dl.js

{
'dateTimeFormat': 'iso8601',

'events' : [
        {'start': '1941',
        'title': 'Konrad Zuse creates the Z3 computer',
        'description': 'Konrad Zuse finishes the Z3 computer. The Z3 was an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere. Using 2,300 relays, the Z3 used floating point binary arithmetic and had a 22-bit word length. The original Z3 was destroyed in a bombing raid of Berlin in late 1943. However, Zuse later supervised a reconstruction of the Z3 in the 1960s which is currently on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich.',
		'caption': 'Konrad Zuse finishes the Z3 computer. The Z3 was an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere. Using 2,300 relays, the Z3 used floating point binary arithmetic and had a 22-bit word length. The original Z3 was destroyed in a bombing raid of Berlin in late 1943. However, Zuse later supervised a reconstruction of the Z3 in the 1960s which is currently on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1941_zuse_z3.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1941'
        },


        {'start': '1944',
        'title': 'Howard Aiken completes the Harvard Mark 1 computer',
        'description': 'Harvard Mark-1 is completed. Conceived by Harvard professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark-1 was a room-sized, relay-based calculator. The machine had a fifty-foot long camshaft that synchronized the machine?s thousands of component parts. The Mark-1 was used to produce mathematical tables but was soon superseded by stored program computers.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1944_harvard_markI.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1944'
        },

        {'start': '1944',
        'title': 'Colossus vacuum tube computer is completed at Bletchley Park in the UK',
        'description': 'The first Colossus is operational at Bletchley Park. Designed by British engineer Tommy Flowers, the Colossus was designed to break the complex Lorenz ciphers used by the Nazis during WWII. A total of ten Colossi were delivered to Bletchley, each using 1,500 vacuum tubes and a series of pulleys transported continuous rolls of punched paper tape containing possible solutions to a particular code. Colossus reduced the time to break Lorenz messages from weeks to hours. The machine?s existence was not made public until the 1970s',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1944_Colossus.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1944'
        },
		
		{'start': '1945',
        'title': 'Grace Hopper finds a moth in the Harvard Mark II -- the first computer bug.',
        'description': 'On September 9th, Grace Hopper recorded the first actual computer "bug" ? a moth stuck between the relays and logged at 15:45 hours on the Harvard Mark II. Hopper, a rear admiral in the U.S. Navy, enjoyed successful careers in academia, business, and the military while making history in the computer field. She helped program the Harvard Mark I and II and developed the first compiler, A-0. Her subsequent work on programming languages led to COBOL, a language specified to operate on machines of different manufacturers.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1945_hopper.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1945'
        },
		
		{'start': '1945',
        'title': 'Konrad Zuse began writing the Plankalkul programming language'
        },
		
		{'start': '1943',
		'end': '1946',
        'title': 'ENIAC digital computer is completed ',
        'description': 'In February, the public got its first glimpse of the ENIAC, a machine built by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert that improved by 1,000 times on the speed of its contemporaries.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1946_eniac.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1946'
        },
		
		{'start': '1947',
        'title': 'William Shockley creates the first transistor.',
        'description': 'On December 23, William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen successfully tested this point-contact transistor, setting off the semiconductor revolution. Improved models of the transistor, developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories, supplanted vacuum tubes used on computers at the time.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1947_point.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1947'
        },
		
		{'start': '1952',
        'title': 'Nixdorf computer company founded in Germany. ',
        'description': 'Heinz Nixdorf founded Nixdorf Computer Corp. in Germany. It remained an independent corporation until merging with Siemens in 1990.',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1952'
        },
		
		{'start': '1952',
        'title': 'Grace Hooper writes the first compiler (A-0)',
        'description': 'Grace Hopper completes the A-0 Compiler. In 1952, mathematician Grace Hopper completed what is considered to be the first compiler, a program that allows a computer user to use English-like words instead of numbers. Other compilers based on A-0 followed: ARITH-MATIC, MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC [software]',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1952_hopper-grace.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1952'
        },
		{'start': '1952',
        'title': 'IBM 726 implements high speed magnetic tape storage',
        'description': 'Magnetic tape allows for inexpensive mass storage of information and so is a key part of the computer revolution.  The IBM 726 was one of the first practical high-speed magnetic tape systems for electronic digital computers.  Announced on May 21, 1952, the system used a unique ?vacuum channel? method of keeping a loop of tape circulating between two points allowing the tape drive to start and stop the tape in a split-second.  The Model 726 was first sold with IBM?s first electronic digital computer the Model 701 and could store 2 million digits per tape?an enormous amount at the time.  It rented for $850 a month.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1952_ibm726.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1952'
        },		
		{'start': '1956',
        'title': 'IBM magnetic disk becomes available.',
        'description': 'The era of magnetic disk storage dawned with IBM?s shipment of a 305 RAMAC to Zellerbach Paper in San Francisco. The IBM 350 disk file served as the storage component for the Random Access Method of Accounting and Control. It consisted of 50 magnetically coated metal platters with 5 million bytes of data. The platters, stacked one on top of the other, rotated with a common drive shaft.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1956_ramac_rjohnson.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1956'
        },	
		{'start': '1957',
        'title': 'FORTRAN language becomes available',
        'description': 'A new language, FORTRAN (short for FORmula TRANslator), enabled a computer to perform a repetitive task from a single set of instructions by using loops. The first commercial FORTRAN program ran at Westinghouse, producing a missing comma diagnostic. A successful attempt followed.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1957_fortran.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1957'
        },	
		{'start': '1960',
        'title': 'COBOL language becomes available. Also LISP. ',
        'description': 'A team drawn from several computer manufacturers and the Pentagon developed COBOL, Common Business Oriented Language. Designed for business use, early COBOL efforts aimed for easy readability of computer programs and as much machine independence as possible. Designers hoped a COBOL program would run on any computer for which a compiler existed with only minimal modifications.<br >Howard Bromberg, an impatient member of the committee in charge of creating COBOL, had this tombstone made out of fear that the language had no future. However, COBOL has survived to this day.<br >LISP made its debut as the first computer language designed for writing artificial intelligence programs. Created by John McCarthy, LISP offered programmers flexibility in organization.',
		'caption': 'A team drawn from several computer manufacturers and the Pentagon developed COBOL, Common Business Oriented Language. Designed for business use, early COBOL efforts aimed for easy readability of computer programs and as much machine independence as possible. Designers hoped a COBOL program would run on any computer for which a compiler existed with only minimal modifications.<br >Howard Bromberg, an impatient member of the committee in charge of creating COBOL, had this tombstone made out of fear that the language had no future. However, COBOL has survived to this day.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1960_cobol.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1960'
        },			
		{'start': '1960',
        'title': 'ESC key is invented by Bob Bemer at IBM',
        'description': 'The key was born in 1960, when an I.B.M. programmer named Bob Bemer was trying to solve a Tower of Babel problem: computers from different manufacturers communicated in a variety of codes. Bemer invented the ESC key as way for programmers to switch from one kind of code to another. ',
		'caption': 'The key was born in 1960, when an I.B.M. programmer named Bob Bemer was trying to solve a Tower of Babel problem: computers from different manufacturers communicated in a variety of codes. Bemer invented the ESC key as way for programmers to switch from one kind of code to another. ',
        'image': 'http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/10/07/magazine/07wmt/07wmt-articleLarge.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/magazine/who-made-that-escape-key.html'
        },	

		{'start': '1962',
        'title': 'J.C.R. Licklider becomes head of the computer research program at ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency). The world has 10,000 computers.',
        'description': 'J.C.R. Licklider writes memos about his Intergalactic Network concept, where everyone on the globe is interconnected and can access programs and data at any site from anywhere. He is talking to his own ?Intergalactic Network? of researchers across the country. In October, ?Lick? becomes the first head of the computer research program at ARPA, which he calls the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO).',
		'caption': 'J.C.R. Licklider writes memos about his Intergalactic Network concept, where everyone on the globe is interconnected and can access programs and data at any site from anywhere. He is talking to his own ?Intergalactic Network? of researchers across the country. In October, ?Lick? becomes the first head of the computer research program at ARPA, which he calls the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO).',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_poster.gif',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/'
        },
		{'start': '1962',
        'title': 'First interactive computer game at MIT ?Spacewar!?.',
        'description': 'MIT students Slug Russell, Shag Graetz, and Alan Kotok wrote SpaceWar!, considered the first interactive computer game. First played at MIT on DEC?s PDP-1, the large-scope display featured interactive, shoot?em-up graphics that inspired future video games. Dueling players fired at each other?s spaceships and used early versions of joysticks to manipulate away from the central gravitational force of a sun as well as from the enemy ship.',
		'caption': 'MIT students Slug Russell, Shag Graetz, and Alan Kotok wrote SpaceWar!, considered the first interactive computer game. First played at MIT on DEC?s PDP-1, the large-scope display featured interactive, shoot?em-up graphics that inspired future video games. Dueling players fired at each other?s spaceships and used early versions of joysticks to manipulate away from the central gravitational force of a sun as well as from the enemy ship.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1962_spacewar.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1962'
        },
		{'start': '1962',
        'title': 'ICPSR (Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research) founded',
        'description': 'The Inter-university Consortium for Political Research (ICPR, as it was first known) was created in 1962 by political scientist Warren E. Miller as the data dissemination arm of the American National Election Studies (ANESi). ',
		'caption': 'The Inter-university Consortium for Political Research (ICPR, as it was first known) was created in 1962 by political scientist Warren E. Miller as the data dissemination arm of the American National Election Studies (ANESi). ',
        'image': 'http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/files/fifty/images/50-logo.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/fifty/index.jsp'
        },				
		{'start': '1963',
        'title': 'ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Exchange) is defined.',
        'description': 'A joint industry-government committee develops ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), the first universal standard for computers. It permits machines from different manufacturers to exchange data. 128 unique 7-bit strings stand for either a letter of the English alphabet, one of the Arabic numerals, one of an assortment of punctuation marks and symbols, or a special function, such as the carriage return.',
		'caption': 'A joint industry-government committee develops ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), the first universal standard for computers. It permits machines from different manufacturers to exchange data. 128 unique 7-bit strings stand for either a letter of the English alphabet, one of the Arabic numerals, one of an assortment of punctuation marks and symbols, or a special function, such as the carriage return.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/thumbs/ascii_t.gif',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/'
        },
		{'start': '1964',
        'title': 'IBM announces its System 360.',
        'description': 'IBM announced the System/360, a family of six mutually compatible computers and 40 peripherals that could work together. The initial investment of $5 billion was quickly returned as orders for the system climbed to 1,000 per month within two years. At the time IBM released the System/360, the company was making a transition from discrete transistors to integrated circuits, and its major source of revenue moved from punched-card equipment to electronic computer systems.',
		'caption': 'IBM announced the System/360, a family of six mutually compatible computers and 40 peripherals that could work together. The initial investment of $5 billion was quickly returned as orders for the system climbed to 1,000 per month within two years. At the time IBM released the System/360, the company was making a transition from discrete transistors to integrated circuits, and its major source of revenue moved from punched-card equipment to electronic computer systems.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1964_ibm360.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1964'
        },	
		{'start': '1967',
        'title': 'OCLC begins operation as the Ohio College Library Consortium ',
        'description': 'In 1967, a small group of library leaders believed that working together, they could find solutions to the day\'s most pressing issues facing libraries. They began with the idea of combining computer technology with library cooperation to reduce costs and improve services through shared, online cataloging.',
		'caption': 'In 1967, a small group of library leaders believed that working together, they could find solutions to the day\'s most pressing issues facing libraries. They began with the idea of combining computer technology with library cooperation to reduce costs and improve services through shared, online cataloging.',
        'image': 'http://www.oclc.org/common/images/masterpage/mp-masthead-logo-oclc-en.gif',
        'link': 'http://www.oclc.org/about/history/beginning.htm'
        },
		{'start': '1968',
        'title': 'MARC is developed at Library of Congress (by Henriette Arram)'
        },			
		{'start': '1969',
        'title': 'Internet (Arpanet) first tested.'
        },	
		{'start': '1969',
        'title': 'GML (Generalized Markup Laguage) and Document Type Definition developed by Charles Goldfarb at IBM.'
        },	
		{'start': '1969',
        'title': 'CICS becomes available for IBM Mainframes',
        'description': 'Customer Information Control System (CICS) is a transaction server that runs primarily on IBM mainframe systems under z/OS and z/VSE.',
		'caption': 'Customer Information Control System (CICS) is a transaction server that runs primarily on IBM mainframe systems under z/OS and z/VSE.',
        'link': 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS'
        },
		{'start': '1970',
        'title': 'Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson finish writing the Unix operation system for a DEC minicomputer at Bell Labs',
        'description': 'Programmers Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson at Bell Labs complete the UNIX operating system on a spare DEC minicomputer. UNIX combines many of the time-sharing and file-management features offered by Multics and wins a wide following, particularly among scientists.',
		'caption': 'Programmers Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson at Bell Labs complete the UNIX operating system on a spare DEC minicomputer. UNIX combines many of the time-sharing and file-management features offered by Multics and wins a wide following, particularly among scientists.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/thumbs/pdp-10_t.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html'
        },
		{'start': '1970',
        'title': 'Telnet protocol is completed.',
        'description': 'The Network Working Group completes the Telnet protocol and makes progress on the file transfer protocol (FTP) standard. At the end of the year, the ARPANET contains 19 nodes as planned.',
		'caption': 'The Network Working Group completes the Telnet protocol and makes progress on the file transfer protocol (FTP) standard. At the end of the year, the ARPANET contains 19 nodes as planned.',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html'
        },		
		{'start': '1971',
        'title': 'NOTIS (Northwestern Online Total Integrated System) programmed by Jim Aagaard at Northwestern University.',
        'description': 'NOTIS was a seminal integrated library system first created at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA in 1968. John P. McGowan, University Librarian from 1971 to 1992, recruited Professor James S. Aagaard to spearhead the project as lead programmer, and Velma Veneziano as systems analyst.',
		'caption': 'NOTIS was a seminal integrated library system first created at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA in 1968. John P. McGowan, University Librarian from 1971 to 1992, recruited Professor James S. Aagaard to spearhead the project as lead programmer, and Velma Veneziano as systems analyst.',
        'link': 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOTIS'
        },
		{'start': '1971',
        'title': '    File Transfer Protocol is first published & used.'
        },
		{'start': '1971',
        'title': 'IBM offers TSO',
        'description': ' Time Sharing Option (TSO) is an interactive time-sharing environment for IBM mainframe operating systems, including OS/360 MVT, OS/VS2 (SVS), MVS, OS/390, and z/OS.',
		'caption': ' Time Sharing Option (TSO) is an interactive time-sharing environment for IBM mainframe operating systems, including OS/360 MVT, OS/VS2 (SVS), MVS, OS/390, and z/OS.',
        'link': 'http://www.tsotimes.com/articles/archive/spring04/TSO-Times-Spring04.pdf'
        },
		{'start': '1971',
        'title': 'Ray Tomlinson sends the first email ',
        'description': 'The first e-mail is sent. Ray Tomlinson of the research firm Bolt, Beranek and Newman sent the first e-mail when he was supposed to be working on a different project. Tomlinson, who is credited with being the one to decide on the "@" sign for use in e-mail, sent his message over a military network called ARPANET. When asked to describe the contents of the first email, Tomlinson said it was ?something like "QWERTYUIOP"?',
		'caption': 'The first e-mail is sent. Ray Tomlinson of the research firm Bolt, Beranek and Newman sent the first e-mail when he was supposed to be working on a different project. Tomlinson, who is credited with being the one to decide on the "@" sign for use in e-mail, sent his message over a military network called ARPANET. When asked to describe the contents of the first email, Tomlinson said it was ?something like "QWERTYUIOP"?',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1971_tomlinson1.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1971'
        },		
		{'start': '1971',
        'title': 'Project Gutenberg is started at the University of Illinois',
        'description': '<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Michael_S._Hart">Michael Hart</a> starts Project Gutenberg at the University of Illinois, which could arguably be the first digital libray.<br>Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks".[2] It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library.[3] Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, open formats that can be used on almost any computer. As of July 2012, Project Gutenberg claimed over 40,000 items in its collection.',
		'caption': 'Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks".[2] It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library.[3] Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, open formats that can be used on almost any computer. As of July 2012, Project Gutenberg claimed over 40,000 items in its collection.',
        'image': 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/54/Project_Gutenberg_logo.png',
        'link': 'http://www.gutenberg.org/'
        },	
		{'start': '1971',
        'title': 'MARC becomes an official standard. ',
        'link': 'http://www.loc.gov/loc/legacy/loc.html'
        },	
		{'start': '1973',
        'title': 'Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn propose TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) at  a meeting at the University of Sussix in the UK',
        'description': 'Kahn and Cerf set about designing a net-to-net connection protocol. Cerf leads the newly formed International Network Working Group. In September 1973, the two give their first paper on the new Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) at an INWG meeting at the University of Sussex in England. ',
		'caption': 'Kahn and Cerf set about designing a net-to-net connection protocol. Cerf leads the newly formed International Network Working Group. In September 1973, the two give their first paper on the new Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) at an INWG meeting at the University of Sussex in England. ',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/thumbs/kahn_t.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html'
        },	
		{'start': '1974',
        'title': 'The first mouse is used in the Alto at Xerox Research PARC',
        'description': 'Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center designed the Alto ? the first work station with a built-in mouse for input. The Alto stored several files simultaneously in windows, offered menus and icons, and could link to a local area network. Although Xerox never sold the Alto commercially, it gave a number of them to universities. Engineers later incorporated its features into work stations and personal computers.',
		'caption': 'Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center designed the Alto ? the first work station with a built-in mouse for input. The Alto stored several files simultaneously in windows, offered menus and icons, and could link to a local area network. Although Xerox never sold the Alto commercially, it gave a number of them to universities. Engineers later incorporated its features into work stations and personal computers.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1974_alto.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1974'
        },		
		{'start': '1976',
        'title': 'Computer scientists at Berlekey revise Unix to incorporate TCP/IP',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html'
        },			
		{'start': '1976',
        'title': 'Gary Kildal creates the CP-M operating system for 8-bit machines',
        'description': 'Gary Kildall developed CP/M, an operating system for personal computers. Widely adopted, CP/M made it possible for one version of a program to run on a variety of computers built around eight-bit microprocessors.',
		'caption': 'Gary Kildall developed CP/M, an operating system for personal computers. Widely adopted, CP/M made it possible for one version of a program to run on a variety of computers built around eight-bit microprocessors.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1976_cpm.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1976'
        },
		{'start': '1976',
        'title': 'Apple I is completed.',
        'description': 'Steve Wozniak designed the Apple I, a single-board computer. With specifications in hand and an order for 100 machines at $500 each from the Byte Shop, he and Steve Jobs got their start in business. In this photograph of the Apple I board, the upper two rows are a video terminal and the lower two rows are the computer. The 6502 microprocessor in the white package sits on the lower right. About 200 of the machines sold before the company announced the Apple II as a complete computer.',
		'caption': 'Steve Wozniak designed the Apple I, a single-board computer. With specifications in hand and an order for 100 machines at $500 each from the Byte Shop, he and Steve Jobs got their start in business. In this photograph of the Apple I board, the upper two rows are a video terminal and the lower two rows are the computer. The 6502 microprocessor in the white package sits on the lower right. About 200 of the machines sold before the company announced the Apple II as a complete computer.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1976_apple.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1976'
        },
		{'start': '1977',
        'title': 'Apple II, Tandy TRS, and Commodore Pet home computers are sold',
        'description': 'Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs announce the Apple II computer. Also introduced are the Tandy TRS-80 and the Commodore Pet. These three off-the-shelf machines create the consumer and small business markets for computers. ',
		'caption': 'Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs announce the Apple II computer. Also introduced are the Tandy TRS-80 and the Commodore Pet. These three off-the-shelf machines create the consumer and small business markets for computers. ',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html'
        },			
		{'start': '1978',
        'title': '5.25 inch floppy drives became available.',
        'description': 'The 5 1/4" flexible disk drive and diskette were introduced by Shugart Associates in 1976. This was the result of a request by Wang Laboratories to produce a disk drive small enough to use with a desktop computer, since 8" floppy drives were considered too large for that purpose. By 1978, more than 10 manufacturers were producing 5 1/4" floppy drives.',
		'caption': 'The 5 1/4" flexible disk drive and diskette were introduced by Shugart Associates in 1976. This was the result of a request by Wang Laboratories to produce a disk drive small enough to use with a desktop computer, since 8" floppy drives were considered too large for that purpose. By 1978, more than 10 manufacturers were producing 5 1/4" floppy drives.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1978_SA400.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1978'
        },		
		{'start': '1981',
        'title': 'The Osborne I (11 Kg / 24 lbs) is sold. Also the IBM PC',
        'description': 'The first ?portable? computer is launched in the form of the Osborne, a 24-pound suitcase-sized device.<br >The IBM PC is launched in August 1981. ',
		'caption': 'The first ?portable? computer is launched in the form of the Osborne, a 24-pound suitcase-sized device.<br >The IBM PC is launched in August 1981. ',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/thumbs/osborne_t.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html'
        },		
		{'start': '1981',
        'title': 'MS-DOS is the software for the IBM PC',
        'description': 'IBM introduced its PC, igniting a fast growth of the personal computer market. The first PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft?s MS-DOS operating system.',
		'caption': 'IBM introduced its PC, igniting a fast growth of the personal computer market. The first PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft?s MS-DOS operating system.',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1981'
        },			
		{'start': '1983',
        'title': 'MS-Word is announced.',
        'description': 'Microsoft announced Word, originally called Multi-Tool Word, and Windows. The latter doesn?t ship until 1985, although the company said it would be on track for an April 1984 release. In a marketing blitz, Microsoft distributed 450,000 disks demonstrating its Word program in the November issue of PC World magazine.',
		'caption': 'Microsoft announced Word, originally called Multi-Tool Word, and Windows. The latter doesn?t ship until 1985, although the company said it would be on track for an April 1984 release. In a marketing blitz, Microsoft distributed 450,000 disks demonstrating its Word program in the November issue of PC World magazine.',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1983'
        },		
		{'start': '1984',
        'title': 'Macintosh computer is for sale.',
        'description': 'Apple announces the Macintosh. Its user-friendly interface swells the ranks of new computer users. ',
		'caption': 'Apple announces the Macintosh. Its user-friendly interface swells the ranks of new computer users. ',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html'
        },
		{'start': '1984',
        'title': 'Domain Name Service is announced',
        'description': 'Jon Postel and Paul Mockapetris of USC/ISI and Craig Partridge of BBN develop the Domain Name System (DNS) and recommend the use of the now familiar user@host.domain addressing system.',
		'caption': 'Jon Postel and Paul Mockapetris of USC/ISI and Craig Partridge of BBN develop the Domain Name System (DNS) and recommend the use of the now familiar user@host.domain addressing system.',
        'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/thumbs/1983_topo_t.gif',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html'
        },		
		{'start': '1984',
        'title': 'The British JANET network focuses on educational institutions.',
        'description': 'The British JANET explicitly announces its intention to serve the nation?s higher education community, regardless of discipline.',
		'caption': 'The British JANET explicitly announces its intention to serve the nation?s higher education community, regardless of discipline.',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html'
        },		
		{'start': '1985',
        'title': 'NSF establishes supercomputing centers at Cornell, Princeton, UIUC, Pittsburg, San Diego',
        'description': 'NSF announces the award of five supercomputing center contracts',
		'caption': 'NSF announces the award of five supercomputing center contracts',
        'image': 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ec/Nsfnet_logo.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/launch.htm'
        },		
		{'start': '1985',
		'end': '1987',
        'title': 'Project Perseus',
        'description': '"Perseus is a practical experiment in which we explore possibilities and challenges of digital collections in a networked world. "',
		'caption': '"Perseus is a practical experiment in which we explore possibilities and challenges of digital collections in a networked world. "',
        'image': 'http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/img/newbanner.png',
        'link': 'http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=226931.226932',
        'isDuration' : true,
        'icon' : "dark-red-circle.png",        
        'color' : 'red',
        'textColor' : 'green'	
        },
		{'start': '1986',
        'title': 'NSFNet in the US opened',
		'image': 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ec/Nsfnet_logo.jpg',
        'link': 'http://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/launch.htm'
        },	
		{'start': '1986',
        'title': 'SGML becomes ISO 8879:1986'
        },
		{'start': '1986',
        'title': 'Uncle Ezra begins on CUINFO at Cornell',
        'description': '"Dear Uncle Ezra" was the first on-line helpline in the world. One of the first queries, in the fall of 1986, was from a dining worker who was diagnosed with AIDS. As a very responsive communication service in a world increasingly filled with layers of bureaucracy before one can find a live, warm human being, Ezra has been able to help students, staff, alumni, prospective students, parents -- readers all around the world -- calm their fears, consider courses of action, determine resources, feel heard and feel empowered.',
		'caption': '"Dear Uncle Ezra" was the first on-line helpline in the world. One of the first queries, in the fall of 1986, was from a dining worker who was diagnosed with AIDS. As a very responsive communication service in a world increasingly filled with layers of bureaucracy before one can find a live, warm human being, Ezra has been able to help students, staff, alumni, prospective students, parents -- readers all around the world -- calm their fears, consider courses of action, determine resources, feel heard and feel empowered.',
        'image': 'http://ezra.cornell.edu/images/header_ezra.jpg',
        'link': 'http://ezra.cornell.edu/history.php'
        },	
		{'start': '1987',
        'title': 'NSF Net implemets a t1 backbone',
        'description': 'Between the beginning of 1986 and the end of 1987 the number of networks grows from 2,000 to nearly 30,000.',
		'caption': 'Between the beginning of 1986 and the end of 1987 the number of networks grows from 2,000 to nearly 30,000.',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html'
        },
		{'start': '1987',
        'title': 'Apple Hypercard becomes available',
        'description': 'Apple engineer William Atkinson designed HyperCard, a software tool that simplifies development of in-house applications. HyperCard differed from previous programs of its sort because Atkinson made it interactive rather than language-based and geared it toward the construction of user interfaces rather than the processing of data. In HyperCard, programmers built stacks with the concept of hypertext links between stacks of pages. Apple distributed the program free with Macintosh computers until 1992.<br />Hypercard users could look through existing HyperCard stacks as well as add to or edit the stacks. As a stack author, a programmer employed various tools to create his own stacks, linked together as a sort of slide show. At the lowest level, the program linked cards sequentially in chronological ordered, but the HyperTalk programming language allowed more sophisticated links.',
		'caption': 'Apple engineer William Atkinson designed HyperCard, a software tool that simplifies development of in-house applications. HyperCard differed from previous programs of its sort because Atkinson made it interactive rather than language-based and geared it toward the construction of user interfaces rather than the processing of data. In HyperCard, programmers built stacks with the concept of hypertext links between stacks of pages. Apple distributed the program free with Macintosh computers until 1992.',
		'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html'
        },		
		{'start': '1987',
        'title': 'Electronic theses and dissertations discussed in Ann Arbor, MI',
        'description': 'The concept of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) was first discussed at a 1987 meeting in Ann Arbor, Michigan, organized by UMI and attended by representatives from Virginia Tech, the University of Michigan, and two small software companies?Toronto-based SoftQuad and Michigan-based ArborText. ',
		'caption': 'The concept of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) was first discussed at a 1987 meeting in Ann Arbor, Michigan, organized by UMI and attended by representatives from Virginia Tech, the University of Michigan, and two small software companies?Toronto-based SoftQuad and Michigan-based ArborText. ',
		'image': 'http://www.ndltd.org/logo.gif',
        'link': 'http://www.ndltd.org/about/history'
        },
		{'start': '1988',
        'title': 'Morris WORM infects 6000 computers',
        'description': 'The Morris WORM burrows on the Internet into 6,000 of the 60,000 hosts now on the network. This is the first worm experience and DARPA forms the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) to deal with future such incidents.',
		'caption': 'The Morris WORM burrows on the Internet into 6,000 of the 60,000 hosts now on the network. This is the first worm experience and DARPA forms the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) to deal with future such incidents.',
        'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html'
        },	
		{'start': '1989',
            'title': 'Germany, Netherlands, Italy, United Kingdon, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico join the Internet',
            'description': 'Australia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom join the Internet.',
    		'caption': 'Australia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom join the Internet.',
            'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html'
            },	
       {'start': '1989',
         'title': 'CLASS Project begins at Cornell University'         
       },	
       {'start': '1989',
           'title': 'Brewster Kahle develops WAIS (Wide Area Information Server)',
           'description':'Wide Area Information Servers or WAIS is a client–server text searching system that uses the ANSI Standard Z39.50 Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specifications for Library Applications" (Z39.50:1988) to search index databases on remote computers. It was developed in the late 1980s as a project of Thinking Machines, Apple Computer, Dow Jones, and KPMG Peat Marwick.<br />WAIS did not adhere to either the standard or its OSI framework (adopting instead TCP/IP) but created a unique protocol inspired by Z39.50:1988.',
           'image': 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Brewster_Kahle_2009.jpg/220px-Brewster_Kahle_2009.jpg',           
           'link': 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199309)44:8%3C453::AID-ASI4%3E3.0.CO;2-E/abstract'
       },
       {'start': '1989',
           'title': 'TIm Berners-Lee proposes the hypertext system that later becomes the WWW.',
           'description':'In Switzerland at CERN Tim Berners-Lee addresses the issue of the constant change in the currency of information and the turn-over of people on projects. Instead of an hierarchical or keyword organization, Berners-Lee proposes a hypertext system that will run across the Internet on different operating systems. This was the World Wide Web.',
           'image': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/thumbs/berners-lee_t.jpg',           
           'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html'
       }, 
       {'start': '1990',
           'title': 'JSTOR Project begins at the University of Michigan'
       }, 
       {'start': '1990',
           'title': 'Gopher (Univ. of Minnisota) and WAIS (Brewster Kehle) appear',
           'description':'WAIS’s and Gophers help meet the challenge of searching for information throughout this exploding infrastructure of computers.',
           'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_90s.html'
       }, 
       {'start': '1990',
           'title': 'MS-Windows ships.',
           'description':'Microsoft shipped Windows 3.0 on May 22. Compatible with DOS programs, the first successful version of Windows finally offered good enough performance to satisfy PC users. For the new version, Microsoft revamped the interface and created a design that allowed PCs to support large graphical applications for the first time. It also allowed multiple programs to run simultaneously on its Intel 80386 microprocessor.',
           'caption':'Microsoft shipped Windows 3.0 on May 22. Compatible with DOS programs, the first successful version of Windows finally offered good enough performance to satisfy PC users. For the new version, Microsoft revamped the interface and created a design that allowed PCs to support large graphical applications for the first time. It also allowed multiple programs to run simultaneously on its Intel 80386 microprocessor.',           
           'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1990'
       }, 
       {'start': '1991',
           'title': 'World Wide Web announced'
       },
       {'start': '1991',
           'title': 'Gopher released in spring',
           'description':' How the Internet Gopher system has evolved since its first released in 1991 and how Internet Gopher relates to other popular Internet information systems. Current problems and future directions for the Internet Gopher system.',
           'caption':' How the Internet Gopher system has evolved since its first released in 1991 and how Internet Gopher relates to other popular Internet information systems. Current problems and future directions for the Internet Gopher system.',           
           'link': 'http://jucs.org/jucs_1_4/evolution_of_internet_gopher/McCahill_M_P.pdf '
       },
       {'start': '1991',
           'title': 'Linux open source OS available.',
           'description':'Designed by Finnish university student Linus Torvalds, Linux was released to several Usenet newsgroups on September 17th, 1991.  Almost immediately, enthusiasts began developing and improving Linux, such as adding support for peripherals and improving its stability.  In February 1992, Linux became free software or (as its developers preferred to say after 1998) open source.  Linux typically incorporated elements of the GNU operating system and became widely used.',
           'caption':'Designed by Finnish university student Linus Torvalds, Linux was released to several Usenet newsgroups on September 17th, 1991.  Almost immediately, enthusiasts began developing and improving Linux, such as adding support for peripherals and improving its stability.  In February 1992, Linux became free software or (as its developers preferred to say after 1998) open source.  Linux typically incorporated elements of the GNU operating system and became widely used.',
           'image':'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1991_linus1991.jpg',
           'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1991'
       }, 
       {'start': '1991',
           'title': 'Work on electronic theses and dissertations begins at Virginia Tech.',
           'link': 'http://www.ndltd.org/about/history'
       },
       {'start': '1991',
           'title': 'The precursor to the arXiv, the Los Alamos Phsysics preprint server begins.',
           'description':'The arXiv was originally developed by Paul Ginsparg, in part to supersede a multinational email distribution list for preprints that had been operated manually by Joanne Cohn for about two years. It started in August 1991 as a repository for preprints in physics and later expanded to include astronomy, mathematics, computer science, nonlinear science, quantitative biology and, most recently, statistics.',           
           'caption':'The arXiv was originally developed by Paul Ginsparg, in part to supersede a multinational email distribution list for preprints that had been operated manually by Joanne Cohn for about two years. It started in August 1991 as a repository for preprints in physics and later expanded to include astronomy, mathematics, computer science, nonlinear science, quantitative biology and, most recently, statistics.',           
           'link': 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv#History'
       },
       {'start': '1991',
           'title': 'CORE project begins scanning chemistry journals.',
           'description':'In the CORE project (Chemistry On-line Retrieval Experiment), Cornell University is experimenting along with Bellcore, the American Chemical Society, Chemical Abstracts Service, OCLC, and University College London with the provision of primary journal material in electronic form [Lesk 1991]. In the course of this project we have been accumulating and displaying to chemists the contents of the American Chemical Society primary journals, a group of twenty of the most important journals for chemical researchers. The material is available both as typesetting tapes, and thus in Ascii, and also as scanned page images. Thus, we have the opportunity to compare the relative advantages of both image and text display for chemical material.',           
           'caption':'In the CORE project (Chemistry On-line Retrieval Experiment), Cornell University is experimenting along with Bellcore, the American Chemical Society, Chemical Abstracts Service, OCLC, and University College London with the provision of primary journal material in electronic form [Lesk 1991]. In the course of this project we have been accumulating and displaying to chemists the contents of the American Chemical Society primary journals, a group of twenty of the most important journals for chemical researchers. The material is available both as typesetting tapes, and thus in Ascii, and also as scanned page images. Thus, we have the opportunity to compare the relative advantages of both image and text display for chemical material. ',           
           'link': 'http://www.lesk.com/mlesk/waterloo92/w92.html'
       },
       {'start': '1991',
           'title': 'Electronic Theses and DIssertations (ultimately the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations or NDLTD) begins at Virginia Tech',           
           'link': 'http://www.ndltd.org/about/history'
       },       
       {'start': '1991',
           'title': 'Elsevier’s Tulip Project begins at 9 university libraries',           
           'description': 'Source: Gusack, N., and Lynch, C. (1995), "The TULIP project", Library Hi Tech, Vol. 13, No.4, pp.7–24.'
       },
       {'start': '1992',
           'title': 'Mosaic (the first browsers) is completed at NCSA at UIUC.',
           'description':'Mosaic (the first browsers) is completed at NCSA at UIUC.',
           'caption':'Mosaic (the first browsers) is completed at NCSA at UIUC.',
           'image':'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/thumbs/mosaic_t.gif',
           'link': 'http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_90s.html'
       }, 
       {'start': '1992',
           'title': 'Yale University Press publishes Perseus 1.0 on a CD-Rom with an “optional videodisk”.'
       },
       {'start': '1992',
           'title': 'Mercury Electronic Library at Carnegie Mellon University',
           'description':'THE MERCURY ELECTRONIC LIBRARY AND LIBRARY INFORMATION SYSTEM II',
           'link': 'http://www.cs.cornell.edu/wya/papers/Mercury6.doc'
       }, 
       {'start': '1993',
           'title': 'Project Muse begins as a collaboration between Johns Hopkins Press and Library.',
           'description':'Project MUSE is a leading provider of digital humanities and social science content for the scholarly community.  Since 1995 the MUSE journal collections have supported a wide array of research needs at academic, public, special, and school libraries worldwide. MUSE is the trusted source of complete, full-text versions of scholarly journals from many of the world\'s leading university presses and scholarly societies, with over 120 publishers currently participating. UPCC Book Collections on Project MUSE, launched in January 2012, offer top quality book-length scholarship, fully integrated with MUSE\'s scholarly journal content.  ',
           'caption':'Project MUSE is a leading provider of digital humanities and social science content for the scholarly community.  Since 1995 the MUSE journal collections have supported a wide array of research needs at academic, public, special, and school libraries worldwide. MUSE is the trusted source of complete, full-text versions of scholarly journals from many of the world\'s leading university presses and scholarly societies, with over 120 publishers currently participating. UPCC Book Collections on Project MUSE, launched in January 2012, offer top quality book-length scholarship, fully integrated with MUSE\'s scholarly journal content.  ',
           'image':'http://muse.jhu.edu/template2011/images/logo.png',
           'link': 'http://muse.jhu.edu/about/'
       }, 
       {'start': '1993',
           'title': 'Mosaic browser from NCSA (Univ. Illinois)'
       },  
       {'start': '1993',
           'title': 'Dienst Protocol developed at Cornell',
           'description':'Dienst Protocol developed at Cornell and becomes the basis for NCSTRL(Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library)',
           'caption':'Dienst Protocol developed at Cornell and becomes the basis for NCSTRL(Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library)',
           'image':'http://cstr-www.lcs.mit.edu/ltt-www/Public/Icons/ltt-icon3_thumbnail.jpg',
           'link': 'http://cstr-www.lcs.mit.edu/'
       }, 
       {'start': '1993',
           'title': 'NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Library Initiative (phase 1).',
           'description':'The Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI) was the result of a community-based process which began in the late 1980s with informal discussions between researchers and agency program managers. ',
           'caption':'The Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI) was the result of a community-based process which began in the late 1980s with informal discussions between researchers and agency program managers. ',
           'link': 'http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july98/07griffin.html'
       },        
       {'start': '1994',
           'title': 'Netscape browser'
       },                
       {'start': '1994',
           'title': 'Linux kernel released'
       }, 
       {'start': '1994',
           'title': 'American Memory begins at Library of Congress with funding from Ameritech'
       }, 
       {'start': '1994',
           'title': 'Yahoo is founded.',
           'description':'Founded by Stanford graduate students Jerry Yang and David Filo, Yahoo started out as "Jerry\'s Guide to the World Wide Web" before being renamed. Yahoo originally resided on two machines, Akebono and Konishiki, both named after famous Sumo wrestlers. Yahoo would quickly expand to become one of the Internet’s most popular search engines.',
           'caption':'Founded by Stanford graduate students Jerry Yang and David Filo, Yahoo started out as "Jerry\'s Guide to the World Wide Web" before being renamed. Yahoo originally resided on two machines, Akebono and Konishiki, both named after famous Sumo wrestlers. Yahoo would quickly expand to become one of the Internet’s most popular search engines.',
        	'image':'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1994_yahoo.jpg',
           'link':'http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1994'
       },
       {'start': '1995',
           'title': 'Internet Explorer (Microsoft)'
       },
       {'start': '1995',
           'title': 'New Zealand Digital Library (later Greenstone) begins (Ian Witten)'
       }, 
       {'start': '1995',
           'title': 'High Wire Press founded at Stanford University',
           'description':'Founded in 1995, with the launch of the Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC Online). Science, the Journal of Neuroscience, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS) soon joined with HighWire to become pioneers who defined today\'s online journal. HighWire quickly became known for combining cutting-edge technology with long-term organizational stability and has maintained a leadership position in the industry ever since.',
           'links':'http://highwire.stanford.edu/about/'           
       },
       {'start': '1995',
           'title': 'Amazon.com goes online.'
       },
       {'start': '1995',
           'title': 'Yahoo and Alta Vista start'
       }, 
       {'start': '1995',
           'title': 'Perseus project website established',
           'description':'Building a digital library: the Perseus project as a case study in the humanities',
           'links':'Perseus project website established'           
       },
       {'start': '1996',
           'title': 'Brewster Kahle founds the Internet Archive in San Francisco',
           'description':'Brewster Kahle founds the Internet Archive in San Francisco',
        	'image':'http://websearch.archive.org/katrina/images/ia-logo.jpg',
           'link':'http://archive.org'
       },
       {'start': '1996',
           'title': 'BackRub (the first version of Google) begins at Stanford',
           'description':'Larry and Sergey, now Stanford computer science grad students, begin collaborating on a search engine called BackRub. BackRub operates on Stanford servers for more than a year—eventually taking up too much bandwidth to suit the university',
           'link':'http://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/history/',
        	'image':'http://websearch.archive.org/katrina/images/ia-logo.jpg'
       },
       {'start': '1997',
           'title': 'Göttinger Digitalisierugszentrum und BSB Digitalisierungszentrum begin their digital libraries with DFG funding. ',
        	'image':'http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/fileadmin/gdz/layout/head_logo.jpg',
           'link':'http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gdz/hintergrund/'
       },
       {'start': '1997',
           'title': 'Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin launches its electronic document server.',
        	'image':'http://web.archive.org/web/20011221144301im_/http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/buttons/docserv.gif',
           'link':'http://web.archive.org/web/20010907092650/http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/'
       },
	   {'start': '1997',
           'title': 'Carl Lagoze creates FEDORA',
        	'image':'http://www.fedora-commons.org/portal-logo.png',
           'link':'http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/edoc/aw/d-lib/dlib/november97/daniel/11daniel.html'
       },
	   {'start': '1998',
           'title': 'DLI2 (Digital Library Initiative, Phase 2) begins with support from National Science Foundation (NSF) / Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) /NASA/National Library of Medicine/National Endowment for the Humanities/Library of Congress',
           'link':'http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july98/07griffin.html'
       },	   
	   {'start': '1998',
           'title': 'LOCKSS NSF funding begins'
       },
       {'start': '1998',
           'title': 'Google incorporates',
           'description':'Sun co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim writes a check for $100,000 to an entity that doesn’t exist yet: a company called Google Inc.',
			'link':'http://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/history/',
			'image':'http://www.google.com/images/logos/google_logo_41.png'
       },
	   {'start': '1998',
           'title': 'Amazon.de begins'
       },
	   {'start': '1998',
           'title': 'Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) begins its National Leadership Grants.'
       },
       {'start': '1998',
           'title': 'Troy Williams founds Questia to be a commercial digital library that marketed directly to readers',
           'description':'Troy Williams moved to Texas, raised $150 million, and started a company called Questia, and convinced hundreds of publishers to give Questia digital copyrights. To date, the company has somewhere north of 67,000 books and 1.5 million articles online.',
			'link':'http://venturebeat.com/2008/01/29/questia-founder-moves-on-to-stealth-semantic-startup-peoplepad/',
			'image':'http://qtastatic.com/content/img/logo.png'
       },
	   {'start': '2000',
           'title': 'National Science Digital Library begins with NSF funding & management at Cornell'
       },
       {'start': '2001',
           'title': 'Open Archives Initiative Protocol Metadata Harvesting begins at Cornell with Carl Lagoze and Herbert Van de Sampel'
       },
       {'start': '2001',
           'title': 'OAIster is launched at U of Michigan',
			'link':'https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Funllib.unl.edu%2FLPP%2FPNLA%2520Quarterly%2Fgarrison74-2.pdf'
       },
       {'start': '2001',
           'title': 'University of Chicago Press launches Bibliovault',
		   'description':'BiblioVault helps scholarly publishers preserve and extend the value of their books, providing long-term secure storage of digital book files for member presses, as well as a wide range of scanning, printing, transfer, conversion, and distribution services.',
		  'image':' http://www.bibliovault.org/images/bv_header_green.gif',
		  'link':'http://www.bibliovault.org/BV.about.epl'
       },
       {'start': '2001',
           'title': 'Concept of BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine) developed.',		 
		  'link':'http://www.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/wiki/BASE'
       },
       {'start': '2001',
           'title': '“Feeding America: the Historic American Cookbook Project” begins.',
		   'description':'The Feeding America project has created an online collection of some of the most important and influential American cookbooks from the late 18th to early 20th century. ',
		  'image':'http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/images/header.png',
		  'link':'http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/project.html'
       },
		{'start': '2002',
           'title': 'DigiZeitschriften begins at Göttingen'
       },
       {'start': '2002',
           'title': 'Google News begins',
		   'description':'Google News launches with 4000 news sources',
		  'image':'http://www.google.com/images/logos/google_logo_41.png',
		  'link':'http://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/history/'
       },
       {'start': '2002',
           'title': 'The Star Trek language Klingon becomes one of the 72 language interfaces at Google',
		   'description':' Klingon becomes one of 72 language interfaces.',
		  'image':'http://www.google.com/images/logos/google_logo_41.png',
		  'link':'http://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/history/'
       },
       {'start': '2003',
           'title': 'DSPACE institutional repository begins at MIT'
       },
       {'start': '2003',
           'title': 'Universitätsverlag Göttingen established',
		  'image':'http://www.univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/content/resource/verlagslogo.gif',
		  'link':'http://www.univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/content/about.php'
       },
       {'start': '2003',
           'title': 'Berlin becomes the first European University to join NTLTD',
		   'description':'Berlin becomes the first European University to join NTLTD (National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations) ',
		  'image':'http://www.ndltd.org/logo.gif',
		  'link':'http://www.ndltd.org/about/history'
       },
       {'start': '2003',
           'title': 'Google Print (later Google Books) begins',
		   'description':'Launched Google Print (which later becomes Google Book Search), indexing small excerpts from books to appear in search results. ',
		  'image':'http://www.google.com/images/logos/google_logo_41.png',
		  'link':'http://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/history/'
       },
	   {'start': '2004',
           'title': 'BASE goes online',
		  'link':'http://www.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/wiki/BASE'
       },
       {'start': '2004',
           'title': 'Google Scholar begins in beta',
		   'description':'Launched  the beta version of Google Scholar, a free service for searching scholarly literature such as peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts and technical reports. ',
		  'image':'http://www.google.com/images/logos/google_logo_41.png',
		  'link':'http://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/history/'
       },
       {'start': '2004',
           'title': 'Google Books expands through partnerships with the University of Michigan, Harvard, Stanford, NY Public, and Oxford.',
		  'image':'http://www.google.com/images/logos/google_logo_41.png',
		  'link':'http://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/history/'
       },
       {'start': '2005',
          'title': 'Google announces its book scanning project with U of Michigan',
		  'image':'http://www.google.com/images/logos/google_logo_41.png',
		  'link':'http://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/history/'
       },
       {'start': '2005',
	   'end':'2008',
          'title': 'Proposal for Europeana in 2005, Prototype launched in 2008',
		  'image':'http://www.europeana.eu/portal/sp/img/europeana-logo-en.png',
		  'link':'http://www.europeana.eu/portal/'
       },
       {'start': '2006',
          'title': 'Research Libraries Group merges with OCLC',
		  'description':'The OCLC Research Library Partnership is a new entity that replaced the RLG Partnership on 1 July 2011 and is a locus for OCLC\'s increased support of the research library community. It is an organization born out of the successful merger of RLG and OCLC in 2006, when expert staff from the two organizations were blended into one team with a combined effort directed toward supporting research libraries and archives. The merger created a venue where affiliated institutions could collectively identify, analyze, prioritize and design scalable solutions to shared information challenges.',
		  'image':'http://www.oclc.org/content/dam/research/design-images/oclc-research-logo.png',
		  'link':'http://www.oclc.org/research/partnership/about.html'
       },
       {'start': '2009',
          'title': 'University of Michigan Press announces to publish all new academic monographs primarily in a range of digital formats.',
		  'image':'https://www.press.umich.edu/images/umpre/logo.png',
		  'link':'https://www.press.umich.edu/script/press/browse/digital_products'
       },
       {'start': '2011',
          'title': 'Kindle sales begin in Germany ',
		  'image':'http://www.faz.net/polopoly_fs/1.630048!/image/1972496139.jpg_gen/derivatives/article_aufmacher_klein/1972496139.jpg',
		  'link':'http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/netzwirtschaft/lesegeraete-amazon-eroeffnet-deutschen-kindle-store-15418.html'
       },
       {'start': '2007',
	   'end':'2012',
          'title': 'Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek is envisioned and in November 2012 launched in Beta',
		  'description':'Since the summer of 2007, a competence network made up of representatives of the Federal Government, the Länder and municipalities has been working on this ambitious project. Starting in 2010, the first phase of the technical infrastructure was created at the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems (IAIA). As technical operator, FIZ Karlsruhe  Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure is responsible for the entire technical and administrative operations of the DDB central infrastructure',
		  'image':'http://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/content/themes/base/elements/logo_header.png',
		  'link':'http://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/content/news/2012-11-28-000'
       },	   
]
}