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From: ThinkWithPbody <51525460+ThinkWithPbody@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Oct 2024 15:33:21 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] [ENVELOPPE] Merge #152
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+---
+tags:
+ - course
+start: 2024-09-03
+due: 2025-01-03
+completion:
+people:
+ - "[[People/Daniel Haeyoung Chung|People/Daniel Haeyoung Chung]]"
+location: DA200
+weekday: 2
+time: 1000
+share: true
+---
+ ## Tasks
+
+- [ ] Paper mate pen [due:: 2024-10-05]
+
+## Modules
+
+### Q1
+
+#### Module 01
+[2024+09+02+Week+1+ARC2047+posted 2024-09-03 14_50_12.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C01%5C2024+09+02+Week+1+ARC2047+posted%202024-09-03%2014_50_12.pdf)
+- Methods
+ - lectures and readings
+ - MEEB: *mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings* thirteenth edition by Wiley
+ - Labs
+ - Applying analytical methods
+ - Discussions
+ - Reflect
+ - Quizzes
+ - Comprehension
+ - Exams
+ - Comprehension analysis 50/50
+ - Calculator?
+
+- Logistics
+ - Lectures on Tuesdays 10AM to 12PM
+ - Labs on Wednesdays 12PM to 1PM
+ - Lab assignments are due by 1PM Thursdays via Quercus
+ - 10 lab assignments, each worth 5% of final grade
+ - Quizzes to be available from Wednesday 5PM to Friday 5PM via Quercus
+ - 10 quizzes, each worth 1% of final grade
+ - Each quiz will be available for two weeks maximum after due date
+ - Exam at the end of term, 30% of final grade. Open notes, up to 10 letter size pages,
+ - hardcopy only, to be turned in with the exam. Registrar sets time and date. Usually,
+ - we find out the date of the final at the end of October.
+ - Attendance (full class period) + Participation is 10% of final grade.
+ - Office Hours on Thursdays 10AM to 12PM by appointment.
+ - **Highest attempt gets scored**
+ - **Questions are all randomly generated**
+ - TAs will be available to help during the tutorial.
+ - TAs will also be available for office hours on Wednesdays and Thursdays.
+ - If you have questions about the lab assignment, first ask the TA in your section.
+ - If you have questions outside of the tutorial time, email the TA in your section and copy me on the email.
+ - Attendance and participation of the tutorial contribute to your final grade.
+ - To leave the tutorial early, you must have submitted the lab and scored 80% or higher.
+ - You have two chances for each analysis lab performed via Quercus.
+ - You will not be given a regrade or partial credit for mistaken entries, so please review your answers carefully before submitting.
+- support qualitative goals with quantitative methods
+- what is the qualitative representation goals of the project?
+- Context
+ - Curriculum
+ - Building Science 1 and 2
+ - Paired with ARC2023
+ - Leads into Building Science 4 and Comprehensive
+ - Profession
+ - Consultants, scope, and relevant parameters
+ - Design
+ - Inform the decision-making process
+ - Correlations and timing
+ - Form, organization, orientation, and materials
+- Topics
+ - thermal comfort
+ - daylighting
+ - heating & cooling
+ - energy & carbon
+
+
+
+- [x] Jacob new to bambu [completion:: 2024-09-03]
+- [ ] One click LCA student license application
+- [x] Send demo to dad [completion:: 2024-09-03]
+- [x] Readings [due:: 2024-09-04] [completion:: 2024-09-05]
+[Energy+and+the+Environment+Chapter+1+-+Ristinen+Kraushaar+Brack 2024-09-03 14_49_52.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C01%5CEnergy+and+the+Environment+Chapter+1+-+Ristinen+Kraushaar+Brack%202024-09-03%2014_49_52.pdf)
+[Thermal+Delight+-+chapter+1+-+Heschong 2024-09-03 14_49_32.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C01%5CThermal+Delight+-+chapter+1+-+Heschong%202024-09-03%2014_49_32.pdf)
+
+#### Module 02
+[2024+09+10+Class+2+Lecture+Slides 2024-09-10 14_30_10.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C02%5C2024+09+10+Class+2+Lecture+Slides%202024-09-10%2014_30_10.pdf)
+[ARC2047+Self+Study+HW1+Psychrometry 2024-09-10 14_30_26.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C02%5CARC2047+Self+Study+HW1+Psychrometry%202024-09-10%2014_30_26.pdf)
+[ARC2047+Week+2+Lecture+Notes+on+Psychrometric+Processes+v3 2024-09-10 14_30_31.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C02%5CARC2047+Week+2+Lecture+Notes+on+Psychrometric+Processes+v3%202024-09-10%2014_30_31.pdf)
+[ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart SI Lecture Demonstration problem.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C02%5CASHRAE%20Psychrometric%20Chart%20SI%20Lecture%20Demonstration%20problem.pdf)
+[ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart SI.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C02%5CASHRAE%20Psychrometric%20Chart%20SI.pdf)
+Difference between power and energy
+- Power is instantaneous kW
+- Energy is total potential kWh
+
+Readings
+- Energy is associated with GDP cheap energy is the product of a large GDP economy
+- Architecture construction of buildings contribute 40% of all green house gases
+
+Thermal comfort directly affects productivity
+- Thermal comfort
+ - Relationship with design process
+ - Climate
+ - Orientation
+ - Site design
+ - Program and layout
+ - Heating and cooling loads
+ - Equipment/systems
+ - Envelope
+ - Openings and views
+ - Cost and maintenance
+- metrics and terminology
+ - air temperature
+ - humidity and dewpoint
+ - Relative humidity: the actual water vapour in the air / the total water vapour that could be in the air
+ - metabolism & clothing: met & clo
+ - dry bulb & wet bulb temperature
+ - surface temperatures
+ - air speed
+ - comfort zones and adaptive behavior
+ - comfort standards
+ - psychrometry
+- met & clo
+ - comfort zones will shift depending on what clothing you have
+ - Comfort zone
+ - air temperature
+ - Relative humidity
+- Psychrometric chart @101.325 kPa
+ - Dry bulb/Air temperature (C): Tdry
+ - Wet bulb temperature (C): Twet
+ - Dew point (C): Tdew, the temperature the air stream needs to be to reach maximum humidity
+ - Relative Humidity (%)
+ - Humidity ratio (g>w/kg>da): W
+ - Specific volume (m^3/kg): SV
+ - Enthalpy (kJ/kg): h, Total amount of energy in the system
+ - Draw straight line between two air states representing linear interpolation of every possible mix of two air streams
+ - Use mixed air stream T>dry to determine point on line
+ - T1 \* R1 + T2 \* R2 = T3, R1 + R2 = 1
+ - Dry air mass (kg) = Room volume (m^3) / SV (m^3/kg)
+ - Water (g) = Dry air mass (kg) * HR (g/kg)
+ - Energy (kJ) = Dry air mass (kg) * Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
+ - Sensible Heat (): H>s
+ - Total Head (): H
+
+For a well-sealed and highly insulated room with a wall air conditioner, how much **heat energy** would need to be removed from the room to get from a starting condition where the air is at 31 C and 56% RH to and a ending condition where the air is at 19 and 49% RH? The room has a width of 10m, a length of 15m and is 3m high. Provide your answer in kJ as an integer. Do not write the units in your answer.
+
+h1=27.2kJ/kg
+h2=65.5kJ/kg
+V=450m^3
+Dry air mass1 (kg) = Room volume (m^3) / SV1 0.825 (m^3/kg) = 545.4545
+Dry air mass2 (kg) = Room volume (m^3) / SV2 0.868 (m^3/kg) = 518.4332
+Energy1 (kJ) = Dry air mass1 (kg) * Enthalpy (kJ/kg) = 14,836.3624
+Energy2 (kJ) = Dry air mass2 (kg) * Enthalpy (kJ/kg) = 33,957.3746
+Excess = 19,121.0122 kJ
+
+
+
+#### Module 03
+
+[2024 09 16 week 3 slides v1.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C03%5C2024%2009%2016%20week%203%20slides%20v1.pdf)
+[ARC2047 HW1 Solution ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart SI.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C03%5CARC2047%20HW1%20Solution%20ASHRAE%20Psychrometric%20Chart%20SI.pdf)
+[ARC2047 Psychrometric HW 1 Solutions.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C03%5CARC2047%20Psychrometric%20HW%201%20Solutions.pdf)
+[ARC2047 Self Study HW 2 on Solar Position.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C03%5CARC2047%20Self%20Study%20HW%202%20on%20Solar%20Position.pdf)
+[32N Sunpath Chart.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C03%5C32N%20Sunpath%20Chart.pdf)
+[40N Sunpath Chart.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C03%5C40N%20Sunpath%20Chart.pdf)
+
+- Always 23.5 degrees between solstice and equinox
+ - Toronto will never get sun at a degree of 90
+ - For 32N, winters have a narrower arc than summers
+- Sunpath horizontal projection, sky vault
+- Equidistant sunpath diagram
+ - polar coordinate system
+- Same fenestration across the corners doesn't make sense
+- Shading as a response to solar geometry
+- Declination
+- Latitude
+- Altitude
+- Azimuth: Angle between due south and the sun
+ - Due south means facing directly south
+- Vertical Shadow Angle: VSA, vertical angle between the ground plane an the shadow cast by the lading edge of an overhang
+- Horizontal Shadow Angle: HSA, determined by the shadow cast by a vertical element in relation to the orientation of the vertical surface (such as a window)
+ - **HSA = azimuth ± orientation**
+- orientation = angle from due south of vertical surface
+ - If wall faces due south:
+ - orientation = 0
+ - HSA = azimuth
+- **VSA = arctan(tan(altitude)/cos(HSA))** (Calculator in degrees)
+ - tan(VSA) = tan(altitude)/cos(HSA)
+- **Horizontal Projection = Window Height / tan(VSA)**
+ - **Lateral Projection = tan(HSA) * Horizontal Projection**
+- **Vertical Projection = Window Depth-Width / tan(HSA)**
+### Q2
+
+#### Module 04
+
+T_balance point = T_indoor - Heat gain rate / Heat losses rate per degree T
+T_balance point = T_inside - Q_inside Heat Gain / UA_total Heat Loss
+
+Units of Power: Btu/h, W
+Units of Energy: Btu, kWh
+W = J / s
+1 kWh = 3600000 J
+
+q_total = q_skin + q_inf = UA_total * T_delta
+T_delta = (T_inside - T_outside)
+Q_i = q_solar + q_internal
+
+q_solar (Btu/h) = Solar Insolation (BTU/(day-ft^2)) * Surface Area South (ft^2) * 1d/24h
+
+q_internal
+
+
+
+
+When Q_i = q_total
+T_outside = T_inside - Q_i / UA_total
+
+UA_total = UA_envelope + UA_infiltration
+
+UA_envelope = U-value * Area (ft^2)
+U (Btu/(h\*ft^2\*^oF)) (W/m^2 ^oK) = 1 / R
+U = k: Conductivity / Thickness
+U-Value = 1 / R-Value
+0 ^oC = 273.15 \^oK
+
+UA_infiltration = ACH (h^-1) * Indoor Air Volume (ft^3) * Heat Capacity of Air (Btu / (ft^3 \* ^oF)) (J/(m^3 \* ^oK))
+ACH: Air Changes per Hour = 0.44 (h^-1)
+Heat Capacity of Air (Btu / (ft^3 * ^oF)) = Density of Air * Specific Heat of Air = 0.075 lb/ft^3 * 0.24 Btu/(lb * ^oF) = 0.018 Btu/(ft^3·°F)
+
+##### Lab
+![[./ARC2047H-Building_Science_Materials_and_Construction_3 2024-09-24 14.21.08.svg|ARC2047H-Building_Science_Materials_and_Construction_3 2024-09-24 14.21.08.excalidraw]]
+
+
+#### Module 05
+
+Total Carbon = Embodied Carbon + Operational Carbon
+Embodied Energy != Embodied Carbon
+
+LCA: Life Cycle Analysis
+GWP: Global Warming Potential
+EPD: Environmental Product Declaration
+Biogenic Carbon?
+
+
+> [!black]+ Material Pyramid
+>
+> - Petro-chemical
+> - Plastics
+> - Componetns
+> - Metals
+> - Mining/Extraction
+> - Metal
+> - Minerals
+> - Renewable/Growing
+> - Wood
+>
+> Concrete
+> Insulation
+> Cladding
+
+
+
+
+#### Module 06
+
+[2024+10+08+week+6+slides+v2 2024-10-08 14_18_21.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C06%5C2024+10+08+week+6+slides+v2%202024-10-08%2014_18_21.pdf)
+[ARC2047HF+HW+4+Self+Study+-+Cooling+Load 2024-10-08 14_15_06.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C06%5CARC2047HF+HW+4+Self+Study+-+Cooling+Load%202024-10-08%2014_15_06.pdf)[ARC2047+-+Cooling+Load+-+Metric+Example 2024-10-08 14_12_58.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C06%5CARC2047+-+Cooling+Load+-+Metric+Example%202024-10-08%2014_12_58.pdf)
+[ARC2047+HW+3+Winter+Balance+Point+Temp+-+Solutions+v1 2024-10-08 14_15_05.pdf](file:///D:%5COneDrive%20-%20University%20of%20Toronto%5C_twp%5CDocument%5CScholar%5CUTOR%5CArchive%5C2024-09%5CARC2047H%5CFiles%5C06%5CARC2047+HW+3+Winter+Balance+Point+Temp+-+Solutions+v1%202024-10-08%2014_15_05.pdf)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+- Cooling Loads
+ - **q_total: Total Heat Gain = q_sensible + q_latent**
+ - **Tons of cooling** = q_total / 12000
+ - Ton of cooling is the rate of heat transfer (power)
+ - 12000 Btu/h needed to melt one ton of ice in 24 hours.
+ - **Sensible Heat Gain**
+ - **q_sensible = q_skin+q_glass+q_inf+q_vent+q_internal**
+ - **Envelope**
+ - Roof and Wall
+ - q_skin (Btu/h) = U (Btu/(h\*ft^2\*°𝐹)): U_Value * A * **DETD** (°𝐹): Design Equivalent Temperature Difference
+ - DETD **M**: 16 to 25°F (9 to 14°C)
+ - Glass
+ - q_glass (Btu/h) = A * **DCLF** (Btu/h-ft2): Design Cooling Load Factors
+ - **Air**
+ - Air infiltration
+ - q_inf (Btu/h) = A_exposed × Infiltration Factor (Btu/(h-ft2))
+ - Mechanical ventilation
+ - q_vent (Btu/h) = Volumetric Flow Rate × Ventilation Factor (Btu/(h-cfm))
+ - CFM: Cubic feet per minute of fresh air
+ - 5 CFM/person * 20 People = 100 CFM
+ - **PEL: Poole Equipment Lighting**
+ - q_internal (Btu/h) = A: Floor Area * (q_people + q_equipment + q_lights (Btu/(h·ft2))
+ - **Latent Heat Gain**
+ - q_latent = percentage of q_sensible
+ - estimated using design dry-bulb temperature and coincident wet-bulb temperature from Table B.1
+
+Lab
+NYC 83.5 L 74.6
+DETD = 14 + (83.5-85)* ((85-90)/(14-19)) = 12.5
+U_Value = 0.0490
+3,155
+q_skin (Btu/h) = U: U_Value * A * DETD (°𝐹) = 0.0490 * 3,155ft2 * 12.5F = 1932.437
+
+DETD = 30 + (83.5-85)* ((30-35)/(85-90)) = 28.5
+
+DCLF = 46 + (83.5-85)* ((46-48)/(85-90))
+= 46 - 1.5* (?/-5) = 45.4
+
+DCLF = 68 + (83.5-85)* ((68-70)/(85-90)) = 67.4
+
+13-15 > 12.4
+
+Infiltration Factor = 0.7 - 1.5* ((0.7-1.1)/-5) = 0.58
+
+Ventilation Factor = 11 - 1.5* ((11-16)/-5) = 9.5
+
+(3.4 + 5.1)* 29426* 12 / 24
+
+132765 * 1.25
+
+### Q3
+
+#### Module 07
+
+**Cooling via Cross Ventilation (Natural Ventilation)**
+- q_ventilation = V × (heat capacity of air) × ∆T
+ - A unit of power
+ - Requires openings on both sides and wind perpendicular to the opening surface
+ - V: Volumetric flow rate (cfm cubic feet per minute)
+ - V = Cv × A × v
+ - Cv = is the coefficient for wind direction compared to the opening: 0.55 perpendicular, 0.3 angled
+ - A = area of the opening (ft^2)
+ - Bottleneck is the smaller of the two
+ - v = velocity of the wind in feet per minute
+ - 1 mile per hour (mph) = 88 feet per minute (fpm)
+ - heat capacity of air Btu·min/(ft3·°F·h) = 0.018 Btu/(ft3·°F) × 60 min/h = 1.08 Btu·min/(ft3·°F·h)
+ - OR heat capacity of air (Btu/(ft3·°F)) = density (pounds per cubic ft) * specific heat of air (Btu/(lb·°F))
+ - ∆T is temperature difference between inside and outside air
+ - At least 3°F for cross ventilation to be feasible
+
+**Degree Days**
+- Has units of (degrees · days)
+- HDD
+ - HDD = BPT - Ave Temp
+ - HDD for the day is ignored if outside temperature is warmer than balance point temperature
+- CDD
+ - CDD = Ave Temp - BPT
+ - CDD for the day is ignored if outside temperature is warmer than balance point temperature
+- [degreeedays](http://degreedays.net)
+
+
+**Cost of Thermal Comfort (Heating and Cooling)**
+- Heating
+ - Annual Heat Needed = UA_total (Btu/h\*^o𝐹) × HDD × 24 hours
+ - Annual Fuel Needed, E = Annual Heat (Btu) / (AFUE × heat value of fuel (Btu/ft^3))
+ - Specific to the fuel source and equipment
+ - AFUE is the Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency
+ - Assume 95%
+ - Natural gas furnaces have an AFUE range between 80% to 98.5%
+ - Heat value for natural gas is **1050 Btu/ft3**
+ - Cost of Heating = E × Cost of Fuel
+ - Currently (October 2024) the effective gas supply rate is about 7.7043 cents per cubic meter for commercial customers of Enbridge in Toronto. 1 m3 = 35.315 ft3, thus 0.218 cents per ft3 or $0.00218/ft3 or $2.18/1000 ft3
+- Cooling
+ - Summer BPT needed for Summer Cooling Cost
+ - **Rough** estimate is adding 10F to the Winter BPT. This assume higher indoor setpoint, no shading, and no open windows for cross ventilation.
+ - Historically 50°F was used as the base temperature for calculating annual cooling.
+ - If we can provide shading to some of the south glass we can improve the Summer BPT.
+ - assume 80% effective shading, thus allowing 20% of the solar gain.
+ - T_balance = T_desired: 78°F (25.6°C) - Q_i: Heat gain / UA_total: Heat loss
+ - **Annual Cooling Cost = Cooling Load (Btu/h) × CLH (h) × 1/SEER (W/Btu/h) × cost of electricity ($/Wh)**
+ - Cooling Load (Btu/h) From W6
+ - July Solar insolation for vertical surface, south facing glazing is 1,035 Btu/(day·ft2) in Toronto
+ - q_insolation cube summer@80%shade = 3,996 ft2 × 0.20 × 1,035 Btu/(day·ft2) × (day/24 h) = 34,687 Btu/h
+ - Only change solar insulation q_solar_summer_shaded, q_internal remains same
+ - CLH: Cooling Load Hours (h) = CDD * 24 (h/day) / (Design Temperature - Summer BPT)
+ - SEER: Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (W/Btu/h)
+ - Btu/h heat rejected per Watt of electricity used
+ - For example AHU: Air Handling Unit could be 14
+ - Cost of Electricity for example use 15 cents per kWh, $0.15/1000Wh
+
+
+
+
+
+#### Module 08
+
+#### Module 09
+
+### Q4
+
+#### Module 10
+
+#### Module 11
+
+#### Module 12
+
+## Projects
+
+
+### [[/Projects/2024/ARC2047H_Project-1/ARC2047H_Project-1| ARC2047H_Project-1]]
+
+### [[/Projects/2024/ARC2047H_Project-2/ARC2047H_Project-2| ARC2047H_Project-2]]
+
+### [[/Projects/2024/ARC2047H_Project-3/ARC2047H_Project-3| ARC2047H_Project-3]]
+
+### [[/Projects/2024/ARC2047H_Project-4/ARC2047H_Project-4| ARC2047H_Project-4]]
+
+
+## Tagged `#Courses/2024/ARC2047H-Building_Science_Materials_and_Construction_3`
+
+