diff --git a/content/Configs/Guides/Guides.md b/content/Configs/Guides/Guides.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8abc092e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Configs/Guides/Guides.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +tags: + - navigation + - guide +parents: "[[index]]" +share: true +--- +[[./Guide Obsidian|Obsidian]] +[[./Guide Templater|Templater]] +[[./Guide Dataview|Dataview]] +[[./Guide Tasks|Tasks]] +[[./Guide Excalibrain|Excalibrain]] +[[./Guide Publisher|Publisher]] + +%% +- [[./Guide Dataview|Guide Dataview]] +- [[./Guide Excalibrain|Guide Excalibrain]] +- [[./Guide Obsidian|Guide Obsidian]] +- [[./Guide Publisher|Guide Publisher]] +- [[./Guide Tasks|Guide Tasks]] +- [[./Guide Templater|Guide Templater]] + +%% \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Courses/ARC1046H Structures 1/ARC1046H Structures 1.md b/content/Courses/ARC1046H Structures 1/ARC1046H Structures 1.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9d9ffc0e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Courses/ARC1046H Structures 1/ARC1046H Structures 1.md @@ -0,0 +1,613 @@ +--- +tags: + - course +year: 2024 +quarter: "1" +people: + - "[[People/Dave Bowick|People/Dave Bowick]]" + - "[[People/Shannon Hilchie|People/Shannon Hilchie]]" +location: DA 200 +weekday: 3 +time: 09:00:00 +share: true +--- +## Course Brief + +[code:: ARC1046H] +[title:: Structures 1] + +[ARC1046HS 2024 2024.01.08 Graduate Course Outline.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5C2024-01%5CARC1046H%5CARC1046HS%202024%202024.01.08%20Graduate%20Course%20Outline.pdf) +[Files](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5C2024-01%5CARC1046H%5CFiles) + +## Sizing Guidelines + +| Material | Type | Standard Sizes | Rule of Thumb | Note | +| -------- | --------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| Steel | Deck Corrugated Metal | d: **38**, 76mm | d = l / 50 | | +| Steel | Deck Concrete on Corrugated Metal | d: **38**, 76 mm + **64** mm | d = l / 20 | Concrete is usually normal density | +| Steel | Joists Open Web Steel | d: n * **50** mm (2") | d = l / 16 | | +| Steel | Purlins | [[ARC1046H Structures 1#Standard Steel Sizes|Standard Steel Sizes]] | d = l / 25; b = d / 2-3 | | +| Steel | Beams | [[ARC1046H Structures 1#Standard Steel Sizes|Standard Steel Sizes]] | d = l / 20; b = d / 2-3 | | +| Steel | Girders | [[ARC1046H Structures 1#Standard Steel Sizes|Standard Steel Sizes]] | d = l / 15; b = d / 2-3 | | +| Steel | Trusses | d: n * **50** mm | d = l / 12; b = d / 2-3 | | +| Steel | Columns | [[ARC1046H Structures 1#Standard Steel Sizes|Standard Steel Sizes]] | w = h / **20**-40 | | +| Wood | Deck Plywood | c/c: 12, **16**, 20, 24; Subfloors: 6.4, 9.5 mm (1/4, 3/8"); Walls: **12.7**, 15.9, 19.1, 22.2, 25.4 mm (**1/2**, 5/8, 3/4, 7/8, 1"); Roof: **12.7** mm (**1/2**"); Floors: **19.1** mm (**3/4**") | | 4'x8' sheets | +| Wood | Deck Tongue and Groove | d: **38**, 64, 89 mm | d = l / 40 | Standard size matches wood joists | +| Wood | Joists Lumber | w: **38**, 89 mm; d: 89, 140, **184**, 235, 286 mm | d = l / 16 | 16"/400mm c/c | +| Wood | Joists Engineered I- | d: 240, 302, 356, 406 mm | d = l / 18 | | +| Wood | Beams Lumber | | d = l / 14; b = d / 2-3 | | +| Wood | Beams Engineered | | d = l / 16; b = d / 2-3 | | +| Wood | Girders Engineered | | d = l / 12; b = d / 2-3 | | +| Wood | Columns & Posts | w: 38, 64, **89** mm | w = h / 30 | | +| Wood | Parallel Strand Lumber | w: 68, 89, 133, 178 mm; d: 241, 302, 356, 406, 457 mm; l: < 20 m | | Long span | +| Wood | Laminated Veneer Lumber | w: 19 < **45** < 178 mm; d: 241, 302, 356, 406, 476, 606 mm; l: < 24.4 m | | Long span | +| Wood | Cross Laminated Timber | w: 2-10'; l: < 60'; d: < 20" | | Replaces Joists Deck / Studs Plywood Shear Wall | +| Concrete | Slab Pre-cast Hollowcore | d: 150, **200**, **250**, **300**, 350 mm | d = l / 40 | | +| Concrete | Slab One-way | d: n * **50** mm | d = l / 18 | | +| Concrete | Slab Two-way | d: 150, **200**, **250**, **300**, 350 mm | d = l / 30 | Load is shared on all sides as long as ratio < 2:1 | +| Concrete | Beams | d: n * **50** mm | d = l / 16; b = d / 2-3 | | +| Concrete | Girders | d: n * **50** mm | d = l / 12; b = d / 2-3 | | +| Concrete | Columns | d: n * **50** mm | w = h / 20 | | +| Concrete | Walls | d: n * **50** > 200 mm | w = h / 25 | | +| Masonry | Walls Load Bearing | w: **190**, 240, 290 mm | w = h / 20 | If brick, there will be more than one wythe | +| Masonry | Walls Non-Load Bearing Partitions | w: **190**, 240, 290 mm | w = h / 36 | | +| Masonry | Veneer Brick | h: **11** m starting at grade, shelf angles **storey to storey** | | Laterally connected to the building with **ties** at **600** mm c/c | + +## Standard Steel Sizes + +### W Sections +- W100 +- W150 +- W200 +- W250 +- W310 +- W360 +- W410 +- W460 +- W530 +- W610 +- W690 +- W760 +- W840 +- W920 +- W1000 +- W1100 + +### Channels +- C75 +- C100 +- C130 +- C150 +- C180 +- C200 +- C230 +- C250 +- C310 +- C380 + +### Square / Rectangle +- HSS76x +- HSS89x +- HSS102x +- HSS114x +- HSS152x +- HSS178x +- HSS203x +- HSS254x +- HSS306x +- HSS356x + +Example: HSS152x102 + +### Round +- HSS76ø +- HSS89ø +- HSS102ø +- HSS114ø +- HSS127ø +- HSS141ø +- HSS152ø +- HSS168ø +- HSS178ø +- HSS219ø +- HSS273ø +- HSS324ø +- HSS356ø + +## Bearing Capacity + +To achieve bearing capacity: +- Soil must be undisturbed +- No organic materials +- Excavations cleaned by hand (if you have to pick it up by hand, it goes) + +Bearing Capacity must be greater than Bearing Pressure (Bf) +Br > Bf +Bf = Pf "Factored Loads" / A (m^2) "Area of Bearing" + +| Type and Condition of Soil or Rock | Maximum Allowable Bearing Pressure (kPa (kN / m^2)) | +| ---- | ---- | +| Dense or Compact Sand or Gravel | 150 | +| Loose Sand or Gravel | 50 | +| Dense or Compact Silt | 100 | +| Stiff Clay | 150 | +| Firm Clay | 75 | +| Soft Clay | 40 | +| Till | 200 | +| Clay Shale | 300 | +| Sound Rock | 500 | +Typical slab on grade: Br > 24 kPa + +## Modules + +### Module 1 + +[ARC1046 Lecture 01 Strength, Stiffness, Stability.pptx](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5C2024-01%5CARC1046H%5CLecture%20Slides%5CARC1046%20Lecture%2001%20Strength,%20Stiffness,%20Stability.pptx) +[Videos](https://www.archdaily.com/797373/these-videos-will-help-you-pass-your-are-structural-exam) + +Safe, stable building that is the cheapest possible, while meeting constraints, needs, demands, [[Wiki/NBCC/NBCC|Wiki/NBCC/NBCC]] +Engineers working iteratively with Architects + +- [x] Buy reading: Science Builders Structural Engineering [completion:: 2024-04-09] + +Structural engineering considers [[ARC1046H Structures 1#Strength|Strength]], [[ARC1046H Structures 1#Structure|Structure]], [[ARC1046H Structures 1#Stiffness|Stiffness]], [[ARC1046H Structures 1#Stability|Stability]]. + +#### Structure +#### Strength +The amount of load a structure can sustain prior to failure. + +Load on the system has to be less than the load capacity of the system that sustains load. +##### Load factor + +**Factor of safety** of 2: the system can sustain twice the load expected. + +Pf: factor of load +Vf: factor of shear +Mf: factor of moment +Tf: + +##### Capacity reduced + +Pr: resistance of load +Vr: resistance of shear +Mr: resistance of moment + +##### Types of forces +###### Compression +Always a secondary factor resulting tension failure. +###### Tension +###### Shear +V.F *kN* +On concrete, it’s a tension failure on the diagonal. +*Concrete Punching Shear* +###### Bending +Compression and Tension acting on either sides, a tension failure on the tension side. +Steel beam fails by yielding both in compression and tension. +###### Torsion +Shear around the perimeter. +###### Moment +M.F *kNm* +Distance moved * force = 1 kNm = 1,000,000 Nmm +###### Connection Failures +- Screws shearing, bending. +- Plate in tension. +- Anchor pullout + +#### Stiffness +The amount of force required to make a structure deflect by some fixed increment. +Represented by symbol **K**. +Flexibility is the amount that a structure will deflect or rotate under a fixed amount of load. + +**Guidelines** +- Comfort +- Preservation of Finishes +- Stability +- Drainage +- Interface with Building Elements + +**Serviceability Limit** +[SERVICEABILITY LIMITS.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5C2024-01%5CARC1046H%5CFiles%5CReadings%5CSERVICEABILITY%20LIMITS.pdf) + +**Vertical** +- Live: L/360 +- Total: L/240 + +**Horizontal** +- H/500 + +**Rotational** + +**Soil** +Differential settlement + +**Vibration** +Continuous vibrations +- 2.5 Hz + +Transient vibrations +- Heel drop +- Load is damped by mass of building and +- Limit the acceleration to 1% of gravity + +Amplified vibrations (resonance) + + +#### Stability +The state of being stable, or the opposite of in-stable. Instability can be elastic, ponding, tipping, or sliding. + +**Sliding** +- Resistance by friction + +**Tipping** + +**Elastic** +- Stable + - Columns converge on a limit visually straight +- Unstable + - Not stiff enough causing more and more elastic instability + +**Ponding** +- Stable +- Unstable + - More sagging allows accumulation of more water causing more sagging + +**No load path** + +**Buckling** +- **Overall** +- **Lateral torsional** +- **Local** + - Instability resulting from a compressive load + +### Module 2 + +![[./Attachments/Assignment 02-6.jpg|Assignment 02-6]] + +Structural drawing +one should be able to build the entire structure from structural drawings +- Grid identification +- Grid dimensions +- Labels +- Sizing +- Framing +- Gravity system +- Lateral Load resisting system (LLRS) +- Cantilevers + + +- Steel + - Single line on plans +- Wood + - Wavy line hatch in plan + - Cross in section +- Open web steel joist (generic truss, not typically what we refer to when we say truss) + +Steel and concrete building: +- Foundation and basement plan + - Plans are drawn: + - mostly cut above and look down + - More standard practice + - Doesn’t necessarily make sense because it’s more useful to see the beams supporting floors than this floor + - Cut below and look up + - Like a reflected ceiling plan (used to be the standard practice in 70s, now replaced by more rigorous standards) + - Note elevations on drawing + - Elevations of slabs typically noted + - Depths (pits) are referenced locally, relative to the drawing + - Cardinal vs Ordinal + - Cardinal + - North South West East + - Ordinal + - Contextual + - Right + - Left + - Geo datum as cardinal, others as ordinal + - Put the grids in the most convenient place to offset from foundations + - [x] ![[./Attachments/ARC1046H Structures 1 2024-01-17.png|ARC1046H Structures 1 2024-01-17]]%%[[../../../ARC1046H Structures 1 2024-01-17|🖋 Edit in Excalidraw]]%% [completion:: 2024-04-10] + - Only describe the extent when it’s not obvious + - Describe top of steel / beam everywhere (sometimes indicated on schedule) + - sometimes, indicate under side of deck, and top of steel is at underside of deck unless noted + - Don’t detail the connections unless it’s special + - Horizontal or vertical text for horizontal or vertical elements + - 45 degrees for elements going in and out of the page + - Show the information in the first and most useful place to show for the contractor + - show information on footing and column schedule when there’s no space + - Factor loads + - Service level loads for foundations (to estimate settlement) + - If it’s not in the price, it’s not in the contract; don’t bury scope, are sure every piece is in the price making the project easier to build + - Describe as much scope as you can in plan + - Most things in sections + - Half in details + +Concrete buildings: +- Grids start from outer edge of slab, and interior columns are still centered on grids +- Working steel (load bearing) in one direction, nominal or non-working steel in the other for temperature changes +- Pour a diamond on slab on grade to prevent reentering corner (inverted, inside corner) from forming cracks in concrete where it connects + +Tributary area: +- Beams: + - Purlin + - Joist + - Beam + - Girder +- Tributary width typically equals span +- Tributary area = tributary width * length + +### Module 3 + +[Slides](https://utoronto-my.sharepoint.com/:p:/r/personal/yifu_ding_mail_utoronto_ca/Documents/_twp/Document/Scholar/UTOR/2024-01/ARC1046H/Lecture%20Slides/ARC1046+Lecture+03+Intro+to+Steel+Construction.pptx?d=wacce4b650e3945dc8902a53e8a0791ce&csf=1&web=1&e=IwSQ5U) + +Types of construction +- Structural Steel +- Reinforced Concrete +- Wood (Nominal Lumber) +- Mass Timber +- Precast Concrete +- Load Bearing Masonry (with Steel/Wood Frame/Concrete) + +Alternative Construction Techniques (Glass, Fabric, Straw Bale, Rammed Earth) + +- Roof system: + - Support environmental loads (and possibly Occupant Loads + - Slope to drains + - Possibly integral to fire separation + - Support the building envelope (insulation and roofing) + - Diaphragm action (keep a building square in plan) + - Transfer Loads to vertical supports (Walls, Columns) +- Floor system: + - Support occupant loads  + - Transfer Loads to vertical supports (Walls, Columns) + - To provide the concrete wearing surface or the base for special finishes or coverings. + - Diaphragm action (keep a building square in plan) + - Possibly integral to fire separation +- Columns and walls + - Reinforced Concrete Columns and Walls + - Concrete Block, Brick or Stone Masonry + - Structural Steel Columns + - Wood Stud Bearing Walls + - Light Gauge Steel Bearing Walls + - Roles + - Transfer the gravity loads (dead and live) from the floor or roof to the foundation.  + - Cladding Support + - Wind loads +- Compression elements roles burdens + - Not to squash under load + - Not to buckle under load + - Not to deflect excessively + - Possibly: not to bend under wind load + - Possibly: be part of the LLRS +- Guidelines for designing the Supporting System + - Regular layout + - Make use of architectural elements + - Load lateral load resisting elements + - Repetition + - Multiple storey column lifts (steel) + - Minimize transfers +- Cold and hot rolled steel + - [x] ![[./Attachments/ARC1046H Structures 1 2024-01-24.png|ARC1046H Structures 1 2024-01-24]]%%[[../../../ARC1046H Structures 1 2024-01-24|🖋 Edit in Excalidraw]]%% [completion:: 2024-04-10] + - Flange thickness and web thickness not necessarily same width, not working as hard as flange + +Steel construction +- Always intumescent paint for exposed steel for fireproof +- Used for shorter buildings because building wood concrete form is expensive of not reused +- Used for very tall buildings because they are lighter +- Sizing guidelines + - General + - d = l / 20 + - w = h / 25 + - Corrugated metal deck + - Standard depth: d = 38mm + - d = l / 50 + - Concrete slab metal deck + - d = 38 or 76mm + concrete + - d = l / 20 + - Open web steel joist OWSJ + - 50mm increments + - d = l / 16 + - Steel beams + - Purlins d = l / 25 + - Beans d = l / 20 + - Girders d = l / 15 + - Beam width b = d / 2.5, 2-3 (very rough estimate) + - Trusses + - 50mm increments + - d = l / 12 + - Columns + - Standard sizes listed in CISC steel handbook + - w = h / 20-40 (20 towards heavy loads, 40 towards slenderness) + - Cantilever + - Half of regular rule of thumb + +Steel is deepest or longest because it’s strongest +Concrete is the shallowest system because it’s weak +The structural system with the least expensive deck is the least expensive system because there is more deck than anything else +Deeper is cheaper + +HSS: hollow steel section + +Transfer: load taken to the nearest possible columns + +### Module 4 + +- [x] Share answer with Tim [due:: 2024-02-06] [completion:: 2024-02-07] + +### Module 5 + +Footing Thickness = MAX(Footing Projection, 200mm) + +Caisson and Belled Caisson in Edminton +### Module 6 + +**Types of Loads** +- D = Dead Load - Permanent +- L = Live Load - Variable +- S = Snow Load - Variable +- W = Wind Load - Variable +- E = Earthquake Load - Rare +- T = Temperature, shrinkage, moisture, settlement, or combination +- H = Lateral Soil Loads (including ground water) - Permanent +- P = Prestress - Permanent + +**Assembly** +4.8 kPa +2.4 kPa Fixed Seat or Restaurants < 100 m^2 + +**Non-Assembly Area** +4.8 kPa Ground Floor +2.4 kPa Remaining Floors + +**Residential Live Loads** +1.9 kPa + +**Vehicles** +2.4 kPa Parking Garages (Cars) +6.0 kPa Parking Garages (Buses, Light Trucks) +12.0 kPa Parking Garages (Trucks) +12.0 kPa Driveways and Sidewalk Areaways and Basements + +**Live Load Reduction Factor LLRF** +Non-Assembly Areas, Load == Any other than Assembly, Tributary Area > 20 m^2: +0.3 + ROOT(9.8 / A) +Assembly Areas OR Loads >= 4.8 kPa, Tributary Area > 80 m^2: +0.5 + ROOT(20 / A) + +### Module 7 + +Earth Pressure at level h p (kPa)= Earth Pressure Coefficient k (0.25) * Surcharge q (4.8 or 12 kPa) + k * Weight of the Soil y (20 kN/m^3) * Depth Below Grade h (m) + +Vibration resonance and amplification + +Limit state design +ULS: Ultimate Limit State +SLS: Serviceability Limit State + +ULS: Strength +![[./Attachments/2024-03-05T15_12_48-05_00_TWP-X570-WIN10(vlc).jpg|2024-03-05T15_12_48-05_00_TWP-X570-WIN10(vlc)]] + +SLS: Serviceability +Stiffness, Deflection + +Use SLS Snow Load Importance Factor +![[./Attachments/2024-03-05T16_07_18-05_00_TWP-X570-WIN10(vlc).jpg|2024-03-05T16_07_18-05_00_TWP-X570-WIN10(vlc)]] + +### Module 8 + +Static: Not moving + +| Title | Here | What | +| ---- | ---- | ---- | +| -4.4588 | 4.0147 | | +| 1.6126 | 4.2011 | | +| 8.8082 | 3.5587 | | +| | | | +| 5.962 | 11.7745 | | +| | | | + +### Module 9 + +6 Degrees of Freedom: +- Translation XYZ +- Rotation XYZ + +Sum of Forces for each 2D Plane: +- Fx Translation Horizontal +- Fy Translation Vertical +- M Rotation + +Connections: +- Pin +- Roller +- Moment +- Any combination of above 3 + +UDL: Uniform Distributed Load + +Teeter-Totter + +M1 = P1 * e1 = 0.65 kN * 0.8 m = 0.52 kNm + +### Module 10 + +For P applied right in the middle of beam: +R = 1/2 P kN +V: kN +M: kNm + +MoS @ X = 0 - 1/2 L: +V = 1/2 P +M = 1/2 PX + +MoS @ X = 1/2L - L: +V = -1/2 P +M = -1/2 PX + 1/2 PL = 1/2 P (L - X) + +--- + +Mos @ X = 0: +V = 1/2 P +M = 0 + +Mos @ 1/4 L: +V = 1/2 P +M = 1/8 PL + +Mos @ 3/4 L: +V = -1/2 P +M = 1/8 PL + +![[./Attachments/Pasted image 20240401222128.png|Pasted image 20240401222128]] + +--- + +**Analogous Point Load Free Body Diagram (APL):** +Representing distributed loads (UDL) as an equivalent point load can help simplify the diagram. It will have the same effect on the equilibrium of the Free Body Diagram (FBD) (so also the reactions). But not the TOTAL shear and bending moment diagram. + +--- + +For W (kN/m) applied uniformly on the beam: +P = WL kN +R.1,2 = 1/2 WL kN +V: kN +M: kNm + +MoS @ X = 0 - L: +V = 1/2 WL - WX = W (1/2 L - X) +M = 1/2 WLX - 1/2 WX^2 = 1/2 WX (L - X) + +--- + +Mos @ X = 0: +V = 1/2 WL +M = 0 + +Mos @ 1/2 L: +V = 0 +M = 1/8 WL^2 + +Mos @ 3/4 L: +V = -1/4 WL +M = 3/32 WL^2 + +Mos @ L: +V = -1/2 WL +M = 0 + +### Module 11 + +### Module 12 + + +## Projects + +### [[Projects/Structures 1 - Project 1/Structures 1 - Project 1|Project 1]] + +- [x] [ARC1046 Project Description.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5C2024-01%5CARC1046H%5CAssignments%5CARC1046%20Project%20Description.pdf) [due:: 2024-04-30] [completion:: 2024-04-18] +[ARC1046 Project Drawings.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5C2024-01%5CARC1046H%5CAssignments%5CARC1046%20Project%20Drawings.pdf) +[ARC1046 Project Part 01 Quick Example.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5C2024-01%5CARC1046H%5CAssignments%5CARC1046%20Project%20Part%2001%20Quick%20Example.pdf) + + + +### [[Projects/Structures 1 - Project 2/Structures 1 - Project 2|Project 2]] + +### [[Projects/Structures 1 - Project 3|Project 3]] + +### [[Projects/Structures 1 - Project 4|Project 4]]