-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathindex.html
454 lines (365 loc) · 18.6 KB
/
index.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="description"
content="Information-Driven Design of Imaging Systems.">
<!-- Social media meta tags -->
<meta property="og:title" content="Information-Driven Design of Imaging Systems">
<meta property="og:description"
content="A data-driven framework for evaluating and designing imaging systems using information theory.">
<meta property="og:url" content="[Your website URL]">
<meta name="keywords"
content="information theory, computational imaging, optical design, imaging systems, machine learning, optimization, microscopy, astronomy">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Information-Driven Design of Imaging Systems</title>
<!-- Google tag (gtag.js) -->
<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-7DPEDT2PJZ"></script>
<script>
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
gtag('js', new Date());
gtag('config', 'G-7DPEDT2PJZ');
</script>
<script>
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
function gtag() {
dataLayer.push(arguments);
}
gtag('js', new Date());
// gtag('config', 'G-PYVRSFMDRL');
</script>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google+Sans|Noto+Sans|Castoro"
rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./static/css/bulma.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./static/css/bulma-carousel.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./static/css/bulma-slider.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./static/css/fontawesome.all.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet"
href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jpswalsh/academicons@1/css/academicons.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./static/css/index.css">
<link rel="icon" href="./static/images/favicon.svg">
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script defer src="./static/js/fontawesome.all.min.js"></script>
<script src="./static/js/bulma-carousel.min.js"></script>
<script src="./static/js/bulma-slider.min.js"></script>
<script src="./static/js/index.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.7/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS_HTML"></script>
<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
MathJax.Hub.Config({
tex2jax: {
inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\(','\\)']],
displayMath: [['$$','$$'], ['\\[','\\]']],
processEscapes: true
}
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<!-- <nav class="navbar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
<div class="navbar-brand">
<a role="button" class="navbar-burger" aria-label="menu" aria-expanded="false">
<span aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span aria-hidden="true"></span>
</a>
</div> -->
<!-- <div class="navbar-menu">
<div class="navbar-start" style="flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;">
<a class="navbar-item" href="https://keunhong.com">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fas fa-home"></i>
</span>
</a>
<div class="navbar-item has-dropdown is-hoverable">
<a class="navbar-link">
More Research
</a>
<div class="navbar-dropdown">
<a class="navbar-item" href="https://hypernerf.github.io">
HyperNeRF
</a>
<a class="navbar-item" href="https://nerfies.github.io">
Nerfies
</a>
<a class="navbar-item" href="https://latentfusion.github.io">
LatentFusion
</a>
<a class="navbar-item" href="https://photoshape.github.io">
PhotoShape
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div> -->
<!-- </nav> -->
<section class="hero">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column has-text-centered">
<h1 class="title is-2 publication-title">Information-Driven Design of Imaging Systems</h1>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://henrypinkard.github.io/">Henry Pinkard</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://Lakabuli.github.io/">Leyla Kabuli</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://emarkley.github.io/">Eric Markley</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="static/images/tiff_cat.jpg">Tiffany Chien</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~jiantao/">Jiantao Jiao</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/waller.html">Laura Waller</a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="is-size-6 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block">Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, UC Berkeley</span>
</div>
<div class="is-size-6 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block">Berkeley Artificial Intelligence Research Lab</span>
</div>
<div class="column has-text-centered">
<div class="publication-links">
<!-- PDF Link. -->
<span class="link-block">
<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.20559"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i>
</span>
<span>Paper</span>
</a>
</span>
<span class="link-block">
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.20559"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="ai ai-arxiv"></i>
</span>
<span>arXiv</span>
</a>
</span>
<!-- Video Link. -->
<span class="link-block">
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bSnbygpeaI"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fab fa-youtube"></i>
</span>
<span>Video</span>
</a>
</span>
<!-- Code Link. -->
<span class="link-block">
<a href="https://github.com/Waller-Lab/EncodingInformation"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fab fa-github"></i>
</span>
<span>Code</span>
</a>
</span>
<!-- Dataset Link. -->
<!-- <span class="link-block">
<a href="https://github.com/google/nerfies/releases/tag/0.1"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="far fa-images"></i>
</span>
<span>Data</span>
</a> -->
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="section">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<!-- Abstract. -->
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column is-four-fifths">
<h2 class="title is-3">Abstract</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>
Most modern imaging systems process the data they capture algorithmically before—or instead of—human viewing. As a result, performance depends not on how interpretable the measurements appear, but how effectively they encode details for algorithmic processing. Information theory provides mathematical tools to analyze this, but developing methods that can handle the complexity of real-world measurements yet remain practical enough for widespread use has proven challenging.
</p>
<p>
We introduce a data-driven approach for estimating the information content of imaging system measurements. Our framework requires only experimental measurements and noise characterization, with no need for ground truth data. We demonstrate that these information estimates reliably predict system performance across diverse imaging modalities, including color photography, radio astronomy, lensless imaging, and microscopy. To automate the process of designing imaging systems that maximize information capture we introduce an optimization technique called Information-Driven Encoder Analysis Learning (IDEAL). This work unlocks information theory as a powerful, practical tool for analyzing and designing imaging systems across a broad range of applications.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!--/ Abstract. -->
<!-- Paper video. -->
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column is-four-fifths">
<h2 class="title is-3">Video</h2>
<!-- <div class="publication-video">
<iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MrKrnHhk8IA?rel=0&showinfo=0"
frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div> -->
<div style="padding:56.25% 0 0 0;position:relative;">
<iframe
src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/1029766308?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0&sidedock=0&controls=1&dnt=1"
frameborder="0"
allow="autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture"
style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;"
title="Information-driven design of imaging systems">
</iframe>
</div>
<script src="https://player.vimeo.com/api/player.js"></script>
</div>
</div>
<!--/ Paper video. -->
</div>
</section>
<!-- Info estimation. -->
<section class="section">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="content">
<h2 class="title is-3 section-title">Information Estimation Framework</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>We model imaging systems (encoders) as functions that transform objects into images, which are then captured with noise by a detector. Using just these noisy measurements and knowledge of the noise characteristics, we can evaluate system quality and guide improvements.</p>
</div>
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<img src="static/images/info_estimation_overview.png" alt="Information Estimation Overview" style="width: 100%; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<!-- Information and Noise -->
<!-- <h3 class="title is-4 has-text-primary mt-5 mb-3">Information & Noise</h3> -->
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>Information measures how well we can distinguish different objects from noisy measurements. When noise increases, multiple objects could have produced the same measurement, making them harder to tell apart and reducing the information content.</p>
</div>
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<video id="info_intuition" autoplay muted loop playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/info_intuition.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<!-- Estimation Method -->
<!-- <h3 class="title is-4 has-text-primary mt-5 mb-3">How We Estimate Information</h3> -->
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>To estimate information, we measure the total variability in measurements and subtract out the portion caused by noise.</p>
</div>
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<video id="info_estimator" autoplay muted loop playsinline height="auto">
<source src="./static/videos/info_estimator.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<!-- Mathematical Framework -->
<!-- <h3 class="title is-4 has-text-primary mt-5 mb-3">Mathematical framework</h3> -->
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>Mathematically, this can be written as the difference of two entropies:</p>
</div>
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<img src="static/images/entropies_decomposition.png" alt="Decomposition of mutual informaiton" style="width: 95%; max-width: 600px; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>These quantities depend on two key probability distributions:</p>
</div>
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<img src="static/images/entropies_expectations.png" alt="Entropies as expectations" style="width: 95%; max-width: 400px;
margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>
For most imaging systems, we know or can measure the noise distribution $\color{#189EE8}{p(\mathbf{y} \mid \mathbf{x})}$. For example, the random arrival times of photons are known to follow a Poisson distribution. This lets us directly calculate $\color{#189EE8}{H(\mathbf{Y} \mid \mathbf{X})}$.
</p>
<p>
The measurement distribution $\color{#38AD07}{p(\mathbf{y})}$ is trickier - it depends on both the objects and the imaging system itself. We learn this distribution from data by fitting a model $\color{#38AD07}{p_\theta(\mathbf{y})}$ to a dataset of measurements.
</p>
<p>
Our approach provides an upper bound on the true information content. Since any estimate we compute will be higher than the true value, we can compare different models by choosing the one that gives the lowest estimate.
</p>
</div>
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<video id="upper_bound_model" autoplay="" muted="" loop="" playsinline="" height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/upper_bound_model.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Applicaitons. -->
<section class="section">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="content">
<h2 class="title is-3 section-title">Applications of Information Estimation</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>
We tested our information estimation framework across diverse imaging applications. Not only did it match traditional evaluation methods, but it did so without requiring complex reconstruction algorithms or ground truth data. Higher-information measurements consistently produced better results across all tasks: reconstructing color photos, imaging black holes with radio telescopes, capturing scenes with lensless cameras, and analyzing cells under a microscope. This validates our framework as a simpler, faster, and more universal approach to evaluating imaging systems.
</p>
</div>
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<img src="static/images/applications_figure.png" alt="Applications of Information Estimation" style="width: 100%; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="content">
<h2 class="title is-3 section-title">Automating Information-Driven Design with IDEAL</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>
Information content can do more than evaluate existing systems—it can guide the design of better ones. Our Information-Driven Encoder Analysis Learning (IDEAL) method automatically optimizes imaging system parameters to maximize information capture. Unlike traditional approaches that require training complex image reconstruction algorithms, IDEAL directly optimizes the imaging system using only the measurement information content.
</p>
</div>
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<img src="static/images/IDEAL_overview.png" alt="Information-Driven Encoder Analysis Learning (IDEAL)" style="width: 100%; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>
The video below shows a filter for color photography being optimized to maximize the information captured in its measurements.
</p>
</div>
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<video id="ideal" autoplay="" muted="" loop="" playsinline="" height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ideal.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="section" id="BibTeX">
<div class="container is-max-desktop content">
<h2 class="title">BibTeX</h2>
<pre><code>
@article{pinkard2024informationdrivendesignimagingsystems,
title={Information-driven design of imaging systems},
author={Henry Pinkard and Leyla Kabuli and Eric Markley and Tiffany Chien and Jiantao Jiao and Laura Waller},
year={2024},
eprint={2405.20559},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={physics.optics},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.20559},
}
</code></pre>
</div>
</section>
<footer class="footer py-2">
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<p class="mb-0">
Website template from <a href="https://nerfies.github.io/">Nerfies</a>
</p>
</div>
</footer>
</body>
</html>