diff --git a/test/regression/CMakeLists.txt b/test/regression/CMakeLists.txt
index 370d24abfd4..b1a756625ba 100644
--- a/test/regression/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/regression/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ if (TILEDB_CPP_API)
   list(APPEND SOURCES targets/sc-53334.cc)
   list(APPEND SOURCES targets/sc-53791.cc)
   list(APPEND SOURCES targets/sc-53970.cc)
+  list(APPEND SOURCES targets/sc-54473.cc)
 endif()
 
 add_executable(tiledb_regression
diff --git a/test/regression/targets/sc-54473.cc b/test/regression/targets/sc-54473.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d40adf2f898
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/regression/targets/sc-54473.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+/**
+ * @file   sc-54473.cc
+ *
+ * @section LICENSE
+ *
+ * The MIT License
+ *
+ * @copyright Copyright (c) 2024 TileDB, Inc.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <tiledb/tiledb.h>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <optional>
+#include <tiledb/tiledb>
+#include <tiledb/tiledb_experimental>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <test/support/tdb_catch.h>
+
+using namespace tiledb;
+
+static void create_or_replace_array(
+    Context& ctx, const char* array_name, int tile_capacity) {
+  if (Object::object(ctx, array_name).type() != Object::Type::Invalid) {
+    Object::remove(ctx, array_name);
+  }
+
+  auto dx = Dimension::create<uint64_t>(ctx, "x", {{1, 100}}, 10);
+
+  // Create domain
+  Domain domain(ctx);
+  domain.add_dimension(dx);
+
+  // Create a single attribute "a"
+  Attribute a(ctx, "a", TILEDB_UINT64);
+  a.set_nullable(true);
+
+  // Create array schema
+  ArraySchema schema(ctx, TILEDB_SPARSE);
+  schema.set_capacity(tile_capacity);
+  schema.set_domain(domain);
+  schema.set_cell_order(TILEDB_ROW_MAJOR);
+  schema.set_tile_order(TILEDB_ROW_MAJOR);
+  schema.add_attribute(a);
+
+  // Create array
+  Array::create(array_name, schema);
+}
+
+static void write_array(Context& ctx, const char* array_name) {
+  // Data
+  std::vector<uint64_t> x = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
+  std::vector<uint64_t> atts = {
+      3000000000000000000,
+      3000000000000000001,
+      3000000000000000002,
+      3000000000000000003,
+      3000000000000000004,
+      3000000000000000005,
+      3000000000000000006,
+      3000000000000000007};
+
+  std::vector<uint8_t> a_validity = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1};
+
+  // Open array for writing
+  Array array(ctx, array_name, TILEDB_WRITE);
+
+  Query query(ctx, array);
+  query.set_data_buffer("x", x).set_data_buffer("a", atts).set_validity_buffer(
+      "a", a_validity);
+
+  query.submit();
+  array.close();
+}
+
+static std::optional<uint64_t> query_sum(Context& ctx, const char* array_name) {
+  Array array(ctx, array_name, TILEDB_READ);
+
+  Query query(ctx, array);
+  query.set_layout(TILEDB_UNORDERED);
+
+  QueryChannel default_channel = QueryExperimental::get_default_channel(query);
+
+  ChannelOperation op_sum =
+      QueryExperimental::create_unary_aggregate<SumOperator>(query, "a");
+  default_channel.apply_aggregate("Sum", op_sum);
+
+  std::vector<uint64_t> sum(1);
+  std::vector<uint8_t> sum_validity(1);
+  query.set_data_buffer("Sum", sum).set_validity_buffer("Sum", sum_validity);
+
+  query.submit();
+  query.finalize();
+
+  if (sum_validity[0]) {
+    return sum[0];
+  } else {
+    return std::nullopt;
+  }
+}
+
+bool array_exists(Context& ctx, const char* uri);
+
+TEST_CASE(
+    "SC-54473 sum aggregate overflow unchecked in tile metadata",
+    "[regression][bug][sc-54473][!shouldfail]") {
+  Context ctx;
+
+  const int tile_capacity = GENERATE(1, 2, 4, 8, 16);
+
+  DYNAMIC_SECTION("Tile capacity: " + std::to_string(tile_capacity)) {
+    std::string uri(
+        "sc-54473-sum-overflow-tile-capacity-" + std::to_string(tile_capacity));
+    create_or_replace_array(ctx, uri.c_str(), tile_capacity);
+    write_array(ctx, uri.c_str());
+
+    const auto sum = query_sum(ctx, uri.c_str());
+
+    // EXPECTATION:
+    // We should always detect overflow and return NULL.
+    //
+    // REALITY:
+    // We do check overflow when adding the tile metadata sums,
+    // but we do not check overflow when computing the tile
+    // metadata sums. As a result we do see NULL here when the
+    // tile capacity is larger.
+    CHECK(!sum.has_value());
+  }
+}