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Principles of management of bites and clenched-fist injuriesThe recommended management of bites and clenched-fist injuries is thorough cleaning, irrigation, debridement, elevation and immobilisation.

Carefully examine bite wounds and clenched-fist injuries to identify deeper injuries, devitalised tissue and retained foreign bodies, particularly for bites inflicted by animals with small teeth.

Postexposure rabies or lyssavirus prophylaxis is required for some bites, for example bat bites (see the Australian Immunisation Handbook - for further information). For human bite injuries with associated blood exposure, consider the need for postexposure prophylaxis against bloodborne viruses (eg hepatitis B, HIV).

For patients with bite or clenched-fist injuries, ensure that tetanus immunisation is up-to-date (see Table 2.64).

Antibiotic therapy is required for infected bites and clenched-fist injuries (see Localised infection or Infection associated with systemic symptoms or deeper tissues). Before starting antibiotic therapy, collect infected tissue for Gram stain and aerobic and anaerobic culture; specify that the sample is from a bite or clenched-fist wound on the laboratory request.

For bites and clenched-fist injuries that are not infected, antibiotic therapy is usually not necessary for otherwise healthy individuals if the risk of wound infection is low (eg small wounds not involving deeper tissues that present within 8 hours and can be adequately debrided and irrigated). Give presumptive therapy if the risk of wound infection is high, including if:

For wounds on the hands, feet or face, or if infection progresses despite antibiotic therapy, consider surgical consultation. Surgical advice may also be sought on the appropriateness of primary versus delayed wound closure.

+ for further information). For human bite injuries with associated blood exposure, consider the need for postexposure prophylaxis against bloodborne viruses (eg hepatitis B, HIV).

For patients with bite or clenched-fist injuries, ensure that tetanus immunisation is up-to-date (see Table 2.64).

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Antibiotic therapy is required for infected bites and clenched-fist injuries (see Localised infection or Infection associated with systemic symptoms or deeper tissues). Before starting antibiotic therapy, collect infected tissue for Gram stain and aerobic and anaerobic culture; specify that the sample is from a bite or clenched-fist wound on the laboratory request.

For bites and clenched-fist injuries that are not infected, antibiotic therapy is usually not necessary for otherwise healthy individuals if the risk of wound infection is low (eg small wounds not involving deeper tissues that present within 8 hours and can be adequately debrided and irrigated). Give presumptive therapy if the risk of wound infection is high, including if:

For wounds on the hands, feet or face, or if infection progresses despite antibiotic therapy, consider surgical consultation. Surgical advice may also be sought on the appropriateness of primary versus delayed wound closure.