brain.js is a library of Neural Networks written in JavaScript.
💡 Note: This is a continuation of the harthur/brain repository (which is not maintained anymore). For more details, check out this issue.
Here's an example showcasing how to approximate the XOR function using brain.js:
more info on config here.
// provide optional config object (or undefined). Defaults shown.
const config = {
binaryThresh: 0.5, // ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
hiddenLayers: [3], // array of ints for the sizes of the hidden layers in the network
activation: 'sigmoid' // supported activation types: ['sigmoid', 'relu', 'leaky-relu', 'tanh']
};
// create a simple feed forward neural network with backpropagation
const net = new brain.NeuralNetwork(config);
net.train([{input: [0, 0], output: [0]},
{input: [0, 1], output: [1]},
{input: [1, 0], output: [1]},
{input: [1, 1], output: [0]}]);
const output = net.run([1, 0]); // [0.987]or more info on config here.
// provide optional config object, defaults shown.
const config = {
inputSize: 20,
inputRange: 20,
hiddenSizes: [20,20],
outputSize: 20,
learningRate: 0.01,
decayRate: 0.999,
};
// create a simple recurrent neural network
const net = new brain.recurrent.RNN(config);
net.train([{input: [0, 0], output: [0]},
{input: [0, 1], output: [1]},
{input: [1, 0], output: [1]},
{input: [1, 1], output: [0]}]);
let output = net.run([0, 0]); // [0]
output = net.run([0, 1]); // [1]
output = net.run([1, 0]); // [1]
output = net.run([1, 1]); // [0]However, there is no reason to use a neural network to figure out XOR. (-: So, here is a more involved, realistic example: Demo: training a neural network to recognize color contrast.
You can check out this fantastic screencast, which explains how to train a simple neural network using a real world dataset: How to create a neural network in the browser using Brain.js.
If you have node, you can install brain.js with npm:
npm install brain.js
Or if you prefer yarn:
yarn add brain.js
At present, the published version of brain.js is approximately 1.0.0, featuring only Feed-forward NN. All other models are beta and are being jazzed up and battle hardened. You can still download the latest, though. They are cool!
Download the latest brain.js for browser. Training is computationally expensive, so you should try to train the network offline (or on a Worker) and use the toFunction() or toJSON() options to plug the pre-trained network into your website.
Use train() to train the network with an array of training data. The network has to be trained with all the data in bulk in one call to train(). More training patterns will probably take longer to train, but will usually result in a network better
at classifying new patterns.
Each training pattern should have an input and an output, both of which can be either an array of numbers from 0 to 1 or a hash of numbers from 0 to 1. For the color contrast demo it looks something like this:
var net = new brain.NeuralNetwork();
net.train([{input: { r: 0.03, g: 0.7, b: 0.5 }, output: { black: 1 }},
{input: { r: 0.16, g: 0.09, b: 0.2 }, output: { white: 1 }},
{input: { r: 0.5, g: 0.5, b: 1.0 }, output: { white: 1 }}]);
var output = net.run({ r: 1, g: 0.4, b: 0 }); // { white: 0.99, black: 0.002 }Here's another variation of the above example. (Note that input objects do not need to be similar.)
net.train([{input: { r: 0.03, g: 0.7 }, output: { black: 1 }},
{input: { r: 0.16, b: 0.2 }, output: { white: 1 }},
{input: { r: 0.5, g: 0.5, b: 1.0 }, output: { white: 1 }}]);
var output = net.run({ r: 1, g: 0.4, b: 0 }); // { white: 0.81, black: 0.18 }Each training pattern can either:
- Be an array of numbers
- Be an array of arrays of numbers
Example using an array of numbers:
var net = new brain.recurrent.LSTMTimeStep();
net.train([
[1, 2, 3]
]);
var output = net.run([1, 2]); // 3Example using an array of arrays of numbers:
var net = new brain.recurrent.LSTMTimeStep();
net.train([
[1, 3],
[2, 2],
[3, 1],
]);
var output = net.run([[1, 3], [2, 2]]); // [3, 1]Each training pattern can either:
- Be an array of values
- Be a string
- Have an
inputand anoutput- Either of which can an array of values or a string
CAUTION: When using an array of values, you can use ANY value, however, the values are represented in the neural network by a single input. So the more distinct values has the larger your input layer. If you have a hundreds, thousands, or millions of floating point values THIS IS NOT THE RIGHT CLASS FOR THE JOB. Also, when deviating from strings, this gets into beta
Example using direct strings:
var net = new brain.recurrent.LSTM();
net.train([
'doe, a deer, a female deer',
'ray, a drop of golden sun',
'me, a name I call myself',
]);
var output = net.run('doe'); // ', a deer, a female deer'Example using strings with inputs and outputs:
var net = new brain.recurrent.LSTM();
net.train([
{ input: 'I feel great about the world!', output: 'happy' },
{ input: 'The world is a terrible place!', output: 'sad' },
]);
var output = net.run('I feel great about the world!'); // 'happy'train() takes a hash of options as its second argument:
net.train(data, {
// Defaults values --> expected validation
iterations: 20000, // the maximum times to iterate the training data --> number greater than 0
errorThresh: 0.005, // the acceptable error percentage from training data --> number between 0 and 1
log: false, // true to use console.log, when a function is supplied it is used --> Either true or a function
logPeriod: 10, // iterations between logging out --> number greater than 0
learningRate: 0.3, // scales with delta to effect training rate --> number between 0 and 1
momentum: 0.1, // scales with next layer's change value --> number between 0 and 1
callback: null, // a periodic call back that can be triggered while training --> null or function
callbackPeriod: 10, // the number of iterations through the training data between callback calls --> number greater than 0
timeout: Infinity // the max number of milliseconds to train for --> number greater than 0
});The network will stop training whenever one of the two criteria is met: the training error has gone below the threshold (default 0.005), or the max number of iterations (default 20000) has been reached.
By default training will not let you know how it's doing until the end, but set log to true to get periodic updates on the current training error of the network. The training error should decrease every time. The updates will be printed to console. If you set log to a function, this function will be called with the updates instead of printing to the console.
The learning rate is a parameter that influences how quickly the network trains. It's a number from 0 to 1. If the learning rate is close to 0, it will take longer to train. If the learning rate is closer to 1, it will train faster, but training results may be constrained to a local minimum and perform badly on new data.(Overfitting) The default learning rate is 0.3.
The momentum is similar to learning rate, expecting a value from 0 to 1 as well, but it is multiplied against the next level's change value. The default value is 0.1
Any of these training options can be passed into the constructor or passed into the updateTrainingOptions(opts) method and they will be saved on the network and used during the training time. If you save your network to json, these training options are saved and restored as well (except for callback and log, callback will be forgotten and log will be restored using console.log).
A boolean property called invalidTrainOptsShouldThrow is set to true by default. While the option is true, if you enter a training option that is outside the normal range, an error will be thrown with a message about the abnormal option. When the option is set to false, no error will be sent, but a message will still be sent to console.warn with the related information.
trainAsync() takes the same arguments as train (data and options). Instead of returning the results object from training, it returns a promise that when resolved will return the training results object.
let net = new brain.NeuralNetwork();
net
.trainAsync(data, options)
.then(res => {
// do something with my trained network
})
.catch(handleError);With multiple networks you can train in parallel like this:
const net = new brain.NeuralNetwork();
const net2 = new brain.NeuralNetwork();
const p1 = net.trainAsync(data, options);
const p2 = net2.trainAsync(data, options);
Promise
.all([p1, p2])
.then(values => {
const res = values[0];
const res2 = values[1];
console.log(`net trained in ${res.iterations} and net2 trained in ${res2.iterations}`);
// do something super cool with my 2 trained networks
})
.catch(handleError);The output of train() is a hash of information about how the training went:
{
error: 0.0039139985510105032, // training error
iterations: 406 // training iterations
}If the network failed to train, the error will be above the error threshold. This could happen if the training data is too noisy (most likely), the network does not have enough hidden layers or nodes to handle the complexity of the data, or it has not been trained for enough iterations.
If the training error is still something huge like 0.4 after 20000 iterations, it's a good sign that the network can't make sense of the given data.
Serialize or load in the state of a trained network with JSON:
const json = net.toJSON();
net.fromJSON(json);You can also get a custom standalone function from a trained network that acts just like run():
const run = net.toFunction();
const output = run({ r: 1, g: 0.4, b: 0 });
console.log(run.toString()); // copy and paste! no need to import brain.jsNeuralNetwork() takes a hash of options:
const net = new brain.NeuralNetwork({
activation: 'sigmoid', // activation function
hiddenLayers: [4],
learningRate: 0.6 // global learning rate, useful when training using streams
});This parameter lets you specify which activation function your neural network should use. There are currently four supported activation functions, sigmoid being the default:
Here's a table (thanks, Wikipedia!) summarizing a plethora of activation functions — Activation Function
hiddenLayers
You can use this to specify the number of hidden layers in the network and the size of each layer. For example, if you want two hidden layers - the first with 3 nodes and the second with 4 nodes, you'd give:
hiddenLayers: [3, 4]
By default brain.js uses one hidden layer with size proportionate to the size of the input array.
The network now has a WriteStream. You can train the network by using pipe() to send the training data to the network.
Refer to stream-example.js for an example on how to train the network with a stream.
To train the network using a stream you must first create the stream by calling net.createTrainStream() which takes the following options:
floodCallback()- the callback function to re-populate the stream. This gets called on every training iteration.doneTrainingCallback(info)- the callback function to execute when the network is done training. Theinfoparam will contain a hash of information about how the training went:
{
error: 0.0039139985510105032, // training error
iterations: 406 // training iterations
}Use a Transform to coerce the data into the correct format. You might also use a Transform stream to normalize your data on the fly.
const likely = require('brain/likely');
const key = likely(input, net);Likely example see: simple letter detection
brain.NeuralNetwork- Feedforward Neural Network with backpropagationbrain.recurrent.RNNTimeStep- Time Step Recurrent Neural Network or "RNN"brain.recurrent.LSTMTimeStep- Time Step Long Short Term Memory Neural Network or "LSTM"brain.recurrent.GRUTimeStep- Time Step Gated Recurrent Unit or "GRU"brain.recurrent.RNN- Recurrent Neural Network or "RNN"brain.recurrent.LSTM- Long Short Term Memory Neural Network or "LSTM"brain.recurrent.GRU- Gated Recurrent Unit or "GRU"
Different neural nets do different things well. For example:
- A Feedforward Neural Network can classify simple things very well, but it has no memory of previous actions and has infinite variation of results.
- A Time Step Recurrent Neural Network remembers, and can predict future values.
- A Recurrent Neural Network remembers, and has a finite set of results.
If you have an issue, either a bug or a feature you think would benefit your project let us know and we will do our best.
Create issues here and follow the template.
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