md", "programming_notes/open_science.md", "programming_notes/other.md", "python/environments.md", "python/general.md", "python/seeds.ipynb", "python/simpy.md", "r/environments.md", "r/general.md", "r/packages.md", "simulation/discrete_event.md", "simulation/simulation.md"], "titles": ["Hosting books", "Making books", "Markdown", "Prediction v.s. causal inference", "The three \u201clanguages\u201d of causal inference", "Directed acyclic graphs", "Assumptions", "Causal estimands", "Propensity scores", "Target trial emulation", "Multivariable regression", "Stratification", "Matching", "Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) with baseline covariates", "Marginal structural models (MSM)", "G-computation", "G-estimation of structural nested models", "Instrumental variables", "Regression discontinuity (RD)", "Interrupted time series (ITS)", "Difference in differences (DiD)", "Other methods", "Overview", "Amy Heather\u2019s Notes", "Git", "Latex", "Linux", "Machine learning", "Open Science", "Other", "Python environments", "General Python Stuff", "Seeds", "DES using SimPy", "R environments", "General", "Packages", "Discrete event simulation (DES)", "Simulation"], "terms": {"need": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "sort": [0, 31, 33], "out": [0, 1, 4, 5, 7, 17, 18, 21, 31, 33, 37, 38], "list": [0, 1, 4, 11, 21, 24, 30, 31, 33, 35], "here": [0, 1, 5, 15, 17, 30, 33, 34, 36], "inc": [0, 14], "quarto": 0, "pub": 0, "posit": [0, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 22, 31, 34], "connect": [0, 5, 18], "cloud": 0, "netlifi": 0, "confluenc": 0, "hug": 0, "face": [0, 3], "space": [0, 19, 24, 25, 31, 33, 37], "rpub": 0, "readthedoc": 0, "note": [0, 1, 9, 10, 17, 31, 33, 36], "written": [0, 1], "jupyt": 0, "To": [0, 1, 4, 5, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37], "publish": [0, 28], "instal": [0, 1, 24, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36], "ghp": 0, "import": [0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 19, 22, 32, 33, 34, 36], "navig": [0, 34], "": [0, 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21, 25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37], "root": [0, 33], "directori": [0, 1, 24, 30, 31, 36], "contain": [0, 3, 5, 13, 24, 30, 33, 34, 36], "_build": [0, 1], "html": [0, 1, 32, 36], "run": [0, 1, 17, 18, 24, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37], "n": [0, 30, 31, 32, 33], "p": [0, 1, 4, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17, 22, 31, 33], "f": [0, 17, 31, 32, 33], "abov": [0, 3, 5, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 22, 31, 32, 33, 37], "can": [0, 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38], "do": [0, 1, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 20, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38], "booknam": 0, "instead": [0, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 16, 20, 22, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37], "view": [0, 24, 31], "http": [0, 1, 21, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37], "user": [0, 3, 36], "io": [0, 1, 31, 32], "myonlinebook": 0, "updat": [0, 1, 24, 30, 31, 36, 37], "make": [0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 28, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "chang": [0, 1, 3, 5, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "main": [0, 5, 9, 24, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36], "branch": [0, 33, 36, 37], "rebuild": [0, 1, 31, 36], "us": [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 38], "befor": [0, 1, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 33, 37], "push": [0, 36], "newli": 0, "built": [0, 1, 3], "gh": 0, "Will": [0, 9, 30], "take": [0, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13, 16, 22, 31, 33, 37], "few": [0, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 21, 22, 32, 33, 37], "minut": [0, 3, 24, 33, 37], "set": [0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38], "thi": [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38], "up": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 16, 22, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38], "just": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36], "from": [0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38], "command": [0, 1, 30], "cd": [0, 1], "go": [0, 1, 7, 13, 17, 24, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36], "top": [0, 3, 33], "i": [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 38], "e": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38], "document": [0, 1, 2, 24, 28, 36], "nano": [0, 30], "bashrc": [0, 30], "At": [0, 9, 16, 18], "bottom": [0, 3], "file": [0, 1, 2, 17, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 36], "add": [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 15, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36], "alia": 0, "build": [0, 1, 3, 24, 30, 36], "save": [0, 3, 33, 34, 37], "sourc": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "refresh": 0, "Then": [0, 5, 17, 24, 32, 34, 37], "when": [0, 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37], "you": [0, 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38], "want": [0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 13, 17, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "recreat": 0, "where": [0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "config": [0, 1, 24], "also": [0, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38], "desir": [0, 24, 33], "execut": [0, 1, 30, 33], "off": [0, 3, 17, 18, 19, 33], "don": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 14, 17, 24, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "t": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38], "re": [0, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 17, 18, 22, 28, 33, 36], "all": [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, 33, 37], "notebook": [0, 1, 23, 31], "each": [0, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37], "time": [0, 1, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, 36, 38], "system": [1, 4, 9, 10, 22, 24, 32, 33, 37, 38], "valid": [1, 4, 5, 11, 13, 14, 17, 22], "input": [1, 3, 17, 25, 31, 38], "compat": 1, "python": [1, 23, 32, 33, 35, 37], "r": [1, 3, 5, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37], "blog": [1, 20], "post": [1, 11, 20, 21, 30, 31], "tag": [1, 30], "date": [1, 17, 24, 28], "filter": [1, 24], "nice": 1, "exampl": [1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 24, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36], "addit": [1, 4, 5, 13, 17], "detail": [1, 5, 12, 21, 22, 29, 37, 38], "markdown": 1, "md": [1, 24, 29, 36], "ipynb": [1, 31], "myst": [1, 2], "restructur": [1, 24], "text": [1, 2, 17, 31], "rst": 1, "recommend": [1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 19, 22, 24, 30, 32, 33], "tool": [1, 3, 33], "would": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 27, 30, 36, 37], "probabl": [1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "onli": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 22, 24, 27, 31, 33, 34, 36], "were": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 22, 28], "work": [1, 9, 17, 22, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36], "possibl": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37], "convert": [1, 10, 17, 26, 32, 36], "rmd": [1, 36], "Not": [1, 4, 24, 32], "found": [1, 3, 5, 9, 18, 30], "samuel": [1, 31], "1": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36], "2": [1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 15, 19, 21, 22, 24, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36], "easi": [1, 4, 30, 38], "integr": [1, 4, 17, 24, 33], "binderhub": 1, "googl": 1, "colab": 1, "default": [1, 24, 30, 33, 34, 36], "nbsphinx": 1, "nb": 1, "design": [1, 4, 5, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 33, 37], "didn": [1, 5, 7, 9, 18, 22], "easili": 1, "implement": [1, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 33, 37], "variou": [1, 4, 7, 13, 16, 30, 33], "languag": 1, "ye": [1, 17, 34, 37], "pyopensci": 1, "littl": [1, 5], "biomed": 1, "statist": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 32, 33, 37], "chri": 1, "holdgraf": 1, "thumbnail": 1, "galleri": 1, "binder": 1, "nbviewer": 1, "cross": 1, "qmd": 1, "which": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37], "combin": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22], "code": [1, 3, 9, 17, 24, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36], "explicitli": [1, 3, 5, 9], "support": [1, 3, 6, 17, 24, 32, 34], "dynam": [1, 16, 37], "content": [1, 18, 24, 32, 37], "julia": 1, "observ": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 27, 33, 37, 38], "comparison": [1, 4, 7, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20], "well": [1, 3, 4, 5, 15, 16, 20, 22, 37], "nativ": [1, 34], "tutori": [1, 31, 37], "3": [1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 19, 22, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34], "ddanieltan": 1, "github": [1, 17, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34], "site": [1, 20, 36], "data": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24, 27, 28, 31, 33, 37, 38], "scienc": [1, 4, 8, 17, 19, 22], "analysi": [1, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 28, 31, 33], "hsma": [1, 33], "de": 1, "huge": 1, "rang": [1, 13, 17, 18, 23, 31, 33, 37], "output": [1, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38], "format": [1, 24, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34], "jekyl": 1, "rubi": 1, "creat": [1, 2, 9, 13, 14, 15, 22, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37], "simpl": [1, 9, 14, 17, 31, 38], "static": 1, "exet": 1, "rse": 1, "workshop": 1, "websit": [1, 22], "mkdoc": 1, "seem": [1, 5], "other": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 38], "more": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38], "materi": 1, "plugin": 1, "cookiecutt": 1, "provid": [1, 3, 4, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 22, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37], "featur": [1, 3, 5, 21, 24, 27], "bookdown": 1, "definit": [1, 5, 7], "guid": [1, 7, 29], "cookbook": 1, "blogdown": 1, "hugo": 1, "hugodown": 1, "distil": 1, "eg": [1, 5, 6, 22], "project": [1, 24, 34], "pipe": 1, "hot": 1, "tidi": 1, "model": [1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 21, 22, 27], "sleep": [1, 33], "reflect": [1, 5, 14, 17, 31, 32], "rmarkdown": [1, 34], "paid": 1, "www": [1, 24, 33], "gitbook": 1, "com": [1, 24, 29, 30], "price": [1, 17], "random": [1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 21, 33, 37, 38], "down": [1, 11, 16, 37, 38], "option": [1, 3, 9, 24, 25, 33, 36], "explor": [1, 3, 4, 13, 21], "sandpap": 1, "pegboard": 1, "varnish": 1, "carpentri": 1, "lab": 1, "good": [1, 3, 4, 13, 33, 35, 37], "enough": [1, 5, 6, 9], "practic": [1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 22, 32], "index": [1, 9, 13, 24, 31, 33], "sweav": 1, "latex": 1, "rstudio": [1, 34, 36], "pandoc": 1, "sagemath": 1, "nbconvert": 1, "pelican": 1, "org": [1, 21, 24, 31, 33, 34, 36], "mode": [1, 29, 33, 34], "doconc": 1, "scribu": 1, "madoko": 1, "texinfo": 1, "get": [1, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37], "doc": [1, 24, 30, 32, 36, 37], "start": [1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 14, 17, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37], "download": 1, "linux": [1, 34], "deb": 1, "ran": 1, "sudo": [1, 30], "dpkg": 1, "packagenam": [1, 36], "environ": [1, 5, 31, 33, 36], "necessari": [1, 3, 10, 37], "requir": [1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "mai": [1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 19, 22, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "step": [1, 9, 11, 15, 21, 22, 30, 36, 37, 38], "what": [1, 3, 4, 9, 14, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 38], "decid": [1, 4, 5, 37], "me": [1, 3, 32], "ipykernel": 1, "pyyaml": 1, "nbformat": 1, "nbclient": 1, "v": [1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 17], "extens": [1, 12, 17, 24, 30, 31], "perhap": [1, 15], "open": [1, 5, 10, 17, 24, 30, 31, 34, 36], "close": [1, 5, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18, 24, 32, 33, 34, 37], "within": [1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37], "ctrl": [1, 31], "shift": [1, 17, 31, 33, 37], "select": [1, 3, 7, 9, 12, 17, 18, 24, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38], "interpret": [1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 13, 14, 17, 22, 31], "choos": [1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 15, 19, 22, 33, 37], "render": [1, 36], "full": [1, 3, 31, 33], "k": [1, 5, 15, 33, 37], "hello": 1, "alt": [1, 2], "docx": 1, "individu": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 33], "cell": 1, "button": [1, 24, 29], "ll": [1, 5, 10, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36], "see": [1, 3, 4, 5, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "pop": 1, "basic": [1, 4, 21, 31, 36], "manuscript": 1, "A": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 17, 22, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38], "actual": [1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 17, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33], "special": [1, 3, 5, 19], "type": [1, 4, 5, 7, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 24, 33, 34, 37], "most": [1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 34], "differ": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 24, 27, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38], "chapter": 1, "number": [1, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 31, 34, 37, 38], "refer": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 22, 24, 30, 32, 33], "between": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 31, 32, 33, 37], "For": [1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37], "ar": [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "seper": [1, 11, 13, 18, 22, 32], "page": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 21, 22, 24, 33], "filenam": [1, 24, 31, 35, 36], "ha": [1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 32, 33, 37], "preview": [1, 36], "vscode": [1, 24, 30, 31], "extern": [1, 5, 24, 36], "check": [1, 13, 16, 17, 21, 24, 30, 31, 33, 37, 38], "successfulli": [1, 30, 38], "whole": [1, 7, 11, 22, 31, 36], "current": [1, 9, 13, 22, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36], "click": [1, 24, 28, 29, 36], "them": [1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 31, 33, 36, 37], "except": [1, 22, 33], "packag": [1, 3, 22, 30, 33, 34, 35], "sampl": [1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 31, 37, 38], "store": [1, 17, 28, 30, 33, 36, 37], "locat": [1, 5, 19, 30], "book_nam": 1, "If": [1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37], "new": [1, 3, 5, 10, 24, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36], "tabl": [1, 5, 9, 11, 22, 33], "doesn": [1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 13, 17, 24, 33, 36, 38], "upon": 1, "try": [1, 5, 7, 17, 21, 24, 31, 33, 37], "path": [1, 2, 4, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, 22, 30, 31, 33, 37], "gener": [1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 28, 36, 37], "conf": 1, "py": [1, 30, 31], "your": [1, 3, 4, 8, 21, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37], "_config": 1, "yml": [1, 30], "_toc": 1, "b": [1, 3, 5, 11, 24, 31, 37], "rtd": 1, "theme": 1, "parser": 1, "autoapi": 1, "call": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, 18, 24, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37], "enter": [1, 9, 24, 30, 33, 37], "g": [1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "mkdir": 1, "ani": [1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 31, 33, 34, 37], "includ": [1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38], "how": [1, 2, 21, 22, 27, 30, 32, 37, 38], "descript": [1, 3, 9, 16, 22, 24, 28, 34, 36, 37], "guide1": 1, "guide2": 1, "quickstart": 1, "modifi": [1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 14, 24, 28, 33, 34, 36], "home": [1, 17, 30], "name": [1, 4, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 24, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36], "under": [1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 16, 22, 28, 30, 36, 38], "activ": [1, 3, 30, 31, 33, 36, 37], "develop": [1, 5, 15, 17, 22, 30, 32, 34], "toctre": 1, "sidebar": [1, 24], "produc": [1, 10, 17, 24, 29, 32, 37], "configur": [1, 30], "myst_pars": 1, "restructuredtext": 1, "auto": [1, 33], "modul": 1, "function": [1, 4, 13, 16, 17, 27, 31, 32], "api": [1, 17], "autoapi_dir": 1, "kailo_beewell_dashboard": 1, "source_suffix": 1, "templates_path": 1, "_templat": 1, "master_doc": 1, "exclude_pattern": 1, "thumb": [1, 13], "db": 1, "ds_store": 1, "english": 1, "html_theme": 1, "sphinx_rtd_them": 1, "html_static_path": 1, "_static": 1, "folder": [1, 30, 31, 34, 36], "clean": [1, 31], "clear": [1, 5, 9, 22, 28, 33], "els": [1, 5, 6, 17, 25, 31, 33, 37], "might": [1, 4, 5, 6, 18, 32, 33, 37], "everyth": [1, 33], "fulli": [1, 6, 10], "imag": [2, 8, 10, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 30, 37], "alongsid": 2, "img": 2, "align": [2, 9, 10], "left": [2, 3, 10, 18, 33, 37], "src": 2, "alt_nam": 2, "width": [2, 33], "900": 2, "admonit": 2, "explain": [2, 5, 10, 32, 33], "custom": [2, 3, 17, 33, 37, 38], "blue": 2, "class": [2, 16, 17, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38], "orang": 2, "red": [2, 33], "green": 2, "seealso": 2, "aim": [3, 4, 9, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22], "an": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38], "outcom": [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 38], "best": [3, 18, 24, 31, 33], "accuraci": [3, 37], "shap": [3, 21], "about": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 17, 18, 24, 28, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "understand": [3, 4, 5, 10, 17, 18, 32, 38], "why": [3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 18, 33], "certain": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 22, 33, 37], "direct": [3, 4, 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 36, 38], "relationship": [3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 22, 27], "valu": [3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 37], "true": [3, 4, 5, 7, 13, 16, 17, 19, 22, 31, 32, 33, 34], "matter": [3, 4, 5, 31, 37], "goal": [3, 5], "uncov": [3, 4], "effect": [3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24], "It": [3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 32, 33, 36, 37], "involv": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 33, 37], "find": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 31, 33, 34, 37], "unbias": [3, 4, 5, 17, 33], "estim": [3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 31, 33, 37, 38], "x": [3, 4, 6, 15, 17, 18, 31, 33, 35], "y": [3, 4, 5, 6, 15, 17, 18, 30, 33], "control": [3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 33, 38], "confound": [3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20], "factor": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 17, 37], "could": [3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 15, 17, 18, 22, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37], "bia": [3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 27], "In": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 27, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38], "counterfactu": [3, 5, 6, 15, 16, 20, 22, 27], "scenario": [3, 5, 6, 13], "typic": [3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 38], "draw": [3, 4, 11, 22, 32], "diagram": [3, 4, 5, 16, 37], "scientif": [3, 4], "categoris": 3, "summaris": [3, 13], "characterist": [3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 22], "group": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22], "person": [3, 5, 6, 9, 14, 33, 36], "hamak": 3, "et": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22], "al": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22], "2020": [3, 9, 15, 16, 20], "howev": [3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 32, 33, 37], "focuss": [3, 4, 13, 22, 33, 38], "explanatori": [3, 17], "ramspek": [3, 10], "2021": [3, 6, 10, 17, 21, 22], "predictor": [3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 17], "concern": [3, 9, 17, 32], "variabl": [3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 32, 37, 38], "direction": 3, "we": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38], "associ": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 22, 27], "aren": [3, 17], "intervent": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 22, 27, 38], "team": [3, 38], "have": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38], "xgboost": 3, "renew": 3, "subscript": 3, "thei": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 28, 32, 33, 37, 38], "made": [3, 9, 14, 18, 22, 28, 32, 33, 37], "its": [3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 30, 31, 33], "notic": [3, 5, 18], "supris": 3, "who": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 31, 33, 37, 38], "report": [3, 11, 12, 31, 33], "bug": [3, 24], "like": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38], "problem": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 18, 32, 35, 36, 37], "depend": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 14, 19, 22, 24, 30, 34, 36, 37, 38], "retent": 3, "futur": [3, 18, 37], "revenu": 3, "help": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 17, 22, 24, 29, 32, 36], "long": [3, 18, 19, 21, 24, 33, 37], "our": [3, 4, 5, 9, 15, 17, 21, 22, 31, 32, 33, 37], "inform": [3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 22, 24, 30, 37, 38], "action": [3, 36], "retain": [3, 7, 13], "case": [3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 32, 33, 35, 38], "order": [3, 11, 13, 18, 27, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "method": [3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 20, 32], "appropri": [3, 5, 7, 9, 37], "techniqu": [3, 4, 15, 22, 32, 38], "account": [3, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 21, 22, 24, 27, 33], "did": [3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 21, 22], "occur": [3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 24, 33], "simplifi": [3, 38], "version": [3, 6, 16, 30, 34], "below": [3, 4, 5, 7, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 31, 32, 33], "some": [3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 33, 36, 38], "influenc": [3, 5, 6, 13, 17, 19, 32], "unmeasur": [3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22], "WIth": 3, "peopl": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 17, 27, 31, 33, 37], "product": [3, 24], "so": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37], "encount": [3, 13], "becaus": [3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 24, 32, 36, 37], "directli": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 16, 17, 31, 32, 33, 36], "measur": [3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 33, 37], "correl": [3, 4, 13, 17, 21, 24, 32, 37], "end": [3, 5, 9, 13, 16, 22, 24, 30, 31, 33], "captur": [3, 5, 9], "small": [3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 17, 29], "neg": [3, 17, 31, 33], "larg": [3, 11, 13, 18, 37], "being": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 33, 38], "abl": [3, 13, 17, 27, 32, 38], "The": [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38], "ai": [3, 4, 24, 27], "ml": [3, 9, 17, 27], "transpar": [3, 4, 22, 28, 29], "insight": [3, 15, 17], "sensit": [3, 5, 13, 14, 17, 37], "prosperi": 3, "contribut": [3, 17], "covari": [3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22], "often": [3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 37, 38], "mistakenli": 3, "focus": [3, 4, 5], "optimis": 3, "distribut": [3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 32, 37, 38], "hypothet": [3, 7, 16], "lin": 3, "cannot": [3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 17, 18, 22, 28, 32, 34], "sinc": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 22, 32], "bias": [3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 19, 22, 33], "stratif": [3, 5, 8, 13, 14, 15, 22], "mediat": [3, 4, 10, 13, 15, 16, 22], "pathwai": [3, 5, 10, 18, 22, 33], "wish": [3, 22], "claim": [3, 17], "casual": 3, "specif": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 22, 24, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37], "while": [3, 6, 9, 11, 15, 22, 33, 38], "mani": [3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 37, 38], "pure": [3, 5, 17], "forecast": 3, "task": 3, "rain": 3, "care": [3, 5, 9, 22, 30, 37], "caus": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 17, 18, 20, 22], "perform": [3, 9, 11, 12, 17, 24, 31, 33], "danc": 3, "presum": 3, "dy": 3, "crop": 3, "two": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37], "plan": [3, 28], "assign": [3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, 35], "fire": 3, "inspector": 3, "across": [3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 17, 21, 32, 37], "citi": 3, "should": [3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 24, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37], "establish": [3, 19], "violat": [3, 6, 10, 13], "behaviour": [3, 24, 32, 37, 38], "receiv": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22], "inspect": 3, "beck": 3, "2018": [3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 22], "argu": [3, 5, 17, 27], "remain": [3, 5, 9, 10, 13, 17, 20, 22, 33, 37], "relev": [3, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 22, 32], "even": [3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 33], "explan": [3, 5, 9, 21, 30], "invok": 3, "mechan": [3, 5, 16, 22], "alwai": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 36], "happen": [3, 5, 6, 14, 19, 33, 37, 38], "necessarili": [3, 5, 9, 11, 14, 18], "thu": [3, 6, 9, 13, 32], "both": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 32, 33], "fair": 3, "arguabl": 3, "hold": [3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 22, 33], "therefor": [3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 22, 31], "mae": 3, "rmse": 3, "auc": 3, "recal": [3, 5], "f1": 3, "As": [3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 32, 33, 36, 37], "simul": [3, 13, 23, 32, 33, 36], "studi": [3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 37], "plot": [3, 17, 33, 36, 37], "known": [3, 4, 5, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 32, 33, 37, 38], "cluster": [3, 17], "redund": 3, "structur": [3, 5, 6, 9, 13, 21, 22], "dendrogram": 3, "merg": [3, 24], "togeth": [3, 5, 28], "mean": [3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 28, 31, 32, 33, 37], "those": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 31, 32, 33, 34], "veri": [3, 7, 10, 13, 14, 20, 33, 38], "either": [3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 18, 20, 33, 37], "right": [3, 5, 10, 18, 24, 29, 33, 38], "independ": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 32, 33], "unobserv": [3, 4, 6, 12, 13, 17, 18], "henc": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 22, 32, 33, 36, 37], "subject": [3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 15, 18], "economi": 3, "dendogram": 3, "No": [3, 5, 6, 9, 13, 16, 17, 33], "digram": 3, "ad": [3, 17, 22, 24, 31, 37], "spend": [3, 33, 38], "last": [3, 7, 16, 17, 37], "upgrad": [3, 24, 30], "monthli": 3, "usag": [3, 36], "drive": [3, 5], "identifi": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 27, 33, 37, 38], "one": [3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 22, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38], "singl": [3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 22, 29, 32, 33, 37], "driver": 3, "through": [3, 4, 5, 9, 14, 17, 18, 33, 36, 37], "impos": 3, "regular": [3, 37], "fanci": 3, "wai": [3, 5, 9, 17, 22, 24, 32, 33, 37], "sai": [3, 5, 7, 15, 17], "tri": [3, 36], "simplest": [3, 11, 20], "still": [3, 5, 6, 11, 15, 18, 22, 30, 33], "equal": [3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22, 31], "rather": [3, 4, 5, 9, 15, 16, 21, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34], "than": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 24, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34], "three": [3, 9, 17, 22, 33, 38], "tend": [3, 10, 13, 19], "avoid": [3, 7, 9, 15, 17, 21], "overfit": 3, "deal": [3, 11, 22, 36, 37], "doubl": [3, 4, 9, 13, 16, 21], "debias": 3, "machin": [3, 21], "learn": [3, 17, 21, 37], "train": 3, "residu": [3, 5, 9, 11, 17, 22], "variat": [3, 6, 9, 14, 16, 17, 22, 32, 37], "after": [3, 5, 6, 13, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 33, 36, 37], "subtract": [3, 5], "intuit": 3, "part": [3, 5, 9, 32, 37], "There": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 30, 33, 37], "econml": 3, "lineardml": 3, "non": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 22, 33, 34, 37], "driven": 3, "anoth": [3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 15, 17, 18, 32, 33, 37], "sale": 3, "impact": [3, 5, 7, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 32], "indirect": [3, 5], "interact": [3, 5, 10, 13, 14, 15, 36], "scatter": [3, 17], "show": [3, 5, 11, 17, 24, 31, 32, 33], "underestim": [3, 13], "got": [3, 5], "put": [3, 10], "onto": 3, "fix": [3, 5, 17, 24, 33, 37], "remov": [3, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 22, 30, 33, 36, 37], "fail": [3, 11, 22, 27, 30, 36], "downstream": [3, 5, 20], "doe": [3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, 31, 33, 37, 38], "pass": [3, 5, 31, 33], "robust": [3, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 22, 37], "upstream": [3, 20, 24], "though": [3, 5, 10, 33, 36], "reduc": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 32, 33, 37], "power": [3, 5, 19], "detect": [3, 5, 9], "unfortun": 3, "graph": [3, 17, 18, 22, 31], "hard": [3, 7, 24, 25, 38], "wherea": [3, 10, 15, 37], "consequ": [3, 5, 9], "drop": [3, 31, 34, 37], "shouldn": [3, 5], "hide": 3, "split": [3, 5, 21, 33], "exist": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 31, 36], "safer": 3, "uncertain": [3, 38], "discount": 3, "suffer": [3, 9, 14], "rel": [3, 11, 12, 17, 20], "base": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38], "princip": [3, 11, 22], "instrument": [3, 19, 22], "regress": [3, 4, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22], "discontinu": [3, 9, 22], "sometim": [3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 17, 31, 33], "exploit": [3, 22], "partial": 3, "experi": [3, 4, 20, 22, 32, 37], "imposs": [3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15], "randomli": [3, 6, 9, 12, 13, 37], "treatment": [3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 21, 38], "nudg": 3, "toward": [3, 5, 8, 17, 19], "send": [3, 33], "email": 3, "encourag": 3, "approach": [3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 22], "introduct": [3, 5, 19, 21, 22], "stagger": 3, "final": [3, 14, 16], "pattern": [3, 17, 36, 37], "exhibit": 3, "sharp": 3, "cut": [3, 18, 33], "qualif": [3, 18], "trait": 3, "over": [3, 4, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 33, 37, 38], "5": [3, 7, 9, 17, 18, 32, 33, 34], "000": [3, 20], "per": [3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 18, 19, 20, 32, 33, 37], "month": [3, 33], "unrel": [3, 17, 22], "highli": [3, 32], "result": [3, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 22, 24, 28, 32, 37], "natur": [3, 4, 5, 9, 18, 37], "read": [3, 28, 31, 36], "unclear": 3, "carefulli": [3, 4, 9, 19, 37], "examin": [3, 5], "tempor": [3, 9], "commonli": [3, 9, 12, 14, 19, 37], "conflat": 3, "review": [3, 9, 17, 22, 37], "26": [3, 22], "46": 3, "180": [3, 9], "cohort": [3, 9, 17], "etiologi": 3, "wa": [3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37], "mainli": [3, 4, 33], "due": [3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 28, 32, 34, 37], "abil": [3, 5, 17, 18, 21, 22], "without": [3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 22, 24, 32, 33, 37], "judea": [3, 4], "pearl": [3, 4, 27], "propos": [3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22], "level": [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 33, 37], "think": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 17, 18, 37, 38], "increas": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 20], "difficulti": [3, 9], "my": [3, 36], "belief": 3, "symptom": 3, "tell": [3, 5, 17, 24, 30, 33, 36, 37], "diseas": [3, 5, 9, 17, 22, 38], "survei": [3, 28], "u": [3, 4, 5, 9, 17, 24], "elect": 3, "aspirin": [3, 5], "headachb": 3, "cure": 3, "ban": 3, "cigarett": 3, "imagin": [3, 9], "retrospect": 3, "had": [3, 4, 5, 9, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22, 27, 33, 36], "act": [3, 22], "stop": [3, 9, 33, 37], "headach": 3, "kennedi": 3, "aliv": 3, "oswald": 3, "shot": 3, "him": 3, "been": [3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 32, 37, 38], "smoke": [3, 5], "past": [3, 16, 22, 34, 37], "year": [3, 9, 17, 18, 20], "hierarchi": 3, "With": [3, 5, 11, 12, 18, 22], "ask": [3, 9, 37], "averag": [3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 21], "These": [3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 28, 33, 38], "queri": [3, 17], "mathemat": [3, 4, 5, 13, 38], "distinct": 3, "c": [3, 4, 5, 13, 17, 18, 35, 36], "peirc": 3, "late": [3, 17, 18, 19], "1800": 3, "deduct": 3, "follow": [3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35], "logic": [3, 4, 9, 17, 33], "zhao": [3, 4], "2022": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22], "dentist": 3, "appoint": [3, 5], "10": [3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 18, 21, 22, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37], "30": [3, 9, 17, 22, 33], "deduc": 3, "leav": [3, 24, 37], "9": [3, 9, 13, 18, 32, 33], "induct": 3, "lung": [3, 5], "cancer": 3, "four": [3, 4, 8, 13, 37], "six": [3, 31], "cowork": 3, "same": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37], "sandwich": [3, 13], "induc": [3, 5, 13], "abduct": 3, "implicit": 3, "explicit": [3, 4, 34], "appeal": [3, 18], "consider": [3, 19, 22], "investig": [3, 4, 9, 11, 24], "crime": 3, "scene": 3, "exposur": [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22], "framework": [4, 9, 17, 22], "state": [4, 5, 17, 18, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38], "thought": [4, 17, 22], "contrast": [4, 5, 9, 24], "notat": [4, 5], "acycl": [4, 22], "dag": [4, 11, 12], "expert": [4, 5, 27], "knowledg": [4, 5, 10, 21, 27], "depict": 4, "node": 4, "arrow": 4, "illustr": [4, 5, 9, 17, 18, 32, 33], "indic": [4, 9, 22, 37], "expect": [4, 5, 10, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 37], "hypothesis": 4, "among": [4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 17, 18], "criteria": [4, 5, 7, 9, 24], "met": [4, 9, 13, 37], "visualis": [4, 33, 37], "translat": 4, "statement": [4, 22, 33], "assess": [4, 9, 11, 13, 14, 37, 38], "fit": [4, 5, 8, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 33, 36, 37], "improv": [4, 9, 13, 16, 24, 27], "modif": [4, 5, 11, 22, 33], "research": [4, 5, 9, 17, 21], "leder": [4, 5, 7, 22], "come": [4, 10, 13, 15, 32, 37], "talk": 4, "defin": [4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 31, 33, 37], "pioneer": 4, "strength": 4, "limit": [4, 5, 22, 32, 33, 37, 38], "1923": 4, "neyman": 4, "1973": 4, "lewi": 4, "philosophi": 4, "1974": 4, "rubin": [4, 8, 11], "1986": [4, 15, 16], "robin": [4, 5, 11, 12, 15, 16, 22], "epidemiologi": [4, 22], "articul": 4, "assumpt": [4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 37, 38], "conveni": [4, 32, 33], "complex": [4, 9, 17, 22, 37, 38], "1921": 4, "wright": 4, "genet": [4, 5, 17], "1988": 4, "comput": [4, 11, 12, 22, 37, 38], "1993": 4, "spirt": 4, "glymour": 4, "schein": 4, "difficult": [4, 5, 7, 9], "parametr": [4, 15, 22], "form": [4, 9, 13, 20, 31, 33], "underli": [4, 5, 6, 13, 19], "popul": [4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 36, 38], "challeng": [4, 7], "predefin": [4, 33], "1943": 4, "haavelmo": 4, "econometr": [4, 17], "1975": [4, 5], "duncan": 4, "social": [4, 5], "2000": 4, "simultan": [4, 15, 17, 31], "espeic": 4, "abstract": 4, "concept": [4, 5, 37], "bridg": [4, 38], "counterfactur": 4, "operationalis": 4, "danger": 4, "confus": [4, 17], "equival": [4, 6, 13, 15, 16], "igelstr\u00f6m": [4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22], "idea": [4, 9, 17], "describ": [4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22], "know": [4, 17, 18, 22, 33, 37], "ingest": 4, "poison": 4, "kill": [4, 33], "john": [4, 29], "he": [4, 18, 20, 22, 33], "live": [4, 9, 31, 37], "never": [4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 18, 30, 37], "expos": [4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 20, 22, 30], "unexpos": [4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20], "circumst": [4, 6, 22], "look": [4, 5, 10, 17, 18, 22, 32, 33, 37], "treat": [4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 38], "ben": 4, "implicitli": 4, "word": [4, 5, 6, 15, 16, 22, 24, 33], "exchang": [4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 22], "obtain": [4, 5, 9, 13, 33], "achiev": [4, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 22, 33, 38], "spiegelman": 4, "2017": [4, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 34], "taken": [4, 17, 22], "sever": [4, 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 22, 37, 38], "manipul": [4, 18], "although": [4, 5, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 30, 31, 33, 37], "ag": [4, 6, 9, 11, 17], "race": [4, 5], "gender": [4, 5, 17], "cleanli": 4, "factual": 4, "given": [4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 33, 37], "binari": [4, 7, 12, 13, 34, 37], "give": [4, 5, 7, 15, 17, 24, 28, 33], "rise": 4, "doom": 4, "experienc": [4, 12, 18], "regardless": [4, 5, 7, 9, 18], "otherwis": [4, 5, 9, 18, 21, 22, 30, 33, 34], "prevent": [4, 5, 9, 28, 33], "immun": 4, "statu": [4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 22, 24], "term": [4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 38], "0": [4, 5, 9, 13, 15, 17, 18, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34], "continu": [4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 31, 33], "condit": [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 33, 38], "constant": [4, 22, 33], "compos": [4, 6], "unidirect": 4, "repres": [4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 20, 33, 37, 38], "prior": [4, 5, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 31, 33], "itself": [4, 5, 16, 17], "back": [4, 5, 7, 10, 17, 18, 22, 24, 34], "harvardx": [4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 22], "ph559x": [4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 22], "exact": [4, 15, 32], "accur": [4, 37], "represent": 4, "world": [4, 5, 6, 18, 29, 37, 38], "sure": [4, 24, 32], "precis": [4, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 18, 31, 33], "effici": [4, 9, 33, 37], "write": [4, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36], "analyt": [4, 16, 38], "feel": 4, "discomfort": 4, "basi": [4, 17, 22], "advantag": [4, 9, 13, 22, 36], "determin": [4, 5, 9, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 32, 37], "whether": [4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 16, 17, 19, 22, 33, 37], "interest": [4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 20, 22], "avail": [4, 5, 7, 12, 20, 30, 33, 38], "clarifi": [4, 38], "question": [4, 5, 20, 22, 37], "subsequ": [4, 9, 13, 33, 37], "first": [4, 5, 9, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 29, 33, 36, 37], "specifi": [4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 30, 33, 36], "expertis": 4, "graphic": [4, 14], "By": [4, 9, 22, 33, 34], "rewritten": 4, "manifest": [4, 31], "latent": 4, "exogen": [4, 17, 20], "themselv": [4, 5], "affect": [4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 22, 24, 33, 37], "endogen": [4, 17], "bidrect": 4, "isol": [4, 5], "condition": [4, 15], "oval": 4, "rectangl": 4, "head": [4, 17, 24, 33], "madhanagop": 4, "amrhein": 4, "2019": [4, 5, 22], "scm": 4, "aid": 4, "confirm": 4, "phenomenon": [4, 5, 17], "meet": [4, 7, 9, 10, 17, 18, 37, 38], "realiti": 4, "gropu": 4, "subset": [4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13], "must": [4, 5, 17, 24, 37], "parent": [4, 5, 32, 35], "ancestor": [4, 5], "soccer": 4, "heatstrok": 4, "conditoin": 4, "via": [4, 5, 17, 32, 33, 34], "dehydr": 4, "heat": 4, "stroke": [4, 5, 7, 9, 18], "door": [4, 5, 10, 18], "matrix": [4, 21, 33], "fundament": 4, "unit": [4, 13, 15, 16, 18, 33, 36], "paramet": [4, 13, 14, 16, 17, 22, 24, 32, 33, 37], "too": [4, 6, 7, 13, 24, 37, 38], "uniqu": [4, 5, 17, 21, 31, 33], "element": [4, 9], "greater": [4, 22, 33], "degre": [4, 5, 15], "freedom": 4, "hypothesi": [4, 5, 18, 28], "test": [4, 5, 6, 9, 17, 21, 24, 30, 37], "total": [4, 5, 9, 10, 15, 24, 37], "lower": [4, 9, 13, 17, 33, 37], "coeffici": [4, 16, 17], "zero": [4, 9, 16, 33], "allow": [4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 30, 32, 33, 37], "correspond": [4, 9], "constrain": [4, 11], "common": [5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 17, 22, 29, 30, 32], "lie": 5, "inclus": [5, 7, 9, 10, 22], "size": [5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 32, 33, 37], "whose": [5, 10, 17], "block": [5, 10, 22, 24], "earlier": [5, 9, 16, 17, 34, 36], "later": [5, 16, 17, 18, 31, 33], "fallaci": [5, 22], "particular": [5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 24], "primari": 5, "iv": [5, 17, 18, 19, 22], "letter": [5, 24], "highlight": [5, 22], "colour": 5, "box": [5, 11, 37], "grandpar": 5, "descend": [5, 10], "child": [5, 17, 32], "grandchild": 5, "backdoor": [5, 10, 12, 18], "possibli": [5, 9, 37], "restrict": [5, 6, 9, 11, 17], "match": [5, 8, 10, 13, 21, 22, 24, 31, 33, 36], "someth": [5, 11, 17, 24, 28, 33], "around": [5, 6, 10, 15, 17, 18, 22, 33, 35], "suggest": [5, 7, 15, 17, 36, 37], "mislead": 5, "terminologi": [5, 7], "analog": 5, "stratifi": [5, 11, 13], "yellow": 5, "finger": 5, "margin": [5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21], "uncondit": [5, 12, 13], "qualit": 5, "hern\u00e1n": [5, 11, 12, 15, 22], "2024": [5, 11, 12, 15, 22], "emm": 5, "usual": [5, 6, 14, 19, 21, 27, 33, 34, 38], "judg": 5, "disagr": 5, "weinberg": 5, "2007": [5, 9], "presenc": [5, 12, 13, 17], "extent": 5, "choic": [5, 7, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22], "multipl": [5, 6, 11, 15, 17, 32, 37, 38], "scale": [5, 12, 17, 32, 33], "link": [5, 17, 24, 28, 31, 36], "least": [5, 11, 18, 21, 22, 37], "denot": 5, "joint": 5, "sum": [5, 31, 33], "meaning": [5, 6], "interchang": 5, "asbesto": 5, "smoker": 5, "preval": [5, 9], "harm": 5, "women": [5, 17], "benefici": 5, "null": [5, 18, 21, 36], "major": [5, 9, 22, 24], "thing": [5, 7, 17, 18, 22, 32, 33], "period": [5, 9, 21, 33, 37, 38], "mix": [5, 17], "extrapol": [5, 15, 33], "transport": [5, 7], "unverifi": 5, "reliv": 5, "heavili": [5, 24], "benefit": [5, 10, 22, 32], "biolog": 5, "lead": [5, 9, 37], "place": [5, 30, 33, 37], "impli": [5, 18], "racial": 5, "dispar": 5, "socioeconom": 5, "educ": [5, 17], "quantifi": [5, 11], "much": [5, 9, 10, 17, 18, 34, 38], "assum": [5, 9, 10, 12, 17, 19, 20, 22, 37], "longer": [5, 7, 9, 14, 18, 19, 24, 32, 33], "address": [5, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22], "altern": [5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 37], "estimand": [5, 9, 13], "theoret": [5, 6, 17, 33, 38], "verifi": [5, 14, 17], "lack": [5, 13], "applic": [5, 16, 17, 18], "polici": [5, 17, 22, 32, 37], "quantiti": 5, "interven": [5, 16], "schisterman": [5, 10], "2009": [5, 10, 18], "intermedi": [5, 15, 22], "proxi": [5, 6], "point": [5, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22, 33, 37, 38], "therebi": 5, "introduc": [5, 7, 9, 10, 15, 19, 22, 32], "environment": 5, "invers": [5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 22, 33], "wasn": 5, "surgeri": [5, 9, 37], "neither": [5, 18], "nor": [5, 14], "m": [5, 16, 22, 24, 36], "focu": [5, 6, 11, 18, 21, 32], "beta": [5, 24, 33], "blocker": [5, 9], "risk": [5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 22, 37, 38], "ard": 5, "tempt": [5, 9], "crackl": 5, "heart": [5, 9], "failur": [5, 9, 13, 16, 37], "chronic": 5, "\u03b2": [5, 9], "therapi": [5, 8, 9], "pneumonia": 5, "ignor": [5, 7, 9, 14, 15, 24, 33, 37], "berkson": 5, "hospitalis": 5, "loss": [5, 7, 10, 17], "lost": [5, 13, 34], "c1": [5, 10], "c0": 5, "essenti": [5, 15, 17, 30, 36], "exclus": [5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17], "men": 5, "enrol": [5, 9, 18], "mismeasur": 5, "believ": [5, 15], "differenti": [5, 17], "disappear": 5, "themselvs": 5, "multivitamin": 5, "childhood": 5, "protect": [5, 7], "against": [5, 7, 13, 15, 33, 37], "bladder": 5, "life": [5, 37], "diagnosi": [5, 7, 9, 22], "memori": [5, 24, 33], "vitamin": 5, "uptak": 5, "spent": [5, 33], "ill": 5, "fact": [5, 9, 17], "revers": 5, "said": [5, 32], "roger": 5, "rct": [5, 6, 7, 9, 17, 22], "randomis": [5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 20, 22], "coronari": 5, "chd": [5, 13], "AND": 5, "compar": [5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 37], "ediat": 5, "drawn": 5, "insuffici": 5, "determinist": [5, 6, 18, 32], "everi": [5, 6, 9, 16, 33, 36, 37], "NOT": 5, "forward": [5, 7, 33], "backward": 5, "stepwis": 5, "similarli": [5, 13], "reli": [5, 6, 17, 21], "relat": [5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 28, 32], "construct": [5, 33], "akaik": 5, "criterion": [5, 10, 18], "bayesian": [5, 21], "evid": [5, 6, 7], "arbitrari": [5, 18, 22], "magnitud": [5, 11, 15], "purpos": [5, 22, 28, 31, 37], "autom": 5, "author": [5, 16, 29, 36], "hypothes": 5, "separ": [5, 11, 14, 18, 37], "predict": [5, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 37, 38], "identif": [5, 30], "l": [5, 11, 12, 15, 33], "everytim": 5, "consid": [5, 7, 11, 13, 16, 17, 22, 32, 37], "excel": 5, "analys": [5, 9, 14, 16, 22], "rout": [5, 38], "absenc": [5, 7, 11, 12, 20], "william": 5, "target": [5, 7, 13, 17, 21, 22, 27, 33, 37], "transmit": 5, "beyond": [5, 17], "chanc": [5, 6, 13], "whilst": [5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 33, 38], "becom": [5, 9, 10, 22, 38], "sharper": 5, "4": [5, 13, 17, 18, 22, 32, 33, 37], "opposit": [5, 20], "exactli": [5, 12, 21, 31], "half": [5, 7, 33], "poppul": 5, "correct": [5, 9, 13, 16, 22, 31, 33], "cancel": [5, 12], "perfect": [5, 6], "rare": [5, 10, 11, 13], "medicin": 5, "timepoint": 5, "dose": [5, 6], "oppos": [5, 14, 17], "took": [5, 33], "arbritari": 5, "week": [5, 24], "epo": 5, "anemia": 5, "haemoglobin": 5, "ve": [5, 6, 22, 37], "incomplet": [5, 22], "confoudn": 5, "previous": [5, 16, 33], "unabl": 5, "yield": [5, 13, 17, 33], "handl": [5, 22, 37], "serv": [5, 20, 37], "situat": [5, 9, 14, 22, 38], "aris": 5, "strongli": [5, 13], "hartig": 5, "discuss": [5, 10], "field": [5, 27, 29], "ecologi": 5, "reasonablli": 5, "varaibl": [5, 10], "inadvertenli": [5, 10], "l0": 5, "l1": 5, "wouldn": [5, 9, 31], "demonstr": [5, 17, 22, 32], "util": 5, "1970": 5, "began": 5, "oestrogren": 5, "menopaus": 5, "6": [5, 17, 31, 33], "higher": [5, 13, 17, 18, 29, 33], "endometr": 5, "uterin": 5, "bleed": 5, "exam": 5, "dure": [5, 9, 20, 33], "silent": 5, "asymptomat": 5, "diagnos": [5, 9], "ascertain": 5, "yale": 5, "likelihood": [5, 16, 17, 37], "boston": 5, "bleeder": 5, "screen": [5, 9], "frequent": 5, "trial": [5, 7, 11, 14, 16, 22, 33, 37], "antiretrovir": 5, "moral": 5, "clinic": [5, 9, 11, 14, 19, 22, 33, 37, 38], "real": [5, 6, 9, 21, 31, 37, 38], "surviv": [5, 7, 9, 16], "wrong": [5, 7], "lot": [5, 10, 18, 21, 22, 33, 36, 38], "cd4": 5, "count": [5, 9, 33], "yet": [5, 9, 21, 32, 36], "elimin": [5, 15, 18, 21, 22], "incorrect": [5, 9], "closer": 5, "causal": [6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23], "interfer": [6, 16], "vaccin": 6, "consist": [6, 9, 13, 16, 17, 20, 37], "hidden": 6, "undefin": 6, "prescrib": 6, "contraind": [6, 9], "Such": 6, "justifi": 6, "theori": 6, "process": [6, 10, 16, 17, 32, 36, 37, 38], "potenti": [6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 18, 21, 22, 33], "whatev": 6, "seen": [6, 33], "whichev": [6, 33], "present": [6, 10, 17, 24, 33], "strive": 6, "anyon": 6, "spillov": 6, "satisfi": [6, 10, 17, 18], "redefin": 6, "acknowledg": 6, "unknown": [6, 9, 16, 17, 20], "kimmel": 6, "coursera": 6, "region": 6, "miss": [6, 7, 9, 18, 24, 27, 31], "latter": 6, "infer": [6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 37, 38], "literatur": [6, 11, 15, 17, 22], "pre": [6, 10, 15, 17, 21, 28, 36, 37], "older": [6, 17, 34], "hip": 6, "fractur": 6, "BUT": [6, 30], "ratio": [7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17], "emul": [7, 22], "ATE": [7, 13, 14, 15, 17], "att": [7, 15, 20], "untreat": [7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 22], "atu": [7, 15], "atut": 7, "itt": 7, "complier": [7, 17], "cace": 7, "local": [7, 17, 18, 24, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36], "vari": [7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 20, 22, 33, 37], "promot": 7, "substanti": 7, "generalis": [7, 22], "overal": [7, 9, 11, 28, 37], "strata": [7, 11, 12], "event": [7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 38], "collaps": [7, 11, 22], "greifer": 7, "2023": [7, 9, 15, 22], "linear": [7, 17], "odd": [7, 11, 30], "adjust": [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22], "less": [7, 10, 13, 17, 18, 19, 21, 32, 33, 37], "vansteelandt": [7, 15, 22], "keid": [7, 15, 22], "2011": [7, 8, 12, 15, 22], "distinguish": [7, 27], "figur": [7, 11, 17, 18, 21, 33], "collapsiblil": 7, "systol": [7, 9], "blood": [7, 8, 9, 18, 22, 38], "pressur": [7, 8, 9, 22], "mmhg": 7, "rd": [7, 19, 36], "rr": [7, 11], "OR": [7, 11], "hazard": [7, 9, 13, 14], "hr": 7, "everyon": [7, 17], "NO": 7, "ONE": 7, "calcul": [7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 33, 38], "sub": [7, 31], "necessarilli": 7, "prefer": [7, 13, 31, 37], "strategi": [7, 9, 10, 17], "particip": [7, 11, 22], "alloc": [7, 9, 13, 16], "complet": [7, 9, 10, 21, 28, 29, 33, 38], "won": [7, 17, 24, 33, 35, 37], "patient": [7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 22, 32, 33, 37, 38], "respons": 7, "imput": 7, "strong": [7, 17], "carri": 7, "uncertainti": [7, 37, 38], "adher": [7, 9], "protocol": [7, 22], "young": 7, "intend": [7, 37], "deviat": [7, 9, 33, 37], "exclud": [7, 9, 12, 14], "adequ": [7, 11], "minimum": [7, 10, 18, 33], "amount": [7, 9, 24, 33, 37], "label": [7, 31, 33], "awar": 7, "compromis": [7, 9], "consort": 7, "isn": [7, 9, 34], "holder": 7, "arm": [7, 9], "compli": 7, "baselin": [8, 9, 12, 14, 20, 22], "rosenbaum": 8, "1983": 8, "balanc": [8, 13, 14, 17, 37], "similar": [8, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 33], "austin": [8, 12], "logist": [8, 9], "insulin": 8, "bmi": [8, 9], "lipid": 8, "profil": 8, "valojerdi": [8, 10, 11, 12], "shaw": 8, "talebi": 8, "enabl": [8, 9, 17, 32, 33], "incorpor": [8, 10, 13, 17, 21, 27, 37, 38], "larger": [8, 9, 10, 13, 19], "background": 8, "weight": [8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 21, 22], "iptw": [8, 9, 22], "sutva": 8, "outlin": 9, "imaginari": 9, "ideal": [9, 14, 36], "immort": 9, "initi": [9, 32, 36, 38], "systemat": [9, 22], "elig": [9, 13, 20], "ensur": [9, 12, 14, 32, 36, 37], "attempt": [9, 13, 20, 22, 37], "minimis": [9, 10, 16, 22], "ac": 9, "nu": 9, "mild": 9, "co": 9, "init": [9, 24, 34, 36], "seri": [9, 16, 22, 33, 38], "artif": 9, "divid": [9, 33], "visit": 9, "sustain": [9, 38], "conduct": [9, 14, 22, 33], "answer": [9, 20, 32, 33, 37], "fu": 9, "standard": [9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 22, 29, 33, 37], "reason": [9, 17, 18, 24, 28], "qualiti": [9, 21, 29, 32], "practition": 9, "worri": 9, "self": [9, 12, 31, 32, 33], "inflict": 9, "itb": 9, "entri": 9, "misclassifi": 9, "agarw": 9, "egom": 9, "2014": 9, "surveil": 9, "appear": [9, 17, 24], "rollinson": 9, "sabel": 9, "mcstrother": 9, "own": [9, 33], "cc": 9, "BY": 9, "error": [9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 34, 35, 36, 37], "catalogu": 9, "collabor": [9, 24], "recent": [9, 34], "57": 9, "44": [9, 32], "deplet": 9, "suscept": 9, "forc": [9, 18, 19, 24], "decis": [9, 10, 17, 20, 22], "diet": 9, "physic": 9, "exercis": 9, "bariatr": 9, "medic": [9, 17, 18, 38], "semaglutid": 9, "tirzepatid": 9, "lose": [9, 24], "vital": [9, 19], "attain": 9, "amalgam": 9, "biomark": [9, 16], "reformul": 9, "suppos": 9, "donor": [9, 21], "kidnei": [9, 22], "transplant": 9, "versu": [9, 14], "deceas": 9, "graft": 9, "recipi": 9, "imbalanc": [9, 13], "inclin": 9, "fortun": 9, "solut": [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 37], "flow": [9, 37], "adapt": [9, 29, 33], "renin": 9, "angiotensin": 9, "inhibitor": 9, "calcium": 9, "channel": 9, "advanc": [9, 29], "ckd": 9, "comment": [9, 17, 22, 36], "18": [9, 32], "nephrologist": 9, "g4": 9, "egfr": [9, 22], "min": [9, 33], "73": 9, "m2": 9, "histori": [9, 14, 16, 24], "rasi": 9, "ccb": 9, "previou": [9, 13, 14, 16, 22, 24, 28, 33], "d": [9, 17, 18, 19, 24], "januari": 9, "decemb": 9, "2016": [9, 11, 16], "acei": 9, "arb": 9, "nauanc": 9, "blind": 9, "sex": [9, 17], "diastol": 9, "arrhythmia": 9, "peripher": 9, "vascular": 9, "cerebrovascular": 9, "ischem": 9, "diabet": [9, 13, 38], "mellitu": 9, "hyperkalemia": 9, "aki": 9, "thiazid": 9, "diuret": 9, "potassium": 9, "spare": 9, "statin": 9, "health": [9, 17, 22, 29, 30], "hospit": [9, 17, 18, 37], "suffici": [9, 10, 19, 20, 37, 38], "replac": [9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 24, 34], "dialysi": 9, "mortal": [9, 20], "advers": 9, "cardiovascular": 9, "composit": [9, 17], "death": [9, 17, 20], "nonfat": 9, "myocardi": 9, "infarct": 9, "regist": [9, 28], "swedish": 9, "renal": 9, "registri": 9, "icd": 9, "nation": 9, "usuallli": 9, "blindli": 9, "sicker": 9, "addresss": 9, "intent": [9, 13, 14], "switch": [9, 24, 37], "strictli": 9, "despir": 9, "occurr": 9, "administr": 9, "yr": 9, "fill": 9, "prescript": 9, "finish": [9, 37], "reach": [9, 13, 33, 37], "congruent": 9, "begin": [9, 16, 17, 21, 30], "na\u00efv": 9, "cox": [9, 14, 21, 22], "cumul": [9, 16, 33], "incid": 9, "curv": 9, "aalen": 9, "johansen": 9, "estimatora": 9, "dealt": [9, 14], "properli": [9, 12], "kei": [9, 11, 15, 22, 24, 37, 38], "compon": [9, 24, 31], "moment": 9, "drug": 9, "lund": 9, "2015": [9, 34], "whom": 9, "physician": [9, 17], "imbal": [9, 13], "yoshida": 9, "uniform": [9, 32], "cours": 9, "durat": [9, 33, 37, 38], "pretreat": 9, "sendor": 9, "st\u00fcrmer": 9, "grace": 9, "onc": [9, 12, 16, 31, 33, 38], "regimen": [9, 15, 16], "offer": [9, 32], "dataset": [9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 27], "ident": [9, 15], "respect": [9, 15], "demograph": 9, "mare": 9, "artifici": [9, 13], "done": [9, 12, 13, 16, 21, 27, 28, 37], "comorbid": 9, "ipcw": 9, "coincid": 9, "inde": 9, "receipt": 9, "length": [9, 16, 17, 32, 33, 37], "hern\u00e0n": 9, "origin": [9, 24], "hernan": [9, 22], "2008": 9, "gran": 9, "2010": [9, 11, 21], "longitudin": [9, 16, 22], "msm": [9, 22], "sequenc": [9, 32, 33, 37, 38], "record": [9, 33, 37], "pool": [9, 11, 33], "keogh": 9, "convent": [10, 13, 22, 36], "section": [10, 14, 22, 36, 38], "book": [10, 23], "recap": 10, "minim": [10, 17, 38], "collid": [10, 14, 15], "conditon": 10, "alik": 10, "convari": 10, "shiba": [10, 22], "kawahara": [10, 22], "propens": [10, 12, 16, 21, 22], "score": [10, 12, 16, 17, 18, 22], "hack": 10, "tweak": 10, "spec": 10, "visibl": 10, "extrem": [10, 13, 14], "signal": 10, "pattenr": 10, "imprecis": [10, 17], "misspecif": [10, 13, 15, 16], "doubli": [10, 13, 15, 16], "expand": 10, "covariati": 10, "attract": 10, "caution": [10, 13], "varianc": [10, 11, 12, 13, 33, 37], "context": [10, 13, 22, 37], "paradox": [10, 13], "schuit": 10, "2013": [10, 11], "analyst": 10, "bad": [10, 32], "shortli": 10, "That": [10, 33, 37], "unnecessari": 10, "outsid": [10, 13, 17, 33, 37], "c2": 10, "c3": 10, "c4": 10, "gain": [10, 11], "advis": 10, "emploi": [10, 17], "entail": [10, 16], "fed": 10, "free": [10, 18, 33], "supplementari": 10, "tripepi": 11, "frangaki": 11, "2002": 11, "popular": [11, 21], "ich": 11, "e9": 11, "addendum": 11, "principl": 11, "ic": 11, "synonym": 11, "partit": 11, "stratum": 11, "nonoverlap": 11, "none": [11, 22, 31, 32, 33], "entir": [11, 15, 30, 36], "lipkovich": 11, "simpli": [11, 13, 14, 15, 22, 34], "appli": [11, 15, 24], "mutual": 11, "birth": 11, "syndrom": 11, "matern": [11, 17], "crude": [11, 13], "categori": [11, 22], "frequenc": [11, 12, 19, 31, 33, 37], "woolf": 11, "roughli": [11, 20], "homogen": [11, 17, 33], "ORs": 11, "proport": [11, 12, 13, 14, 22], "heterogen": 11, "five": [11, 32, 33], "90": 11, "20": [11, 26, 32, 35, 38], "labori": 11, "demand": [11, 33, 37, 38], "prone": 11, "spars": 11, "unstabl": [11, 13], "gharibzadeh": 11, "ip": [11, 15], "standardis": [11, 13, 15, 22], "noncollaps": 11, "express": [11, 33], "aggreg": 11, "subgroup": [11, 20], "pang": 11, "fewer": [12, 19, 30], "pair": 12, "faith": 12, "70": [12, 32], "repeat": [12, 16, 37], "decreas": [12, 20], "nearest": 12, "neighbour": 12, "calip": 12, "distanc": [12, 17], "greed": 12, "optim": [12, 14, 16], "depress": 12, "dichotom": 12, "nnt": 12, "signific": [12, 17, 21], "invari": [12, 19, 20], "synthet": [12, 33], "manner": 12, "resembl": [12, 13], "ipw": [13, 15, 22], "censor": [13, 14, 27], "pateitsn": 13, "chesnay": [13, 14, 22], "propensity_scor": 13, "conceptu": [13, 37], "rule": [13, 18, 38], "neglig": 13, "revisit": 13, "transform": [13, 33, 37], "spline": [13, 17], "extend": 13, "hour": [13, 17, 24, 32, 33, 37], "haemodialysi": 13, "ehd": 13, "hd": 13, "25": [13, 20, 22, 33], "pseudo": [13, 14, 32, 37], "33": 13, "now": [13, 33, 36, 37], "pseudopopul": [13, 14], "replic": 13, "inflat": 13, "correctli": 13, "confid": [13, 17, 33, 37], "interv": [13, 17, 19, 37], "bootstrap": [13, 15], "75": [13, 33], "categor": 13, "shown": [13, 24], "better": [13, 17, 24], "multivari": [13, 22, 37], "150": 13, "omiss": 13, "sensibl": 13, "One": [13, 18, 33], "disproportion": [13, 17], "worth": [13, 37], "low": [13, 18, 32, 33, 37], "vice": 13, "versa": 13, "outlier": [13, 14, 19, 33], "100": [13, 17, 20, 33, 37], "probbail": 13, "numer": [13, 14, 33], "unstabil": 13, "stablis": [13, 14], "stabil": [13, 14], "invovl": 13, "multipli": [13, 14, 33], "unstabilis": 13, "denomin": 13, "xie": [13, 14], "symmetr": [13, 21], "1st": 13, "99th": 13, "percentil": [13, 33], "threshold": [13, 18, 22, 37], "asymmetr": [13, 21], "q": [13, 17, 33], "quantil": [13, 33], "reduct": 13, "cost": 13, "properti": [13, 17, 30], "robustnesss": 13, "converg": 13, "flexibl": [13, 22, 38], "estima": 13, "kurz": 13, "pajouheshnia": 13, "alon": 13, "calibr": 13, "noth": [13, 33, 37], "strict": [13, 20, 31], "ineffect": 13, "worst": 13, "discrimin": 13, "led": 13, "13": [13, 24, 32, 33], "15": [13, 17, 24, 32, 33], "98": 13, "promis": 13, "prognost": 13, "naimi": 14, "williamson": [14, 16, 22], "ravani": [14, 16, 22], "unless": [14, 33], "sequenti": [14, 15, 21, 32, 33], "unlik": [14, 16, 21, 34], "procedur": [14, 16, 17, 22, 33, 37], "unadjust": 14, "unusu": 14, "failtur": 14, "trim": 14, "formul": 14, "formula": [15, 17, 22], "debat": 15, "quot": 15, "reveal": 15, "epidemiologist": 15, "opinion": 15, "far": [15, 17], "mostli": [15, 22, 33], "reserv": 15, "nomenclatur": 15, "enlighten": 15, "despit": 15, "delic": 15, "epidemiolog": 15, "novel": 15, "w": [15, 31], "polynomi": [15, 17], "copi": [15, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33], "batten": 15, "95": [15, 17], "ci": [15, 17, 24], "move": [15, 20, 24, 27, 33, 37], "chatton": [15, 16], "ultim": 15, "treatement": 15, "wang": 15, "delta": 15, "argument": [15, 34], "resolv": [15, 24, 35, 36], "decoupl": 15, "marginalis": 15, "loh": 15, "inescap": 15, "plug": 15, "whenev": [15, 36, 37], "snm": [16, 22], "feedback": [16, 31], "picciotto": 16, "neophyt": 16, "onward": [16, 22], "conceptualis": 16, "understood": 16, "grid": [16, 33], "search": [16, 37], "algorithm": [16, 21], "candid": [16, 17, 33], "maximum": [16, 37], "leverag": 16, "along": [16, 28], "stabl": [16, 19, 33], "acceler": 16, "delai": [16, 19, 33, 37], "furthermor": 16, "snaftm": 16, "median": 16, "dre": 16, "gc": 16, "exogn": 17, "mcclellan": 17, "1994": 17, "mimic": [17, 37], "famili": 17, "labour": 17, "suppli": [17, 20, 38], "children": [17, 32], "mother": 17, "incent": 17, "again": [17, 24, 36, 37], "mixtap": [17, 18, 22], "scott": [17, 18, 22], "cunningham": [17, 18, 22], "hat": 17, "problemat": 17, "bsc": 17, "movement": 17, "second": [17, 18, 32, 33], "omit": 17, "divis": 17, "increment": 17, "individud": 17, "variant": [17, 21, 33], "3sl": 17, "held": 17, "deliveri": 17, "card": 17, "weak": 17, "fals": [17, 31, 33], "z": 17, "11": [17, 18, 34], "angrist": 17, "1996": 17, "airlin": 17, "nonparametr": 17, "relax": [17, 25], "newei": 17, "powel": 17, "2003": 17, "hermit": 17, "wavelet": 17, "equat": [17, 22], "quadrat": 17, "explod": 17, "hand": [17, 33], "hartford": 17, "deep": [17, 32], "neural": 17, "net": [17, 37], "stochast": [17, 32, 33, 37], "gradient": [17, 19, 31], "descent": 17, "sgd": 17, "tune": [17, 21], "network": [17, 30], "hyper": 17, "broken": 17, "kera": 17, "pull": [17, 33], "request": [17, 37], "xu": [17, 22], "share": [17, 38], "peer": 17, "helpfulli": 17, "justif": 17, "genotyp": 17, "phenotyp": 17, "aetiolog": 17, "gene": 17, "catheteris": 17, "revascualis": 17, "elderli": 17, "medicar": 17, "ami": 17, "admit": 17, "approxim": [17, 33], "uncorrel": 17, "apx": 17, "mile": 17, "evidenc": 17, "invas": 17, "standpoint": 17, "undergo": [17, 33, 38], "netchniqu": 17, "wide": 17, "cesarean": 17, "neonat": 17, "costa": 17, "ram\u00f3n": 17, "newborn": 17, "apgar": 17, "reanim": 17, "assist": 17, "ventil": 17, "icu": [17, 38], "admiss": [17, 18, 37], "umbil": 17, "cord": 17, "ph": 17, "gestat": 17, "obstetr": 17, "unmeausr": 17, "unplan": 17, "earli": [17, 19, 38], "night": [17, 33], "dai": [17, 24, 33, 37], "observation": 17, "excess": 17, "parenthes": 17, "219": 17, "038": 17, "weekdai": 17, "037": 17, "142": 17, "043": 17, "pregnanc": 17, "deliv": 17, "declin": 17, "vagin": 17, "073": 17, "011": 17, "063": 17, "intepret": 17, "965": 17, "404": 17, "987": 17, "408": 17, "936": 17, "464": 17, "brave": [17, 22], "mit": [17, 24], "licens": [17, 24, 34, 36], "wage": [17, 18], "q1": 17, "q2": 17, "q3": 17, "q4": 17, "kid": 17, "born": 17, "school": [17, 18], "dataclass": 17, "linearmodel": 17, "iv2sl": 17, "matplotlib": [17, 33], "pyplot": [17, 33], "plt": [17, 31, 33], "o": [17, 31, 33], "panda": [17, 31, 33], "pd": [17, 31, 33], "statsmodel": 17, "smf": 17, "frozen": 17, "singleton": 17, "object": [17, 37, 38], "databas": 17, "ak91": 17, "csv": [17, 24], "read_csv": [17, 31], "join": [17, 31, 37], "log_wag": 17, "years_of_school": 17, "year_of_birth": 17, "quarter_of_birth": 17, "state_of_birth": 17, "790019": 17, "12": [17, 33, 34], "45": [17, 22], "952494": 17, "315949": 17, "595926": 17, "068915": 17, "37": 17, "categorc": 17, "dummi": [17, 33], "factor_data": 17, "int": [17, 31, 33], "astyp": 17, "def": [17, 25, 31, 32, 33, 35], "pars": 17, "exog": 17, "param": [17, 33], "se": [17, 30], "std_error": [17, 33], "p_val": 17, "pvalu": 17, "print": [17, 28, 32, 33, 35], "96": 17, "from_formula": 17, "06732572817658422": 17, "00038839984390486796": 17, "06656446": 17, "06808699": 17, "slightli": [17, 33], "simplic": 17, "group_data": 17, "groupbi": [17, 31], "reset_index": 17, "time_of_birth": 17, "lambda": [17, 31, 33], "figsiz": [17, 33], "zorder": 17, "marker": 17, "200": 17, "white": [17, 24, 37], "titl": [17, 33, 34, 36], "xlabel": 17, "ylabel": 17, "first_stag": 17, "displai": [17, 33], "10085809272786678": 17, "464829416613623e": 17, "Be": 17, "season": [17, 19], "earn": [17, 18], "bith": 17, "8": [17, 22, 31, 33], "pretti": [17, 18, 33], "favour": 17, "incom": [17, 33], "weekli": 17, "log": [17, 18, 24], "reduced_form": 17, "008603484260139599": 17, "001494912718366745": 17, "And": 17, "mathrm": 17, "_": [17, 30, 35], "dfrac": 17, "08": [17, 18], "08530286492084817": 17, "But": [17, 32], "purg": 17, "sls_data": 17, "years_of_schooling_fit": 17, "fittedvalu": 17, "iv_by_hand": 17, "08530286492089094": 17, "bit": [17, 32], "08530286494062492": 17, "025540812815019267": 17, "03524287": 17, "13536286": 17, "0008381914642161536": 17, "iv_many_z": 17, "1076937048813452": 17, "01955714901081754": 17, "06936169": 17, "14602572": 17, "657974700921329e": 17, "wider": 17, "mistak": 17, "orthogon": 17, "anyth": [17, 37], "thistlethwait": 18, "campbel": 18, "1960": 18, "convinvingli": 18, "wholli": 18, "partli": [18, 22], "exceed": [18, 22, 37], "hair": 18, "trigger": [18, 22], "tightli": 18, "arrest": 18, "dwi": 18, "alcohol": 18, "healthcar": [18, 37, 38], "insur": 18, "65": 18, "attent": 18, "jump": [18, 22, 32], "birthweight": 18, "fall": [18, 22], "500": 18, "gram": 18, "attend": [18, 33, 37], "summer": 18, "grade": 18, "attribut": [18, 19, 22, 33, 37], "besid": 18, "core": [18, 33], "overlap": 18, "sole": 18, "compet": 18, "gradual": [18, 19], "turtl": [18, 22], "fencepost": [18, 22], "himself": [18, 22], "hoekstra": 18, "colleg": 18, "flagship": 18, "univers": [18, 22], "public": [18, 22, 28, 29, 30, 34], "sat": 18, "horizont": 18, "axi": [18, 33], "centr": [18, 33], "bind": 18, "student": 18, "compens": 18, "bin": [18, 30, 33], "dot": [18, 24], "rate": [18, 20], "line": [18, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36], "squar": [18, 22, 29, 33, 37], "flexibli": 18, "track": [18, 37], "central": 18, "tendenc": 18, "side": [18, 33], "095": 18, "varieti": [18, 22], "7": [18, 33, 34], "worker": 18, "ten": [18, 33], "fifteen": 18, "bare": [18, 34], "cutoff": 18, "insofar": 18, "hi": [18, 20, 33], "goe": [18, 21], "dash": 18, "solid": 18, "caesarean": 18, "clearer": 18, "mayb": 18, "trend": [19, 20, 21, 22], "unchang": [19, 22, 37], "slope": 19, "tam": 19, "tran": 19, "feb": 19, "blogpost": 19, "regard": [19, 22], "50": [19, 33], "segment": 19, "ol": 19, "arima": 19, "consensu": 19, "shorter": 19, "trade": 19, "wane": 19, "especi": 19, "accordingli": 19, "midwai": [19, 33], "instant": 19, "predat": 20, "85": 20, "1855": 20, "infrequ": 20, "nowadai": 20, "canglia": 20, "murrai": 20, "issu": [20, 24, 34, 35, 36], "parallel": [20, 33], "figarri": 20, "keisha": 20, "march": 20, "medium": [20, 24], "suspect": 20, "waterborn": 20, "southwark": 20, "vauxhal": 20, "compani": 20, "lambeth": 20, "water": 20, "river": 20, "thame": 20, "neighbourhood": 20, "high": [20, 32, 33, 38], "1849": 20, "outbreak": 20, "1852": 20, "intak": 20, "sewag": 20, "outflow": 20, "couldn": 20, "1854": 20, "118": 20, "653": 20, "hungerford": 20, "market": 20, "ditton": 20, "map": [20, 22], "district": 20, "southwalk": 20, "neighborhood": 20, "haven": [21, 22], "cover": [21, 33], "frye": 21, "doi": 21, "48550": 21, "arxiv": 21, "1910": 21, "06358": 21, "shaplei": 21, "uniformali": 21, "discoveri": 21, "forest": 21, "popularis": 21, "abadi": 21, "diamond": 21, "hainmuel": 21, "access": [21, 33, 36], "iffi": 21, "almost": 21, "nick": [21, 22], "huntington": [21, 22], "klein": [21, 22], "accomplish": 21, "beforehand": 21, "placebo": 21, "brief": 22, "gold": 22, "clearli": 22, "vulner": 22, "confiden": 22, "nest": 22, "stage": [22, 24, 37], "rdd": 22, "interrupt": [22, 33], "ITS": 22, "simpler": [22, 30], "wijn": 22, "jame": 22, "akin": 22, "threaten": 22, "role": 22, "inappropri": 22, "overadjust": 22, "eskd": 22, "assupmt": 22, "plausibl": 22, "abbrevi": 22, "ca": 22, "psm": 22, "tdpsm": 22, "66": [22, 32], "paper": 22, "82": 22, "coavari": 22, "14": [22, 32], "clare": 22, "precog": 22, "strengthen": 22, "routin": 22, "collect": [22, 28, 33, 37, 38], "consolid": 22, "prognosi": 22, "deriv": [22, 36], "increasingli": 22, "feasibl": 22, "ethic": 22, "clinician": 22, "maker": 22, "apprais": 22, "synthesis": 22, "hansford": 22, "inconsist": 22, "onlin": [22, 37], "textbook": 22, "great": 22, "miguel": 22, "sta": 22, "640": 22, "fan": 22, "li": 22, "depart": [22, 37], "duke": 22, "topic": 23, "scope": [24, 37], "bodi": 24, "footer": 24, "break": [24, 25, 33], "semant": 24, "mandatori": 24, "summari": [24, 33], "style": [24, 29], "semi": 24, "colon": 24, "etc": [24, 30, 33, 36, 37, 38], "patch": [24, 34], "refactor": 24, "rewrit": 24, "perf": 24, "feat": 24, "amend": 24, "op": 24, "oper": [24, 33, 38], "infrastructur": 24, "deploy": 24, "backup": 24, "recoveri": 24, "chore": 24, "miscellan": 24, "gitignor": [24, 36], "regener": 24, "releas": [24, 33, 37], "revert": 24, "old": [24, 28, 32, 36], "travi": 24, "concis": 24, "tens": 24, "capitalis": 24, "motiv": 24, "blank": [24, 33], "ref": 24, "automat": [24, 31], "neudes": 24, "projectcent": 24, "22": 24, "meta": 24, "servic": [24, 33, 37], "ticket": 24, "endpoint": [24, 37], "jira": 24, "1337": 24, "enpoint": 24, "entit": 24, "shop": 24, "cart": 24, "amaz": 24, "kape": 24, "cheat_sheet": 24, "conventional_commit": 24, "docset": 24, "resourc": [24, 37, 38], "gist": 24, "qoomon": 24, "5dfcdf8eec66a051ecd85625518cfd13": 24, "conventionalcommit": 24, "en": 24, "v1": 24, "innov": 24, "78d6785c2e08": 24, "url": [24, 31, 34], "dev": [24, 30, 31, 33], "editor": 24, "upload": [24, 31], "rhistori": 24, "readm": [24, 36], "front": 24, "clone": [24, 30], "remot": [24, 34], "amyheath": [24, 30], "programming_not": 24, "rm": [24, 30], "rf": [24, 30], "repofoldernam": 24, "empti": [24, 33, 34, 37], "repo": [24, 30, 31], "package_test": 24, "mv": 24, "oldfilenam": 24, "newfilenam": [24, 36], "messag": [24, 33], "unstag": 24, "uncommit": 24, "reset": [24, 32], "latest": [24, 34], "commmit": 24, "warn": [24, 30, 33], "50mb": 24, "100mb": 24, "big": [24, 27], "lf": 24, "sufo": 24, "apt": [24, 30], "initialis": [24, 34], "gitattribut": 24, "tagnam": 24, "v0": 24, "f94e8f6": 24, "fresh": [24, 36], "harmless": 24, "stuff": 24, "server": [24, 30], "conflict": 24, "mark": 24, "star": [24, 32], "branchnam": 24, "checkout": 24, "prune": [24, 30], "diff": 24, "return": [24, 31, 32, 33, 34], "realis": [24, 36], "accept": [24, 33], "65f8ed3": 24, "ambul": [24, 31, 37, 38], "skew": 24, "helper": [24, 31], "cach": 24, "keep": [24, 29, 31, 36, 37], "password": 24, "timeout": [24, 33], "global": [24, 33], "3600": 24, "86400": 24, "604800": 24, "nobodi": 24, "until": [24, 33, 37], "202f": 25, "narrow": [25, 33], "spot": 25, "makeatlett": 25, "utfviii": 25, "ifx": 25, "fixm": 25, "expandaft": 25, "fi": 25, "makeatoth": 25, "href": [25, 30], "resiz": 26, "imagemagick": 26, "png": 26, "dest": 26, "jpg": 26, "youtu": 27, "7vsiwrasxi": 27, "domain": 27, "ladder": 27, "causat": 27, "smartli": 27, "smaller": [27, 33], "smart": 27, "throw": 27, "useless": 27, "archiv": [28, 33, 34], "contributor": 28, "permiss": [28, 36], "admin": 28, "bibliograph": 28, "citat": 28, "confirmatori": 28, "exploratori": 28, "fish": 28, "preregistr": 28, "templat": 28, "defeat": 28, "revis": 28, "anm": 28, "insert": [28, 36], "shape": [29, 31], "edit": [29, 30, 36], "opac": 29, "60": [29, 32, 37], "export": [29, 30, 36], "300dpi": 29, "institut": 29, "organis": 29, "smith": 29, "icon": 29, "next": [29, 33, 36, 37], "schema": 29, "blob": 29, "item": [30, 33], "insid": [30, 34], "visualstudio": 30, "devcontain": 30, "poetri": 30, "alreadi": [30, 31, 33, 36], "venv": 30, "mamba": 30, "quicker": [30, 34, 37], "alpopk": 30, "packaging_tool": 30, "env": [30, 33], "env_nam": 30, "termin": [30, 31, 33, 37], "delet": [30, 31, 36, 37], "deactiv": 30, "forget": 30, "pip": [30, 31], "workon_hom": 30, "virtualenvwrapper_python": 30, "usr": 30, "python3": 30, "virtualenvwrapper_virtualenv": 30, "sh": 30, "reload": 30, "mkvirtualenv": 30, "workon": 30, "rmvirtualenv": 30, "THE": 30, "AS": 30, "virtual": 30, "txt": [30, 31, 34], "ubuntu": 30, "instruct": [30, 34], "engin": 30, "freez": [30, 33], "gave": 30, "dockerfil": 30, "touch": 30, "kailo_dashboard": 30, "slim": 30, "workdir": 30, "curl": 30, "softwar": 30, "git": [30, 36], "var": 30, "lib": [30, 36], "pip3": 30, "8501": 30, "healthcheck": 30, "cmd": 30, "localhost": 30, "_stcore": 30, "entrypoint": 30, "streamlit": [30, 37], "streamlit_app": 30, "port": 30, "hub": 30, "app": [30, 37], "kailo_area_dashboard": 30, "privat": 30, "ssh": 30, "listen": 30, "runtim": [30, 34], "repositori": [30, 31, 34, 36], "column": [30, 31, 33], "conda": 31, "json": 31, "workspac": 31, "typecheckingmod": 31, "df": 31, "quarter_year": 31, "stroke_sever": 31, "agg": 31, "fig": [31, 33], "ax": [31, 33], "subplot": 31, "violinplot": 31, "set_xtick": 31, "np": [31, 32, 33], "arang": [31, 33], "len": [31, 33], "jupyterlab": 31, "df1": 31, "df2": 31, "duplic": 31, "concat": 31, "drop_dupl": 31, "flake8": 31, "nbqa": 31, "load_ext": 31, "pycodestyle_mag": 31, "pycodestyle_on": 31, "assert": 31, "assert_frame_equ": 31, "betterscientificsoftwar": 31, "hpc": 31, "pypi": 31, "setup": [31, 33], "sdist": 31, "bdist_wheel": 31, "twine": 31, "legaci": 31, "dist": [31, 33], "skip": 31, "sister": 31, "foldernam": 31, "whl": 31, "reinstal": 31, "symbol": 31, "kailo_beewell_dashboard_packag": 31, "packagefold": 31, "remak": [31, 32], "numpi": [31, 32, 33], "unittest": 31, "datatest": 31, "testcas": 31, "classmethod": 31, "setupclass": 31, "raw_path": 31, "str": [31, 33, 35], "raw_filenam": 31, "ssnap": 31, "extract": 31, "v2": 31, "clean_path": 31, "clean_filenam": 31, "reformatted_data": 31, "raw_data": 31, "low_memori": 31, "clean_data": 31, "raw": 31, "freq": 31, "raw_col": 31, "raw_val": 31, "clean_col": 31, "clean_val": 31, "string": 31, "assertequ": 31, "raw_freq": 31, "isin": 31, "clean_freq": 31, "time_neg": 31, "time_column": 31, "equal_arrai": 31, "col": 31, "exp_arrai": 31, "arrai": [31, 32, 33], "test_raw_shap": 31, "360381": 31, "83": 31, "test_id": 31, "id": [31, 33], "test_onset": 31, "onset_known": 31, "s1onsettimetyp": 31, "BE": 31, "nk": 31, "test_time_neg": 31, "time_col": 31, "onset_to_arrival_tim": 31, "call_to_ambulance_arrival_tim": 31, "ambulance_on_scene_tim": 31, "ambulance_travel_to_hospital_tim": 31, "ambulance_wait_time_at_hospit": 31, "scan_to_thrombolysis_tim": 31, "arrival_to_thrombectomy_tim": 31, "subtest": 31, "msg": 31, "test_no_ambul": 31, "arriv": [31, 32, 37, 38], "amb_neg": 31, "arrive_by_ambul": 31, "notnul": 31, "__name__": 31, "__main__": 31, "discret": [31, 33], "bsouthga": 31, "color": [31, 33], "webpag": 31, "credit": 31, "hex_to_rgb": 31, "hex": 31, "ffffff": 31, "255": 31, "16": [31, 32, 33], "integ": [31, 32, 33], "rgb_to_hex": 31, "rgb": 31, "sens": 31, "color_dict": 31, "dictionari": [31, 33], "linear_gradi": 31, "start_hex": 31, "finish_hex": 31, "digit": 31, "inlcud": 31, "sign": 31, "initil": 31, "rgb_list": 31, "calcuat": 31, "evenli": [31, 33], "interpol": 31, "vector": 31, "curr_vector": 31, "j": 31, "float": [31, 32, 33], "append": [31, 33], "weasyprint": 31, "encod": 31, "utf": 31, "csv_file": 31, "writer": 31, "writerow": 31, "html_content": 31, "csv_text": 31, "readlin": 31, "html_check": 31, "write_pdf": 31, "script": [32, 33, 36], "9160257015890815": 32, "014614208720352462": 32, "rng": [32, 33], "electrostat": 32, "nois": [32, 37], "prng": 32, "drbg": 32, "truli": 32, "intial": 32, "millisecond": 32, "22199317108973948": 32, "throughout": 32, "inadvert": 32, "elsewher": 32, "unknowingli": 32, "codebas": 32, "default_rng": [32, 33], "reproduc": [32, 33], "12345": 32, "22733602246716966": 32, "pcg64": 32, "entropi": 32, "particularli": [32, 37], "standard_norm": 32, "8706617379590857": 32, "thirti": 32, "joblib": [32, 33], "librari": [32, 34, 35], "wari": 32, "fork": 32, "instanc": [32, 33], "bitgener": 32, "convers": [32, 37], "hash": 32, "turn": 32, "instanti": 32, "ss": [32, 33], "child_se": 32, "spawn_kei": 32, "0x70a2b3c559a0": 32, "0x70a2b3c54d60": 32, "likewis": 32, "parent_rng": 32, "0x70a2b3c55e00": 32, "0x70a2b3c565e0": 32, "0x70a2b3c56340": 32, "0x70a2b3c56500": 32, "0x70a2b3c54ba0": 32, "0x70a2b3c567a0": 32, "0x70a2b3c56880": 32, "0x70a2b3c566c0": 32, "0x70a2b3c54c80": 32, "0x70a2b3c56dc0": 32, "acut": 32, "stai": 32, "lo": [32, 33], "exponenti": [32, 33], "rehabilit": 32, "42": [32, 33], "acute_mean": 32, "32": [32, 33], "rehab_min": 32, "rehab_max": 32, "80": [32, 38], "n_patient": 32, "acute_lo": 32, "rehab_lo": 32, "rehab": 32, "07513152": 32, "07300593": 32, "07452378": 32, "00874357": 32, "00270117": 32, "78": 32, "41545286": 32, "64": 32, "47408063": 32, "09417984": 32, "23": 32, "32738612": 32, "27508596": 32, "rerun": 32, "76": 32, "93467533": 32, "74": 32, "75806899": 32, "80886479": 32, "32892189": 32, "pythonhealthdatasci": 32, "simpi": [32, 37], "02_model_cod": 32, "04_model": 32, "__init__": [32, 33], "random_se": [32, 33], "normal": [32, 33, 37], "sigma": 32, "triage_mean": 32, "exam_mean": 32, "exam_var": 32, "n_stream": 32, "seed_sequ": 32, "triage_dist": 32, "exam_dist": 32, "sqrt": [32, 33], "90633292": 32, "48489155": 32, "37244157": 32, "83179124": 32, "79691459": 32, "17284798": 32, "17": [32, 37], "05012411": 32, "67874431": 32, "14819982": 32, "3269625": 32, "yai": [32, 37], "triage_rng": 32, "exam_rng": 32, "randomst": 32, "mess": 32, "randint": 32, "programm": 33, "journei": [33, 37], "batch": [33, 37], "sim": 33, "patient_int": 33, "mean_n_consult_tim": 33, "number_of_nurs": 33, "sim_dur": 33, "120": 33, "number_of_run": 33, "p_id": 33, "q_time_nurs": 33, "constructor": 33, "run_numb": 33, "patient_count": 33, "nurs": [33, 37], "capac": [33, 37], "datafram": 33, "results_df": 33, "set_index": 33, "inplac": 33, "mean_q_time_nurs": 33, "generator_patient_arriv": 33, "infinit": 33, "loop": 33, "indefinit": 33, "attend_clin": 33, "inter": [33, 37], "sampled_int": 33, "expovari": 33, "elaps": [33, 37], "wait": [33, 37], "start_q_nurs": 33, "req": 33, "end_q_nurs": 33, "sampled_nurse_act_tim": 33, "sink": [33, 37], "calculate_run_result": 33, "df_trial_result": 33, "print_trial_result": 33, "run_trial": 33, "my_model": 33, "loc": 33, "my_trial": 33, "drag": [33, 37], "lai": 33, "tom": [33, 37], "msc": 33, "slight": 33, "encapsul": 33, "caller": 33, "dial": 33, "111": 33, "speak": 33, "triag": [33, 37], "simualt": 33, "phone": 33, "triangular": 33, "exit": [33, 37], "start_wait": 33, "waiting_tim": 33, "3f": 33, "call_dur": 33, "01": 33, "urgentcarecallcentr": 33, "arrivals_gener": 33, "iat": 33, "itertool": 33, "counter": 33, "caller_count": 33, "inter_arrival_tim": 33, "new_cal": 33, "run_length": 33, "n_oper": 33, "clock": 33, "paus": 33, "rememb": [33, 36], "success": [33, 37], "iter": 33, "geeksforgeek": 33, "simple_gener": 33, "easier": [33, 36, 38], "stream": [33, 37], "short": [33, 38], "round": 33, "bracket": 33, "comprehens": 33, "list_": 33, "helplin": 33, "queu": 33, "room": 33, "proce": 33, "indent": 33, "manual": [33, 36], "receptionist": 33, "rest": 33, "nurse_request": 33, "priorityresourc": 33, "highest": 33, "oldest": 33, "load": 33, "doctor": [33, 37], "constantli": [33, 37], "24": 33, "obstruct": 33, "walk": [33, 37], "bunch": 33, "seed": [33, 37], "esaili": 33, "sim_tool": 33, "patient_inter_arrival_dist": 33, "super": 33, "abstractmethod": 33, "ndarrai": 33, "afternoon": 33, "stationari": 33, "poisson": 33, "thin": 33, "classifi": 33, "area": [33, 38], "earthquak": 33, "reject": 33, "nsppthin": 33, "overestim": 33, "600": 33, "someon": 33, "595": 33, "monitor": [33, 37], "snapshot": [33, 34, 36], "overview": [33, 38], "metric": 33, "auditor": 33, "job": 33, "first_ob": 33, "apart": 33, "tupl": [33, 35], "dict": 33, "scheduled_audit": 33, "aduit": 33, "record_queue_length": 33, "first_observ": 33, "scheduled_observ": 33, "process_end_of_run": 33, "add_resource_to_audit": 33, "audit_typ": 33, "queue_length_": 33, "system_": 33, "record_calls_in_progress": 33, "run_result": 33, "queue_length": 33, "mean_queue_": 33, "total_in_system": 33, "mean_system_": 33, "queue_length_op": 33, "service_op": 33, "mean_queu": 33, "mean_system": 33, "summary_fram": 33, "to_fram": 33, "permut": 33, "enumer": 33, "confidence_interval_method": 33, "alpha": 33, "05": 33, "desired_precis": 33, "min_rep": 33, "decimal_plac": 33, "smallest": 33, "arraylik": 33, "decim": 33, "cumulative_mean": 33, "running_var": 33, "std": 33, "errstat": 33, "invalid": 33, "running_std": 33, "dof": 33, "t_valu": 33, "ppf": 33, "half_width": 33, "upper": 33, "commbin": 33, "rep": 33, "n_rep": 33, "iloc": 33, "operator_wait": 33, "conf_int": 33, "to_numpi": 33, "nminimum": 33, "peek": 33, "plot_confidence_interval_method": 33, "metric_nam": 33, "axvlin": 33, "set_ylabel": 33, "quick": [33, 37], "lookahead": 33, "36": 33, "immedi": [33, 37], "annual": 33, "booker": 33, "find_slot": 33, "slot": [33, 37], "diari": 33, "book_slot": 33, "create_slot": 33, "create_book": 33, "ahead": 33, "dimens": 33, "referr": [33, 37, 38], "sim_util": 33, "premad": 33, "lowprioritypooledbook": 33, "lowprioritybook": 33, "processor": 33, "deploi": 33, "web": 33, "math": [33, 38], "my_funct": 33, "num": 33, "4f": 33, "0387": 33, "n_job": 33, "paralel": 33, "6560": 33, "mike": 33, "row": 33, "run_singl": 33, "chi": 33, "rank": 33, "histogram": [33, 37], "sklearn": 33, "preprocess": 33, "standardscal": 33, "scipi": 33, "filterwarn": 33, "auto_fit": 33, "data_to_fit": 33, "hist": 33, "pp": 33, "dist_nam": 33, "dropna": 33, "sc": 33, "yy": 33, "reshap": 33, "y_std": 33, "flatten": 33, "del": 33, "expon": 33, "gamma": 33, "lognorm": 33, "norm": 33, "pearson3": 33, "weibull_min": 33, "weibull_max": 33, "chi_squar": 33, "p_valu": 33, "distrubut": 33, "aross": 33, "percentile_bin": 33, "linspac": 33, "percentile_cutoff": 33, "ed": [33, 37], "observed_frequ": 33, "cum_observed_frequ": 33, "cumsum": 33, "getattr": 33, "stat": 33, "kstest": 33, "arg": 33, "cdf": 33, "cdf_fit": 33, "expected_frequ": 33, "expected_cdf_area": 33, "cum_expected_frequ": 33, "collat": 33, "sort_valu": 33, "ndistribut": 33, "fitted_histogram": 33, "pp_qq_plot": 33, "number_of_bin": 33, "bin_cutoff": 33, "99": 33, "h": 33, "phase": 33, "number_distributions_to_plot": 33, "stroe": 33, "ot": 33, "paraemt": 33, "pdf_fit": 33, "pdf": 33, "scale_pdf": 33, "trapz": 33, "xlim": 33, "legend": 33, "dist_paramet": 33, "iterrow": 33, "qq": 33, "rv": 33, "ax1": 33, "add_subplot": 33, "121": 33, "2x2": 33, "suplot": 33, "min_valu": 33, "floor": 33, "max_valu": 33, "ceil": 33, "max": [33, 37], "set_xlim": 33, "set_xlabel": 33, "set_titl": 33, "ax2": 33, "122": 33, "101": 33, "data_count": 33, "norm_count": 33, "cum_data": 33, "cum_norm": 33, "tight_layout": 33, "pad": 33, "input_model": 33, "10_000": 33, "extra": 33, "dists_to_test": 33, "quarto_huang_2019": 34, "knitr": [34, 36], "47": 34, "27": 34, "tiff": 34, "prompt": 34, "yourself": 34, "lock": 34, "cran": 34, "rprofil": [34, 36], "lockfil": 34, "restor": 34, "mybind": 34, "launch": 34, "manag": [34, 38], "earliest": 34, "oct": 34, "window": [34, 36], "mac": 34, "realli": 34, "slow": 34, "groundhog": 34, "april": 34, "appar": 34, "minicran": 34, "academ": 34, "nh": 34, "podman": 34, "rstudioserv": 34, "rocker": 34, "ephemer": 34, "volum": [34, 37], "mount": 34, "fine": 35, "frame": 35, "fun": 35, "str_1": 35, "x_1": 35, "suffix": 35, "return_nam": 35, "return_object": 35, "mget": 35, "return_new_nam": 35, "paste0": 35, "seq_along": 35, "lintr": 35, "pkg": 36, "commit": 36, "session": 36, "devtool": 36, "create_packag": 36, "rbuildignor": 36, "namespac": 36, "rproj": 36, "renv": 36, "roxygen2": 36, "testthat": 36, "suppressmessag": 36, "usethi": 36, "use_git": 36, "renam": 36, "master": 36, "use_github": 36, "token": 36, "gh_token_help": 36, "gitcr": 36, "gitcreds_set": 36, "use_mit_licens": 36, "use_readme_rmd": 36, "hook": 36, "sync": 36, "build_readm": 36, "chunk": 36, "emb": 36, "use_r": 36, "functionnam": 36, "docstr": 36, "cursor": 36, "roxygen": 36, "skelecton": 36, "rxoygen": 36, "man": 36, "fake": 36, "examplesif": 36, "helpfil": 36, "use_testthat": 36, "machineri": 36, "use_test": 36, "testfil": 36, "load_al": 36, "rename_fil": 36, "strsplit1": 36, "str_split_on": 36, "kbroman": 36, "pkg_primer": 36, "use_packag": 36, "readxl": 36, "tidyvers": 36, "importfrom": 36, "read_excel": 36, "attach": 36, "use_vignett": 36, "draft": 36, "package_nam": 36, "knit": 36, "vignetteindexentri": 36, "articl": 36, "cred": 36, "hadn": 36, "pat": 36, "workflow": 36, "use_pkgdown": 36, "pkgdown": 36, "build_sit": 36, "use_pkgdown_github_pag": 36, "probablist": [37, 38], "simplif": 37, "toml7": [37, 38], "hope": 37, "inbetween": 37, "entiti": 37, "prioriti": 37, "utilis": 37, "autocorrel": 37, "bernoulli": 37, "mle": 37, "kolmogorov": 37, "smirnov": 37, "emerg": 37, "toml10": 37, "transient": 37, "steadi": 37, "cycl": 37, "realist": 37, "unrealist": 37, "warm": 37, "portion": 37, "equilibrium": 37, "eyebal": 37, "warmup": 37, "disciplin": 37, "member": 37, "discplin": 37, "fifo": 37, "fcf": 37, "lifo": 37, "eat": 37, "stack": 37, "pancak": 37, "siro": 37, "reneg": 37, "themself": 37, "patienc": 37, "thats": 37, "prepar": 37, "expir": 37, "balk": 37, "jockei": 37, "pick": 37, "miu": 37, "quickli": 37, "client": [37, 38], "possibil": 37, "asid": 37, "urgent": 37, "rebook": 37, "consult": 37, "safe": 37, "cope": 37, "spike": 37, "percentag": 37, "histor": 37, "3h50": 37, "4h": 37, "throughput": 37, "bottleneck": 37, "standalon": 37, "experiement": 37, "experiment": [37, 38], "lectur": 37, "black": 37, "maximis": 37, "ciw": 37, "salabim": 37, "2d": 37, "3d": 37, "anim": 37, "simmerr": 37, "foss": 37, "gui": 37, "jaamsim": 37, "simul8": 37, "queue": 38, "fast": 38, "intract": 38, "uneth": 38, "expens": 38, "imit": 38, "evolv": 38, "stress": 38, "speed": 38, "car": 38, "mont": 38, "carlo": 38, "vaiabil": 38, "agent": 38, "sketch": 38, "told": 38, "outpati": 38, "callout": 38, "pharmaci": 38, "workforc": 38, "travel": 38, "staff": 38, "shirt": 38, "inventori": 38, "ppe": 38, "bed": 38, "specialist": 38, "trajectori": 38, "complic": 38, "straddl": 38, "serivic": 38, "prioritis": 38, "progress": 38, "progressin": 38, "retinopathi": 38}, "objects": {}, "objtypes": {}, "objnames": {}, "titleterms": {"host": 0, "book": [0, 1, 33, 37], "github": [0, 24, 36], "page": [0, 36], "make": 1, "summari": [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 17], "quarto": 1, "jupyt": [1, 31], "sphinx": 1, "markdown": 2, "note": [2, 23], "import": [2, 17, 31], "caution": 2, "warn": 2, "attent": 2, "error": [2, 5, 25], "danger": 2, "see": 2, "also": 2, "hint": [2, 31], "tip": 2, "predict": 3, "v": [3, 15, 18, 24, 31], "": [3, 15, 18, 23, 24], "causal": [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 17, 22, 27], "infer": [3, 4, 5], "execut": [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], "how": [3, 5, 9, 15, 18, 33, 34], "do": [3, 5], "you": [3, 5], "know": [3, 5], "whether": 3, "ar": [3, 22], "interest": 3, "causat": 3, "illustr": 3, "exampl": [3, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 37], "explain": 3, "AND": 3, "etiolog": 3, "research": [3, 22, 34], "when": [3, 5], "can": [3, 5], "model": [3, 4, 14, 16, 33, 37, 38], "answer": 3, "question": [3, 9], "confus": 3, "controversi": 3, "reason": 3, "literatur": 3, "concept": 3, "principl": 3, "ladder": 3, "type": [3, 31, 38], "The": 4, "three": 4, "languag": 4, "potenti": 4, "outcom": [4, 14], "counterfactu": 4, "graph": [4, 5], "structur": [4, 14, 16, 33], "equat": 4, "sem": 4, "direct": 5, "acycl": 5, "name": 5, "convent": [5, 24], "kei": 5, "compon": [5, 37], "confound": [5, 9, 10, 15, 22], "moder": 5, "mediat": 5, "i": [5, 17, 31, 32, 33, 37], "cde": 5, "estim": [5, 14, 16, 17, 22], "over": 5, "adjust": 5, "bia": [5, 9, 37], "collid": 5, "select": [5, 10], "node": 5, "measur": [5, 7], "mi": 5, "variabl": [5, 17, 33], "what": [5, 17, 22, 32, 37], "includ": 5, "your": [5, 9], "dag": 5, "complet": 5, "should": 5, "draw": [5, 29], "arrow": 5, "us": [5, 9, 14, 22, 31, 33, 36], "method": [5, 12, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 33, 37], "creat": [5, 24, 32, 36], "path": 5, "d": 5, "seper": 5, "rule": 5, "each": 5, "faith": 5, "time": [5, 19, 33, 37], "vari": 5, "treatment": [5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 17, 22], "feedback": [5, 22], "present": 5, "result": [5, 33], "from": [5, 24, 33], "studi": [5, 9], "minim": 5, "set": [5, 17, 34, 35, 36, 37], "covari": [5, 13], "case": 5, "oestrogen": 5, "endometri": 5, "cancer": 5, "hiv": 5, "art": 5, "assumpt": [6, 13, 15, 17, 20, 22], "exchang": 6, "stabl": 6, "unit": [6, 31], "valu": 6, "sutva": 6, "posit": 6, "ignor": 6, "estimand": [7, 22], "averag": [7, 17, 33], "effect": [7, 17, 22], "choos": 7, "more": [7, 21], "intent": 7, "treat": [7, 13], "propens": [8, 11, 13], "score": [8, 11, 13], "target": 9, "trial": 9, "emul": 9, "introduct": 9, "relev": 9, "identifi": [9, 22], "guid": 9, "requir": 9, "data": [9, 10, 17, 22], "analysi": [9, 17, 37], "design": 9, "protocol": 9, "thi": [9, 15, 31], "inform": 9, "observ": [9, 14, 22], "activ": 9, "compar": [9, 22, 31], "new": 9, "user": 9, "acnu": 9, "clone": 9, "censor": 9, "weight": [9, 13, 14], "sequenti": 9, "multivari": 10, "regress": [10, 18], "all": 10, "possibl": 10, "driven": 10, "stratif": 11, "simpl": [11, 33], "mantel": 11, "haenszel": 11, "formula": 11, "limit": [11, 12, 13, 14, 17], "match": 12, "invers": 13, "probabl": 13, "iptw": [13, 14, 15, 16], "baselin": 13, "strength": [13, 14], "variant": 13, "stabilis": 13, "trim": 13, "truncat": 13, "augment": 13, "aipw": 13, "exclud": 13, "individu": [13, 32], "margin": [14, 22], "msm": 14, "step": 14, "1": [14, 17, 33, 37], "2": [14, 17, 33, 37], "associ": 14, "g": [15, 16], "comput": [15, 16], "terminologi": 15, "about": 15, "doe": [15, 18], "enabl": 15, "u": 15, "deal": 15, "depend": [15, 33], "nest": 16, "instrument": 17, "an": 17, "two": [17, 31], "stage": 17, "least": 17, "squar": 17, "2sl": 17, "non": 17, "parametr": 17, "mendelian": 17, "randomis": 17, "intens": 17, "mortal": 17, "patient": 17, "acut": 17, "myocardi": 17, "infarct": 17, "3": 17, "caesarean": 17, "section": 17, "python": [17, 30, 31], "up": [17, 34, 36], "packag": [17, 31, 32, 36, 37], "tradit": 17, "ol": 17, "quarter": 17, "birth": 17, "option": [17, 34], "divid": 17, "reduc": 17, "form": 17, "1st": 17, "autom": 17, "discontinu": 18, "rd": 18, "rdd": 18, "work": 18, "sharp": 18, "fuzzi": 18, "appli": 18, "our": 18, "interrupt": 19, "seri": [19, 37], "ITS": 19, "thing": 19, "consid": 19, "differ": [20, 21], "did": 20, "john": 20, "snow": 20, "cholera": 20, "other": [21, 29, 34, 36], "synthet": 21, "control": 21, "comparison": 21, "overview": 22, "focu": 22, "unobserv": 22, "condit": [22, 37], "typic": 22, "report": 22, "guidelin": 22, "resourc": [22, 33], "ami": 23, "heather": 23, "git": 24, "commit": 24, "download": 24, "folder": 24, "repositori": 24, "delet": 24, "add": 24, "renam": 24, "remov": 24, "push": 24, "undo": 24, "command": [24, 34], "track": [24, 33], "larg": [24, 33], "file": 24, "tag": 24, "fetch": 24, "pull": 24, "branch": 24, "version": 24, "stash": 24, "fork": 24, "store": 24, "credenti": 24, "public": 24, "privat": 24, "latex": 25, "unicod": 25, "url": 25, "linux": 26, "machin": 27, "learn": 27, "open": 28, "scienc": 28, "framework": 28, "osf": 28, "project": 28, "registr": 28, "io": 29, "zotero": 29, "citat": 29, "cff": 29, "changelog": 29, "environ": [30, 34], "conda": 30, "virtualenv": 30, "virtualenvwrapp": 30, "docker": 30, "gener": [31, 32, 33, 35], "stuff": 31, "code": 31, "pylanc": 31, "violin": 31, "plot": 31, "lab": 31, "datafram": 31, "lint": [31, 35], "test": [31, 33, 36], "colour": 31, "scale": 31, "save": 31, "html": 31, "csv": 31, "again": 31, "convert": 31, "pdf": 31, "ideal": 31, "tbh": 31, "seed": 32, "random": 32, "number": [32, 33], "pseudorandom": 32, "global": 32, "object": [32, 33, 35], "pass": 32, "around": 32, "parallel": 32, "seedsequ": 32, "spawn": 32, "stream": 32, "sampl": [32, 33], "legaci": 32, "de": [33, 37], "simpi": 33, "basic": [33, 34], "orient": 33, "program": 33, "altern": 33, "layout": 33, "produc": 33, "entiti": 33, "arriv": 33, "function": [33, 35, 36], "request": 33, "multipl": [33, 35], "simultan": 33, "prioriti": 33, "queue": [33, 37], "unavail": 33, "distribut": 33, "rate": 33, "e": 33, "utilis": 33, "across": 33, "run": 33, "interv": 33, "audit": 33, "process": 33, "scenario": [33, 37], "determin": 33, "mani": 33, "replic": [33, 37], "appoint": [33, 37], "schedul": 33, "parallelis": 33, "input": [33, 35, 37], "view": 33, "r": 34, "renv": 34, "reproduc": [34, 37], "binder": 34, "A": 34, "few": 34, "default": 35, "return": 35, "ad": 36, "librari": 36, "load": 36, "check": 36, "vignett": 36, "websit": 36, "discret": [37, 38], "event": 37, "simul": [37, 38], "output": 37, "initialis": 37, "inspect": 37, "initi": 37, "manual": 37, "characterist": [37, 38], "evalu": 37, "perform": 37, "metric": 37, "verif": 37, "valid": 37, "softwar": 37, "stochast": 38, "determinist": 38, "static": 38, "dynam": 38, "continu": 38, "advic": 38, "care": 38, "pathwai": 38}, "envversion": {"sphinx.domains.c": 2, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 8, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 2, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 3, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2, "sphinx": 57}, "alltitles": {"Hosting books": [[0, "hosting-books"]], "GitHub pages": [[0, "github-pages"]], "Making books": [[1, "making-books"]], "Summary": [[1, "summary"], [17, "summary"]], "Quarto": [[1, "quarto"]], "Jupyter book": [[1, "jupyter-book"]], "Sphinx": [[1, "sphinx"]], "Markdown": [[2, "markdown"]], "Note": [[2, null]], "Important": [[2, null]], "Caution": [[2, null]], "Warning": [[2, null]], "Attention": [[2, null]], "Error": [[2, null]], "Danger": [[2, null]], "See Also": [[2, null]], "Hint": [[2, null]], "Tip": [[2, null]], "Prediction v.s. causal inference": [[3, "prediction-v-s-causal-inference"]], "Executive summary": [[3, null], [4, null], [5, null], [6, null], [7, null], [8, null], [9, null]], "How do you know whether you are interested in prediction or causation?": [[3, "how-do-you-know-whether-you-are-interested-in-prediction-or-causation"]], "Illustrative example": [[3, "illustrative-example"]], "Explainability v.s. causality": [[3, "explainability-v-s-causality"]], "Doing predictive AND etiological research": [[3, "doing-predictive-and-etiological-research"]], "When can prediction models answer causal questions?": [[3, "when-can-prediction-models-answer-causal-questions"]], "Confusion and controversy": [[3, "confusion-and-controversy"]], "Reasons for confusion": [[3, "reasons-for-confusion"]], "Confusion in the literature": [[3, "confusion-in-the-literature"]], "Concepts and principles": [[3, "concepts-and-principles"]], "Ladder of causality": [[3, "ladder-of-causality"]], "Types of inference": [[3, "types-of-inference"]], "The three \u201clanguages\u201d of causal inference": [[4, "the-three-languages-of-causal-inference"]], "Causal inference": [[4, "causal-inference"]], "Potential outcomes/counterfactuals": [[4, "potential-outcomes-counterfactuals"]], "Graphs": [[4, "graphs"]], "Structural equation modelling (SEM)": [[4, "structural-equation-modelling-sem"]], "Directed acyclic graphs": [[5, "directed-acyclic-graphs"]], "Naming conventions": [[5, "naming-conventions"]], "Key components": [[5, "key-components"]], "Confounders": [[5, "confounders"]], "Moderators": [[5, "moderators"]], "Mediators": [[5, "mediators"]], "How is CDE estimated?": [[5, "how-is-cde-estimated"]], "Over-adjustment bias": [[5, "over-adjustment-bias"]], "Colliders": [[5, "colliders"]], "Selection nodes": [[5, "selection-nodes"]], "Measurement error (mis-measured variables)": [[5, "measurement-error-mis-measured-variables"]], "How do you know what to include in your DAG?": [[5, "how-do-you-know-what-to-include-in-your-dag"]], "DAG completeness": [[5, "dag-completeness"]], "How do you know when to include mediators?": [[5, "how-do-you-know-when-to-include-mediators"]], "When should you draw arrows?": [[5, "when-should-you-draw-arrows"]], "Can you use variable selection methods?": [[5, "can-you-use-variable-selection-methods"]], "How do you create a DAG?": [[5, "how-do-you-create-a-dag"]], "Paths": [[5, "paths"]], "D-seperation rules": [[5, "d-seperation-rules"]], "Rules": [[5, "rules"]], "Examples of each rule": [[5, "examples-of-each-rule"]], "Faithfulness": [[5, "faithfulness"]], "Time-varying treatments and confounders": [[5, "time-varying-treatments-and-confounders"]], "What is a time-varying treatment?": [[5, "what-is-a-time-varying-treatment"]], "Treatment-confounder feedback": [[5, "treatment-confounder-feedback"]], "Presenting results from causal inference studies": [[5, "presenting-results-from-causal-inference-studies"]], "Minimal set of covariates": [[5, "minimal-set-of-covariates"]], "Example cases": [[5, "example-cases"]], "Example: Oestrogen and endometrial cancer": [[5, "example-oestrogen-and-endometrial-cancer"]], "Example: HIV and ART": [[5, "example-hiv-and-art"]], "Assumptions": [[6, "assumptions"], [13, "assumptions"], [15, "assumptions"], [20, "assumptions"], [22, "assumptions"]], "Exchangeability assumption": [[6, "exchangeability-assumption"]], "Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption (SUTVA)": [[6, "stable-unit-treatment-value-assumption-sutva"]], "Positivity assumption": [[6, "positivity-assumption"]], "Ignorability assumption": [[6, "ignorability-assumption"]], "Causal estimands": [[7, "causal-estimands"]], "Average causal effect": [[7, "average-causal-effect"]], "Causal effect estimands": [[7, "causal-effect-estimands"]], "Choosing a causal estimand": [[7, "choosing-a-causal-estimand"]], "Effect measures": [[7, "effect-measures"]], "Treatment effects": [[7, "treatment-effects"]], "More on: Intention-to-treat": [[7, "more-on-intention-to-treat"]], "Propensity scores": [[8, "propensity-scores"]], "Target trial emulation": [[9, "target-trial-emulation"]], "Introduction": [[9, "introduction"]], "Bias": [[9, "bias"]], "Relevant causal questions": [[9, "relevant-causal-questions"]], "Identify confounders": [[9, "identify-confounders"]], "Guides required data and analysis": [[9, "guides-required-data-and-analysis"]], "How to design your target trial protocol": [[9, "how-to-design-your-target-trial-protocol"]], "How to use this to inform your observational study": [[9, "how-to-use-this-to-inform-your-observational-study"]], "Active comparator, new user (ACNU) design": [[9, "active-comparator-new-user-acnu-design"]], "Clone-censor-weight design": [[9, "clone-censor-weight-design"]], "Sequential trial design": [[9, "sequential-trial-design"]], "Multivariable regression": [[10, "multivariable-regression"]], "All possible confounders": [[10, "all-possible-confounders"]], "Data-driven selection of confounders": [[10, "data-driven-selection-of-confounders"]], "Stratification": [[11, "stratification"]], "Simple example": [[11, "simple-example"]], "Mantel-Haenszel Formula": [[11, "mantel-haenszel-formula"]], "Stratification on the propensity score": [[11, "stratification-on-the-propensity-score"]], "Limitations of stratification": [[11, "limitations-of-stratification"]], "Matching": [[12, "matching"]], "Matching methods": [[12, "matching-methods"]], "Limitations": [[12, "limitations"], [17, "limitations"]], "Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) with baseline covariates": [[13, "inverse-probability-of-treatment-weighting-iptw-with-baseline-covariates"]], "Example": [[13, "example"]], "Strengths and limitations": [[13, "strengths-and-limitations"], [14, "strengths-and-limitations"]], "IPTW variants": [[13, "iptw-variants"]], "Weight stabilisation": [[13, "weight-stabilisation"]], "Propensity score trimming and truncation": [[13, "propensity-score-trimming-and-truncation"]], "Augmented inverse propensity weighting (AIPW)": [[13, "augmented-inverse-propensity-weighting-aipw"]], "Excluding treated individuals": [[13, "excluding-treated-individuals"]], "Marginal structural models (MSM)": [[14, "marginal-structural-models-msm"]], "Method": [[14, "method"]], "Step 1. Weight observations using IPTW": [[14, "step-1-weight-observations-using-iptw"]], "Step 2. Use weights in model to estimate treatment-outcome association": [[14, "step-2-use-weights-in-model-to-estimate-treatment-outcome-association"]], "G-computation": [[15, "g-computation"]], "Terminology": [[15, "terminology"]], "About the method": [[15, "about-the-method"]], "How does this method enable us to deal with treatment-dependent confounding?": [[15, "how-does-this-method-enable-us-to-deal-with-treatment-dependent-confounding"]], "G-computation v.s. IPTW": [[15, "g-computation-v-s-iptw"]], "G-estimation of structural nested models": [[16, "g-estimation-of-structural-nested-models"]], "G-computation + IPTW": [[16, "g-computation-iptw"]], "Instrumental variables": [[17, "instrumental-variables"]], "What is an instrumental variable?": [[17, "what-is-an-instrumental-variable"]], "Two-stage least squares (2SLS)": [[17, "two-stage-least-squares-2sls"]], "Assumptions of instrumental variable analysis": [[17, "assumptions-of-instrumental-variable-analysis"]], "Non-parametric instrumental variable methods": [[17, "non-parametric-instrumental-variable-methods"]], "Examples": [[17, "examples"], [37, "examples"]], "Example 1: Mendelian randomisation": [[17, "example-1-mendelian-randomisation"]], "Example 2: Effect of intensive treatment on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction": [[17, "example-2-effect-of-intensive-treatment-on-mortality-in-patients-with-acute-myocardial-infarction"]], "Example 3: caesarean section": [[17, "example-3-caesarean-section"]], "Python example": [[17, "python-example"]], "Set-up (import packages and data)": [[17, "set-up-import-packages-and-data"]], "Traditional OLS estimate": [[17, "traditional-ols-estimate"]], "Quarter of birth": [[17, "quarter-of-birth"]], "Estimating the average causal effect": [[17, "estimating-the-average-causal-effect"]], "Option 1. Dividing reduced form by 1st stage.": [[17, "option-1-dividing-reduced-form-by-1st-stage"]], "Option 2. 2 stages least squares (2SLS)": [[17, "option-2-2-stages-least-squares-2sls"]], "Option 3. Automated 2SLS": [[17, "option-3-automated-2sls"]], "Regression discontinuity (RD)": [[18, "regression-discontinuity-rd"]], "How does RDD work?": [[18, "how-does-rdd-work"]], "Sharp v.s. fuzzy RDD": [[18, "sharp-v-s-fuzzy-rdd"]], "Applying to our work": [[18, "applying-to-our-work"]], "Interrupted time series (ITS)": [[19, "interrupted-time-series-its"]], "Things to consider": [[19, "things-to-consider"]], "Difference in differences (DiD)": [[20, "difference-in-differences-did"]], "Example: John Snow and cholera": [[20, "example-john-snow-and-cholera"]], "Other methods": [[21, "other-methods"]], "More on: Synthetic control": [[21, "more-on-synthetic-control"]], "Comparison to difference-in-differences": [[21, "comparison-to-difference-in-differences"]], "Overview": [[22, "overview"]], "Identifying the focus of the research": [[22, "identifying-the-focus-of-the-research"]], "Methods for causal effect estimation using observational data": [[22, "methods-for-causal-effect-estimation-using-observational-data"]], "Comparing methods": [[22, "comparing-methods"]], "Treatment-confounder feedback and unobserved confounding": [[22, "treatment-confounder-feedback-and-unobserved-confounding"]], "Causal estimand & conditional/marginal effects": [[22, "causal-estimand-conditional-marginal-effects"]], "What methods are typically used?": [[22, "what-methods-are-typically-used"]], "Reporting guidelines": [[22, "reporting-guidelines"]], "Resources": [[22, "resources"], [33, "resources"]], "Amy Heather\u2019s Notes": [[23, "amy-heather-s-notes"]], "Git": [[24, "git"]], "Conventional commits": [[24, "conventional-commits"]], "Download folder from a GitHub repository": [[24, "download-folder-from-a-github-repository"]], "Create and delete repositories": [[24, "create-and-delete-repositories"]], "Add, rename, remove, push": [[24, "add-rename-remove-push"]], "Undo git command": [[24, "undo-git-command"]], "Track large file": [[24, "track-large-file"]], "Tags": [[24, "tags"]], "Git fetch v.s. git pull": [[24, "git-fetch-v-s-git-pull"]], "Branches and versions": [[24, "branches-and-versions"]], "Git stash": [[24, "git-stash"]], "Git fork": [[24, "git-fork"]], "Commits": [[24, "commits"]], "Storing credentials": [[24, "storing-credentials"]], "Public v.s. private repositories": [[24, "public-v-s-private-repositories"]], "Latex": [[25, "latex"]], "Unicode error": [[25, "unicode-error"]], "URL": [[25, "url"]], "Linux": [[26, "linux"]], "Machine learning": [[27, "machine-learning"]], "Causality": [[27, "causality"]], "Open Science": [[28, "open-science"]], "Open Science Framework (OSF)": [[28, "open-science-framework-osf"]], "Project": [[28, "project"]], "Registrations": [[28, "registrations"]], "Other": [[29, "other"]], "draw.io": [[29, "draw-io"]], "Zotero": [[29, "zotero"]], "Citation.cff": [[29, "citation-cff"]], "Changelog": [[29, "changelog"]], "Python environments": [[30, "python-environments"]], "Conda": [[30, "conda"]], "Virtualenv": [[30, "virtualenv"], [30, "id1"]], "Virtualenvwrapper": [[30, "virtualenvwrapper"]], "Docker": [[30, "docker"]], "General Python Stuff": [[31, "general-python-stuff"]], "Using VS Code": [[31, "using-vs-code"]], "Type hinting in VS Code with Pylance": [[31, "type-hinting-in-vs-code-with-pylance"]], "Violin plot": [[31, "violin-plot"]], "Jupyter lab": [[31, "jupyter-lab"]], "Comparing two dataframes": [[31, "comparing-two-dataframes"]], "Linting": [[31, "linting"], [35, "linting"]], "Compare dataframes": [[31, "compare-dataframes"]], "Package": [[31, "package"]], "Unit testing": [[31, "unit-testing"]], "Colour scales": [[31, "colour-scales"]], "Save HTML to csv and then import again and convert to PDF (this is not ideal tbh)": [[31, "save-html-to-csv-and-then-import-again-and-convert-to-pdf-this-is-not-ideal-tbh"]], "Seeds": [[32, "seeds"]], "Packages": [[32, "packages"], [36, "packages"]], "Generating a random number": [[32, "generating-a-random-number"]], "What is a pseudorandom number generator?": [[32, "what-is-a-pseudorandom-number-generator"]], "Global random number generator": [[32, "global-random-number-generator"]], "Create a generator object and pass it around": [[32, "create-a-generator-object-and-pass-it-around"]], "Parallel random number generation": [[32, "parallel-random-number-generation"]], "SeedSequence spawning": [[32, "seedsequence-spawning"]], "Creating individual random number streams for sampling": [[32, "creating-individual-random-number-streams-for-sampling"]], "Legacy Random Generation": [[32, "legacy-random-generation"]], "DES using SimPy": [[33, "des-using-simpy"]], "Basic model structure (using object-oriented programming)": [[33, "basic-model-structure-using-object-oriented-programming"]], "Alternatives layouts": [[33, "alternatives-layouts"]], "Producing entity arrivals (using generator functions)": [[33, "producing-entity-arrivals-using-generator-functions"]], "Requesting multiple resources simultaneously": [[33, "requesting-multiple-resources-simultaneously"]], "Priority queue": [[33, "priority-queue"]], "Resource unavailability": [[33, "resource-unavailability"]], "Sampling from distributions": [[33, "sampling-from-distributions"]], "Variable arrival rates (i.e. time-dependent arrivals)": [[33, "variable-arrival-rates-i-e-time-dependent-arrivals"]], "Tracking resource utilisation": [[33, "tracking-resource-utilisation"]], "Method 1. Simple average across the run": [[33, "method-1-simple-average-across-the-run"]], "Method 2. Interval audit process": [[33, "method-2-interval-audit-process"]], "Testing a large number of scenarios": [[33, "testing-a-large-number-of-scenarios"]], "Determining how many replications to run.": [[33, "determining-how-many-replications-to-run"]], "Appointment booking (i.e. scheduling)": [[33, "appointment-booking-i-e-scheduling"]], "Parallelisation": [[33, "parallelisation"]], "Input modelling": [[33, "input-modelling"]], "Viewing results from the model": [[33, "viewing-results-from-the-model"]], "R environments": [[34, "r-environments"]], "How to set-up renv for reproducible research": [[34, "how-to-set-up-renv-for-reproducible-research"]], "Basic renv commands": [[34, "basic-renv-commands"]], "Binder": [[34, "binder"]], "A few other options\u2026": [[34, "a-few-other-options"]], "General": [[35, "general"]], "Function setting default inputs": [[35, "function-setting-default-inputs"]], "Function returning multiple objects": [[35, "function-returning-multiple-objects"]], "Packages: set up": [[36, "packages-set-up"]], "Packages: adding functions and testing": [[36, "packages-adding-functions-and-testing"]], "Packages: using other libraries": [[36, "packages-using-other-libraries"]], "Packages: loading and checking": [[36, "packages-loading-and-checking"]], "Packages - Vignettes:": [[36, "packages-vignettes"]], "Packages - Create GitHub pages website:": [[36, "packages-create-github-pages-website"]], "Discrete event simulation (DES)": [[37, "discrete-event-simulation-des"]], "What is DES?": [[37, "what-is-des"]], "Components of a DES": [[37, "components-of-a-des"]], "DES Inputs": [[37, "des-inputs"]], "DES Outputs": [[37, "des-outputs"]], "Initialisation bias": [[37, "initialisation-bias"]], "Method 1. Inspect time series": [[37, "method-1-inspect-time-series"]], "Method 2. Set initial conditions manually": [[37, "method-2-set-initial-conditions-manually"]], "Queue characteristics": [[37, "queue-characteristics"]], "Appointment booking": [[37, "appointment-booking"]], "Reproducibility": [[37, "reproducibility"]], "Evaluating model performance": [[37, "evaluating-model-performance"]], "Metrics": [[37, "metrics"]], "Scenario analysis": [[37, "scenario-analysis"]], "Replications": [[37, "replications"]], "Model verification and validation": [[37, "model-verification-and-validation"]], "Packages and software for discrete event simulation": [[37, "packages-and-software-for-discrete-event-simulation"]], "Simulation": [[38, "simulation"], [38, "id1"]], "Characteristics of a simulation": [[38, "characteristics-of-a-simulation"]], "Stochastic or deterministic": [[38, "stochastic-or-deterministic"]], "Static or dynamic": [[38, "static-or-dynamic"]], "Discrete or continuous": [[38, "discrete-or-continuous"]], "Types of simulation models": [[38, "types-of-simulation-models"]], "Advice on modelling care pathways": [[38, "advice-on-modelling-care-pathways"]]}, "indexentries": {}}) \ No newline at end of file