grannies.ipynb

{
 "metadata": {
  "name": "grannies"
 }, 
 "nbformat": 2, 
 "worksheets": [
  {
   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "### Scientific Python Basics", 
      "", 
      "## Software Carpentry Bootcamp", 
      "## Columbia University, NYC,", 
      "## January 2013", 
      "Created and Presented by: Adina Howe and David Warde-Farley"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "! ls"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "big-test.txt     grannies.txt     students.txt.gz", 
        "grades.txt       index.rst        test1.txt", 
        "grannies.ipynb   student-info.txt test2.txt"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 1
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "! wc *txt"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "      10      60     350 big-test.txt", 
        "   51350   51350 1431269 grades.txt", 
        "   51350   51350  821600 grannies.txt", 
        "   51350  308100 1790719 student-info.txt", 
        "      10      10     160 test1.txt", 
        "      10      10     277 test2.txt", 
        "  154080  410880 4044375 total"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 2
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "Them's a lot of lines for excel....How do we look at them?"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "!head grades.txt"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "990182545,80.018496057,'B'", 
        "990011440,84.3085396697,'B'", 
        "990086500,55.7301614131,'D'", 
        "990032870,68.6541710138,'C'", 
        "990184455,59.4840961005,'D'", 
        "990181395,66.6855281781,'C'", 
        "990144940,73.3472315477,'B'", 
        "990163645,78.76443724,'B'", 
        "990227075,61.2958542874,'C'", 
        "990246230,71.4371734198,'B'"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 3
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "We've been told by the university that the grades.txt file contains: student ids, grades, and letter grades.  The grannies.txt file contains students ids, the number of deaths when the student had no test in the upcoming 2 weeks, a midterm in the upcoming 2 weeks, and a final in the upcoming two weeks."
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "We want to know if there is a correlation between a student's grade, deaths of family members, and their upcoming exam stress. ", 
      "", 
      "So we need to know:", 
      "", 
      "For students with different grades (A, B, C, D, F):", 
      "", 
      "What is the total number of deaths when there are no upcoming exams, a midterm, and a final."
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "First, we have two sets of data we need to combine together.  But I make mistakes programming so I want to make sure that I don't do this with my big files."
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": true, 
     "input": [
      "file1 = \"grannies.txt\"", 
      "file2 = \"grades.txt\"", 
      "", 
      "! head $file1 > test1.txt", 
      "! head $file2 > test2.txt"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [], 
     "prompt_number": 4
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "#f1 = open('test1.txt', 'r')", 
      "f1 = open(file1, 'r')", 
      "", 
      "d_exam = {}", 
      "", 
      "for line in f1:", 
      "    dat = line.rstrip().split(',')", 
      "    student = dat[0]", 
      "    exam0, exam1, exam2 = dat[1], dat[2], dat[3]", 
      "    d_exam[student] = [exam0, exam1, exam2]", 
      "", 
      "f2 = open(file2, 'r')", 
      "#f2 = open('test2.txt', 'r')", 
      "", 
      "d_grannies = {}", 
      "", 
      "for line in f2:", 
      "    dat = line.rstrip().split(',')", 
      "    student = dat[0]", 
      "    grade_num, grade_alpha = dat[1], dat[2]", 
      "    d_grannies[student] = [grade_num, grade_alpha]", 
      "", 
      "for key in d_exam:", 
      "    d_exam[key].append(d_grannies[key][0])", 
      "    d_exam[key].append(d_grannies[key][1])", 
      "", 
      "output = open('student-info.txt', 'w')", 
      "for key in d_exam:", 
      "    output.write('%s ' % key)", 
      "    for item in d_exam[key]:", 
      "        output.write('%s ' % item)", 
      "    output.write('\\n')", 
      "", 
      "output.close()"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [], 
     "prompt_number": 28
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "! head student-info.txt"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "990119785 0 0 0 64.4019973375 'C' ", 
        "990162735 0 0 0 70.5143152415 'B' ", 
        "990119780 0 0 0 88.4154280604 'A' ", 
        "990219565 0 0 0 83.4197865809 'B' ", 
        "990144000 0 0 0 67.2402481625 'C' ", 
        "990061530 0 0 0 84.1021278219 'B' ", 
        "990168470 0 0 0 86.0887253329 'A' ", 
        "990144005 0 0 0 56.3743467667 'D' ", 
        "990168475 0 0 0 71.9040675472 'B' ", 
        "990061535 0 0 0 53.7354499276 'D' "
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 29
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "! wc *txt"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "       1       6      35 big-test.txt", 
        "   51350   51350 1431269 grades.txt", 
        "   51350   51350  821600 grannies.txt", 
        "   51350  308100 1790719 student-info.txt", 
        "      10      10     160 test1.txt", 
        "      10      10     277 test2.txt", 
        "  154071  410826 4044060 total"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 30
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": true, 
     "input": [
      "! head student-info.txt > big-test.txt"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [], 
     "prompt_number": 31
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "!cat big-test.txt"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "990119785 0 0 0 64.4019973375 'C' ", 
        "990162735 0 0 0 70.5143152415 'B' ", 
        "990119780 0 0 0 88.4154280604 'A' ", 
        "990219565 0 0 0 83.4197865809 'B' ", 
        "990144000 0 0 0 67.2402481625 'C' ", 
        "990061530 0 0 0 84.1021278219 'B' ", 
        "990168470 0 0 0 86.0887253329 'A' ", 
        "990144005 0 0 0 56.3743467667 'D' ", 
        "990168475 0 0 0 71.9040675472 'B' ", 
        "990061535 0 0 0 53.7354499276 'D' "
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 32
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": true, 
     "input": [
      "#f = open('big-test.txt', 'r')", 
      "f = open('student-info.txt', 'r')", 
      "", 
      "d = {'zero':{},'mid':{},'final':{}}", 
      "for line in f:", 
      "    dat = line.rstrip().split(' ')", 
      "    student = dat[0]", 
      "    grannies_zero, grannies_mid, grannies_final = int(dat[1]), int(dat[2]), int(dat[3])", 
      "    grade = str(dat[-1][1:-1])", 
      "    d['zero'][grade] = d['zero'].get(grade,0) + int(grannies_zero)", 
      "    d['mid'][grade] = d['mid'].get(grade,0) + int(grannies_mid)", 
      "    d['final'][grade] = d['final'].get(grade,0) + int(grannies_final)", 
      "#print d", 
      "    "
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [], 
     "prompt_number": 33
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "for key in d:", 
      "    for x in ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']:", 
      "        print key, x, d[key][x]"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "zero"
       ]
      }, 
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        " A 1", 
        "zero B 2", 
        "zero C 1", 
        "zero D 1", 
        "mid A 1", 
        "mid B 4", 
        "mid C 9", 
        "mid D 9", 
        "final A 1", 
        "final B 8", 
        "final C 17", 
        "final D 15"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 34
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt", 
      "import numpy as np"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [], 
     "prompt_number": 35
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "x = [1,2,3,4]", 
      "y_zero = [1,2,1,1]", 
      "y_mid = [1,4,9,9]", 
      "y_final = [1,8,17,15]", 
      "", 
      "ind = np.arange(len(x))", 
      "width = 1", 
      "", 
      "fig = plt.figure()", 
      "ax = fig.add_subplot(111)", 
      "ax.plot(x, y_zero, 'b', x, y_mid, 'r', x, y_final, 'c')", 
      "ax.set_xticks(ind+width)", 
      "ax.set_xticklabels(['A','B','C','D'])", 
      "ax.set_xlabel('Student Grade')", 
      "ax.set_ylabel('# of Grannies Passed')", 
      "ax.legend(['No exam', 'Midterm', 'Final'])", 
      "show()"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "display_data", 
       "png": 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M8vJyPH78GGlpaRgyZEjj/hIGhoFPpGHmHPaAekGtS4qafG7cuIHo6Gj85z//gVQqRUVF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\n48fHx2Ps2LEIDAzE119/DaD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      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 36
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "http://www.math.toronto.edu/mpugh/DeadGrandmother.pdf", 
      "", 
      "The basic problem can be stated very simply: A student's grandmother is far more likely to ", 
      "die suddenly just before the student takes an exam, than at any other time of year.", 
      "", 
      "1. Stop giving exams. ", 
      "2. Allow only orphans to enroll in universities.", 
      "3. Have students lie to their families."
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": true, 
     "input": [], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": []
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}