From 07ab4ad98ed7b937b35525d376248e7f4f38e0c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candy Chang Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2014 23:25:48 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 1/2] seeds -- load design methods, method variations, categories, citations 5 method categories only, subcategories are treated as design methods. method_category -- added attr_accessible for :name --- Code/DesExSearch/Gemfile | 4 +- Code/DesExSearch/Gemfile.lock | 5 +- .../DesExSearch/app/models/method_category.rb | 1 + Code/DesExSearch/db/schema.rb | 14 +- Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds.rb | 277 +- Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds/designmethods.rb | 212 +- Code/DesExSearch/lib/tasks/data/dx.owl | 10358 +++++++++------- 7 files changed, 6351 insertions(+), 4520 deletions(-) diff --git a/Code/DesExSearch/Gemfile b/Code/DesExSearch/Gemfile index e016102..827eda0 100644 --- a/Code/DesExSearch/Gemfile +++ b/Code/DesExSearch/Gemfile @@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ gem 'rdf-raptor' gem 'sparql' gem 'equivalent-xml' gem 'ffi' - +gem 'rb-gsl' # LSA -gem 'gsl', '~> 1.15.3' +gem 'gsl', '~> 1.14' gem 'similarity', '~> 0.2.5' diff --git a/Code/DesExSearch/Gemfile.lock b/Code/DesExSearch/Gemfile.lock index cd2b6c0..5416dc0 100644 --- a/Code/DesExSearch/Gemfile.lock +++ b/Code/DesExSearch/Gemfile.lock @@ -175,6 +175,8 @@ GEM activesupport (>= 3.0) i18n polyamorous (~> 1.0.0) + rb-gsl (1.16.0.2) + narray (>= 0.5.9) rdf (1.1.4.1) rdf-aggregate-repo (1.1.0) rdf (>= 1.1) @@ -301,7 +303,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES factory_girl_rails faker ffi - gsl (~> 1.15.3) + gsl (~> 1.14) jquery-rails jquery-ui-rails kaminari @@ -309,6 +311,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES protected_attributes quiet_assets rails (~> 4.0.0) + rb-gsl rdf rdf-raptor rspec-rails diff --git a/Code/DesExSearch/app/models/method_category.rb b/Code/DesExSearch/app/models/method_category.rb index 7cd3168..12ee9d1 100644 --- a/Code/DesExSearch/app/models/method_category.rb +++ b/Code/DesExSearch/app/models/method_category.rb @@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ # class MethodCategory < ActiveRecord::Base + attr_accessible :name validates :name, presence: true, length: { maximum: 255, too_long: "%{count} is the maximum character length."} diff --git a/Code/DesExSearch/db/schema.rb b/Code/DesExSearch/db/schema.rb index 3d6af95..8fd0bed 100644 --- a/Code/DesExSearch/db/schema.rb +++ b/Code/DesExSearch/db/schema.rb @@ -117,18 +117,18 @@ end create_table "companies", force: true do |t| - t.string "name", default: "" - t.string "domain", default: "" - t.string "email", default: "" + t.string "name" + t.string "email" + t.string "domain" t.datetime "created_at" t.datetime "updated_at" end create_table "contacts", force: true do |t| - t.string "name", default: "" - t.string "email", default: "" - t.string "phone", default: "" - t.integer "company_id" + t.string "name" + t.string "email" + t.string "phone" + t.string "company_id" t.datetime "created_at" t.datetime "updated_at" end diff --git a/Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds.rb b/Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds.rb index 4990831..3ac4d8a 100644 --- a/Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds.rb +++ b/Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds.rb @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ # Create default admin user -admin = User.new( +ADMIN = User.new( username: "admin", first_name: "TheDesignExchange", last_name: "Admin", @@ -16,21 +16,21 @@ password_confirmation: "thedesignexchange", ) -p "Admin #{admin.username} created!" if admin.save -p admin.errors unless admin.save -# Read in the ontology - -filename = File.join(Rails.root, 'lib/tasks/data/dx.owl') -fields = Hash.new +p "Admin #{ADMIN.username} created!" if ADMIN.save +p ADMIN.errors unless ADMIN.save +#Clear old instances +p "========= RESET ===========" DesignMethod.destroy_all MethodCategory.destroy_all Citation.destroy_all -data = RDF::Graph.load(filename) +# Read in the ontology +filename = File.join(Rails.root, 'lib/tasks/data/dx.owl') +DATA = RDF::Graph.load(filename) # SPARQL prefix -root_prefix = "PREFIX : " +ROOT_PREFIX = "PREFIX : " # Searching for design methods and method categories, using the subClassOf relationship. # This should be fixed w/something more convenient -- have some kind of predicate I can search on. @@ -40,137 +40,170 @@ all_objects = Set.new all_subjects = Set.new -data.query(methods).each do |results| +DATA.query(methods).each do |results| all_objects << results.obj.to_s.split('#')[1] all_subjects << results.subj.to_s.split('#')[1] end # Deleting entries with punctuation that's troublesome for SPARQL queries -all_objects.delete_if { |str| str == nil || str.match(/,|\(|\)|\\|\//) } -all_subjects.delete_if { |str| str == nil || str.match(/,|\(|\)|\\|\//) } +all_objects.delete_if { |str| str == nil || str.match(/,|\(|\)|\\|\/|\[|\]/) } +all_subjects.delete_if { |str| str == nil || str.match(/,|\(|\)|\\|\/\[|\]/) } # The design methods are the individuals (no subclasses) - right now this over-selects only_methods = all_subjects - all_objects -p only_methods - -# The method categories are everything else - right now this under-selects -method_categories = all_objects - only_methods -p method_categories - -# # Instantiating method categories -# method_categories.each do |cat| -# method_category = MethodCategory.new(name: cat) -# if method_category.save -# p "Added method category: #{method_category.name}" -# else -# p "Error while creating a method category: " -# method_category.errors.full_messages.each do |message| -# p "\t#{message}" -# end -# end -# end - -# method_categories.each do |cat| -# # Load in children of method category -# method_category = MethodCategory.where(name: cat).first -# children = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?child { ?child <#{RDF::RDFS.subClassOf}> :#{cat} }") -# data.query(children).each do |results| -# child_name = results.child.to_s.split('#')[1] -# if method_category.add_child(MethodCategory.where(name: child_name).first) -# p "Added child of #{cat}: #{child_name}" -# end -# end -# end - -# def remove_unwanted(method) -# method.children.each do |child| -# name = child.name -# child.destroy -# p " Removed #{name}" -# end -# m_name = method.name -# method.destroy -# p " Removed #{m_name}" -# end - -# # Remove any of the classes that don't fall under the Method umbrella. If property paths gets added to the SPARQL gem then this won't be necessary -# to_delete = MethodCategory.where(name: "Person").first -# remove_unwanted(to_delete) -# to_delete = MethodCategory.where(name: "Method_Characteristics").first -# remove_unwanted(to_delete) -# to_delete = MethodCategory.where(name: "Processes").first -# remove_unwanted(to_delete) -# to_delete = MethodCategory.where(name: "Skills").first -# remove_unwanted(to_delete) - - -# Instantiating design methods; currently filling in contents w/ "default" so that things can get loaded. -# Fix this once more of the ontology is ready, and we want to catch entries that need to get fixed. -only_methods.each do |method| - fields[:name] = method - fields[:overview] = "default" - fields[:process] = "default" - fields[:principle] = "default" - - # Add the overview: currently searching on AnnotationProperty Description - overview = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?overview { :#{method} :Description ?overview }") - data.query(overview).each do |results| - fields[:overview] = results.overview.to_s + +# The five root method categories. +p "=================== INSTANTIATING METHOD CATEGORIES ===================" + +METHOD_CATEGORIES = ["Building", "Communicating", "Data_Gathering", "Data_Processing", "Ideating"] +p METHOD_CATEGORIES + +METHOD_CATEGORIES.each do |cat_name| + method_category = MethodCategory.new(name: cat_name) + if method_category.save + p "Added method category: #{method_category.name}" + else + p "Error while creating a method category: " + method_category.errors.full_messages.each do |message| + p "\t#{message}" + end end +end - # Add the process: currently searching on AnnotationProperty process - process = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?process { :#{method} :process ?process }") - data.query(process).each do |results| - fields[:process] = results.process.to_s +#Loads a field +def load_field(method, search_property) + to_return = "" + search_term = SPARQL.parse("#{ROOT_PREFIX} SELECT ?field { :#{method} :#{search_property} ?field }") + DATA.query(search_term).each do |results| + to_return = results.field.to_s end - # Add the principle: currently searching on AnnotationProperty Notes - principle = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?principle { :#{method} :Notes ?principle }") - data.query(principle).each do |results| - fields[:principle] = results.principle.to_s + if to_return.empty? + to_return = "default" end - design_method = DesignMethod.new(fields) - design_method.owner = admin - design_method.principle = "" + return to_return +end - if !design_method.save - p "Error while creating a design method: " - design_method.errors.full_messages.each do |message| - p "\t#{message}" +# Load in citations. Ignoring hasReference field, using Annotation Property: references. +def load_citation(design_method) + citations = SPARQL.parse("#{ROOT_PREFIX} SELECT ?ref { :#{design_method.name} :references ?ref }") + DATA.query(citations).each do |results| + cit_text = load_field(design_method.name, "references") + citation = Citation.where(text: cit_text).first_or_create! + if !design_method.citations.include?(citation) + design_method.citations << citation + p " Added citation #{cit_text}" end + end +end + +# Loads any parents of the design methods. Will either be all categories, or all parent methods. +def load_parents(design_method) + parents = SPARQL.parse("#{ROOT_PREFIX} SELECT ?obj { :#{design_method.name} <#{RDF::RDFS.subClassOf}> ?obj }") + DATA.query(parents).each do |results| + parent_name = results.obj.to_s.split('#')[1] + if parent_name + if METHOD_CATEGORIES.include?(parent_name) + category = MethodCategory.where(name: parent_name).first + if category && !design_method.method_categories.include?(category) + design_method.method_categories << category + p " Added category #{category.name}" + end + else + method = DesignMethod.where(name: parent_name).first + if method && !method.variations.include?(design_method) && !method == "Method" + method.variations << design_method + p " Added variation #{design_method.name} to #{parent_name}" + else + parent_method = instantiate_method(parent_name) + if parent_method + load_citation(parent_method) + load_parents(parent_method) + if !parent_method.variations.include?(design_method) + parent_method.variations << design_method + p " Added variation #{design_method.name} to #{parent_name}" + end + end + end + end + end + end +end + +def instantiate_method(name) + existing_method = DesignMethod.where(name: name).first + if name.match(/,|\(|\)|\\|\/|\[|\]/) + return + elsif existing_method + return existing_method else - p "Added design method: #{design_method.name}" + # Filling in fields: currently dealing with 2 different labeling systems until OWL gets cleaned up + overview = load_field(name, "Description") + if overview == "default" + overview = load_field(name, "hasOverview") + end + + process = load_field(name, "process") + if process == "default" + process = load_field(name, "hasProcess") + end + + principle = load_field(name, "Notes") + if principle == "default" + principle = load_field(name, "hasPrinciple") + end + + fields = Hash.new + + fields[:name] = name + fields[:overview] = overview + fields[:process] = process + fields[:principle] = principle + + design_method = DesignMethod.new(fields) + design_method.owner = ADMIN + design_method.principle = "" + + if !design_method.save + p "Error while creating a design method #{name} " + design_method.errors.full_messages.each do |message| + p "\t#{message}" + end + return + else + p "Added design method: #{design_method.name}" + return design_method + end end +end - # # Read in categories - # categories = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?obj { :#{design_method.name} <#{RDF::RDFS.subClassOf}> ?obj }") - # data.query(categories).each do |results| - # cat_name = results.obj.to_s.split('#')[1] - # if cat_name - # category = MethodCategory.where(name: cat_name).first - # if category && !design_method.method_categories.include?(category) - # design_method.method_categories << category - # p " Added category #{cat_name}" - # category.parents.each do |gparents| - # if gparents && !design_method.method_categories.include?(gparents) - # design_method.method_categories << gparents - # p " Added category #{gparents.name}" - # end - # end - # end - # end - # end - - # # Read in citations - # citations = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?ref { :#{design_method.name} :references ?ref }") - # data.query(citations).each do |results| - # cit_text = results.ref.to_s - # citation = Citation.where(text: cit_text).first_or_create! - # if !design_method.citations.include?(citation) - # design_method.citations << citation - # p " Added citation #{cit_text}" - # end - # end +def destroy_extras(not_method) + if not_method + not_method.variations.each do |to_destroy| + name = to_destroy.name + destroy_extras(to_destroy) + p "Destroyed #{name}." + end + end end + +# Instantiating design methods. +p "============= INSTANTIATING DESIGN METHODS ===============" +only_methods.each do |method_name| + + method = instantiate_method(method_name) + if method + load_citation(method) + load_parents(method) + end +end + +# Destroy extra methods that aren't under the Method root. Currently lacking a consistent pattern to catch these before creation. +p "============= DESTROY NOT-METHODS ==============" +destroy_extras(DesignMethod.where(name: "Person").first) +destroy_extras(DesignMethod.where(name: "Skills").first) +destroy_extras(DesignMethod.where(name: "Processes").first) +destroy_extras(DesignMethod.where(name: "Method_Characteristics").first) + diff --git a/Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds/designmethods.rb b/Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds/designmethods.rb index 2bdca9a..9960edb 100644 --- a/Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds/designmethods.rb +++ b/Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds/designmethods.rb @@ -1,3 +1,23 @@ +# require "rdf" +# require "rdf/raptor" +# include RDF +# Reset users + +User.destroy_all + +# Create default admin user +# TODO: Use AdminUser class instead? If so, make sure design methods can be owned by AdminUser class as well as User class + +admin = User.create!( + email: "admin@thedesignexchange.org", + password: "thedesignexchange", + password_confirmation: "thedesignexchange", +) + +p "Admin #{admin.email} created!" if admin.save +p admin.errors unless admin.save + +# Read in the ontology filename = File.join(Rails.root, 'lib/tasks/data/dx.owl') fields = Hash.new @@ -5,10 +25,10 @@ MethodCategory.destroy_all Citation.destroy_all -data = RDF::Graph.load(filename) +DATA = RDF::Graph.load(filename) # SPARQL prefix -root_prefix = "PREFIX : " +ROOT_PREFIX = "PREFIX : " # Searching for design methods and method categories, using the subClassOf relationship. # This should be fixed w/something more convenient -- have some kind of predicate I can search on. @@ -18,7 +38,7 @@ all_objects = Set.new all_subjects = Set.new -data.query(methods).each do |results| +DATA.query(methods).each do |results| all_objects << results.obj.to_s.split('#')[1] all_subjects << results.subj.to_s.split('#')[1] end @@ -31,86 +51,69 @@ only_methods = all_subjects - all_objects p only_methods -# The method categories are everything else - right now this under-selects -method_categories = all_objects - only_methods -p method_categories - -# # Instantiating method categories -# method_categories.each do |cat| -# method_category = MethodCategory.new(name: cat) -# if method_category.save -# p "Added method category: #{method_category.name}" -# else -# p "Error while creating a method category: " -# method_category.errors.full_messages.each do |message| -# p "\t#{message}" -# end -# end -# end - -# method_categories.each do |cat| -# # Load in children of method category -# method_category = MethodCategory.where(name: cat).first -# children = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?child { ?child <#{RDF::RDFS.subClassOf}> :#{cat} }") -# data.query(children).each do |results| -# child_name = results.child.to_s.split('#')[1] -# if method_category.add_child(MethodCategory.where(name: child_name).first) -# p "Added child of #{cat}: #{child_name}" -# end -# end -# end - -# def remove_unwanted(method) -# method.children.each do |child| -# name = child.name -# child.destroy -# p " Removed #{name}" -# end -# m_name = method.name -# method.destroy -# p " Removed #{m_name}" -# end - -# # Remove any of the classes that don't fall under the Method umbrella. If property paths gets added to the SPARQL gem then this won't be necessary -# to_delete = MethodCategory.where(name: "Person").first -# remove_unwanted(to_delete) -# to_delete = MethodCategory.where(name: "Method_Characteristics").first -# remove_unwanted(to_delete) -# to_delete = MethodCategory.where(name: "Processes").first -# remove_unwanted(to_delete) -# to_delete = MethodCategory.where(name: "Skills").first -# remove_unwanted(to_delete) - - -# Instantiating design methods; currently filling in contents w/ "default" so that things can get loaded. -# Fix this once more of the ontology is ready, and we want to catch entries that need to get fixed. -only_methods.each do |method| - fields[:name] = method - fields[:overview] = "default" - fields[:process] = "default" - fields[:principle] = "default" - - # Add the overview: currently searching on AnnotationProperty Description - overview = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?overview { :#{method} :Description ?overview }") - data.query(overview).each do |results| - fields[:overview] = results.overview.to_s +# The five root method categories. Only loading Bulding section for now. +building = MethodCategory.create(name: "Building") +comm = MethodCategory.create(name: "Communicating") +data_g = MethodCategory.create(name: "Data_Gathering") +data_p = MethodCategory.create(name: "Data_Processing") +ideating = MethodCategory.create(name: "Ideating") + +METHOD_CATEGORIES = { building.name => building, + comm.name => comm, + data_g.name => data_g, + data_c.name => data_c, + ideating.name => ideating } + +def load_field(method, search_property) + to_return = "" + search_term = SPARQL.parse("#{ROOT_PREFIX} SELECT ?field { :#{method} :#{search_property} ?field }") + DATA.query(search_term).each do |results| + to_return _= results.obj.to_s end - # Add the process: currently searching on AnnotationProperty process - process = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?process { :#{method} :process ?process }") - data.query(process).each do |results| - fields[:process] = results.process.to_s + if to_return.empty? + to_return = "default" end - # Add the principle: currently searching on AnnotationProperty Notes - principle = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?principle { :#{method} :Notes ?principle }") - data.query(principle).each do |results| - fields[:principle] = results.principle.to_s + return to_return +end + + +# Instantiating design methods. +only_methods.each do |method_name| + + method = instantiate_method(method_name) + if method + load_citation(method) + load_parents(method) end +end + + +def instantiate_method(name) + # Filling in fields: currently dealing with 2 different labeling systems until OWL gets cleaned up + overview = load_field(name, "Description") + if overview == "default" + overview = load_field(name, "hasOverview") + end + + process = load_field(name, "process") + if process == "default" + process = load_field(name, "hasProcess") + end + + principle = load_field(name, "Notes") + if principle == "default" + principle = load_field(name, "hasPrinciple") + end + + fields[:name] = name + fields[:overview] = overview + fields[:process] = process + fields[:principle] = principle design_method = DesignMethod.new(fields) - design_method.owner = User.where("username == ?", "admin").first - design_method.principle = "" + design_method.owner = admin if !design_method.save p "Error while creating a design method: " @@ -119,30 +122,14 @@ end else p "Added design method: #{design_method.name}" + return design_method end +end - # # Read in categories - # categories = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?obj { :#{design_method.name} <#{RDF::RDFS.subClassOf}> ?obj }") - # data.query(categories).each do |results| - # cat_name = results.obj.to_s.split('#')[1] - # if cat_name - # category = MethodCategory.where(name: cat_name).first - # if category && !design_method.method_categories.include?(category) - # design_method.method_categories << category - # p " Added category #{cat_name}" - # category.parents.each do |gparents| - # if gparents && !design_method.method_categories.include?(gparents) - # design_method.method_categories << gparents - # p " Added category #{gparents.name}" - # end - # end - # end - # end - # end - - # Read in citations - citations = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?ref { :#{design_method.name} :references ?ref }") - data.query(citations).each do |results| +# Load in citations. Ignoring hasReference field, using Annotation Property: references. +def load_citation(design_method) + citations = SPARQL.parse("#{ROOT_PREFIX} SELECT ?ref { :#{design_method.name} :references ?ref }") + DATA.query(citations).each do |results| cit_text = results.ref.to_s citation = Citation.where(text: cit_text).first_or_create! if !design_method.citations.include?(citation) @@ -150,4 +137,33 @@ p " Added citation #{cit_text}" end end +end + +# Loads any parents of the design methods. Recursive. +def load_parents(design_method) + parents = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?obj { :#{design_method.name} <#{RDF::RDFS.subClassOf}> ?obj }") + data.query(parents).each do |results| + parent_name = results.obj.to_s.split('#')[1] + if parent_name + if METHOD_CATEGORIES.include?(parent_name) + category = METHOD_CATEGORIES[parent_name] + if category && !design_method.method_categories.include?(category) + design_method.method_categories << category + p " Added category #{cat_name}" + end + else + method = DesignMethod.where(name: parent_name).first + if method && !method.variations.include?(design_method) + method.variations << design_method + p " Added variation #{design_method.name} to #{parent_name}" + else + parent_method = instantiate_method(method) + if parent_method + load_citation(parent_method) + load_parents(parent_method) + end + end + end + end + end end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Code/DesExSearch/lib/tasks/data/dx.owl b/Code/DesExSearch/lib/tasks/data/dx.owl index 3f0c68c..ed51a07 100644 --- a/Code/DesExSearch/lib/tasks/data/dx.owl +++ b/Code/DesExSearch/lib/tasks/data/dx.owl @@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ + ]> @@ -16,11 +17,9 @@ xmlns:DesignExchange_Methods="http://www.semanticweb.org/howard/ontologies/2014/0/DesignExchange_Methods#" xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" - xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> - - Building: interactive vs. non-interactive creations? - I'm having issues with how to categorize certain "methods", like "Classic Ethnography" that encompass multiple sub-methods (e.g., ethnography includes: observations, interviews, analysis, storytelling, etc). - + xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" + xmlns:Ontology1398680558="http://www.owl-ontologies.com/Ontology1398680558.owl#"> + @@ -35,6 +34,96 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + @@ -73,6 +162,29 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + @@ -95,41 +221,105 @@ - + - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + - + + + + + + + - - For ideation + -values can be: inspiration, relaxation, contemplation + + - + - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + @@ -148,6 +338,7 @@ values can be: inspiration, relaxation, contemplation + @@ -169,13 +360,17 @@ For ideating, the purpose can be to converge on an idea, diverge into mutiple id - + + + - + + + @@ -193,19 +388,24 @@ For ideating, the purpose can be to converge on an idea, diverge into mutiple id Scaled from 1-5 1: smallest scope (detail-oriented) 5: largest scope (big picture) + - + + + - + + + @@ -215,27 +415,29 @@ For ideating, the purpose can be to converge on an idea, diverge into mutiple id Scaled from 1-5 1: Most unstructured 5: Most structured + - + + + - + - + - + - - - + + @@ -250,21 +452,39 @@ For ideating, the purpose can be to converge on an idea, diverge into mutiple id + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + - - + + + + @@ -274,6 +494,7 @@ For ideating, the purpose can be to converge on an idea, diverge into mutiple id + @@ -294,33 +515,14 @@ For ideating, the purpose can be to converge on an idea, diverge into mutiple id - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - @@ -332,13 +534,20 @@ For ideating, the purpose can be to converge on an idea, diverge into mutiple id + + + + + + + - + @@ -347,34 +556,32 @@ For ideating, the purpose can be to converge on an idea, diverge into mutiple id - + + + - - - - - - - - + + - + - + + + - + - - + + @@ -390,6 +597,48 @@ For ideating, the purpose can be to converge on an idea, diverge into mutiple id + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + @@ -506,12 +755,6 @@ For ideating, the purpose can be to converge on an idea, diverge into mutiple id - - - - - - @@ -521,26 +764,26 @@ For ideating, the purpose can be to converge on an idea, diverge into mutiple id - - + + - - + + - - + + - + One-on-one interviews provide information about individual actions and motivations that cannot be obtained in group discussions. @@ -563,36 +806,28 @@ This method should be used in early to mid stages of the design process. - 3-12-3 Brainstorm - This format for brainstorming compresses the essentials of an ideation session into one short format. The numbers 3-12-3 refer to the amount of time in minutes given to each of three activities: 3 minutes for generating a pool of observations, 12 for combining those observations into rough concepts, and 3 again for presenting the concepts back to a group. Essential to this format is strict time keeping (speed is key). - 1. Prep: Pick a topic on which to brainstorm ideas, boiled down to 2 words (e.g., Tomorrow's Television). The 2 words can be presented as a full challenge question, such as ""How will tomorrow's television work?"" it is best to avoid doing this right away. By focusing on 2 words that signify the topic, you will aim to evoke thinking about its defining aspects first, before moving into new concepts or proposing solutions. + 1 + 1 + 1. Prep: Pick a topic on which to brainstorm ideas, boiled down to 2 words (e.g., Tomorrow's Television). The 2 words can be presented as a full challenge question, such as \"How will tomorrow's television work?\" it is best to avoid doing this right away. By focusing on 2 words that signify the topic, you will aim to evoke thinking about its defining aspects first, before moving into new concepts or proposing solutions. 2. Set-up: To set up the game distribute a stack of cards and markers to participants. Everyone should have the same number of cards and distribution should happen after rules are given. Play (keep strictly to the time limit): 3. First 3 minutes: Generate a pool of characteristics: think about aspects of the topic and write each down on a separate index card. 4. 12 Minutes: Develop concepts: divide the group into pairs. Each team draws 3 cards randomly from the pool. Teams develop concepts from the chosen cards. -5. 3 minutes: Make presentations: Each team presents the concepts they came up with. When presenting to the larger group, teams may reveal the cards that they drew and how the cards influenced their thinking. - Gray, David, Sunni Brown, and James Macanufo. 2010. Gamestorming: a playbook for innovators, rulebreakers, and changemakers. Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly. (game is credited to James Macanufo) - -http://www.gogamestorm.com/?p=360 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +5. 3 minutes: Make presentations: Each team presents the concepts they came up with. When presenting to the larger group, teams may reveal the cards that they drew and how the cards influenced their thinking. + 10 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + This format for brainstorming compresses the essentials of an ideation session into one short format. The numbers 3-12-3 refer to the amount of time in minutes given to each of three activities: 3 minutes for generating a pool of observations, 12 for combining those observations into rough concepts, and 3 again for presenting the concepts back to a group. Essential to this format is strict time keeping (speed is key). + false + http://www.gogamestorm.com/?p=360 + true + true @@ -621,15 +856,39 @@ These can now be assessed. 7Ps Framework - - Gray, David, Sunni Brown, and James Macanufo. 2010. Gamestorming: a playbook for innovators, rulebreakers, and changemakers. Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly - -http://www.gogamestorm.com/?p=263 - When preparing for a meeting, thinking through the 7Ps (Purpose, product, people, process,pitfalls, prep, practical) can improve focus and results, even if you have only a few moments to reflect on them. Note that a great plan can't guarantee a great outcome, but it will help lay down the fundamentals from which you can adapt. - -The 7Ps can give you a framework for designing a meeting, but they can't run the meeting for you. However, developing plans, for meetings or the project as a whole, helps the team work together more efficiently. - 1. Purpose: Consider the urgency of the meeting; whats going on and whats on fire? If this is difficult to articulate, ask yourself if a meeting is really necessary -2. Product: What specific artifact will we produce out of the meeting? What will it do and how will it serve the purpose? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Gray, David, Sunni Brown, and James Macanufo. 2010. Gamestorming: a playbook for innovators, rulebreakers, and changemakers. Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly + +http://www.gogamestorm.com/?p=263 + When preparing for a meeting, thinking through the 7Ps (Purpose, product, people, process,pitfalls, prep, practical) can improve focus and results, even if you have only a few moments to reflect on them. Note that a great plan can't guarantee a great outcome, but it will help lay down the fundamentals from which you can adapt. + +The 7Ps can give you a framework for designing a meeting, but they can't run the meeting for you. However, developing plans, for meetings or the project as a whole, helps the team work together more efficiently. + 1. Purpose: Consider the urgency of the meeting; whats going on and whats on fire? If this is difficult to articulate, ask yourself if a meeting is really necessary +2. Product: What specific artifact will we produce out of the meeting? What will it do and how will it serve the purpose? 3. People: Who needs to be there, and what role will they play? 4. Process: What agenda will the meeting participants use to create the product? Of all the 7Ps, the agenda is where you have the most opportunity to collaborate in advance. 5. Pitfalls: What are the risks of the meeting, and how will they be addressed? @@ -644,73 +903,18 @@ Each of the 7Ps can influence or change one of the others, and developing a good - AEIOU Framework - Wasson, Christina. "Ethnography in the Field of Design." Human Organization Winter 59.4 (2000). Print. - -http://help.ethnohub.com/guide/aeiou-framework - -Universal Methods of Design (page 10) - To conduct this method, use the AEIOU framework as a lens during observations. You might consider bringing pre-formated sheets to help record the observations under the appropriate headings, writing them as a reminder somewhere accessible, or memorizing them (with practice). - -Below is how Christina Wasson defines each element of the framework: --Activities are goal directed sets of actions- things which people want to accomplish --Environments include the entire arena where actions take place. --Interactions are between a person and someone or something else, and are the building blocks of activities. --Object are building blocks of the environment, key elements sometimes put to complex or unintended users, changing their function, meaning and context. --Users are the consumers, the people providing the behaviors, preferences and needs. - -Supplement this method with photos or video, and follow it with processing the data (e.g., clustering observations into higher level themes). - "AEIOU" is mneumonic device, to help reserachers remember to pay attention to and code five types of data during observations. Each one of the letters corresponds to a category: Activities, Environments, Interactions, Objects, Users. It's important to not only pay attention to the elements of the framework, but also the interactions between them. - -The AEIOU process should be conducted at the very beginning of your design process so that you understand exactly what and where your product relates to. - -The AEIOU framework was originated in 1991 at Doblin by Rick Robinson, Ilya Prokopoff, John Cain, and Julie Pokorny. Its aim was to help analyze Ethnomethodology data and Conversation analysis with MECE (Mutually exclusive/collectively exhaustive) categories. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - For methods that analyze trends. - - - - - - - - - - - 1 + + - - - - - - - - @@ -724,7 +928,31 @@ The AEIOU framework was originated in 1991 at Doblin by Rick Robinson, Ilya Prok Action Planning - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An effective action plan should give a definite timetable and set of clearly defined steps to help you to reach your objective. For each objective there should be a separate action plan. 1. Identify your objectives, choosing objectives that are achievable and measurable @@ -732,7 +960,6 @@ The AEIOU framework was originated in 1991 at Doblin by Rick Robinson, Ilya Prok 3. Identify steps needed to achieve your goals, who is required to achieve the action, and what are your deadlines Once you have produced an action plan, it must be reviewed regularly to ensure the actons are being completed. " - Celeste: I'm not sure we should include this method... it depends on how much we want to go into planning and project management, rather than focusing on design-oriented tasks. An 'action plan' is a statement of what you want to achieve over a given period of time, broken down into concrete steps. The process of action planning helps focus ideas and decide the steps you need to take to achieve particular goals. "http://www.peopleandparticipation.net/display/Methods/Action+Planning @@ -751,13 +978,13 @@ http://www.institute.nhs.uk/quality_and_service_improvement_tools/quality_and_se - + - + "http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/action_research.html @@ -834,14 +1061,6 @@ Kelly, Melissa, About.com Guide: Active Listening, Steps and Instructions"< - - - - - - - - @@ -856,13 +1075,13 @@ Kelly, Melissa, About.com Guide: Active Listening, Steps and Instructions"< - + - + "1. Observe at a given workplace @@ -893,68 +1112,57 @@ This process should be done in the beginning of the design process so it can bet Activity Modeling - - - + + + - - + + - - + + + + + + + + - + - - + + - - + + - + - - + + - Constantine, Larry L. Activity Modeling: Toward a Pragmatic Integration of Activity Theory with Usage-Centered Design. 2006. - -http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/activity-model.html#ixzz2xJOu2vGH - "By creating the following three parts, the designer should have insight as to how their product should fit into the existing model and how it would affect actors and artifacts in the system: - -1. Activity Map - identifies relevant activities and their interrelationships -2. Activity Profiles - describes the salient aspects of relevant activities -3. Participation Map - shows involvement of actors with the system, with other artifacts, and with other participants" - Activity Modeling aims to capture and succinctly represent the salient information regarding activities that are most relevant to design. Creating an activity model will allow the designer to organize information on processes and interactions performed by the target audience. An as-is model maps the current process without the suggested improvements, and a to-be model maps the process with the improvements implemented. - Deficits of Method: --Because this method is geared towards practitioners of design, it can be lacking in rigor and formal techniques - -Benefits of Method: --Very systematic and practically oriented. - -Related Methods: Activity Theory, User-Centered Design - Business Function Model @@ -963,7 +1171,13 @@ Related Methods: Activity Theory, User-Centered Design Actor Network Mapping - + + + + + + + Actors Map, Actor Analysis, ANT Mapping The actors map is a graph representing the system of actors with their mutual relations. It provides a systemic view of the service and of its context. @@ -983,11 +1197,35 @@ http://www.slideshare.net/LizaPotts/mapping-experiences-with-actor-network-theor + + + + + + + + + + + "The actors map is a graph representing the system of actors with their mutual relations. It provides a systemic view of the service and of its context. + +This method is meant to define the relationship of ""actors"" in the actor table in terms of how their roles are shared. This method should be used when there are a lot of actors in complicated relatonships. It seeks to answer the questions ""Who needs to interact with the system in similar ways?"" and ""Which roles are unique?""" + + + + + Affinity Diagramming - + + + + + + + Benefits of the method: Affinity diagramming is a simple and cost effective technique for soliciting ideas from a group and obtaining consensus on how information should be structured. KJ Method; KJ Technique http://www.servicedesigntools.org/tools/23 @@ -1033,6 +1271,24 @@ Most often, affinity diagrams are used to analyze findings from field studies, i Appreciative Inquiry + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Appreciative Inquiry sets out to discover elements and factors in an organization that enable it to succeed and then build on those elements to help the organization succeed. The questions used in this method are designed to encourage people to tell stories from their own experience of what works. By discussing what has worked in the past and the reasons why, the participants can go on to imagine and create a vision of what would make a successful future that has a firm grounding in the reality of past successes. @@ -1081,14 +1337,23 @@ Questions often revolve around what people enjoy about an area, their aspiration - + Atomize + - - + + - This exercise starts with a single item and ends with a layer-by-layer analysis of its components. It is useful for unpacking large but poorly understood structures. + Gray, David, Sunni Brown, and James Macanufo. 2010. Gamestorming: a playbook for innovators, rulebreakers, and changemakers. Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly. (game is credited to James Macanufo) + +http://www.gogamestorm.com/?p=522 + 1. Open the exercise by putting the name of the system on a sticky note at the top of a large whiteboard. Introduce the exercise as a way to understand what the system is made of in tangible terms, by breaking it down into its atoms. +2. To start the brainstorming, ask the group to "split" the main system into its components. In this step you are generating a list of things to capture on sticky notes directly below the main topic. Generally, a short list of three to five large components is the norm. +3. For each item, repeat the splitting process by asking "What combines to create this?" In this manner, you will build a pyramid of components all the way down. + +At some point, usually 4 to 5 layers deep, there is a natural turning point. Instead of becoming more diverse, the items start to ebcome more fundamental. + This method is a way to break down a system (e.g., service offering, tech platform, supply chain, company initiative, or group culture) into it's component parts by repeatedly asking the question "how does this component break down further". It is useful for unpacking large but poorly understood structures. It is similar to Action Planning in process, but different in goal. The outputs of the method document the system parts, but may also be used as inputs to other methods or activities. @@ -1128,17 +1393,99 @@ Do not prompt the respondent on how to reply. If a respondent says that a questi - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Learning about people and the way they think. Can deal with people's emotions. + + + + Attribute Listing + + + + + + + + + This technique breaks an existing product or system down into its component parts, and then explores different ways of modifying or replacing each part for the same or better effect, with the goal of recombining the parts into a new forms of the system. Attributes are those different categories into which the physical, psychological and social characteristics of things can be placed. By listing attributes, you gain both general and specific views of the ""world"" of that subject. Unfortunately, it's not clear how to deal with all the permutations this method would create. However, it's similar to later techniques such as Morphological Analysis. + http://www.mycoted.com/Attribute_Listing + +R. C. Crawford, The Techniques of Creative Thinking, 1954 + +M. Morgan, Creating Workforce Innovation, Business and Professional Publishing, 1993 + 1. Identify the product or process you are dissatisfied with or wish to improve. +2. List its attributes. For a simple physical object like a pen, this might include: Material, Shape, Target market, Colours, Textures, etc. +3. Choose, say, 7-8 of these attributes that seem particularly interesting or important. +4. Identify alternative ways to achieve each attribute (e.g. different shapes: cylindrical cubic, multi-faceted….), either by conventional enquiry, or via any idea-generating technique. +5. Combine one or more of these alternative ways of achieving the required attributes, and see if you can come up with a new approach to the product or process you were working on. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Autoethnography + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Tools needed: paper, pen, something to take notes on, journal, computer The first published autoethnography technique used in IT practice (see Duncan) described a 1993 study of hypermedia product development for effective design of hypermedia educational resources and software. The researcher journalized her experiences in designing, creating, and user testing hypermedia. The question asked was "how can I improve my design process?" which makes this technique a little closer to Reflective Practice than Ethnography. @@ -1160,7 +1507,31 @@ Autoethnography is used at the beginning of the design stage when designers want - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + @@ -1170,21 +1541,69 @@ Autoethnography is used at the beginning of the design stage when designers want Behavior Sampling - Behavior Sampling, as defined by IDEO, is a way to discover how products and services get integrated into people's routines in unanticipated ways. The goal is to capture contextual information at preset intervals, similar to what would be called "Instantaneous Behavior Sampling" in animal behavorial studies. - Behavior Sampling, IDEO Method Cards. ISBN 0-9544132-1-0 - -Hulkko, Sami, Tuuli Mattelmaki, Katja Virtanen, and Turkka Keinonen. "Mobile Probes." Hameentie 135C, University of Art and Design, Helsinki (2004): 43-44. Print. - Experience sampling method - Each participant is contacted by text, page, or phone call at regular or random intervals and prompted to write down how they feel or the context/activity they are in. - - - - - - - - Behavioral Archaeology + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Behavior Sampling, as defined by IDEO, is a way to discover how products and services get integrated into people's routines in unanticipated ways. The goal is to capture contextual information at preset intervals, similar to what would be called "Instantaneous Behavior Sampling" in animal behavorial studies. + Behavior Sampling, IDEO Method Cards. ISBN 0-9544132-1-0 + +Hulkko, Sami, Tuuli Mattelmaki, Katja Virtanen, and Turkka Keinonen. "Mobile Probes." Hameentie 135C, University of Art and Design, Helsinki (2004): 43-44. Print. + Experience sampling method + Each participant is contacted by text, page, or phone call at regular or random intervals and prompted to write down how they feel or the context/activity they are in. + + + + + + + + Behavioral Archaeology + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Schiffer, M.B. 1976. Behavioral Archeology. Academic Press. Behavioral Archeology, IDEO Method Cards. ISBN 0-9544132-1-0 @@ -1207,6 +1626,26 @@ c. Systemic scale: in an organization of one or more behavioral systems (a set o + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + "Behavior mapping is an objective method of observing behavior and associated built environoment components and attributes. It provides researchers with an innovative method of assessing behavior linked to detailed physical characteristics of outdoor areas, and it has been applied by the authors in studies of schools, neighborhood parks, children's museums, and zoos." +http://design.ncsu.edu/natural-learning/sites/default/files/Cosco_Moore_Islam_BehaviorMapping.pdf @@ -1214,8 +1653,18 @@ c. Systemic scale: in an organization of one or more behavioral systems (a set o - - Behavioral prototypes tend to be exploratory prototypes; they do not try to reproduce the architecture of the system to be developed but instead focus on what the system will do as seen by the users (the "skin"). Frequently, this kind of prototype is "quick and dirty," not built to project standards. For example, Visual Basic may be used as the prototyping language, while C++ is intended for the development project. Exploratory prototypes are temporary, are done with minimal effort, and are thrown away once they have served their purpose. + + + + + + + + "Behavioral prototypes tend to be exploratory prototypes; they do not try to reproduce the architecture of the system to be developed but instead focus on what the system will do as seen by the users (the "skin"). Frequently, this kind of prototype is "quick and dirty," not built to project standards. For example, Visual Basic may be used as the prototyping language, while C++ is intended for the development project. Exploratory prototypes are temporary, are done with minimal effort, and are thrown away once they have served their purpose." + +http://sce.uhcl.edu/helm/rationalunifiedprocess/process/workflow/manageme/co_proto.htm#Behavioral%20Prototypes + +Activity: http://chetmhcid.wordpress.com/2014/02/09/behavioral-prototype/ @@ -1224,7 +1673,7 @@ c. Systemic scale: in an organization of one or more behavioral systems (a set o Bifocal Display - + distortion display, focus+context display To achieve this goal, the display should achieve the following: 1. Clearly indicates how the values relate to one another, which in this case is a part-to-whole relationship - the number of deaths per cause, when summed, equal all deaths during the year. @@ -1255,12 +1704,66 @@ Ware, Colin (2004): Information Visualization: Perception for Design, 2nd Ed. Sa Blogs + + + + + + + + + + + + For instructions on how to create a blog, please see: http://www.quackit.com/create-a-blog/ Blogs provide an easy way to document and disseminate information (e.g., to a team or other stakeholders) as it's gathered. In addition, readers may be able to comment and add to a continued discussion with the design or research team. Blogs can be set up to allow general readership (public) or specific readership (private), requiring a login/password for access. For an example of how a blog might be used in design, see Steve Portigal's blog-based coverage of his Reading Ahead project: http://www.portigal.com/series/reading-ahead/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + "The blueprint is an operational tool that describes the nature and the characteristics of the service interaction in enough detail to verify, implement and maintain it. +" + + Is the same as "Service Blueprint" - these need to be combined. + + + + @@ -1279,27 +1782,60 @@ Bodystorming helps break the pattern of analyzing ideas around a conference tabl - + - - - Brain storming is one of the oldest known methods for generating group creativity. A group of people come together and focus on a problem or proposal. + + Borda Count Voting + + + + + + + + A voting system where voters rank options in order of preference. Each option is given a certain number of points corresponding to the position in which it was ranked by each voter. This may result in an average of the preferences of voters (i.e., broadly acceptable options), rather than the preferences of the majority, so is considered a "consensus-based voting" system. + Consensus Voting + 1. Each voter ranks options (all or a specified number) in order of preference. +2. Each option is given a point score based on the position it is ranked by each voter, with lesser preferences receiving fewer points. +3. Once all points are counted, the option with the highest total is the "winner". + http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borda_count + +http://participationcompass.org/article/show/161 + + -Although some studies have shown that individuals working alone can generate more and better ideas than when working as a group, the brainstorming activity enables everyone in the group to gain a better understanding of the problem space, and has the added benefit of creating a feeling of common ownership of results. -To maximize the range of ideas, you might have participants work alone first and then work as a group. This allows the team to tap into the individual creativity of each member, and then build on each others ideas. - There are two phases of the activity. The first phase generates ideas, the second phase evaluates them. An experienced facilitator is useful. Alex F. Osborn outlined four rules, which others (such as IDEO) have expanded upon: + + + + + There are two phases of the activity. The first phase generates ideas, the second phase evaluates them. An experienced facilitator is useful. Alex F. Osborn outlined four rules, which others (such as IDEO) have expanded upon: 1. Focus on quantity: This rule is a means of enhancing divergent production, aiming to facilitate problem solving through the maxim quantity breeds quality. The assumption is that the greater the number of ideas generated, the greater the chance of producing a radical and effective solution. 2. Withhold criticism: In brainstorming, criticism of ideas generated should be put 'on hold'. Instead, participants should focus on extending or adding to ideas, reserving criticism for a later 'critical stage' of the process. By suspending judgment, participants will feel free to generate unusual ideas. 3. Welcome unusual ideas: To get a good and long list of ideas, unusual ideas are welcomed. They can be generated by looking from new perspectives and suspending assumptions. These new ways of thinking may provide better solutions. -4. Combine and improve ideas: Good ideas may be combined to form a single better good idea, as suggested by the slogan "1+1=3". It is believed to stimulate the building of ideas by a process of association. - http://www.usabilitynet.org/tools/brainstorming.htm +4. Combine and improve ideas: Good ideas may be combined to form a single better good idea, as suggested by the slogan \"1+1=3\". It is believed to stimulate the building of ideas by a process of association. + 1 + 10 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + Although some studies have shown that individuals working alone can generate more and better ideas than when working as a group, the brainstorming activity enables everyone in the group to gain a better understanding of the problem space, and has the added benefit of creating a feeling of common ownership of results. + +Related methods: focus groups, requirements workshops + Brain storming is one of the oldest known methods for generating group creativity. A group of people come together and focus on a problem or proposal. + false + http://www.usabilitynet.org/tools/brainstorming.htm Osborn, AF Applied Imagination. Scribeners & Sons, 1963, NY. Edward de Bono, Serious Creativity, HarperBusiness, New York, US, 1992. -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorming +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorming + true + true @@ -1308,7 +1844,7 @@ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorming Brainwriting - + http://www.mycoted.com/Brainwriting http://www.kstoolkit.org/Brain+Writing @@ -1334,29 +1870,11 @@ http://www.kstoolkit.org/Brain+Writing - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - These methods instantiate ideas, scenarios, or concepts for testing or use. Building methods are most often used to instantiate current or future states. Prototyping, modeling? @@ -1366,7 +1884,7 @@ http://www.kstoolkit.org/Brain+Writing - + @@ -1376,6 +1894,24 @@ http://www.kstoolkit.org/Brain+Writing CARD Technique + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Collaborative Analysis of Requirement and Design Technique The first documented usage of CARD Technique was that of the studies in the work of U S West telephone companies during 1993-1996 Cards for the CARD sessions were based off of the training materials required of the components of the work, and included activities such as ""customers' requests and clarifications, operators' work with keyboard and screen,"" etc. @@ -1396,79 +1932,49 @@ Related Methods: Card Soring, Informance, Activity Analysis, Participant Observa - Canonical Abstract Prototyping - + - - + + - - + + - - + + - + - - + + - - + + - + - http://www.foruse.com/articles/canonical.pdf - -https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbalsamiq.com%2Fproducts%2Fmockups&ei=E_FCU_PpFoGMygGT0IGAAg&usg=AFQjCNFFL5-V8udvldF9E3VhD76dogmojQ&sig2=NzNle3aZLlAG-SfDb4-bXQ&bvm=bv.64363296,d.aWc - Canonical abstract prototypes use a toolkit of standardized abstract interface components (refraining from specifying details of appearance or behavior) to help specify and explore visual and interaction design ideas. The standardized components are meant to help bridge between abstract models (e.g., task flows and wireframes) and realistic or representational prototypes (e.g., photoshop mockups). - -As described by Constatine et al., these prototypes: -· are constructed from specific abstract components selected from a toolkit of standard components described in a uniform notation -· show layout, including relatives size, position, and nesting or overlay of components -· use the same standard vocabulary of the users and application domain as employed in other models throughout a project - -Canonical Abstract Prototyping is appropriate when attempting to take a task model and create a complete yet abstract conceptual design for the entire user interface. This makes generating a realistic model more straightforward. - The set consists of three generic or all-purpose abstract components (the container, the action/operation, and the active material) plus an assortment of auxiliary, special-purpose components that have proved useful in practice (e.g., elements, collections, select, delete, editable elements, etc.). Since all the materials are effectively specializations of the generic container and all the tools are specializations of the generic operation/action, generic components can always be used for any purpose. For conventional designs, each canonical component is simply realized by one or more standard user interface widgets. - -To generate the canonical abstract model from a task model: -1. For each cluster of closely related task cases, an interaction context is provisionally defined. For each task case in a cluster, the defining dialog or narrative is examined. -2. For each step in the narrative, the interface contents necessary for performance of the step are identified and appropriate abstract tools and materials are added to the contents of the interaction context. In practice, this is often accomplished using sticky notes to represent abstract components -3. Where specialized Canonical Abstract Components are clearly needed or preferred, these are used; otherwise, generic tools, materials, or combinations are used. Canonical Abstract Components model the various interactive functions–such as interrupting an action or displaying a collection of information–needed within the realized user interface. -4. Once all the necessary tools and materials have been incorporated into the interaction context, the layout and organization of the interaction context are explored. Area is allocated based on such things as importance, complexity, and user focus. -5. Abstract Components are positioned according to such issues as workflow and conceptual or semantic interrelationships and may be by combined into composite components when meaningful and potentially useful. - Balsamiq wireframes, standardized wireframes - Constantine, et al., claim that using a common abstract design vocabulary facilitates comparison between designs, as well as recognition and description of common design patterns. - -Benefits of this Method: -Design process is more manageable while allowing human creativity and thought to be more targeted toward the important aspects of the design - -Deficits of this Method: -Significant details for implementation and realization are not recognized at this stage, leaving it up to resolution by a designer. - -In many ways, this method is represented by tools such as Balsamiq that provide a standard set of interface widgets to build an interactive wireframe mockup, though system behavior can also be modeled in Balsamiq. @@ -1477,11 +1983,11 @@ In many ways, this method is represented by tools such as Balsamiq that provide - + - - + + These methods organize data as you capture it, doing a first pass analysis automatically. @@ -1496,45 +2002,51 @@ In many ways, this method is represented by tools such as Balsamiq that provide - - + + - - + + + 2 - + - + - + - - - 2 + + - - + + + + + + + + Card Sorting essentially involves the design team selecting a group of people to organize cards spatially, in ways that make sense to them. The respondents could be potential users or other stakeholders. When cards are sorted by members of the design team, it would generally be considered a form of affinity diagramming, a similar method in terms of process (though different in purpose). @@ -1577,47 +2089,65 @@ For a less formal analysis, you can eyeball how people group things, paying atte + + + + + + + + - - The character profiles is a tool for the creation of a shared knowledgeabout the service users inside the team. In order to build these character profiles it’s required the identification of some significant fictitious characters and then the collecting of an image and a textual description for each one of them. -The character profiles offer a clear and visible picture of the different kinds of users that are the centre of the design activities. + Character Profiles + + + + + + + + The character profile is a tool for the creation of shared knowledge within the design team about the users they are designing for. They differ from personas in that character profiles use significant fictitious characters (e.g., Macguyver) to represent users, including an image and a textual description for each one of them. + +The character profiles offer a clear and visible picture of the different kinds of users that are the center of the design activities, while being immediately recognizable and (theoretically) more memorable. + Follow the persona process to develop user profiles. -This method is most useful early in the design process when trying to share learnings about the user and how he/she interacts with his/her environment, but can also be used as concept inspiration, or as an initial evaluation tool. +When you've identified the user groups you'd like to represent, find a major fictitious character to represent that group. For example, MacGuyver may represent a group of users that tend to hack things together with what they have. + +Find an image of the character, and write a description of how the character's known attributes and needs play out in the specific design scenario. - + - - - + + - + - - + + - + - - + + - + - - + + @@ -1638,1316 +2168,1539 @@ This method is most useful early in the design process when trying to share lear - + - - - Information organized in time sequence, either forward or backward, is chronological. This organization pattern works well in explaining events over time such as monthly sales figures for the past year. Chronological ordering is also desirable to describe history or development, such as background leading to a personnel/management disagreement. Chronological sequencing of ideas is necessary to show time relationships. + + - + - - Citizen Advisory Groups - - http://participationcompass.org/article/show/169 + + + + -http://www.uvm.edu/extension/community/fs176-5.pdf - "While not as indepth as a community-wide visioning event may be, a citizen advisory group allows your planning commission to gain insight into important preferences as determined by a sample of your community’s experience and expertise. Whenever a group of people converge to discuss a planning topic, you are likely to observe community-held opinions." (UVM) - Advisory Groups - "Citizen advisory groups involve 10-30 members of the public who sit as a committee to inform and advise decision making over an extended period of time. Advisory groups can create effective and on-going dialogue that allow issues and concerns to be explored in depth, and ideally addressed, while the participants are still involved." (ParticipationCompass) -Depending on the purpose, the group may take different forms (representative sample, group representatives, or particular individuals). The group needs to have access to relevant information and may meet either over a couple of days as a one-off event, or regularly over a longer period. Most costs come from recruitment and retention of members, rather than in the running of the meetings themselves. - Tips: -1. Find the right people: Bring on those most affected first, then those who are generally interested, and then fill in any missing areas of expertise. -2. Get the group organized: Develop a clear goal, keep members focused on choices, and highlight underlying values of the issues. -3. Give them the problem—and stand behind their decision(s) or product(s). -4. Make everyone’s role clear: Maintain the focus and let the citizens make the choices. + + + + - + - - Citizens' Juries - - People and Participation Toolkit by Involve (http://www.involve.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/People-and-Participation.pdf) - 1. The "jury" is made up of people who are usually selected "at random" from a local or national population, with the selection process open to outside scrutiny. -2. The jurors cross-question expert "witnesses" — specialists they have called to provide different perspectives on the topic — and collectively produce a summary of their conclusions, typically in a short report. -3. The whole process is supervised by an oversight or advisory panel composed of a range of people with relevant knowledge and a possible interest in the outcome. They take no direct part in facilitating the citizens' jury. Members of this group subsequently decide whether to respond to, or act on, elements of this report. - Citizens' juries consist of a small panel of non-specialists, modelled on the structure of a criminal jury. The group set out to examine an issue of public significance in detail and deliver a "verdict". - -Citizens Juries are often used around current, often controversial, public policy issues where opinion is sharply divided and policy makers cannot decide what to do. + + - - - - Citizens' Panel - - Characteristic: - This evolved from Opinion Polls and Market Research techniques. Some tips include: - - Let panel members know what is expected of them during recruitment (e.g., surveys 4-6 times/year, little face-to-face engagement if any, how long they'll be on the panel, etc.) - - Engage the panel to 4-6 times per year (some will do once per month, but that may lead to participants dropping out), spaced throughout the year. - - Vary the form of engagement so participants have a choice in how to be involved (i.e., provide more than just a regular survey). - - Distribute outcomes of the feedback to participants (consider a newsletter) and the public. - - Use this method in conjunction with others. - 1. Recruit members of community or target population to be members -2. Administer surveys periodically, and possibly conduct more indepth research (such as Focus Groups or Interviews) to monitor public opinion. - A citizens' panel aims to be a representative consultative body of local residents and is typically used by statutory agencies, particularly local authorities and their partners, to identify local priorities and to consult service users and non-users on specific issues. In reality, panels are rarely demographically representative of the public and very few ensure that members represent a cross-section of political or social attitudes. - http://participationcompass.org/article/show/131 + -People and Participation Toolkit by Involve (http://www.involve.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/People-and-Participation.pdf) + + - + - - Citizens' Summits - - 1. The event is structured on work sessions which correspond to the main themes on the public agenda: finding solutions, prioritizing the solution on the main target groups and the selection of the best solutions. -2. The participants are organized in groups which are moderated by sociologist. -3. The debates are conceived in sequences, using the focus group methodology and are integrated by the simultaneous votes they receive at the end of each session. - Citizens' Summits are deliberative meetings involving large numbers of people (typically between 500-5000) and using communication technology to facilitate discussions. + + + + -The technology, which includes electronic voting, text messages, and online surveys, makes it possible to engage large numbers of people in the same place, at the same time. Citizens' summits trace their background to 21st Century Town Meetings and the work of AmericaSpeaks in the USA. -The advantage of a public debate is that it brings the local authorities closer to the citizens and the latter closer to the decision making process, increasing thus their involvement in the community. It is an event that catches the mass media's eye, that is easily disseminated and benefits from a modern methodology which offers the best ratio in terms of information, time and costs. (description from ParticipationCompass) - http://participationcompass.org/article/show/170 + + + + - + - - + + - + - - - Close-ended Questions are questions that are used to clarify facts, and their responses can often be answered with an easy "yes" or "no", or by choosing from a list of choices. Close-ended questions are common on surveys and questionnaires because the results are easy to tabulate and analyse numerically (i.e., they lend themselves to quantitative analysis). They should be used in qualitative research (e.g. interviews) to clarify confusion or verify information, but only as back-up to more open-ended questions. + + - + - - Closed Card Sorting - - In a closed card sort, participants are provided with a predetermined set of category names. They then assign the index cards to these fixed categories. + + + + -This helps reveal the degree to which the participants agree on which cards belong under each category. -Closed sorting is evaluative; it is typically used to judge whether a given set of category names provides an effective way to organize a given collection of content. - A variation of card sorting where respondents are asked to group cards into predefined categories. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_sorting + + + + + - + - - Closed Coding - - 1. Develop a set of codes based on your working theory or hypothesis. -2. Mark your data with this set of codes. -3. Pay attention to portions that fall outside your preset codes. - In a closed coding system, the researcher organizes data into a predefined set of codes based on a theory or hypothesis about how they subject works. + + - + - - + + - + - - - A cluster is a concentration of data or objects in one small area. + + - + - - Co-Design - - - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_design + + + + -http://servicedesigntools.org/taxonomy/term/1 -http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/TEDxEuclidAve-Ryan-Shelby-Co-De + -http://uxthink.wordpress.com/2012/03/01/reflections-on-a-co-design-work-shop/ + + + + -http://participationcompass.org/article/show/151 - 1. Invite users to collaborate with designers, researchers, and/or developers. -2. Then, an assessment of the needs of the users or community, with input from the users. -3. Working with users/community members to design and prototype a product/space/solution. -The designers should provide ways for people to engage with each other as well as instruments for communication, creativity, sharing insights and envisioning their own ideas. - Co-designing is an approach to the design process which attempts to involve all stakeholders (designers, employees, end users, etc.) in the design process. The central tenet of co-design is that the expert designer and the end user both have expertise to share: the designer on design processes, materials, etc., and the end user on their needs and what works for them. Stakeholders can contribute by helping to define the problem, develop ideas, and evaluate proposed solutions. + -In situations where users are meant to be empowered, it is important that both the designer and the end user contribute and control the process - i.e., working hand in hand. In general, the designer will find themselves acting more as a facilitator than a director of the process. Co-design is touted as particularly useful for creating solutions (products, services, environments, etc.) that are more responsive and appropriate to users' cultural, emotional, spiritual and practical needs. - May want to separate out co-design activities for ideating vs. gathering information vs. other parts of the process. This is more an approach and mindset than a method. - Co-Production, Participatory Design, Cooperative Design + + - + - - Coding System - - 1. Put your collected data into a form where you can code it (transcripts of some kind, a compilation of images in a software program, a wiki, etc.). -2. Go through your data and mark sections with appropriate codes. -3. Use a recursive, iterative process to develop the codes. Capture developed codes in a codebook -4. Gather all segments with the same code into one place for further analysis. + + + + -Variations include open and closed coding. A combination of the two approaches may be used (e.g., starting with a closed system, but revising it as new themes or concepts emerge from the data) - http://www.abdsurvivalguide.com/News/020603.htm -Effectively Using Qualitative Data: Tips from the Wilder Research program evaluation workshop series. Available online: http://www.wilder.org/Wilder-Research/Publications/Studies/Program%20Evaluation%20and%20Research%20Tips/Effectively%20Using%20Qualitative%20Data%20-%20Tips%20From%20the%20Wilder%20Research%20Program%20Evaluation%20Workshop%20Series,%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf - Coding is essentially a process of tagging portions of qualitative data with labels in order to start to find patterns within it. After coding is done, a quantitative analysis may also be performed on things like frequency, but the quality of tht analysis is highly dependent on the consistency or thoroughness of the initial coding process. + + + + - + - - Cognitive Map - - - Tips: - - Add meaning to concepts by phrasing concepts in the imperative form and including actors and actions if possible. - - Retain the words and phrases used by the problem owner to let them retain ownership, but avoid beginning phrases with "need..", "must.." or "want.." since they may confuse the causal relationship later. - - Start mapping about 2/3rds of the way up the paper in the middle. - - Try to keep concepts in small rectangles of text (rather than continuous lines). - - If possible, keep all concepts on one sheet of paper for easier linking later (30-40 is usually possible) - - Use soft pencils so you can easily rewrite (or stickies). - http://www.banxia.com/dexplore/resources/whats-in-a-name/ + + + + -Martin, Bella and Hanington, Bruce (2012). Universal Methods of Design. Beverley, MA: Rockport Publishers (page 30). -Ackermann, Fran, Colin Eden, and Steve Cropper. "Getting Started with Cognitive Mapping" in The Young OR Conference, University of Warwick, 1992, 65-82. - Cognitive Mapping is a diagram that represents relationships between concepts, where the concepts are linked by cause/effect, means/ends, or how/why relationships. Cognitive Maps were designed to support decision making, so the cause and effect link is essentially to help trace the possible desirable and undesirable outcomes of a decision. Unlike mind maps or concept maps, cognitive maps rarely use words or images as nodes - rather, each node is a phrase expressing an idea, ideally with a verb incorporated (e.g., "increase morale"). In addition, the idea may be "bi-polar" meaning it has contrasting options (e.g., "increase morale rather than decrease morale"; "long wait rather than less than 3 minute wait"). The portion before the "rather than" is the actual outcome, and the portion after is the avoided outcome. + -"Cognitive Map" can also refer to the map someone has in their head of how the world works, which becomes a mental model or mental map once written or drawn. - Basic Process: -1. Break a problem into its constituent elements (usually distinct phrases of 10-12 words), retaining the language of the person giving the account of the problem. -2. Treat each phrase as a single concept, and lay them out in a graphical format (with stickies on a whiteboard, on a computer program, etc.). A pair of phrases may be combined into a single phrase/concept if one provides a meaningful contrast to the other (i.e., makes a bi-polar concept) -3. Link phrases based on their cause/effect relationships, to form a hierarchy of means and ends. + + + + -Guidelines (some of which apply specifically if you are using this as a note-taking technique during an interview): - - Separate sentences into distinct phrases. - - Choose a way to distinguish between types of concepts (e.g., Goals, Strategic Directions, Potential Options) - consider hierachical layout or color coding. - - Watch out for goals, since they usually don't come out in the beginning of the explanation of the problem, but are often indicated by body language or intonation, or emphatic expressions of their "goodness." Goals are considered "good things per se" by the problem owner. - - Watch out for Strategic Directions - these are higher level concepts that may have a longer term implication, high cost, or need a number of actions to make them happen. - - Look for opposite poles - you may add them later in the interview/meeting as they are mentioned - - Identify the option and outcome within each pair of concepts by linking them with an arrow. + + + + + - + - - Cognitive Walkthrough - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (this is definitely expert review) - Cognitive walkthrough involves one or a group of evaluators inspecting a user interface by going through a set of tasks and evaluate its understandability and ease of learning. The user interface is often presented in the form of a paper mock-up or a working prototype, but it can also be a fully developed interface. The input to the walkthrough also include the user profile, especially the users' knowledge of the task domain and of the interface, and the task cases. The evaluators may include human factors engineers, software developers, or people from marketing, documentation, etc. This technique is best used in the design stage of development. But it can also be applied during the code, test, and deployment stages. - (2006) Mattias Arvola, Henrik Artman, Interaction Walkthroughs and Improvised Role Play, paper presented at http://servicedesigntools.org/tools/11 + + + + -http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~zwz22/CognWalk.htm -http://www.sigchi.org/chi95/proceedings/papers/bej1bdy.htm - Defining the Input to the Walkthrough: -1. Who will be the users of the system? -2. What task(s) will be analyzed? -3. What is the correct action sequence for each task? -4. How is the interface defined? + -Walking Through the Actions -1. Will the users try to achieve the right effect? -2. Will the user notice that the correct action is available? -3. Will the user associate the correct action with the effect to be achieved? -4. If the correct action is performed, will the user see that progress is being made toward solution of the task? + + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - + - - Community Appraisal - - Community appraisal is a questionnaire designed to gauge the viewpoints of all members of a community on issues such as employment, education, etc. Community Appraisals may be conducted to form a plan of action to resolve an issue or improve existing services. - Steps outlined on Participation Compass: -1. Form a steering committee to take an oversight role. -2. Write up a questionnaire which is to be distributed to households and later collected. As an alternative, software such as ‘Village Appraisals for Windows’ can be used instead of the paper option. -3. Sort the responses and compile a report of the findings. -4. Distribute the report throughout the community to citizens and to decision-makers in local authorities. Attempts can also be made to convince the local media to discuss the issues raised by the report. -5. Agree on actions to be taken that address the concerns raised by the report with the relevant bodies. -6. Monitor developments and report back to the community with information about the progress of the initiatives. - http://participationcompass.org/article/show/195 + + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - + - - + + - + - - Community Guide - - A community guide is a person who knows the community or group of people you are studying well, and can introduce you to people you may like to recruit. They may act as a liason between the researcher and the participants. + + - + - - Competitive Analysis - - - Competitive Product Survey, IDEO Method Cards. ISBN 0-9544132-1-0 + + + + -http://www.usabilitynet.org/tools/competitoranalysis.htm -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitor_analysis - Competitive Product Survey, Competitor Analysis - Competitive analysis identifies the strengths and weaknesses of competing products or services by systematically surveying other offerings. This method helps to increase awareness about ways in which other companies are solving similar problems, serves as a guide for how existing products can be improved on, and can help guide user research. It may be used to help establish functional requirements, performace standards and other benchmarks. - 1. Collect a list of possible competitors. This may be restricted to products in the immediate market space, or as broad as the other ways people fill their time, or currently get relevant needs met depending on the context. -2. Develop a list of characteristics or success factors to compare between competitors based on expected customer benefits. -3. For each competitive option, collect information on those characteristics (this may require purchasing the option, interviewing users of the other options, or simply finding the information on the internet) and rate their success. The goal is to capture what each product does well and where it could be improved upon. -4. Organize collected information in a table to facilitate comparisons. Consider including weighting factors for more or less important characteristics. + + + + - + - - - For difficult, technical, or abstract topics, the best plan of organization is often from simple to complex. + + - + + + + + + - - - A method for finding dimensions. - Componential analyis is the systematic search for the attributes (components of meaning) associated with cultural categories. Whenever an ethnographer discovers contrasts among the members of a domain, these contrasts are best thought of as attributes or components of meaning. -The purpose of Componential Analysis is to organize and represent contrasts discovered through ethnographies and taxonomies. + -This method of organizing information should be used with ethnographic research, specifically with the methods of Participant Observation and Taxonomies + + - + - - + + - + - - Concept Map - - A concept map is a diagram that connects concepts (generally nouns) with arrows labeled with linking words (generally verbs such as causes, requires, etc.) in a downward branching hierarchy. A key difference between concept mapping and mindmapping is that mindmaps generally have a central concept with a radial or tree structure, whereas concept maps may have multiple root concepts. + + + + -In education, Concept Mapping is used as a tool for designing and structuring curricula; also for helping students better retain information. Concept mapping can be utilized in multiple ways including: lesson planning, study guides, and tutorial outlines. - Martin, Bella and Hanington, Bruce (2012). Universal Methods of Design. Beverley, MA: Rockport Publishers. -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_maps - 1. Identify a particular activity or topic you would like to understand more completely. It is most effective to clearly define the range of the topic so as keep the map contained and focused. Writing a Focus Question is a good way to define the domain of the map. -2. Generate a list of 15-20 concepts and rank them from general to specific as they relate to the focus question. -3. Construct a preliminary map (using paper or computer based tools), organizing the concepts hierarchically based on the ranking in Step 2. -4. Move the concepts around until (by trial and error) the best hierarchy is reached. -5. Add cross-links between subdomains in the map. -6. Add linking words to define relationships between concepts. -7. Revise and rewrite until a final map emerges that answers the focus question. + -Ultimately, concept mapping will result in a chart of ideas and their relationships to one another. This form of structuring topics enables the creator to visually understand and review how an overall Focus Question can be broken down into relevant sub-domains of important related concepts. + + - - - - - - Conjoint analysis allows researchers to establish how much consumers value individual features of products or services. + -Conjoint analysis can be used after there is a final product and a marketing strategy wants to be developed; which features to emphasize and what price to sell it at. It can also be used to determine what specific features and combination of features consumers find to be most important before designing a product. + + - - - - Consensus Conference - - A consensus conference is made up of a panel of citizens who question expert witnesses on a particular topic at a public conference. Their recommendations are then circulated widely. - -A feature of this method is that the initiative lies with the citizens- they who define what the key points of the debate will be, including the choice of questions and selection of the witnesses -they create their own final conclusions. - -In common with Citizens' Juries, Consensus Conferences aim to both inform and consult, but Consensus Conferences take place in the public gaze. - 1. Invite a group of citizens (members of the lay public who have no specific knowledge of the issue at hand) to apply, and choose participants to be as demographically representative of the public as possible. -2. Participants attend two preparatory weekends, and given material prepared to gain a basic understanding of the issue. -3. The panel participates in a 4-day conference where they attend Q&A sessions with experts, including opposing views. -4. The citizen participants prepare a final report with their views, opinions, and recommendations for the issue. -5. On the last day of the conference, the citizens discuss their views with policy- and decision-makers. - http://participationcompass.org/article/show/139 - -http://participationcompass.org/article/show/139 + -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_conferences + + - + - - + + - + - - + + - + - - + + + Information organized in time sequence, either forward or backward, is chronological. This organization pattern works well in explaining events over time such as monthly sales figures for the past year. Chronological ordering is also desirable to describe history or development, such as background leading to a personnel/management disagreement. Chronological sequencing of ideas is necessary to show time relationships. - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "Content models can be used in a variety of ways depending on the level of abstraction and simplicity. Content inventories, the most simple and abstract form, consist of simple lists inventorying the information and controls to be collected within a given interaction context. + + Citizen Advisory Groups + + http://participationcompass.org/article/show/169 + +http://www.uvm.edu/extension/community/fs176-5.pdf + "While not as indepth as a community-wide visioning event may be, a citizen advisory group allows your planning commission to gain insight into important preferences as determined by a sample of your community’s experience and expertise. Whenever a group of people converge to discuss a planning topic, you are likely to observe community-held opinions." (UVM) + Advisory Groups + "Citizen advisory groups involve 10-30 members of the public who sit as a committee to inform and advise decision making over an extended period of time. Advisory groups can create effective and on-going dialogue that allow issues and concerns to be explored in depth, and ideally addressed, while the participants are still involved." (ParticipationCompass) -Content models are appropriate during the prototype generation phase of the design process, when the design is still in more abstract forms. They serve as an appropriate lead-in to resolving detailed design decisions" +Depending on the purpose, the group may take different forms (representative sample, group representatives, or particular individuals). The group needs to have access to relevant information and may meet either over a couple of days as a one-off event, or regularly over a longer period. Most costs come from recruitment and retention of members, rather than in the running of the meetings themselves. + Tips: +1. Find the right people: Bring on those most affected first, then those who are generally interested, and then fill in any missing areas of expertise. +2. Get the group organized: Develop a clear goal, keep members focused on choices, and highlight underlying values of the issues. +3. Give them the problem—and stand behind their decision(s) or product(s). +4. Make everyone’s role clear: Maintain the focus and let the citizens make the choices. - + - - - + + Citizens' Juries + + People and Participation Toolkit by Involve (http://www.involve.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/People-and-Participation.pdf) + 1. The "jury" is made up of people who are usually selected "at random" from a local or national population, with the selection process open to outside scrutiny. +2. The jurors cross-question expert "witnesses" — specialists they have called to provide different perspectives on the topic — and collectively produce a summary of their conclusions, typically in a short report. +3. The whole process is supervised by an oversight or advisory panel composed of a range of people with relevant knowledge and a possible interest in the outcome. They take no direct part in facilitating the citizens' jury. Members of this group subsequently decide whether to respond to, or act on, elements of this report. + Citizens' juries consist of a small panel of non-specialists, modelled on the structure of a criminal jury. The group set out to examine an issue of public significance in detail and deliver a "verdict". + +Citizens Juries are often used around current, often controversial, public policy issues where opinion is sharply divided and policy makers cannot decide what to do. - + - - - Context of Use (CoU) analysis is a generic technique that assists development by posing certain probe questions about the project. The probe questions elicit from the development team and other stakeholders in the project information that may be held 'below the surface' by one or more of the constituent groups. + + Citizens' Panel + + Characteristic: + This evolved from Opinion Polls and Market Research techniques. Some tips include: + - Let panel members know what is expected of them during recruitment (e.g., surveys 4-6 times/year, little face-to-face engagement if any, how long they'll be on the panel, etc.) + - Engage the panel to 4-6 times per year (some will do once per month, but that may lead to participants dropping out), spaced throughout the year. + - Vary the form of engagement so participants have a choice in how to be involved (i.e., provide more than just a regular survey). + - Distribute outcomes of the feedback to participants (consider a newsletter) and the public. + - Use this method in conjunction with others. + 1. Recruit members of community or target population to be members +2. Administer surveys periodically, and possibly conduct more indepth research (such as Focus Groups or Interviews) to monitor public opinion. + A citizens' panel aims to be a representative consultative body of local residents and is typically used by statutory agencies, particularly local authorities and their partners, to identify local priorities and to consult service users and non-users on specific issues. In reality, panels are rarely demographically representative of the public and very few ensure that members represent a cross-section of political or social attitudes. + http://participationcompass.org/article/show/131 -Questions asked deal with the following three issues: -1. Who will use the software? -2. What will they do w the software? -3. Where will they use the software? +People and Participation Toolkit by Involve (http://www.involve.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/People-and-Participation.pdf) - + - - - Context of Use (CoU) analysis is a generic technique that assists development by posing certain probe questions about the project. The probe questions elicit from the development team and other stakeholders in the project information that may be held 'below the surface' by one or more of the constituent groups. + + Citizens' Summits + + 1. The event is structured on work sessions which correspond to the main themes on the public agenda: finding solutions, prioritizing the solution on the main target groups and the selection of the best solutions. +2. The participants are organized in groups which are moderated by sociologist. +3. The debates are conceived in sequences, using the focus group methodology and are integrated by the simultaneous votes they receive at the end of each session. + Citizens' Summits are deliberative meetings involving large numbers of people (typically between 500-5000) and using communication technology to facilitate discussions. -Questions asked deal with the following three issues: -1. Who will use the software? -2. What will they do w the software? -3. Where will they use the software? +The technology, which includes electronic voting, text messages, and online surveys, makes it possible to engage large numbers of people in the same place, at the same time. Citizens' summits trace their background to 21st Century Town Meetings and the work of AmericaSpeaks in the USA. + +The advantage of a public debate is that it brings the local authorities closer to the citizens and the latter closer to the decision making process, increasing thus their involvement in the community. It is an event that catches the mass media's eye, that is easily disseminated and benefits from a modern methodology which offers the best ratio in terms of information, time and costs. (description from ParticipationCompass) + http://participationcompass.org/article/show/170 - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Conversation Cafe is an informal dialogue method which invites people to take part in discussions about topical issues in an informal setting. + + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + Close-ended Questions are questions that are used to clarify facts, and their responses can often be answered with an easy "yes" or "no", or by choosing from a list of choices. Close-ended questions are common on surveys and questionnaires because the results are easy to tabulate and analyse numerically (i.e., they lend themselves to quantitative analysis). They should be used in qualitative research (e.g. interviews) to clarify confusion or verify information, but only as back-up to more open-ended questions. - + - - - Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) estimates and totals up the equivalent money value of the benefits and costs to the community/company/organization of various projects to establish whether they are worthwhile. + + Closed Card Sorting + + In a closed card sort, participants are provided with a predetermined set of category names. They then assign the index cards to these fixed categories. -Applying a user-centric approach to the design of any product can radically improve the performance of individual projects and your business as a whole. +This helps reveal the degree to which the participants agree on which cards belong under each category. -This method can be used for businesses and project management. +Closed sorting is evaluative; it is typically used to judge whether a given set of category names provides an effective way to organize a given collection of content. + A variation of card sorting where respondents are asked to group cards into predefined categories. + http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_sorting - + - - - Game about pure imagination. Purpose is to think expansively around an ideal future state of the organization; an exercise in visioning. Object of the game is to suspend all disbelief and envision a future state that is so stellar that it landed your organization on the cover of a well-known magazine. The players must pretend as though this future has already taken place and has been reported by the mainstream media. Worth doing this acitivity because it not only encourages people to think big but also actually plants the seeds for a future that perhaps wasnt possibly before the game was played. + + Closed Coding + + 1. Develop a set of codes based on your working theory or hypothesis. +2. Mark your data with this set of codes. +3. Pay attention to portions that fall outside your preset codes. + In a closed coding system, the researcher organizes data into a predefined set of codes based on a theory or hypothesis about how they subject works. - + - - + + - - - - - - + + + Coding System + + + + + + + + 1. Put your collected data into a form where you can code it (transcripts of some kind, a compilation of images in a software program, a wiki, etc.). +2. Go through your data and mark sections with appropriate codes. +3. Use a recursive, iterative process to develop the codes. Capture developed codes in a codebook +4. Gather all segments with the same code into one place for further analysis. - +Variations include open and closed coding. A combination of the two approaches may be used (e.g., starting with a closed system, but revising it as new themes or concepts emerge from the data) + http://www.abdsurvivalguide.com/News/020603.htm - - - The CIT is a method for getting a subjective report while minimising interference from stereotypical reactions or received opinions. It is an open-ended retrospective method of finding out what users feel are the critical features of the software being evaluated. +Effectively Using Qualitative Data: Tips from the Wilder Research program evaluation workshop series. Available online: http://www.wilder.org/Wilder-Research/Publications/Studies/Program%20Evaluation%20and%20Research%20Tips/Effectively%20Using%20Qualitative%20Data%20-%20Tips%20From%20the%20Wilder%20Research%20Program%20Evaluation%20Workshop%20Series,%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf + Coding is essentially a process of tagging portions of qualitative data with labels in order to start to find patterns within it. After coding is done, a quantitative analysis may also be performed on things like frequency, but the quality of tht analysis is highly dependent on the consistency or thoroughness of the initial coding process. - - - - - Cultural inventory is the process of reviewing all fieldnotes from previous ethnographic research in an effort to perceive the cultural experience holistically, identify any possible gaps in the research that can be easily filled, and to discover methods of organizing the final ethnography paper. - -Use this method after conducting ethnographic research, taxonomies, and componential analyses, but before writing a final ethnography paper. - - + + + Cognitive Map + + + + + + + + Tips: + - Add meaning to concepts by phrasing concepts in the imperative form and including actors and actions if possible. + - Retain the words and phrases used by the problem owner to let them retain ownership, but avoid beginning phrases with "need..", "must.." or "want.." since they may confuse the causal relationship later. + - Start mapping about 2/3rds of the way up the paper in the middle. + - Try to keep concepts in small rectangles of text (rather than continuous lines). + - If possible, keep all concepts on one sheet of paper for easier linking later (30-40 is usually possible) + - Use soft pencils so you can easily rewrite (or stickies). + http://www.banxia.com/dexplore/resources/whats-in-a-name/ - +Martin, Bella and Hanington, Bruce (2012). Universal Methods of Design. Beverley, MA: Rockport Publishers (page 30). - - - Cultural Probes are used to insight inspirational responses about the daily life and habits of communities in a naturally engaging way. It serves as a means of gathering inspirational data about people's lives, values and thoughts. +Ackermann, Fran, Colin Eden, and Steve Cropper. "Getting Started with Cognitive Mapping" in The Young OR Conference, University of Warwick, 1992, 65-82. + Cognitive Mapping is a diagram that represents relationships between concepts, where the concepts are linked by cause/effect, means/ends, or how/why relationships. Cognitive Maps were designed to support decision making, so the cause and effect link is essentially to help trace the possible desirable and undesirable outcomes of a decision. Unlike mind maps or concept maps, cognitive maps rarely use words or images as nodes - rather, each node is a phrase expressing an idea, ideally with a verb incorporated (e.g., "increase morale"). In addition, the idea may be "bi-polar" meaning it has contrasting options (e.g., "increase morale rather than decrease morale"; "long wait rather than less than 3 minute wait"). The portion before the "rather than" is the actual outcome, and the portion after is the avoided outcome. -This method should be used for qualitative anecdotes and not for qualitative results. +"Cognitive Map" can also refer to the map someone has in their head of how the world works, which becomes a mental model or mental map once written or drawn. + Basic Process: +1. Break a problem into its constituent elements (usually distinct phrases of 10-12 words), retaining the language of the person giving the account of the problem. +2. Treat each phrase as a single concept, and lay them out in a graphical format (with stickies on a whiteboard, on a computer program, etc.). A pair of phrases may be combined into a single phrase/concept if one provides a meaningful contrast to the other (i.e., makes a bi-polar concept) +3. Link phrases based on their cause/effect relationships, to form a hierarchy of means and ends. + +Guidelines (some of which apply specifically if you are using this as a note-taking technique during an interview): + - Separate sentences into distinct phrases. + - Choose a way to distinguish between types of concepts (e.g., Goals, Strategic Directions, Potential Options) - consider hierachical layout or color coding. + - Watch out for goals, since they usually don't come out in the beginning of the explanation of the problem, but are often indicated by body language or intonation, or emphatic expressions of their "goodness." Goals are considered "good things per se" by the problem owner. + - Watch out for Strategic Directions - these are higher level concepts that may have a longer term implication, high cost, or need a number of actions to make them happen. + - Look for opposite poles - you may add them later in the interview/meeting as they are mentioned + - Identify the option and outcome within each pair of concepts by linking them with an arrow. - - - - - - + + + Cognitive Walkthrough + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (this is definitely expert review) + (2006) Mattias Arvola, Henrik Artman, Interaction Walkthroughs and Improvised Role Play, paper presented at http://servicedesigntools.org/tools/11 - +http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~zwz22/CognWalk.htm - - - - Customer Journey Mapping is a tool for visualising how customers interact with people and organisations in order to make a purchase or experience a service. +http://www.sigchi.org/chi95/proceedings/papers/bej1bdy.htm + Cognitive walkthrough involves one or a group of evaluators inspecting a user interface by going through a set of tasks and evaluate its understandability and ease of learning. The user interface is often presented in the form of a paper mock-up or a working prototype, but it can also be a fully developed interface. The input to the walkthrough also include the user profile, especially the users' knowledge of the task domain and of the interface, and the task cases. The evaluators may include human factors engineers, software developers, or people from marketing, documentation, etc. This technique is best used in the design stage of development. But it can also be applied during the code, test, and deployment stages. + Defining the Input to the Walkthrough: +1. Who will be the users of the system? +2. What task(s) will be analyzed? +3. What is the correct action sequence for each task? +4. How is the interface defined? -Customer Journey Mapping comes from the corporate sector and market research. It can be used as a form of consultation to improve a service through finding out how people use the service and how they interact with the service provider. It provides a map of the interactions and emotions that take place, and can help an organisation provide its customers with the experience it wants them to have. +Walking Through the Actions +1. Will the users try to achieve the right effect? +2. Will the user notice that the correct action is available? +3. Will the user associate the correct action with the effect to be achieved? +4. If the correct action is performed, will the user see that progress is being made toward solution of the task? - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + "Wiki is a tool used by many to author a document together. This method includes working together to achieve collective results that the participants would be incapable of accomplishing working online. Because of the nature of a wiki to combine all knowledge into one space, users can expect to be more informed after visiting a wiki. + +In addition, summarizing a topic and addressing important information is a learning experience of its own. The ability to explain a topic in written form requires a sufficient understanding of the topic alone. + +Dandelion is an extension from Wiki. It is built to support coordinated, collaborative authoring in wikis with a tag-based function that allows specification of co-authoring tasks. - - - A cycle is a regularly recurring series of data. +Dandelion is better at supporting more structured collaborative document authoring, where the role of a coordinator is clear and the document outline is known" + - + - - + + Community Appraisal + + Community appraisal is a questionnaire designed to gauge the viewpoints of all members of a community on issues such as employment, education, etc. Community Appraisals may be conducted to form a plan of action to resolve an issue or improve existing services. + Steps outlined on Participation Compass: +1. Form a steering committee to take an oversight role. +2. Write up a questionnaire which is to be distributed to households and later collected. As an alternative, software such as ‘Village Appraisals for Windows’ can be used instead of the paper option. +3. Sort the responses and compile a report of the findings. +4. Distribute the report throughout the community to citizens and to decision-makers in local authorities. Attempts can also be made to convince the local media to discuss the issues raised by the report. +5. Agree on actions to be taken that address the concerns raised by the report with the relevant bodies. +6. Monitor developments and report back to the community with information about the progress of the initiatives. + http://participationcompass.org/article/show/195 - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + - Design Research - + - - - + + - - + + - - Analysis and Synthesis, Evaluating and Testing + + - + - - + + Community Guide + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A community guide is a person who knows the community or group of people you are studying well, and can introduce you to people you may like to recruit. They may act as a liason between the researcher and the participants. - + - - - + + Competitive Analysis + + + + + + + + Competitive Product Survey, IDEO Method Cards. ISBN 0-9544132-1-0 + +http://www.usabilitynet.org/tools/competitoranalysis.htm + +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitor_analysis + Competitive analysis identifies the strengths and weaknesses of competing products or services by systematically surveying other offerings. This method helps to increase awareness about ways in which other companies are solving similar problems, serves as a guide for how existing products can be improved on, and can help guide user research. It may be used to help establish functional requirements, performace standards and other benchmarks. + 1. Collect a list of possible competitors. This may be restricted to products in the immediate market space, or as broad as the other ways people fill their time, or currently get relevant needs met depending on the context. +2. Develop a list of characteristics or success factors to compare between competitors based on expected customer benefits. +3. For each competitive option, collect information on those characteristics (this may require purchasing the option, interviewing users of the other options, or simply finding the information on the internet) and rate their success. The goal is to capture what each product does well and where it could be improved upon. +4. Organize collected information in a table to facilitate comparisons. Consider including weighting factors for more or less important characteristics. - + - - + + + For difficult, technical, or abstract topics, the best plan of organization is often from simple to complex. - + - - - breaking observations down into component pieces. This is the classical definition of analysis. - - + + Componential Analysis + + "1. Select a domain for analysis +2. Inventory all contrasts previously discovered - Possibly start with notes complied from asking contrast questions and/or making selective observations. (e.g. Aremnian Catholics speak Armenian as a first language; Shunni speak Arabic as a first language.) +3. Prepare a paradigm worksheet - consists of an empty paradigm in which you enter the cultural categories of the domain down the lefthand column, while making notes about the relationships between the paradigm and the other domains. +4. Identify dimensions of contrast that have binary values - A dimension of contrast is an idea or concept that has at least two parts, although in this case it specifically has two parts since the values must be binary. (e.g. If you were analyzing the domain ""kinds of trees,"" you would come up with one dimension of contrast that might be stated ""characterized by the presence of leaves."" This is a dimension of contrast related to trees and has two values or parts: ""yes"" or ""no."") +5. Combine closely related dimensions of contrast into ones that have multipe values - Instead of ""yes"" or ""no"" dimensions of contrast, add more complex ones such as ""First language,"" providing more qualitative information. +6. Prepare contrast questions for missing attributes +7. Conduct selective observations to discover missing information +8. Prepare a completed paradigm - This final paradigm can be used as a chart in ethnographic research." + feature analysis, contrast analysis + Henning, Jeffery. Model Languages. 1 Nov. 1995. Web. 17 Feb. 2010. http://www.langmaker.com/ml0106a.htm. +Spradley, James P. Participant Observation. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980. http://www.jstor.org/pss/2392270 - +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Componential_analysis + 1. Select a domain for analysis +2. Inventory all contrasts previously discovered - Possibly start with notes complied from asking contrast questions and/or making selective observations. (e.g. Aremnian Catholics speak Armenian as a first language; Shunni speak Arabic as a first language.) +3. Prepare a paradigm worksheet - consists of an empty paradigm in which you enter the cultural categories of the domain down the lefthand column, while making notes about the relationships between the paradigm and the other domains. +4. Identify dimensions of contrast that have binary values - A dimension of contrast is an idea or concept that has at least two parts, although in this case it specifically has two parts since the values must be binary. (e.g. If you were analyzing the domain "kinds of trees," you would come up with one dimension of contrast that might be stated "characterized by the presence of leaves." This is a dimension of contrast related to trees and has two values or parts: "yes" or "no.") +5. Combine closely related dimensions of contrast into ones that have multipe values - Instead of "yes" or "no" dimensions of contrast, add more complex ones such as "First language," providing more qualitative information. +6. Prepare contrast questions for missing attributes +7. Conduct selective observations to discover missing information +8. Prepare a completed paradigm - This final paradigm can be used as a chart in ethnographic research. + Componential analyis is the systematic search for the attributes (components of meaning) associated with cultural categories. Whenever an ethnographer discovers contrasts among the members of a domain, these contrasts are best thought of as attributes or components of meaning. It has been most frequently used to breakdown the meanings of somewhat related words with particular emphasis placed on kinship analysis words (eg: brother, mother, aunt) and their translation between languages. For example, one could compare the terms sister and brother and find that these terms are parallel in the sense that both are children of the same parent but will find that the words differ in gender identified. - - - This organizational plan presents the main idea or conclusions and recommendations first. Examples, reasons, and clarification follow. Most business writing is deductive because this method presents information clearly and openly. Use this plan for routine messages, such as those that convey favorable or neutral information. For example, to inform students of campus parking regulations, a straightforward announcement should be made. But if students must be persuaded to pay an extra fee for parking in preferred locations, a letter describing the proposal might be written inductively with the reasons coming before the main idea. +The purpose of Componential Analysis is to organize and represent contrasts discovered through ethnographic or other qualitative research. In design, it may be useful for identifying cultural meanings which may help analyze and understand other information. - + - - - A deliberative poll measures what the public would think about an issue if they had an adequate chance to reflect on the questions at hand. Deliberative polling observes the evolution of the views of a citizen test group as they learn more about a topic and is more statistically representative than many other approaches due to its large scale. - - + + Concept Map + + + + + + + + A concept map is a diagram that connects concepts (generally nouns) with arrows labeled with linking words (generally verbs such as causes, requires, etc.) in a downward branching hierarchy. A key difference between concept mapping and mindmapping is that mindmaps generally have a central concept with a radial or tree structure, whereas concept maps may have multiple root concepts. +In education, Concept Mapping is used as a tool for designing and structuring curricula; also for helping students better retain information. Concept mapping can be utilized in multiple ways including: lesson planning, study guides, and tutorial outlines. + Martin, Bella and Hanington, Bruce (2012). Universal Methods of Design. Beverley, MA: Rockport Publishers. - +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_maps + 1. Identify a particular activity or topic you would like to understand more completely. It is most effective to clearly define the range of the topic so as keep the map contained and focused. Writing a Focus Question is a good way to define the domain of the map. +2. Generate a list of 15-20 concepts and rank them from general to specific as they relate to the focus question. +3. Construct a preliminary map (using paper or computer based tools), organizing the concepts hierarchically based on the ranking in Step 2. +4. Move the concepts around until (by trial and error) the best hierarchy is reached. +5. Add cross-links between subdomains in the map. +6. Add linking words to define relationships between concepts. +7. Revise and rewrite until a final map emerges that answers the focus question. - - +Ultimately, concept mapping will result in a chart of ideas and their relationships to one another. This form of structuring topics enables the creator to visually understand and review how an overall Focus Question can be broken down into relevant sub-domains of important related concepts. - - - - - - + + + Conjoint Analysis + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Benefits of this method: Simulates the trade-off decisions that consumers make in real life - +Conjoint analysis was popularised as a tool for the practical analysis of rank order consumer judgment data by Green and Rao (1971) and Green and Wind (1973). - - - A Delphi Survey is a series of questionnaires that allow experts or people with specific knowledge to develop ideas about potential future developments around an issue. The questionnaires are developed throughout the process in relation to the responses given by participants. - - +The theory that underlies the design and analysis of rank-order judgment experiments was developed by several writers (for example, Luce and Tukey, 1964; Kruskal, 1965; Tversky, 1967), and is summarised in Krantz et al, (1971). + Comber, Miriam. The Methods Lab: Conjoint Techniques. +Louviere, Jordan J. Conjoint Analysis Modelling of Stated Preferences: A Review of Theory, Methods, Recent Developments and External Validity. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 22, No. 1, Stated Preference Methodsin Transport Research (Jan., 1988), pp. 93-119. - +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoint_analysis + 1. Decide on the set of features or ideas you want to test. +2. Simple conjoint analysis can be carried out by telephone or face-to-face interview. More complex problems may call for a computer-driven interview. +3.Have participants rate or rank combinations of features, or to choose between two or more combinations. This forces them to make trade-off decisions which is closer to how they make choices in real life. +4. Analysis of the ratings allocates a value to each feature and to each of the options from which it is possible to estimate the value of any combination of these elements. + Conjoint analysis allows researchers to establish how much consumers value individual features of products or services. It requires participants to make a series of tradeoffs - essentially choosing between each pair of features or ideas - and then uses quantitative analysis techniques to determine the relative importance of each feature or idea. - - +Conjoint analysis can be used after there is a final product and a marketing strategy wants to be developed; which features to emphasize and what price to sell it at. It can also be used to determine what specific features and combination of features consumers find to be most important before designing a product. - - - - - Use Design-in-Context in the beginning of the design phase. This method can be used in contexts of defined boundaries - such as in a factory. Is also very useful to test prototypes and observe how the user interacts and relates to the new product. - - - + - + + Consensus Conference + + A consensus conference is made up of a panel of citizens who question expert witnesses on a particular topic at a public conference. Their recommendations are then circulated widely. - - - - +A feature of this method is that the initiative lies with the citizens- they who define what the key points of the debate will be, including the choice of questions and selection of the witnesses -they create their own final conclusions. +In common with Citizens' Juries, Consensus Conferences aim to both inform and consult, but Consensus Conferences take place in the public gaze. + 1. Invite a group of citizens (members of the lay public who have no specific knowledge of the issue at hand) to apply, and choose participants to be as demographically representative of the public as possible. +2. Participants attend two preparatory weekends, and given material prepared to gain a basic understanding of the issue. +3. The panel participates in a 4-day conference where they attend Q&A sessions with experts, including opposing views. +4. The citizen participants prepare a final report with their views, opinions, and recommendations for the issue. +5. On the last day of the conference, the citizens discuss their views with policy- and decision-makers. + http://participationcompass.org/article/show/139 - +http://participationcompass.org/article/show/139 - - - This design method was created to catch everyday life. It is believed that film captures human expressivity and emotion in ways that other purely observational studies cannot. It is also appropriate when all the researchers aren’t able to be “in the field.” +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_conferences - - - - - - - + - + + Constructive Interaction + + 1. Pair participants with each other. +2. Provide each pair with the product +2. Give the pair a scenario, or a particular task to be performed. +3. Ask each person to explain their thought-process while working with the product and their partner + (2005) Benedikte S. Als, Janne J. Jensen, Mikael B. Skov, Comparison of Think-aloud and Constructive Interaction in Usability Testing with Children, Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Interaction design and children, Boulder, Colorado. - - - The purpose of the Design Probe is to obtain self-disclosed insights into people’s lives. -This method is most appropriate for the early explore-and-focus stages of the design process +http://servicedesigntools.org/tools/31 + Constructive Interaction is a variation of the think-aloud protocol where participants are asked to work in pairs. The theory is that by having participants interact with each other, there is a more natural reason for each participant to verbally explain his/her reasoning. Benedikte, et al., found that when using this method with children, it is more effective to pair children with others they already know. - + - - + + - - - - - 1. Observe a process, taking note of problems and difficulties -2. Write observed problems on sticky notes -3. Sort problems by urgency/importance, and sort problems by their overall type - This method is a user based evaluation of a working system, where the primary objective is to identify usability problems. + -The purpose of this method is to produce a list of usability problems, categorized by importance (use sticky notes to sort the problems), and an overview of the types of problems encountered. + + + http://uxmastery.com/how-to-conduct-a-content-audit/ - + - - + + Content Models + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - The purpose of Diary Studies is to capture data that is difficult to retrieve; e.g. participants' actions and behaviors, their thoughts, feelings and reflections. - -Diary studies can be used during the beginning of the design phase to capture participant data on actions and behaviors. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - + + Context Map + + + + + + + + Context maps are designed to show the external factors, trends, and forces at work surrounding an organization. These include: politcal factors, economic climate, technology factors, customer needs, uncertainties, and trends. They are best constructed with input from the entire team, but can also be created solo. - - - - +This method is grounded on the idea that once we have a systemic view of the external environment we're in, we are better equipped to respond proactively to that landscape. + The following process is for a team-based discussion. +Before the meeting: +1. Hang six sheets of flip chart paper on a wall in a 2-row x 3-column format. +2. On the top-middle sheet, in the bottom center, draw a visual representation of the organization or project under discussion. Label the picture or scene. +3. On the top left of the same sheet, write "Political Factors". On the top right of the same sheet, write "Economic Climate." +4. On top-left sheet of paper, draw several arrows pointing to the right. Label the sheet "Trends." +5. On the top-right sheet of paper, write "Trends" again pointing to the left. +6. On the bottom-left sheet, draw large arrows pointing up and to the right. Label this "Technology Factors" +7. On the bottom-middle sheet, draw a person or two, and write "Customer Needs" +8. On the bottom-right sheet, draw a thundercloud or a person with a question mark overhead and label this sheet "Uncertainties" - +At the meeting: +9. Introduce the context map to the group. Explain that the goal is to get a picture of the context within which the organization operates. +10. Discuss all categories and as a group think of what to put in each category, but holding off on "Trends" until the end. +11. Allow the group to qualify what types of trends to look at for each Trend category (online, demographic, growth, etc.). +12. Summarize the overall findings with the group and ask for observations, insights, and concerns about the context map. + Gray, David, Sunni Brown, and James Macanufo. 2010. Gamestorming: a playbook for innovators, rulebreakers, and changemakers. Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly, p. 84 - - - When there are diminishing returns, there is a gradually decreasing rate of growth. +http://www.gogamestorm.com/?p=366 - + - - - Direct observation gives data on errors and performance time for people interacting with a device, as well as insight into the ease or difficulty of tasks + + - + - - + + Context of Use Analysis + - - + + - - + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - "Direct Shell Production Casting (DSPC) is a rapid prototyping method that fabricates ceramic shells to cast metal parts. + Usability Context Analysis + Thomas and Bevan provide a detailed checklist of items to collect information on in their Guide to Usability Context Analysis, including things like types of users, their skills and attributes, etc. -This method is useful for quickly producing ceramic castings for metal parts with no tooling or patterns needed." - - +One way to collect the information about context of use is to arrange a half-day meeting. Invite stakeholders who have knowledge about the intended users and usage. Suggested people to involve include: +- design researcher(s) +- project manager +- user representative(s) +- developer(s) +- training +- support +A the meeting, discuss and fill in each item on the context checklist. Try to obtain consensus where there is uncertainty or disagreement. If information is missing, agree how this can be obtained. Avoid prolonged discussion of minor issues. - +After the meeting obtain any missing information. If the information is not easily available, arrange a field study to observe users in their work environment. + Benefits of the method: +Ensure that all factors that relate to use of the system are identified before design work starts. - - - - +Provide a basis for designing later usability tests + http://www.usabilitynet.org/tools/context.htm +http://www.ucc.ie/hfrg/emmus/methods/CoU.html - +Thomas, Cathy and Nigel Bevan (eds.). Usability Context Analysis: A Practical Guide v. 4.04. Serco Usability Services. Available online: http://www.usabilitynet.org/papers/UCA_V4.04.doc + Context of Use (CoU) analysis is a specific technique designed to assist developing services or products (primarily software) by posing certain probe questions about the project, based off of a detailed checklist. This is best used when most of the information is already known by the stakeholders (ideally based on previous user studies). The probe questions elicit from the design/development team and other stakeholders information that may be held 'below the surface' by one or more of the constituent groups. - - - +Questions asked deal with the following three issues: +1. Who will use the product/service? +2. What will they do with the product/service? +3. Where will they use the product/service? - + - - - Dramaturgy consists of combining user-centered design and drama methods to study a specific user group with the purpose of allowing designers to effectively empathize and understand the users needs and concerns. Dramaturgy aims to develop a set of design tools that simultaneously reveal user experience and group dynamics and to help designers empathize with user needs and more dynamically understand the user's universe, goals, hopes, and struggles and how to overcome day-to-day and large-scale challenges. + + + " +Related Methods: the Pugh Matrix Process, storyboarding, affinity diagramming, paper prototyping, participatory design" + 1. Contextual Inquiry: One-on-one interaction with people in the work place, while they work. Team interpretation sessions, where each member of the team puts their own perspective to bear on the data. This produces a shared understanding of the customer. +2. Work Modeling: Work models are created during the interpretation sessions introduced above. These work models take one of five forms, and allow a concrete, visual representation of the work that each interviewed customer engages in. +3. Consolidation: In this stage the team finds the common structure of the customers' work, bringing the many details together to produce a cohesive pattern. A single picture of the population is made explicit. This part of the CD process uses two tools: affinity diagrams and work models. Affinity diagrams illustrate each detail from each interviewed customer's experience, while work models integrate these details into an overarching picture. This picture then guides the design team in their task. +4. Work Redesign: Work Redesign focuses on the ways that the customers' work experience can be improved-- before any new technology or system is put in place. It takes the vision developed from the Consolidation stage and uses it as a base for any brainstorms of new technologies. Storyboards of how the experience would be different are helpful in this stage. +5. User Environment Design: User Environment Design makes the new system--and the new way of working that this implies--explicit. In this step each part of the new system is tied to the customer's work model, including ""how it supports the user's work, exactly what function is available in that part, and how it connects with other parts of the system"" (Beyer & Holtzblatt 24). This step justifies the new system's many parts, without having to commit and without involving a user interface. With each part of the step made explicit, the team can ensure that the many parts relate to one another and meet the customers' needs. It ensures coherence in the design process, keeping the system focused on the customer data. +6. Mock-Up & Test with Customers: Any system needs to be tested and tweaked before being finalized. This part of the process uses paper prototypes to introduce the initial concept of the design to the customer. This prototyping session with the customer enables the design team to work with the customers and individualize the system to meet their needs. Partnering with the client then spurs a detailed user interface and improved system. +7. Putting into Practice: Implement! The last step is to tailor your design system to the workplace itself. + Beyer Holtzblatt. http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=291229type=pdfCFID=9762404CFTOKEN=79593428 -Dramaturgy is most useful during a phase in the design process when concepts are almost finished since detailed account of emotions is required. +http://www4.ncsu.edu/~aianton/csc/rep/beyer.pdf + +http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/contextual_design.html + Contextual Inquiry + Contextual Design refers to a customer-centric approach to design where customer data forms the foundation for what a system does and how it is structured. It means working from customer data to design implications to specific features, a process fueled by the customer's needs, not technology's mandates. - + - - + + - - - 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + This method, sometimes referred to as a convenience sample, does not allow the researcher to have any control over the representativeness of the sample. It is only justified if the researcher wants to study the characteristics of people passing by the street corner at a certain point in time or if other sampling methods are not possible. The researcher must also take caution to not use results from a convenience sample to generalize to a wider population. - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Conversation Cafe is an informal dialogue method which invites people to take part in discussions about topical issues in an informal setting. - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - The purpose of Emphatic Design is to help companies identify and meet customer needs to guide the development of new products and services. + -Emphatic design can be used in the beginning of the design process to design an entirely new product. This method is appropriate for making discoveries of new features to implement. + + + + + + + + - - - - - The object of the game is quickly develop a customer or user profile. Although creating an empathy map is not the rigorour, research-based process that is required for developing personas, it can quickly get a group to focus on the most important element: people. - - + + + + Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) estimates and totals up the equivalent money value of the benefits and costs to the community/company/organization of various projects to establish whether they are worthwhile. - +Applying a user-centric approach to the design of any product can radically improve the performance of individual projects and your business as a whole. - - - Empathy Probes should be used to record and learn about potential user's private lives, their surrounding world, and experiences. This method is especially used to understand the user's emotional side including their feelings, persona, and manner of relating. +This method can be used for businesses and project management. - + - - + + - - - - - - + + + Create Frameworks + + "A framework is a visual representation of a system. It shows the different elements or actors at play and highlights the relationships between them." - +For many cases: +Create two different frameworks - one from the female perspective and one from the male perspective. - - +https://hcd-connect-production.s3.amazonaws.com/toolkit/en/download/ideo_hcd_toolkit_final_cc_superlr.pdf - + - - - This method involves listing all the things that can go wrong when using a product and determine the various possible causes. + + - - - - - Ethnofuturism combines forecasting methodologies with ethnographic observation to understand long term consumer trends. The purpose of Ethnofuturism is to allow designers to recognize users' needs. + -Ethnofuturism is most ideal to use when testing the usability of the product and when nearing the prototyping phase. + + - + - - - This method can be used to gain a descriptive understanding of potential customers in settings in which the new product will be employed. This method can also be used to observe and analyze consumers interactions with the products. This combines observation and interviewing techniques to gain a holistic understanding of the group. + + + The CIT is a method for getting a subjective report while minimising interference from stereotypical reactions or received opinions. It is an open-ended retrospective method of finding out what users feel are the critical features of the software being evaluated. - + - - - Evaluate prototype is participative user based evaluation of a paper or machine prototype to identify usability problems, where the user is probed to explain their expectations and problems. + + + Cultural inventory is the process of reviewing all fieldnotes from previous ethnographic research in an effort to perceive the cultural experience holistically, identify any possible gaps in the research that can be easily filled, and to discover methods of organizing the final ethnography paper. -The purpose of this mehod is to produce a list of usability problems, categorised by importance (use sticky notes to sort the problems), and an overview of the types of problems encountered. +Use this method after conducting ethnographic research, taxonomies, and componential analyses, but before writing a final ethnography paper. - + - - + + - - + + - - - - - - - - Evidencing - - - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + + Cultural Probes are used to insight inspirational responses about the daily life and habits of communities in a naturally engaging way. It serves as a means of gathering inspirational data about people's lives, values and thoughts. + +This method should be used for qualitative anecdotes and not for qualitative results. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Customer Journey Map + + - - + + + + + + + + + + Customer Journey Mapping is a tool for visualising how customers interact with people and organisations in order to make a purchase or experience a service. + +Customer Journey Mapping comes from the corporate sector and market research. It can be used as a form of consultation to improve a service through finding out how people use the service and how they interact with the service provider. It provides a map of the interactions and emotions that take place, and can help an organisation provide its customers with the experience it wants them to have. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + - Evidencing is related to paper prototyping but has several important differences. Firstly, evidencing has to look finished and convincing, whereas often a paper prototype is designed to look like a rough first draft. This is because the aim is to provide a convincing example of something ‘in the future’. Secondly, evidencing aims to give the experience of how the service will be experienced when completed. It is therefore strong on contextual information regarding its use. Thirdly, evidencing aims to lead by example, or pull a project, by making tangible the end point of the process. Finally, evidencing presents a solution in a holistic way, including branding elements, design elements, interaction elements and behavioural elements. + Design Research - + - - Evolutionary Prototype - + + + Analysis and Synthesis, Evaluating and Testing + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + "A study in which the designer follows the subject through a typical day, observing and recording events to build up a realistic picture of what actually happens. This may need to be repeated over several days in order to gather a balanced perspective. Mapping a ‘Day in the Life’ can illustrate graphically how time is assigned to various activities." +http://designingwithpeople.rca.ac.uk/methods/day-in-the-life + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + breaking observations down into component pieces. This is the classical definition of analysis. + + + + + + + + + A deliberative poll measures what the public would think about an issue if they had an adequate chance to reflect on the questions at hand. Deliberative polling observes the evolution of the views of a citizen test group as they learn more about a topic and is more statistically representative than many other approaches due to its large scale. + + + + + + + + - - + + - Evolutionary prototypes, as their name implies, evolve from one iteration to the next. While not initially production quality, their code tends to be reworked as the product evolves. In order to keep rework manageable, they tend to be more formally designed and somewhat formally tested even in the early stages. As the product evolves, testing becomes formalized, as usually does design - + - - + + @@ -2956,16 +3709,66 @@ The purpose of this mehod is to produce a list of usability problems, categorise - - + + - - + + + + + "Participating members of the public are +divided into citizens’ panels. Citizens’ +panels and specialists participate in a +variety of processes, separately and +together, to appraise the options for the +problem under consideration (see Figure 1). +Citizens and specialists have the opportunity +to learn from each other’s discussions and +decisions. Citizens have access to a wide +variety of information from specialists, ranging +from high quality written materials through to +the joint workshop discussions. Specialists +have the opportunity to discuss their views +with each other, and discover different views +through face-to-face contact with citizens. +" +http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/prfh0/DM%20Briefing%202.pdf + + + + + + + + + + A Delphi Survey is a series of questionnaires that allow experts or people with specific knowledge to develop ideas about potential future developments around an issue. The questionnaires are developed throughout the process in relation to the responses given by participants. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + @@ -2974,244 +3777,363 @@ The purpose of this mehod is to produce a list of usability problems, categorise - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - Experience Drawing involves asking participants to visualize an experience through drawings and diagrams. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "Experience prototyping is any representation, in any medium, that is designed to enhance the understanding, exploration or communication of what it might be like to engage with the product, space, or system a company is designing. - -The authors emphasize that experience prototyping is not about the creation of a formalized toolkit or a set of techniques, but is rather about developing an attitude and language to solve design problems. - -This method is essential to the middle stages of the designing process (i.e. before the final artifacts exist)." + Use Design-in-Context in the beginning of the design phase. This method can be used in contexts of defined boundaries - such as in a factory. Is also very useful to test prototypes and observe how the user interacts and relates to the new product. - - - - - - This method is used to identify usability problems based on established human factors principles. The method will provide recommendations for design improvements. However, as the method relies on experts, the output will naturally emphasise interface functionality and design rather than the properties of the interaction between an actual user and the product. + -A heuristic or expert evaluation can be conducted at various stages of the development lifecycle, although it is preferable to have already performed some form of context analysis to help the experts focus on the circumstances of actual or intended product usage. + + + + + + + + - + - - - Key Informant Interview + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + This design method was created to catch everyday life. It is believed that film captures human expressivity and emotion in ways that other purely observational studies cannot. It is also appropriate when all the researchers aren’t able to be “in the field.” - + - - - At this stage, you already have an idea, but you need to narrow down your focus and ask more specific questions and research specific answers. + + + + + + + + + - + - - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + + The purpose of the Design Probe is to obtain self-disclosed insights into people’s lives. +This method is most appropriate for the early explore-and-focus stages of the design process + "Design Probe is an interactive qualitative method of collecting data. It is aimed to capture the self reported user experience and it is mainly used in the field of applied arts and more precisely in industrial design. Probe tool was first introduced in the end of 1990s by Bill Gaver, Anthony Dunne and Elena Pacenti, while they were to proceed with user research 'Cultural Probes', in 'Presence' -project (Gaver & Dunne & Pacenti 1999)." +http://www.proworkproject.com/prowork/design-probe.html + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + - - + + + 1. Observe a process, taking note of problems and difficulties +2. Write observed problems on sticky notes +3. Sort problems by urgency/importance, and sort problems by their overall type + This method is a user based evaluation of a working system, where the primary objective is to identify usability problems. + +The purpose of this method is to produce a list of usability problems, categorized by importance (use sticky notes to sort the problems), and an overview of the types of problems encountered. + + + + + + + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - An exploratory prototype is designed to be like a small "experiment" to test some key assumption about the project, either functionality or technology or both. It might be something as small as a few hundred lines of code, created to test the performance of a key software or hardware component. Or it may be a way of clarifying requirements, a small prototype developed to see if the developer understands a particular behavioral or technical requirement. + "Dialogue incorporates a range of approaches designed to help participants identify common ground and mutually beneficial solutions to a problem. The process involves stakeholders in defining the problem, devising the methods and creating the solutions. -Exploratory prototypes tend to be intentionally "throw-away", and testing of them tends to be informal. The design of exploratory prototypes tends to be very informal, and also tends to be the work of one or two developers at most. +This method is a good approach for resolving conflict and disagreements, building and improving relationships between groups with diverse opinions and involving those who are often in danger of being excluded from decision-making. +" + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The purpose of Diary Studies is to capture data that is difficult to retrieve; e.g. participants' actions and behaviors, their thoughts, feelings and reflections. - - +Diary studies can be used during the beginning of the design phase to capture participant data on actions and behaviors. - + - - - In exponential growth, there is a rapidly increasing rate of growth. - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Direct observation gives data on errors and performance time for people interacting with a device, as well as insight into the ease or difficulty of tasks - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + - - - - - - - - - + + + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - Methods for getting information into a form where the team can manipulate/discuss/transform it. - + - - + + + - - + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + "Dot Voting can be a quick, easy, equitable manner in which to make a group decision. +Note that this is just one possible tool for trying to reach consensus - and does not +always work! + +You will need a box of stick-on dots (available from most newsagents/stationers). It can +be useful to have a couple of colours, so a second phase of voting can be used to refine +priorities if required." + +http://www.suziqconsulting.com.au/free_articles_files/TT%20-%20Dot%20Voting%20-%20Feb10.pdf + + + + + + + + - + - + - + @@ -3222,1292 +4144,929 @@ Exploratory prototypes tend to be intentionally "throw-away", and test - - + + - This method requires volunteers who are either extremely familiar or completely unfamiliar with a product, a notebook, paper & pencil, appropriate environment for using the product under question/review. - -Users who are either extremely familiar or completely unfamiliar with a product are asked to evaluate their experience of using it. - -1. Identify Extreme Users for your particular challenge. -2. Ask them to describe their experience in very specific terms–the more detail the better. If you can film or photograph, do so. -3. Observe your results and generate multiple insights. -4. Use the Extreme Users as inspiration for generating solutions. - Extreme User Interviews utilize the perspectives of users at opposite ends of the familiarity spectrum. + Dramaturgy consists of combining user-centered design and drama methods to study a specific user group with the purpose of allowing designers to effectively empathize and understand the users needs and concerns. Dramaturgy aims to develop a set of design tools that simultaneously reveal user experience and group dynamics and to help designers empathize with user needs and more dynamically understand the user's universe, goals, hopes, and struggles and how to overcome day-to-day and large-scale challenges. -This is most appropriate in the beginning of the design process when trying to evaluate what flaws are apparent in current models of a product. +Dramaturgy is most useful during a phase in the design process when concepts are almost finished since detailed account of emotions is required. - + - - + + + + + + + 2 + + - + - - - A feedback system is a cycle that gets progressively bigger or smaller because of some influence. + + - + - - - The Fishbowl game is an effective way to activate attention-to prime our natural listening and observing skills so that a more substantive conversation can take place. The Fishbowl game is about engaging skils that in many of us become rusty, which include listening, observing, and being accountable. + + + A facilitated conversation where the team works together to fill out a spreadsheet with five columns: observation, judgement/insight, value, concept/sketch, key metaphor. - - - - - The purpose of Flow Analysis is to represent the flow of information of activity through all phases of a system or process. This is useful for identifying bottle necks and opportunities for functional alternatives . - - - + - + + + The purpose of Emphatic Design is to help companies identify and meet customer needs to guide the development of new products and services. - - +Emphatic design can be used in the beginning of the design process to design an entirely new product. This method is appropriate for making discoveries of new features to implement. - + - - + + + + + + + + + The object of the game is quickly develop a customer or user profile. Although creating an empathy map is not the rigorous, research-based process that is required for developing personas, it can quickly get a group to focus on the most important element: people. - + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - http://www.stanford.edu/group/ncpi/unspecified/student_assess_toolkit/focusGroups.html - Focus Group (FG) is a type of in-depth interview, during the data collection stage of a research project. The researcher invites informants whose characteristics represent those of the target research population, and collect data by engaging the participants in conversations. The focus or object of analysis is the interaction inside the group. - -The questions asked in a focus group are similar to those asked in an one-on-one interview. - + Empathy Probes should be used to record and learn about potential user's private lives, their surrounding world, and experiences. This method is especially used to understand the user's emotional side including their feelings, persona, and manner of relating. - + - - - - - - - - + + - + - - + + + - - + + - - + - + - - + + + - + - - - - - - - - - - + + - - + + - - + + + + + + + - + - - + + + - - + + - - - - - - - - - - + + - - + + - - - - - - - - - - + + - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - When prioritizing, a group may need to agree on a single, ranked list of items. Forced ranking obligates the group to make difficult decisions, and each item is ranked relative to the others. This is an important step in making decisions on items like investments-wherever a clear, prioritized list is needed. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - These are workshops or conversations with users or other stakeholders that are meant to produce distilled information in the form of consensus. - - - - - - - - + - - + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + This method involves listing all the things that can go wrong when using a product and determine the various possible causes. - + - - + + - + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - "Fused Deposition Modeling is a manufacturing technology used to create models and prototypes directly from CAD files. It is a rapid prototyping process used to produce functional ABS thermoplastic models directly from CAD data. - -This method should be used when the designer needs the part to be made of production-grade thermoplastics, such as ABS, ABSi, polyphenylsulfone (PPSF), polycarbonate (PC) and Ultem 9085, including PC-ABS." - - - - - - - - - A gap is an area in which there is an absence of data. - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ethnofuturism combines forecasting methodologies with ethnographic observation to understand long term consumer trends. The purpose of Ethnofuturism is to allow designers to recognize users' needs. - - - taking specific data from our observations and creating general statements or rules. +Ethnofuturism is most ideal to use when testing the usability of the product and when nearing the prototyping phase. - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - 3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + This method can be used to gain a descriptive understanding of potential customers in settings in which the new product will be employed. This method can also be used to observe and analyze consumers interactions with the products. This combines observation and interviewing techniques to gain a holistic understanding of the group. - - - - Human-Machine Task Allocation - - Proper allocation of tasks between humans and machines is an important component of user centred design. This method depends on previous knowledge gained through Task Analysis and/or Context Analysis. + -Context: Tasks should be allocated to humans and machines in a way that best combines human skills with automation to achieve task goals, while supporting human needs. - http://www.usabilitynet.org/tools/taskallocation.htm + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Evaluate prototype is participative user based evaluation of a paper or machine prototype to identify usability problems, where the user is probed to explain their expectations and problems. -Based on: Allocating Tasks between Humans and Machines in Complex Systems Mark-Alexander Sujan and Alberto Pasquini, 4th International Conference on Achieving Quality in Software, Venezia, 1998 +The purpose of this mehod is to produce a list of usability problems, categorised by importance (use sticky notes to sort the problems), and an overview of the types of problems encountered. - - - - - Heuristic evaluation is a form of usability inspection where usability specialists judge whether each element of a user interface follows a list of established usability heuristics. - - -A heuristic or expert evaluation can be conducted at various stages of the development lifecycle, although it is preferable to have already performed some form of context analysis to help the experts focus on the circumstances of actual or intended product usage. + -It is beneficial to carry out a heuristic evaluation on early prototypes before actual users are brought in to help with further testing. + + + this is basically one way to conduct an interview. - + - - Hierarchical Card Sorting - - One way to do this more effectively would be to do multiple sorts (one at each semantic level), likely starting at the bottom and then grouping groups from previous sorts. - This variation of Card Sorting includes cards at different semantic levels, and asks the respondent to organize them by hierarchy. - McGeorge, P. and G. Rugg. The Sorting Techniques: "A Tutorial Paper on Card Sorts, Picture Sorts, and Item Sorts." Expert Systems. London, UK. 1997. p 80-93. - Benefits: Helps develop groups at multiple levels. Deficits: Choosing the appropriate range of entitites could be a big task in itself. An inappropriate range of entities would lead to a distortion in the information gathered. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + Evidencing + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - - - - - - - - - + - - - 2 + + - A History Map shows moments and metrics that shaped your organization. Great way to familiarize new people with an organization's history and culture during periods of rapid growth. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - Personal and professional relationships - - - - - - - - - Concept Generation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - the essential ingredients provide direction to a successful conclusion. This key stage often requires forming an attitude or taking a stand. - This convergence method involves digesting of information to reveal essential guidelines. Once identified - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - the closer you get to the realization of the solution itself. " - objectives that have been expanded as far as possible become your specifications for the improvements you seek. The more you expand and clarify them - With this metho - and those objectives will then guide you into ever new territory as in a chain reaction. In the end - new disoveries are fed back to clarify basic objectives - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The group sketching is a quic - fast and economic tool for developing and explaining ideas simultaneously. It is used during the co-design sessions in order to share the insights inside the team: this tool offers a common ground for the discussion even when the participants have different cultural and social backgrounds. " - - - - - - - - - the more compelling the idea. " - Use a matrix to generate ideas or approaces to a solution. The game gets it name from 3 heuristics-or rules of thumb- of idea generation: 1. A new idea can be generated from remixing the attributes of an existing idea. 2. A new idea is best understood by describing its two essential attributes. 3. The more different or surprising the combination of the two attribute - - - - - - - - - knowledge generation and knowledge transfer - Immersive workshop is a workshop that replicates and accelerates the front end stages of a typical design development process and can be tailored to the specific aims of its organizers through the framing of the brief and the selection of participants. This method is best used for rapid revelatio - demonstration and analysis of issues - and brainstorming and visualization of new design concepts. It takes designers out of their comfort zones - enabling them to envisage issues and scenarios of which they may have been unaware." - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The ongoing  shift of innovation to users has some very attractive qualities. It is becoming progressively easier for many users to get precisely what they want by designing it for themselves. Innovation by users also provides a very necessary complement to and feedstock for manufacturer innovation. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - consensus about directions - The Participatory Strategic Planning process is a consensus-building approach that helps a community come together in explaining how they would like their community or organisation to develop over the next few years. Context: You should use Participatory Strategic Planning when you want to build a spirit of ownership and commitment in a group or when you want to reach consensus to move forward. Participatory Strategic Planning can deliver direct decisions as well as a clear idea of where participants want an organisation or community to g - a community commitment to making things happen and a stronger sense of being a team. " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - leaders - etc.). Context: This method should be used when brainstorming new design approaches for an environment/scenario or when communicating design intentions to users/clients. " - Role playing can help designers imagine new design approaches and communicate design attentions. The goal of role playing is to create a safe environment for people to practice performing different roles (e.g. teacher - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Search Conference is a planning method that enables people to create the most desirable future for their community or organisation. This is a plan they can take responsibility for carrying out themselves. A Search Conference's goal is to produce a relationship between your organisation and it's uncertain future. It is designed to identify an end goal and increase strategic planning by giving people more control over direction. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Three phases to pen and paper method for visual brainstorming. 1. See: ask what we heard… 2. Sort: Address what it meant… 3. Sketch: address why it matters.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - For leaders and managers - it clearly scopes out who has what level of input and interest in a project - and can help to align decisions appropriately. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - + + Evolutionary Prototype + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Evolutionary prototypes, as their name implies, evolve from one iteration to the next. While not initially production quality, their code tends to be reworked as the product evolves. In order to keep rework manageable, they tend to be more formally designed and somewhat formally tested even in the early stages. As the product evolves, testing becomes formalized, as usually does design - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Experience Drawing involves asking participants to visualize an experience through drawings and diagrams. - + - - - - + + + "Experience prototyping is any representation, in any medium, that is designed to enhance the understanding, exploration or communication of what it might be like to engage with the product, space, or system a company is designing. +The authors emphasize that experience prototyping is not about the creation of a formalized toolkit or a set of techniques, but is rather about developing an attitude and language to solve design problems. - +This method is essential to the middle stages of the designing process (i.e. before the final artifacts exist)." - - - - +"The experience prototype is a simulation of the service experience that foresees some of its performances through the use of the specific physical touchpoints involved. The experience prototype allows designers to show and test the solution through an active participation of the users." +http://www.servicedesigntools.org/tools/21 - +Resource: +- Ideo Design +http://ideodesign.com.au/images/uploads/news/pdfs/FultonSuriBuchenau-Experience_PrototypingACM_8-00.pdf - - - team performance - planning - and so forth. - The premise of this game is to disclose and discover unknown information that can impact organizational and group success in any area of the company-management + - - - - - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + This method is used to identify usability problems based on established human factors principles. The method will provide recommendations for design improvements. However, as the method relies on experts, the output will naturally emphasise interface functionality and design rather than the properties of the interaction between an actual user and the product. - - - usage-centered design is a model-driven approach to the presentation design and interaction design of web applications and software. In usage centered design - that is - there is a system of core models that are used to create user interface designs in a direct and systematic way.Iteration can take place 'in the small' - within each stage of a larger development plan; or it can take place 'in the large' - you will realise that the concept of 'right first time' is simply a dangerous myth. Context: Because usage-centered design is a model driven approach - the whole development cycle can be iterated several times. As you gain experience in iterative development - According to Constantine and Lockwood Ltd.'s articl - it is appropriately used during the prototyping stage of the design process." +A heuristic or expert evaluation can be conducted at various stages of the development lifecycle, although it is preferable to have already performed some form of context analysis to help the experts focus on the circumstances of actual or intended product usage. - + - - + + + Key Informant Interview - + - - + + - + - - + + + At this stage, you already have an idea, but you need to narrow down your focus and ask more specific questions and research specific answers. - - - - - you are able to plot the interrelationship between each of them. In this way you can systematically determine which of them are most dependent or independent. - attributes - or limitations of a problem on both axes of a matrix - A matrix is like the mileage chart found on most road maps. A matrix can help clarify relationships between elements or attributes of a problem situation. By placing variables - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An exploratory prototype is designed to be like a small "experiment" to test some key assumption about the project, either functionality or technology or both. It might be something as small as a few hundred lines of code, created to test the performance of a key software or hardware component. Or it may be a way of clarifying requirements, a small prototype developed to see if the developer understands a particular behavioral or technical requirement. - - +Exploratory prototypes tend to be intentionally "throw-away", and testing of them tends to be informal. The design of exploratory prototypes tends to be very informal, and also tends to be the work of one or two developers at most. - + - - + + - - - - - Identity Construction is used primarily as a part of Human Centered Design to improve the user experience and emphasize the importance of users in the entire design process. Indentity Construction focuses on the user and the user only. From this research method, the design team can learn more about the users' lives and can effectively use this knowledge when designing the product itself as a means to make it more personal, which is generally what the user prefers. + -Construction is best used in the phase of the design process in which UCD (User-centered Design) is more relevant. This is generally used before a product is released into the market, but may also be used before product development and/or prototyping begins + + - + - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + This method requires volunteers who are either extremely familiar or completely unfamiliar with a product, a notebook, paper & pencil, appropriate environment for using the product under question/review. +Users who are either extremely familiar or completely unfamiliar with a product are asked to evaluate their experience of using it. - +1. Identify Extreme Users for your particular challenge. +2. Ask them to describe their experience in very specific terms–the more detail the better. If you can film or photograph, do so. +3. Observe your results and generate multiple insights. +4. Use the Extreme Users as inspiration for generating solutions. + Extreme User Interviews utilize the perspectives of users at opposite ends of the familiarity spectrum. - - +This is most appropriate in the beginning of the design process when trying to evaluate what flaws are apparent in current models of a product. - - - - - - Immersive workshop is a workshop that replicates and accelerates the front end stages of a typical design development process and can be tailored to the specific aims of its organizers through the framing of the brief and the selection of participants. - -This method is best used for rapid revelation, demonstration and analysis of issues, knowledge generation and knowledge transfer, and brainstorming and visualization of new design concepts. + -It takes designers out of their comfort zones, enabling them to envisage issues and scenarios of which they may have been unaware. + + + + + + + + - - - - - - Improvization is a way of thinking with your body. Example role play, where you take the role of a character, imagine a situation, and act as you you think your character would act in that situation. + -Improvisation can be used in many different ways to facilitate the design process. It can increase creativity, innovative thinking, teamwork, constructive thought, spontaneity, ability to work towards a common goal and presentation skills, while it decreases fear of failure, and self promoting action + + - + - - - This plan supplies examples, facts, or reasons first and then draws conclusions from them. Inductive organization is useful when readers are uninformed or when resistance or antagonism is expected. For example, a report written to convince management to fund an employee fitness program might begin with the advantages of a fitness program: improved job satisfaction, reduced absenteeism and turnover, improved productivity, and lower health care costs. After describing the benefits, the report writer could draw the conclusion that a company-sponsored fitness program is a wise investment. Starting with the main idea first risks the chance that readers opposed to the idea will read no further. + + + The Fishbowl game is an effective way to activate attention-to prime our natural listening and observing skills so that a more substantive conversation can take place. The Fishbowl game is about engaging skils that in many of us become rusty, which include listening, observing, and being accountable. - + - - + + + + + + + + + The purpose of Flow Analysis is to represent the flow of information of activity through all phases of a system or process. This is useful for identifying bottle necks and opportunities for functional alternatives . - + - - - Future scenarios and personas can be co-designed in the form of stories with the use of inspiration cards. These are sets of cards that can be made by the design and research team or purchased as a predefined deck. They contain a variety of images, words and / or complete sentences. The participants construct a story with the cards by positioning them on a large a wall in the order they prefer. + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - "Integration Prototypes strive to address the three main ways in which prototypes can be valuable to designers. + http://www.stanford.edu/group/ncpi/unspecified/student_assess_toolkit/focusGroups.html + Focus Group (FG) is a type of in-depth interview, during the data collection stage of a research project. The researcher invites informants whose characteristics represent those of the target research population, and collect data by engaging the participants in conversations. The focus or object of analysis is the interaction inside the group. -Houde and Hill define the three types of questions a prototype can address as: the role of a product in the larger use context; its look and feel; and its technical implementation." +The questions asked in a focus group are similar to those asked in an one-on-one interview. + - + - - - - - - - - + + - - - 1 + + + When prioritizing, a group may need to agree on a single, ranked list of items. Forced ranking obligates the group to make difficult decisions, and each item is ranked relative to the others. This is an important step in making decisions on items like investments-wherever a clear, prioritized list is needed. - + - - + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + + - - + + - - + + - + @@ -4518,8 +5077,8 @@ Houde and Hill define the three types of questions a prototype can address as: t - - + + @@ -4528,612 +5087,852 @@ Houde and Hill define the three types of questions a prototype can address as: t - Intervention is a method in which the designer places 2D graphic visualisations or 3D objects within an environment to stimulate discussion and elicit a response from the user. + These are workshops or conversations with users or other stakeholders that are meant to produce distilled information in the form of consensus. + + -These designed elements take the form of interventions or provocations within the research process, engaging a person’s imagination and encouraging a fuller response in ways that more formal interview and questionnaire techniques cannot achieve. -Thie purpose of this method is to elicit greater engagement by the user and better understanding of their motivation + -This method should be used in the earlier stages of the design process – exploration and focus. - The designer places 2D graphic visualisations or 3D objects within an environment to stimulate discussion and elicit a response from the user. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Forum Theatre is an interactive form of theatre that encourages audience interaction and explores different options for dealing with a problem or issue. Forum Theatre is often used by socially excluded and disempowered groups. + + + - Interventions can include futuristic prototypes that express new ideas; provocations can include shock imagery or incongruous juxtapositions. + + + + + - + - - - The purpose of interviews is to gain deeper insight into people’s needs and perspectives + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + taking specific data from our observations and creating general statements or rules. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3 + + - + - - + + - + - - + + Human-Machine Task Allocation + + + + + + + + Proper allocation of tasks between humans and machines is an important component of user centred design. This method depends on previous knowledge gained through Task Analysis and/or Context Analysis. + +Context: Tasks should be allocated to humans and machines in a way that best combines human skills with automation to achieve task goals, while supporting human needs. + http://www.usabilitynet.org/tools/taskallocation.htm + +Based on: Allocating Tasks between Humans and Machines in Complex Systems Mark-Alexander Sujan and Alberto Pasquini, 4th International Conference on Achieving Quality in Software, Venezia, 1998 - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Heuristic evaluation is a form of usability inspection where usability specialists judge whether each element of a user interface follows a list of established usability heuristics. + + +A heuristic or expert evaluation can be conducted at various stages of the development lifecycle, although it is preferable to have already performed some form of context analysis to help the experts focus on the circumstances of actual or intended product usage. - - +It is beneficial to carry out a heuristic evaluation on early prototypes before actual users are brought in to help with further testing. - + - - + + - - - - - - Lego - LEGO Serious Play is an innovative, experiential process designed to enhance the generation of innovative solutions. LEGO SERIOUS PLAY deals with exactly that challenge. It is a language, communication tool, problem solving methodology, based on the belief that everyone can contribute to the discussion, the decisions, and the outcome. + -This kind of hands-on, minds-on learning produces a deeper, more meaningful understanding of the world and its possibilities; moreover LEGO Serious Play deepens the reflection process and supports an effective dialogue. + + Hierarchical Card Sorting + + One way to do this more effectively would be to do multiple sorts (one at each semantic level), likely starting at the bottom and then grouping groups from previous sorts. + This variation of Card Sorting includes cards at different semantic levels, and asks the respondent to organize them by hierarchy. + McGeorge, P. and G. Rugg. The Sorting Techniques: "A Tutorial Paper on Card Sorts, Picture Sorts, and Item Sorts." Expert Systems. London, UK. 1997. p 80-93. + Benefits: Helps develop groups at multiple levels. Deficits: Choosing the appropriate range of entitites could be a big task in itself. An inappropriate range of entities would lead to a distortion in the information gathered. - + - - - + + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - + + - "The system utilizes a laser to cut layers of a glue-backed paper material which are bonded together during the process to form the solid model." + A History Map shows moments and metrics that shaped your organization. Great way to familiarize new people with an organization's history and culture during periods of rapid growth. - + - - - Description: Designers and users are involved in a series of shared mental activities to provoke new ideas. + + + Personal and professional relationships + + -Purpose: A range of ideas and early-stage concepts + -Context: Early stages of the design process + + + Concept Generation - + - - - It enables design groups to add ideas presented by others with layers of transparencies while encouraging design team members to expand on those earlier ideas + + + Identity Construction is used primarily as a part of Human Centered Design to improve the user experience and emphasize the importance of users in the entire design process. Indentity Construction focuses on the user and the user only. From this research method, the design team can learn more about the users' lives and can effectively use this knowledge when designing the product itself as a means to make it more personal, which is generally what the user prefers. -Context: This technique is useful when non-destructive design annotation, limited space, and evolutionary artifacts are design requirements.This method should be used to brainstorm design ideas. +Construction is best used in the phase of the design process in which UCD (User-centered Design) is more relevant. This is generally used before a product is released into the market, but may also be used before product development and/or prototyping begins - + - - + + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - Lead users are used for getting a great deal of insight from a user who has a heavy personal investment in the field or product of study. They can be very advantageous in the beginning of a design process as they often have a developed understanding of the breadth of the field as well as specifics. The use of lead users is also based on the idea that "the future exists in the present." Lead users will often know the future direction of the product or field before it happens, or they may have desires in the field that have not been met yet, which can thus become the next step in the field. - - - - - Use the breadth of books to gain lots of background information. The books will show what works have been published, historical relevance, authors to look further into etc. Check some books out and read for detailed information. + -Context: Use the breadth of books to gain lots of background information. The books will show what works have been published, historical relevance, authors to look further into etc. Check some books out and read for detailed information.Best used as an introduction to the topic to get broad and basic knowledge about a field. + + - - - - - The ultimate vision of lifelogging can be defined as “a form of pervasive computing, consisting of a unified digital record of the totality of an individual's experiences, captured multimodally through digital sensors and stored permanently as a personal multimedia archive” + -Context: Lifelogging should be used to study the daily behavior of the individual in respect to the logging device. This research method should be implemented to gather information on consumer behavior. + + - + - - - The goal of a Local Issues Forum is to give everyone a greater voice in local decisions and encourage more citizen participation in local public policy making. + + + + + + + + - + - - + + - + - - - The Long Tail is a pattern that rises steeply at the start, falls sharply, then levels off over a large range of low values. + + + + + + + + - + - - - Longitudinal Analysis invovles following individuals throughout their life rather than simply analyzing groups of people with the same age groups. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Future scenarios and personas can be co-designed in the form of stories with the use of inspiration cards. These are sets of cards that can be made by the design and research team or purchased as a predefined deck. They contain a variety of images, words and / or complete sentences. The participants construct a story with the cards by positioning them on a large a wall in the order they prefer. + + -Context: This is useful in the beginning of the design process when trying to understand users' biographies and how the advent of various technologies/products have affected their lifestyles throughout different time periods in their life. + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + - + - - + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + - - + + - - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - Exploratory Prototype - "Low Fidelity (Lo-Fi) Prototypes essentially are paper prototypes that are extremely quick to make and that allow designers to demonstrate the behavior of an interface very early in development, and test designs with real users. - -Low Fidelity Prototypes are appropriate to use when it is necessary that the prototyping process “is fast, it brings results early in development (when it is relatively cheap to make changes), and allows a team to try far more ideas than they could with high-fidelity prototypes. - -An Exploratory Prototype is a throw-away prototype used to clarify project goals, to identify requirements, to examine alternative designs, or to investigate a large and complex system. - -Exploratory prototypes are used when it is necessary for a small experiment to be conducted about a key assumption about the design, ranging from its functionality, to its technical requirements etc." - - - - - - - - - A divergent experience that evokes action by formulating plans and translating abstract 'virtual' thoughts and words into concrete reality. - -Context: it is here where sub-problems are most likely to occur and where beginning problem-solvers often lose sight of the stages in the process that led them this far. - - - - - - - - - - - - - + Intervention is a method in which the designer places 2D graphic visualisations or 3D objects within an environment to stimulate discussion and elicit a response from the user. - - - re-sorting, rearranging and otherwise moving your research data, without fundamentally changing it. This is used both as a preparatory technique – i.e. as a precursor to some other activity – or as a means of exploring the data as an analytic tool in its own right. - - +These designed elements take the form of interventions or provocations within the research process, engaging a person’s imagination and encouraging a fuller response in ways that more formal interview and questionnaire techniques cannot achieve. +Thie purpose of this method is to elicit greater engagement by the user and better understanding of their motivation - +This method should be used in the earlier stages of the design process – exploration and focus. + The designer places 2D graphic visualisations or 3D objects within an environment to stimulate discussion and elicit a response from the user. - - - - - - - - - - - - + Interventions can include futuristic prototypes that express new ideas; provocations can include shock imagery or incongruous juxtapositions. - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + - Facilitating the creation of shared vision and shared understanding within a team or organization - by time, space, relationship - + - - - According to SAS, "Marketing analytics comprises the processes and technologies that enable marketers to evaluate the success of their marketing initiatives by measuring performance (e.g., blogging versus social media versus channel communications) using important business metrics, such as ROI, marketing attribution and overall marketing effectiveness. In other words, it tells you how your marketing programs are really performing." + + - + - - - A matrix is like the mileage chart found on most road maps. A matrix can help clarify relationships between elements or attributes of a problem situation. By placing variables, attributes, or limitations of a problem on axes of a matrix, you are able to plot the interrelationship between each of them. In this way you can systematically determine which of them are most dependent or independent. + + - - - - - Mediation aims to assist people in reaching an agreement. The parties themselves have to determine the conditions of any possible settlements. Mediation is effective in defining issues and developing options when participants recognise the need to communicate the conflict. Mediation is one of the tools used by pracitioners of 'Alternative Dispute Resolution' with an emphasis on communication to resolve mutually interdependent, opposing views or ideas. + -Context: Mediation should be avoided when disputes are obviously too polarised to achieve a settlement, or when participants are unwilling to compromise or negotiate common ground. + + - + - - + + - + - - - - - - - - + + - + - - - A Mental Model is a visual explanation of how someone thinks something works in the real world. - Mental Map + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + "Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are quantitative and qualitative measures used to +review an organisation's progress against its goals. These are broken down and set as +targets for achievement by departments and individuals. The achievement of these +targets is reviewed at regular intervals." + +http://prov.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/1010g3.pdf - + - - Method - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - Mind Map - - A similar concept called "Idea Sun Bursting" was developed in the 1970s. - The mind map is a spider diagram used to visualize and elicit the ideas associated with a central concept, topic, or question. It is meant to reflect the non-linearity of human thought and problem solving. - -It's useful for taking notes in meetings or interviews (though that takes practice), or for organizing information in a free association mind dump. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map - -Bill Moggridge (2006). Designing Interactions, The MIT Press, Cambridge - -Martin, Bella and Hanington, Bruce (2012). Universal Methods of Design. Beverley, MA: Rockport Publishers. - 1. Find a large blank space to work on (wall, whiteboard, paper, mindmapping software). -2. Place a problem, idea or central thought in the center of the space, ideally as an image, but a word or short phrase will also work. -3. From the central concept, draw "branches" for related concepts or ideas. These should be your primary categories, as their central location in the map tends to indicate increased importance. These can be words, ideas, tasks, or other items. -4. For each branch, add additional related (or secondary) concepts or ideas (generally more granular as you move out). Connect the primary and secondary categories with lines. -5. Repeat the process with each smaller branch until you feel all relevant information has been included. + -Tips from Buzan: -- Start in the center with an image of the topic, using at least 3 colors. -- Use images, symbols, codes, and dimensions throughout your mind map. -- Select key words and print using upper or lower case letters. -- Each word/image is best alone and sitting on its own line. -- The lines should be connected, starting from the central image. The central lines are thicker, organic and thinner as they radiate out from the center. -- Make the lines the same length as the word/image they support. -- Use multiple colors throughout the mind map, for visual stimulation and also to encode or group. -- Develop your own personal style of mind mapping. -- Use emphasis and show associations in your mind map. -- Keep the mind map clear by using radial hierarchy, numerical order or outlines to embrace your branches. + + + + + + + + - + - - - Participants take an existing design, process, or idea, and change one fundamental aspect that makes it "imposibble" in function or feasibility. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + It enables design groups to add ideas presented by others with layers of transparencies while encouraging design team members to expand on those earlier ideas + +Context: This technique is useful when non-destructive design annotation, limited space, and evolutionary artifacts are design requirements.This method should be used to brainstorm design ideas. - - - - - * "To examine and leverage mobile devices in everyday use" [1] -* To investigate how individuals use mobile technology in all situations in everyday life + -Context: Mobile diary studies can be used during the beginning of the design phase to capture participant data on actions and behaviors under mobile conditions. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Lead users are used for getting a great deal of insight from a user who has a heavy personal investment in the field or product of study. They can be very advantageous in the beginning of a design process as they often have a developed understanding of the breadth of the field as well as specifics. The use of lead users is also based on the idea that "the future exists in the present." Lead users will often know the future direction of the product or field before it happens, or they may have desires in the field that have not been met yet, which can thus become the next step in the field. - - - - Mobile Probes - - Hulkko, Sami, Tuuli Mattelmaki, Katja Virtanen, and Turkka Keinonen. "Mobile Probes." Hameentie 135C, University of Art and Design, Helsinki (2004): 43-44. Print. - Consider merging this with Behavior Sampling (with this being the parent description, since Behavior Sampling as IDEO defined it is basically this, but simpler). - This method is used to record users' particular environments, feelings, and interactions in context as they move throughout their day + -Mobile Probes should be used to before concept development so that the researchers are able to find out the users needs first. - 1. Compile the mobile probe: Mobile probes can consist of a few different features of both analogue and digital. Diaries, phone/pager, camera attachment. software to organize data and answers received. + + + + + + + + + Use the breadth of books to gain lots of background information. The books will show what works have been published, historical relevance, authors to look further into etc. Check some books out and read for detailed information. -2. At intervals throughout the day text your subject a few short prompts via the cellular device (see: Behavior Sampling). These could include questions to be responded to in a notebook or in a text reply. Other prompts should ask the subject to take pictures of their environment so that researchers can interprate more from the scene. These pictures can also be used later to insight responses in an interview. +Context: Use the breadth of books to gain lots of background information. The books will show what works have been published, historical relevance, authors to look further into etc. Check some books out and read for detailed information.Best used as an introduction to the topic to get broad and basic knowledge about a field. - + - - + + + - - + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The ultimate vision of lifelogging can be defined as “a form of pervasive computing, consisting of a unified digital record of the totality of an individual's experiences, captured multimodally through digital sensors and stored permanently as a personal multimedia archive” + +Context: Lifelogging should be used to study the daily behavior of the individual in respect to the logging device. This research method should be implemented to gather information on consumer behavior. - - - - - Place each actor across the top and down the side of the matrix. In each box, place the information the person on the y-axis gives the person on the x-axis. In the sef-referencing nodes, place the actor's motivation. + -This requires the elicitation of the motivation of each actor in the system: each actor expresses what he needs or expects from the service. - The aim of the motivation matrix is a mapping of the connections between the different actors of the system, their information exchanges, and each actor's motivations. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + + The goal of a Local Issues Forum is to give everyone a greater voice in local decisions and encourage more citizen participation in local public policy making. - + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + + Longitudinal Analysis invovles following individuals throughout their life rather than simply analyzing groups of people with the same age groups. + +Context: This is useful in the beginning of the design process when trying to understand users' biographies and how the advent of various technologies/products have affected their lifestyles throughout different time periods in their life. + + + + + + + + @@ -5142,1647 +5941,2105 @@ This requires the elicitation of the motivation of each actor in the system: eac - - + + + + + A divergent experience that evokes action by formulating plans and translating abstract 'virtual' thoughts and words into concrete reality. + +Context: it is here where sub-problems are most likely to occur and where beginning problem-solvers often lose sight of the stages in the process that led them this far. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + re-sorting, rearranging and otherwise moving your research data, without fundamentally changing it. This is used both as a preparatory technique – i.e. as a precursor to some other activity – or as a means of exploring the data as an analytic tool in its own right. + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + - + - * Naturalistic group interview is an interview technique that allows the researcher to collect information from naturally occurring conversations stemming from the fact that the people chosen for the group interviews all have a previous social relationship with each other. Group influence tends to be ubiquitous in Asian countries, and it is therefore important to take this group dynamic into account in order to fully understand consumer behavior in this context - - -Purpose: Goal of naturalistic group interviewing is to collect empirical data in the natural setting in which a consumption activity normally takes place. - - -Context: It is appropriate to use this quantitative analytic method at the beginning of the research process, when one is trying to find out consumer beliefs about something. -This method is appropriate for cultures that consider it taboo for people to disclose their thoughts and opinions, or where attitudes and beliefs tend to be formed at the group rather than the individual level. - + According to SAS, "Marketing analytics comprises the processes and technologies that enable marketers to evaluate the success of their marketing initiatives by measuring performance (e.g., blogging versus social media versus channel communications) using important business metrics, such as ROI, marketing attribution and overall marketing effectiveness. In other words, it tells you how your marketing programs are really performing." - + - - - Netnography (Internet + Ethnography) is an online marketing research technique for providing consumer insight. It is used because it considered to be much faster, simpler, and less expensive than traditional ethnography. It also has the advantage of being more naturalistic and unobtrusive, since you are learning about user behavior via the internet. + + + + + + + + - + - - - New product development research is very spotty and is still a relatively unrefined practice of research. Product creation is the core process supporting customer satisfaction and long-term growth in company value, yet there is very little documentation on best practices of doing so. Researching new product development and implementation requires longitudinal research designs because of the length of time that the process typically takes will span anywhere from weeks to years. + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + A matrix is like the mileage chart found on most road maps. A matrix can help clarify relationships between elements or attributes of a problem situation. By placing variables, attributes, or limitations of a problem on axes of a matrix, you are able to plot the interrelationship between each of them. In this way you can systematically determine which of them are most dependent or independent. - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Mediation aims to assist people in reaching an agreement. The parties themselves have to determine the conditions of any possible settlements. Mediation is effective in defining issues and developing options when participants recognise the need to communicate the conflict. Mediation is one of the tools used by pracitioners of 'Alternative Dispute Resolution' with an emphasis on communication to resolve mutually interdependent, opposing views or ideas. - - +Context: Mediation should be avoided when disputes are obviously too polarised to achieve a settlement, or when participants are unwilling to compromise or negotiate common ground. - + - - - This refers to all of the heavy-duty quantitative analysis work like clustering analysis, or regression, calculating correlation co-efficients and the like. + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - - Because objects suggest stories about how they might be used, they make a great starting point for free association and exploration. + + + A Mental Model is a visual explanation of how someone thinks something works in the real world. + Mental Map - + - - - Frameworks to help remind the researcher of elements to observe and consider during data gathering. Encourages organized note-collecting. + + Method + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - Designers carefully observe real-life situations for a set amount of time to understand how people behave within a given context. This method can help to uncover the reality of what people really do – as opposed to what they say they do. - -Purpose: Insights and information on how people behave + -Context: Earlier stages of the design process - + - - - - - Observational methods for Service Marketing are data gathering techniques that focus on service experiences + -Context: Observational methods for service marketing should be used to assess the service quality of an organization or interaction. + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + + + + + + + - The aim of an offering map is to describe in a synthetic way what the service offers to its users. - - - - - - -Online consultations utilise the internet to ask a group of people their opinion on an issue (typically a policy in the development stages). An unlimited number of participants can be sent information about the subject or download it online and respond via email or comment on the website. - -Online consultation enables participants to comment in detail and those commissioning the process to collate responses and present the results back to participants quickly, comprehensively and transparently. The fact that the participant comments do not need to be transcribed adds real benefit and speeds up analysis. + -Context: You should use an online consultation when: -• There is a clear and achievable aim -• Dealing with a large and/or widely dispersed group of participants -• Participants are more comfortable participating online than in other ways - + + - + - - - Intentions are opposite of those of Close-ended Questions; questions do not allow respondents to respond with "yes" or "no" -"designed to encourage a full, meaningful answer using the subject's own knowledge and/or feelings" -"tend to be more objective and less leading than Close-ended Questions -Preferred to be used to conduct sensitive topics + + + * "To examine and leverage mobile devices in everyday use" [1] +* To investigate how individuals use mobile technology in all situations in everyday life -Context: Open-ended questions should be used in interviews with a balance of Close-ended Questions. Opened-ended questions are also good in focus groups where the research can get more out of the respondent by listening to what they have to say rather than leading them to an answer that they want to hear. +Context: Mobile diary studies can be used during the beginning of the design phase to capture participant data on actions and behaviors under mobile conditions. - + - - Open Card Sorting - - A variation of card sorting where there are no pre-defined categories. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_sorting - In an open card sort, participants create their own names for the categories. + + Mobile Probes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Hulkko, Sami, Tuuli Mattelmaki, Katja Virtanen, and Turkka Keinonen. "Mobile Probes." Hameentie 135C, University of Art and Design, Helsinki (2004): 43-44. Print. + Consider merging this with Behavior Sampling (with this being the parent description, since Behavior Sampling as IDEO defined it is basically this, but simpler). + This method is used to record users' particular environments, feelings, and interactions in context as they move throughout their day -This helps reveal not only how they mentally classify the cards, but also what terms they use for the categories. +Mobile Probes should be used to before concept development so that the researchers are able to find out the users needs first. + 1. Compile the mobile probe: Mobile probes can consist of a few different features of both analogue and digital. Diaries, phone/pager, camera attachment. software to organize data and answers received. -Open sorting is generative; it is typically used to discover patterns in how participants classify, which in turn helps generate ideas for organizing information. +2. At intervals throughout the day text your subject a few short prompts via the cellular device (see: Behavior Sampling). These could include questions to be responded to in a notebook or in a text reply. Other prompts should ask the subject to take pictures of their environment so that researchers can interprate more from the scene. These pictures can also be used later to insight responses in an interview. - - - - Open Coding - - Grounded Theory - Benefits of Method: --Increase understanding of the phenomenon being studied --A good way to analyze data from interview transcripts - -Deficits of Method: --Personal histories of the researchers may influence findings --Researchers' academic training may influence coding practices --Time consuming - To make use of this, realistically, it's useful to do several iterations. Using the terms from Grounded Theory, this means: - -1. Mark key points of data with codes. Expect a cycle of discussion, immersion of new coding themes, and revision of codes. -2. Group codes into concepts. -3. Group concepts into categories. -4. Use categroies to create a "theory" (i.e., a collection of explanations that explain the subject of the research) + -Guidelines: - - Used a recursive, iterative process to develop the codes, discussing among the research team to support and understand the codes. - - Use a codebook to document decisions, definitions, and rules of coding. Revise after discussion and as themes emerge. - Open coding is a coding system where there is no predefined set of codes before you begin tagging your data. The theory is that the themes and concepts should emerge from the data. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounded_theory + + - + - - - Open Space Technology is often referred to as "Open Space". It is a meeting framework that allows unlimited numbers of participants to form their own discussions around a central theme. -Open Space events have a central theme, around which participants identify issues for which they are willing to take responsibility for running a session. At the same time, these topics are distributed among available rooms and timeslots. + + + Place each actor across the top and down the side of the matrix. In each box, place the information the person on the y-axis gives the person on the x-axis. In the sef-referencing nodes, place the actor's motivation. + +This requires the elicitation of the motivation of each actor in the system: each actor expresses what he needs or expects from the service. + The aim of the motivation matrix is a mapping of the connections between the different actors of the system, their information exchanges, and each actor's motivations. - + - - - - Open Space Technology is often referred to as "Open Space". It is a meeting framework that allows unlimited numbers of participants to form their own discussions around a central theme. -Open Space events have a central theme, around which participants identify issues for which they are willing to take responsibility for running a session. At the same time, these topics are distributed among available rooms and timeslots. + + - + - - + + + - - + + - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * Naturalistic group interview is an interview technique that allows the researcher to collect information from naturally occurring conversations stemming from the fact that the people chosen for the group interviews all have a previous social relationship with each other. Group influence tends to be ubiquitous in Asian countries, and it is therefore important to take this group dynamic into account in order to fully understand consumer behavior in this context - +Purpose: Goal of naturalistic group interviewing is to collect empirical data in the natural setting in which a consumption activity normally takes place. - - - Opinion polls are quantitative surveys carried out to gauge and compare people's views, experiences and behaviour. + +Context: It is appropriate to use this quantitative analytic method at the beginning of the research process, when one is trying to find out consumer beliefs about something. +This method is appropriate for cultures that consider it taboo for people to disclose their thoughts and opinions, or where attitudes and beliefs tend to be formed at the group rather than the individual level. + - + - - - - Oral history is a field of study and a method of gathering, preserving and interpreting the voices and memories of people, communities, and participants in past events. Oral history is both the oldest type of historical inquiry, predating the written word, and one of the most modern, initiated with tape recorders in the 1940s and now using 21st-century digital technologies. + + + Netnography (Internet + Ethnography) is an online marketing research technique for providing consumer insight. It is used because it considered to be much faster, simpler, and less expensive than traditional ethnography. It also has the advantage of being more naturalistic and unobtrusive, since you are learning about user behavior via the internet. - + - - + + - + - - - - - - - - + + + New product development research is very spotty and is still a relatively unrefined practice of research. Product creation is the core process supporting customer satisfaction and long-term growth in company value, yet there is very little documentation on best practices of doing so. Researching new product development and implementation requires longitudinal research designs because of the length of time that the process typically takes will span anywhere from weeks to years. - + - - - P - People -O - Objects -E - Environments -M - Messages -S - Services + + - + - - + + + This refers to all of the heavy-duty quantitative analysis work like clustering analysis, or regression, calculating correlation co-efficients and the like. - + - - Paper Prototypes - - - - - - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + + Frameworks to help remind the researcher of elements to observe and consider during data gathering. Encourages organized note-collecting. + + + + + + + + - - + + - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - A flexible, open-ended strategy of defining a problem for study by reference to people's daily lives. - -Purpose: -* To engage in a community's daily activities appropriate to the situation. -* To learn what life is like for an “insider” while remaining, inevitably, an “outsider.” -* To be physically present and observe the activities, people, physical aspects of the situation.May be done individually, in pairs, or in teams depending on which is most appropriate - -Context: Ideally use this method in the beginning of the design phase. Can be used in contexts of defined boundaries - such as a in factor. - - - - - - - - - Research to generate ideas. This is done before you really know what you are designing. It is a process to brainstorm ideas. - - - - - - + Designers carefully observe real-life situations for a set amount of time to understand how people behave within a given context. This method can help to uncover the reality of what people really do – as opposed to what they say they do. - - - The Participatory Strategic Planning process is a consensus-building approach that helps a community come together in explaining how they would like their community or organisation to develop over the next few years. +Purpose: Insights and information on how people behave -Context: You should use Participatory Strategic Planning when you want to build a spirit of ownership and commitment in a group or when you want to reach consensus to move forward. Participatory Strategic Planning can deliver direct decisions as well as a clear idea of where participants want an organisation or community to go, consensus about directions, a community commitment to making things happen and a stronger sense of being a team. +Context: Earlier stages of the design process - + - - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + + Observational methods for Service Marketing are data gathering techniques that focus on service experiences + +Context: Observational methods for service marketing should be used to assess the service quality of an organization or interaction. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Offering Map + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - + - A group of people who all know each other gather together in one's home and spend 2-3 hours conversing with each other and the moderator on a chosen topic. The researcher gets to see where and how people live which can often add important dimensions to the topic. - -Context: This method works best for consumers (not business people) and for singular topics that benefit from the deep, thoughtful, candid discussions. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A pathway is a sequential pattern of data. - - - - - - - - - http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2009/02/patterns-in-ux-research.php - - - - - - - - - a qualitative reserach method that explores how social communities are sustained and how their values are expressed through performance practices (rituals, ceremonies, oral histories) - -a research methodology committed to 1) performance as both subject and method of research 2) researchers' work being performance 3) reports of filed work being actable. - - - - - - - + - + - This method reveals patterns in peoples activities, perceptions and values. - - - - - - - - - Personas are imaginary characters – based on real people – that represent user archetypes. They are developed to understand user lifestyles, aspirations and needs, and often appear in scenarios as fictional players. The aim of a persona is to illustrate the user’s behaviour patterns. - -purpose: Bringing people’s needs and user data to life for the designer - -context: Early to mid stages of the design process - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Online consultations utilise the internet to ask a group of people their opinion on an issue (typically a policy in the development stages). An unlimited number of participants can be sent information about the subject or download it online and respond via email or comment on the website. - - - Photo-elicitation Interview is a method where a series of photos are taken, and then discussed with participants. This method is sometimes good in place of straight interviews, especially when participants are children. +Online consultation enables participants to comment in detail and those commissioning the process to collate responses and present the results back to participants quickly, comprehensively and transparently. The fact that the participant comments do not need to be transcribed adds real benefit and speeds up analysis. -The purpose of this method is to provide a means to understand the perspectives and experiences of people, their beliefs, and how they understand their worlds +Context: You should use an online consultation when: +• There is a clear and achievable aim +• Dealing with a large and/or widely dispersed group of participants +• Participants are more comfortable participating online than in other ways + - - - - - In this method, participants are asked to take photos of prescribed aspects of their lives, which are then analysed to reveal points of view and patterns of behavior. It's less intrusive, but quite revealing. + -The purpose of photo diaries is to help users reveal points of view and patterns of behavior. + + + Intentions are opposite of those of Close-ended Questions; questions do not allow respondents to respond with "yes" or "no" +"designed to encourage a full, meaningful answer using the subject's own knowledge and/or feelings" +"tend to be more objective and less leading than Close-ended Questions +Preferred to be used to conduct sensitive topics -The process can be used in the beginning of the design phase to gain insight on how certain objects or other parameters influence a persons daily life. +Context: Open-ended questions should be used in interviews with a balance of Close-ended Questions. Opened-ended questions are also good in focus groups where the research can get more out of the respondent by listening to what they have to say rather than leading them to an answer that they want to hear. - - - - - Pictorial Storytelling is a analytical process of understanding field data by re-representing the data. pictorial story. - -Context: These pictorial stores are also used to help communicate the field learning to the rest of the organization. - - + + + Open Card Sorting + + A variation of card sorting where there are no pre-defined categories. + http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_sorting + In an open card sort, participants create their own names for the categories. - +This helps reveal not only how they mentally classify the cards, but also what terms they use for the categories. - - - Do this process when meetings happen in an ad hoc or moment to moment fashion. They happen without a formal plan. Example: "We have 30 minutes, howshould we spend the time?" Pie chart answer the question with speed and clarity. +Open sorting is generative; it is typically used to discover patterns in how participants classify, which in turn helps generate ideas for organizing information. - - - - - The Planning Cell engages randomly selected citizens to work as consultants on a particular problem. - The Planning Cell method engages approximately twenty-five randomly selected people, who work as public consultants for a limited period of time (e.g. one week), in order to present solutions for a given planning or policy problem. The cell is accompanied by two moderators, who are responsible for the information schedule and the moderation of the -plenary sessions. -Experts, stakeholders and interest groups have the opportunity to present their positions to members. The final results of the cells? work are summarised as a citizen report, which is delivered to the authorities as well as to the participants themselves - - + + + Open Coding + + Grounded Theory + Benefits of Method: +-Increase understanding of the phenomenon being studied +-A good way to analyze data from interview transcripts - +Deficits of Method: +-Personal histories of the researchers may influence findings +-Researchers' academic training may influence coding practices +-Time consuming + To make use of this, realistically, it's useful to do several iterations. Using the terms from Grounded Theory, this means: - - - "Participants make a 3D model of their local area and add suggestions of how they would like to see their community develop. They then prioritise these in groups and create an action plan for decision-makers to take away. +1. Mark key points of data with codes. Expect a cycle of discussion, immersion of new coding themes, and revision of codes. +2. Group codes into concepts. +3. Group concepts into categories. +4. Use categroies to create a "theory" (i.e., a collection of explanations that explain the subject of the research) -Planning for Real events are famous for involving eye-catching three-dimensional models - though these are only a part of the whole process." +Guidelines: + - Used a recursive, iterative process to develop the codes, discussing among the research team to support and understand the codes. + - Use a codebook to document decisions, definitions, and rules of coding. Revise after discussion and as themes emerge. + Open coding is a coding system where there is no predefined set of codes before you begin tagging your data. The theory is that the themes and concepts should emerge from the data. + http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounded_theory - + - - + + + - - + + - Classic step in quantitative analysis: graph data in multiple ways, then post it on the wall to look for interesting patterns. - - - - - - - - - Generating ideas is an opening activity, and a first step. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Purpose is to test interviews before conducting the real interviews with potential users of the product. Research must be done about the user's interests and needs in relation to the product. - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + Open Space Technology is often referred to as "Open Space". It is a meeting framework that allows unlimited numbers of participants to form their own discussions around a central theme. +Open Space events have a central theme, around which participants identify issues for which they are willing to take responsibility for running a session. At the same time, these topics are distributed among available rooms and timeslots. + Open Space Technology is often referred to as "Open Space". It is a meeting framework that allows unlimited numbers of participants to form their own discussions around a central theme. +Open Space events have a central theme, around which participants identify issues for which they are willing to take responsibility for running a session. At the same time, these topics are distributed among available rooms and timeslots. - + - - + + + Opinion polls are quantitative surveys carried out to gauge and compare people's views, experiences and behaviour. - + - - + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + - - - - - This design method maps out a specific process in discrete steps, informed by interview and observation. - -purpose: Detailed understanding of a process (such as a task, transaction, activity or journey) + -context: Early explore-and-focus stages of the design process + + - + - + - - - - - - - 2 - - - + + + + - A "process" combines multiple methods in a pre-set order or group. + - + - - + + + + + + + + + P - People +O - Objects +E - Environments +M - Messages +S - Services - + - - + + Paper Prototypes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Paper prototyping can help improve the final product. Instead of deleting and revising hours worth of layout code, you can just draw the prototype and then throw away ideas that don't work. This method of prototyping works well for people on a budget, people who are not too familiar with coding, etc. + +http://alistapart.com/article/paperprototyping - + - - + + - + - - + + - + - - + + + - - + + - - + - + - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A flexible, open-ended strategy of defining a problem for study by reference to people's daily lives. + +Purpose: +* To engage in a community's daily activities appropriate to the situation. +* To learn what life is like for an “insider” while remaining, inevitably, an “outsider.” +* To be physically present and observe the activities, people, physical aspects of the situation.May be done individually, in pairs, or in teams depending on which is most appropriate + +Context: Ideally use this method in the beginning of the design phase. Can be used in contexts of defined boundaries - such as a in factor. - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Co-Design? + Research to generate ideas. This is done before you really know what you are designing. It is a process to brainstorm ideas. + - + - - + + Particpatory Co-Design + + Gain local knowledge by having the team co-design solutions with people from the community and local value chain actors. This can lead to innovations that may be better adapted to the context and be more likely to be adopted because the local people have invested resources in their creation. + +Bring 8-20 people from the community together in a co-design workshop to design solutions to a challenge. Introduce the design challenge by telling stories of problems related to the challenge. Ask the people, "How might we?" and ask them to add their own stories. Together brainstorm solutions with the participants and prototype. + +https://hcd-connect-production.s3.amazonaws.com/toolkit/en/download/ideo_hcd_toolkit_final_cc_superlr.pdf - + - - + + - + - - + + + The Participatory Strategic Planning process is a consensus-building approach that helps a community come together in explaining how they would like their community or organisation to develop over the next few years. + +Context: You should use Participatory Strategic Planning when you want to build a spirit of ownership and commitment in a group or when you want to reach consensus to move forward. Participatory Strategic Planning can deliver direct decisions as well as a clear idea of where participants want an organisation or community to go, consensus about directions, a community commitment to making things happen and a stronger sense of being a team. - + - - + - This presents a design scenario in the form of a film that has a documentary format but is actually staged. -purpose: A realistic representation of an imagined scenario + + + + + + + " +PV is a group activity that uses video to aid learning and engagement. It allows participants to use video equipment to be creative and tell their own stories about different issues. The process of film making is equally as important as the film itself. Both can be used as a means to greater participation. + +Context: +this method can be used for : +• Group or individual development +• To scrutinise their problems to find solutions +• Promoting local innovation +• To initiate community led action +• As a voice for marginalised groups +• Communicating with policy makers" + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A group of people who all know each other gather together in one's home and spend 2-3 hours conversing with each other and the moderator on a chosen topic. The researcher gets to see where and how people live which can often add important dimensions to the topic. -context: Earlier stages of the design process - +Context: This method works best for consumers (not business people) and for singular topics that benefit from the deep, thoughtful, candid discussions. - - - - - QFD stands for Quality Function Deploymentrn. It is a market-driven methodology for products and services to meet or exceed customers needs and expectations. - -QFD helps classify consumers' needs and wants into the appropriate design and delivery functions of one's organization. Using QFD with value engineering gives the customers what they value as important for themselves; it also helps your organization prioritize what characteristics to build into the product. - -The major goal for performing market research, analyzing the data with QFD, synthesizing results with value engineering and plotting them using value graphs are to incorporate customer voice during early design stages, improve quality, functionality, innovations, responsiveness and upgrade enterprise infrastructure. The goal for a company is to develop a product that consumers like-- and companies do this by figuring out what customers likes and desires are. - -QFD-based Value Engineering should be used in the beginning of the design process. The method can be applied to develop a product that consumers like and will purchase. - - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + a qualitative reserach method that explores how social communities are sustained and how their values are expressed through performance practices (rituals, ceremonies, oral histories) - - Q Sort - - McGeorge, P. and G. Rugg. The Sorting Techniques: "A Tutorial Paper on Card Sorts, Picture Sorts, and Item Sorts." Expert Systems. London, UK. 1997. p 80-93. - Q Sorts are a type of card sort where respondents are asked to fit the cards into a normal distribution pre-defined by the researcher. It usually involves a large number of cards, and requires a lot of preliminary work to make sure the content of the cards and the distribution criteria are appropriate. - This method varies from a regular card sort by adding the following steps: -1. Development of the distribution axis (e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree) -2. Rather than asking the respondent to group them simply, ask them to distribute them along the axis in a normal distribution (few at each end of the scale, and more in the middle). -3. This method assumes you will use statistical analysis to find higher-order clusterings using results from multiple respondents or multiple sessions with the same respondent. +a research methodology committed to 1) performance as both subject and method of research 2) researchers' work being performance 3) reports of filed work being actable. - + - - - - + - - - - - Process focus group data by pulling out quantitative information such as a word count, cluster analysis, or perceptual space analysis. - -There are new processes in the analytics of focus groups that involve not just qualitative analysis of the data, but also quantitative analysis. The quantification of text and results can be inspected using new software tools, such as CATPAC. It is doubtful that quantitative techniques will replace established qualitative approaches, but can supplement and improve insight gained from qualitative analysis. + -It is appropriate to use this quantitative analytic method after one has the data from focus groups. It represents a different way to analyze the findings from focus groups, which are normally qualitative. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + This method reveals patterns in peoples activities, perceptions and values. - + - - + + - - + + + Personas are imaginary characters – based on real people – that represent user archetypes. They are developed to understand user lifestyles, aspirations and needs, and often appear in scenarios as fictional players. The aim of a persona is to illustrate the user’s behaviour patterns. + +purpose: Bringing people’s needs and user data to life for the designer + +context: Early to mid stages of the design process - + - - + + + + + + + + - + - - - A questionnaire is a written series of questions and prompts used for gathering information from respondents. Questionnaires are a relatively quick and low cost way to reach a large number of people, though response rates can be very low. + + + Photo-elicitation Interview is a method where a series of photos are taken, and then discussed with participants. This method is sometimes good in place of straight interviews, especially when participants are children. -Context: This method can provide both qualitative and quantitative information enables the comparison of responses. +The purpose of this method is to provide a means to understand the perspectives and experiences of people, their beliefs, and how they understand their worlds - + - - - This method involves using short, focused studies to quickly gain a general picture of a setting, as it is not always possible to conduct long in-depth studies. + + + In this method, participants are asked to take photos of prescribed aspects of their lives, which are then analysed to reveal points of view and patterns of behavior. It's less intrusive, but quite revealing. -The process can be used throughout the design phase to gather insight and observations and be used under time and resource constraints. Observers admit that they can't gather complete, detailed understanding of the setting but can provide important borad understanding. +The purpose of photo diaries is to help users reveal points of view and patterns of behavior. + +The process can be used in the beginning of the design phase to gain insight on how certain objects or other parameters influence a persons daily life. - + - - + + + + + + + + + Pictorial Storytelling is a analytical process of understanding field data by re-representing the data. pictorial story. + +Context: These pictorial stores are also used to help communicate the field learning to the rest of the organization. - - - - - Rapid Ethnography is a collection of field methods intended to provide a reasonable understanding of users and their activities given significant time pressures and limited time. + -This method is a strategy for conducting field research in a shortened time frame, and encompasses the entire research (data collection and analysis) phase of the design process. This method is not appropriate for problems that are very open ended. + + + + + + + + - + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - "Rapid Prototyping refers to methods of automatically constructing physical objects with additive processes. - -Rapid prototyping should be used only after a significant amount of research and simpler iterations have been done. This is a time intensive and resource heavy step, so it should be implemented when the design team is trying to evaluate some of their potential final concepts." + + + + + + + The Planning Cell engages randomly selected citizens to work as consultants on a particular problem. + The Planning Cell method engages approximately twenty-five randomly selected people, who work as public consultants for a limited period of time (e.g. one week), in order to present solutions for a given planning or policy problem. The cell is accompanied by two moderators, who are responsible for the information schedule and the moderation of the +plenary sessions. +Experts, stakeholders and interest groups have the opportunity to present their positions to members. The final results of the cells? work are summarised as a citizen report, which is delivered to the authorities as well as to the participants themselves - + - - - Methods for finding and enlisting respondents/participants, whether they are stakeholders, users, or other. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Classic step in quantitative analysis: graph data in multiple ways, then post it on the wall to look for interesting patterns. - + - - - "thinking, pondering, contemplating. To the outside observer it looks a lot like staring into space, but your mind is going over and over and over all the detail of your observations, data, diagrams, and other research materials. It’s the part you can’t put a time limit on, and can make or break your subsequent work. You might call it “soaking it all in”, or “immersing myself in the data”. This technique is incredibly valuable to me in my own work and I’m not sure I’d be as effective if I didn’t include it." + + + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 6 + Benefits: +Quick and easy + +Related Methods: concept mapping + Generate ideas with silent sticky note writing. + Generating ideas is an opening activity, and a first step. + Gray, David, Sunni Brown, and James Macanufo. 2010. Gamestorming: a playbook for innovators, rulebreakers, and changemakers. Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly, p. 69 + false + true + true - + - - - Reflective listening is a simple technique that anyone can use to help another person work through a difficult situation. In order to learn the basic skills involved in reflective listening, read and practice these simple steps. + + + + + + + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + Purpose is to test interviews before conducting the real interviews with potential users of the product. Research must be done about the user's interests and needs in relation to the product. - + - + - - - - - Repertory Grid Technique should be used to identify problems, develop propositions, and construct questionnaires, and to uncover unknown correlations regarding attributes and concepts, and identify hidden connections. + -Repertory Grid Technique should be used to identify correlations between concepts and attributes-- which can then be applied to consumers' perceptions of products and services + + + + + + + + - + - - - A repetition is a series of values that repeat themselves. + + - + + + + + + + + + + + This design method maps out a specific process in discrete steps, informed by interview and observation. + +purpose: Detailed understanding of a process (such as a task, transaction, activity or journey) - - +context: Early explore-and-focus stages of the design process - + - - + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + A "process" combines multiple methods in a pre-set order or group. - + - - - The role script is used for the implementation of the service in order to orient and guide the operators toward the development of an adequate behaviour. - + + - + - - + + - + - - - The Samoan circle is a meeting without a leader. Instead there is a "professional facilitator" who helps participants by listening, getting involved when necessary and explaining the process. - + + - - - - - This method, sometimes referred to as a convenience sample, does not allow the researcher to have any control over the representativeness of the sample. It is only justified if the researcher wants to study the characteristics of people passing by the street corner at a certain point in time or if other sampling methods are not possible. The researcher must also take caution to not use results from a convenience sample to generalize to a wider population. - - + + + + Taking Paper Prototyping one step further. - +Pros: +- encourages communication among the team +- makes design tangible +- inexpensive +- promotes fun and creativity - - +https://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/january-february-2006/prototyping-with-junk1 +http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1109086 - + - - + + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - "Scale modeling is especially useful in designing spaces. A scale model can reveal spatial relationships and help envision what the final space will be like. + This presents a design scenario in the form of a film that has a documentary format but is actually staged. +purpose: A realistic representation of an imagined scenario -Context: Use scaled, generic architectural model components to design spaces with the client, team and/or the user. " +context: Earlier stages of the design process + - - - - - Scenarios are storylines that explore how people might interact with a particular design or context of use. By provoking discussion, they help to develop and evaluate ideas. This method enables concepts to be tested from a human and experiential point of view. Scenarios are imaginative, can be presented through a variety of media including texts, illustrated storyboards or film, and can feature multiple characters to describe product or service interactions. Scenarios vary from real-world narratives grounded in everyday behaviour to more speculative, science fiction ones that can open up discussion around  broader social challenges. - -Context: Mid to late stages of the design process - - + + + + QFD stands for Quality Function Deploymentrn. It is a market-driven methodology for products and services to meet or exceed customers needs and expectations. - +QFD helps classify consumers' needs and wants into the appropriate design and delivery functions of one's organization. Using QFD with value engineering gives the customers what they value as important for themselves; it also helps your organization prioritize what characteristics to build into the product. - - - Scenario-based design uses customer scenarios to understand the process through which the customer uses your product to reach a goal. It is basically the understanding that different consumers have different needs for products, and designing your product/system in a way that allows for a wide array of situations to be addressed in an efficient and user-friendly manner. +The major goal for performing market research, analyzing the data with QFD, synthesizing results with value engineering and plotting them using value graphs are to incorporate customer voice during early design stages, improve quality, functionality, innovations, responsiveness and upgrade enterprise infrastructure. The goal for a company is to develop a product that consumers like-- and companies do this by figuring out what customers likes and desires are. -Scenario-based design is used early on in the system development cycle. -It can be used when you’re trying to envision the system as it’s being planned, or when you’re first doing the research of how people would interact with your product. +QFD-based Value Engineering should be used in the beginning of the design process. The method can be applied to develop a product that consumers like and will purchase. + - + - - + + Q Sort + + McGeorge, P. and G. Rugg. The Sorting Techniques: "A Tutorial Paper on Card Sorts, Picture Sorts, and Item Sorts." Expert Systems. London, UK. 1997. p 80-93. + Q Sorts are a type of card sort where respondents are asked to fit the cards into a normal distribution pre-defined by the researcher. It usually involves a large number of cards, and requires a lot of preliminary work to make sure the content of the cards and the distribution criteria are appropriate. + This method varies from a regular card sort by adding the following steps: +1. Development of the distribution axis (e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree) +2. Rather than asking the respondent to group them simply, ask them to distribute them along the axis in a normal distribution (few at each end of the scale, and more in the middle). +3. This method assumes you will use statistical analysis to find higher-order clusterings using results from multiple respondents or multiple sessions with the same respondent. - + - - - The aim of a Scenario Workshop is to form a basis for action and to gather knowledge about how participants view possible future developments. -The aim of the Scenario Workshop is to create a basis for local action. The workshop is used to gather knowledge about barriers and participants experiences and visions of the topic as well as their attitudes towards the defined scenarios and the basis for these. + + + - - - - - Search Conference is a planning method that enables people to create the most desirable future for their community or organisation. This is a plan they can take responsibility for carrying out themselves. -A Search Conference's goal is to produce a relationship between your organisation and it's uncertain future. It is designed to identify an end goal and increase strategic planning by giving people more control over direction. - - + + + + Process focus group data by pulling out quantitative information such as a word count, cluster analysis, or perceptual space analysis. - +There are new processes in the analytics of focus groups that involve not just qualitative analysis of the data, but also quantitative analysis. The quantification of text and results can be inspected using new software tools, such as CATPAC. It is doubtful that quantitative techniques will replace established qualitative approaches, but can supplement and improve insight gained from qualitative analysis. - - - a search for patterns in the sub-situations is another useful method for dealing with largr issues. The more patterns collected, the greater the understanding of the situation under study. +It is appropriate to use this quantitative analytic method after one has the data from focus groups. It represents a different way to analyze the findings from focus groups, which are normally qualitative. - + - - + + - - - 0 + + - Researching by using exisitng data and doing web searches, etc. - + - - + + - + - - Semantic Maps - + + - - + + + + + + + + - There are many ways to map a set of concepts. In general, you start with one idea or question of interest and then expand out from there, adding to and/or revising the map as you go. - Ways to visualize ideas linked by meaning, allowing for a larger meaning to be understood by seeing the concepts within a "larger picture". Defining the links add further contextual information. + + + + + + + A questionnaire is a written series of questions and prompts used for gathering information from respondents. Questionnaires are a relatively quick and low cost way to reach a large number of people, though response rates can be very low. + +Context: This method can provide both qualitative and quantitative information enables the comparison of responses. - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + This method involves using short, focused studies to quickly gain a general picture of a setting, as it is not always possible to conduct long in-depth studies. - - +The process can be used throughout the design phase to gather insight and observations and be used under time and resource constraints. Observers admit that they can't gather complete, detailed understanding of the setting but can provide important borad understanding. - + - - - Meaning; conceptual relationship + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - Service Blueprint - - The service blueprint describes the nature, characteristics, and elements of a service in enough detail for it to be verified, implemented, and/or maintained. It documents each user touchpoint and back-end process to the user experience. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Rapid Ethnography is a collection of field methods intended to provide a reasonable understanding of users and their activities given significant time pressures and limited time. -This is essentially a type of customer journey map. And like that method, can be used to lay out an existing system or a new one. - Identify each touchpoint, user action and back-end process in the service. -Map in chronological order, indicating interactions between processes when necessary. - See examples at http://www.servicedesigntools.org/tools/35 +This method is a strategy for conducting field research in a shortened time frame, and encompasses the entire research (data collection and analysis) phase of the design process. This method is not appropriate for problems that are very open ended. - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - The service prototype is a tool for testing the service by observing the interaction of the user with a prototype of the service put in the place, situation and condition where the service will actually exist.The aim is verifying what happens when some external factors interfere during the service delivery, factors that it’s not possible to verify during the preceding tests in the laboratory but that have a great impact on the user perception and experience. - + Methods for finding and enlisting respondents/participants, whether they are stakeholders, users, or other. - + - - + + + "thinking, pondering, contemplating. To the outside observer it looks a lot like staring into space, but your mind is going over and over and over all the detail of your observations, data, diagrams, and other research materials. It’s the part you can’t put a time limit on, and can make or break your subsequent work. You might call it “soaking it all in”, or “immersing myself in the data”. This technique is incredibly valuable to me in my own work and I’m not sure I’d be as effective if I didn’t include it." - - - - - Shadowing is essentially comprised of following a member of organization from the moment he/she arrives at work to moment he/she leaves to return home. + -The goal of Shadowing is to produce a precise and inclusive data set that gives a primary and detailed account of the universe (i.e. workspace, surroundings, philosophy, role, etc.) belonging to the member under study. Shadowing aims to help a design team understand how the opinions and behaviors of the member under study complement each other in the work place, while also elucidating details of work habits that may usually be difficult to articulate. + + + Reflective listening is a simple technique that anyone can use to help another person work through a difficult situation. In order to learn the basic skills involved in reflective listening, read and practice these simple steps. - + - - + + - + - - - - - - - - + + - + - - + - Use objects for story telling around things that are important to the organization. - - - + The repertory grid is a technique for identifying the ways that a person construes (interprets/ gives meaning to) his or her experience. It provides information from which inferences about personality can be made, but it is not a personality test in the conventional sense. It is underpinned by the Personal Construct Theory developed by George Kelly first published in 1955. - +A grid consists of four parts: - - Single-Criterion Card Sorting - - Repeated single criterion card sorting - McGeorge and Rugg argue the repeated single-criterion sorting is the most useful in most situations. - A variant of card-sorting in which respondents are given a single criterion (e.g., frequency of use, personal importance, etc.) around which to sort. The responents then sort the cards into categories that make sense to them (e.g., once-a-day, twice-a-day, valuable, not valuable, etc.). Often, this is done repeatedly with the same respondents and cards, so that the respondents sort the cards over several criterion during a session, but focusing on just one for each round of sorting. - McGeorge, P. and G. Rugg. The Sorting Techniques: "A Tutorial Paper on Card Sorts, Picture Sorts, and Item Sorts." Expert Systems. London, UK. 1997. p 80-93. +A Topic: it is about some part of the person's experience +A set of Elements, which are examples or instances of the Topic. Working as a clinical psychologist, Kelly was interested in how his clients construed people in the roles they adopted towards the client, and so, originally, such terms as 'my father', 'my mother', 'an admired friend' and so forth were used. Since then, the Grid has been used in much wider settings (educational, occupational, organisational) and so any well-defined set of words, phrases, or even brief behavioral vignettes can be used as elements. For example, to see how I construe the purchase of a car, a list of vehicles within my price range could make an excellent set of elements +A set of Constructs. These are the basic terms that the client uses to make sense of the elements, and are always expressed as a contrast. Thus the meaning of 'Good' depends on whether you intend to say 'Good versus Poor', as if you were construing a theatrical performance, or 'Good versus Evil', as if you were construing the moral or ontological status of some more fundamental experience. +A set of ratings of Elements on Constructs. Each element is positioned between the two extremes of the construct using a 5- or 7-point rating scale system; this is done repeatedly for all the constructs that apply; and thus its meaning to the client is captured, and statistical analysis varying from simple counting, to more complex multivariate analysis of meaning, is made possible. +Constructs are regarded as personal to the client, who is psychologically similar to other people depending on the extent to which s/he would tend to use similar constructs, and similar ratings, in relating to a particular set of elements. And it is the way that the constructs are identified that makes a Repertory Grid unique. + http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertory_grid - - - - - - - + - - - Asking a current participant to recommend additional participants. + + - + - - - was called "SILK Method Deck (Social Innovation Lab for Kent)" - Social Circles: "Once you have clearly defined a set of users for the service you are designing (ideally a set of personas drawn from your research) this tool becomes a helpful prompt for thinking about how we can plot a route to them through the people, groups, and services that they already know and trust." + + - + - - - - Social network analysis is the mapping and measuring of relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, computers or other information/knowledge processing entities. (Valdis Krebs, 2002). + + + The role script is used for the implementation of the service in order to orient and guide the operators toward the development of an adequate behaviour. + - + - - - In a world that increasingly relies on technology for rapid communication, social network mapping aims to analyze the "various social relationships within a user group and map the network of their interactions." + + + + + + + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + The Samoan circle is a meeting without a leader. Instead there is a "professional facilitator" who helps participants by listening, getting involved when necessary and explaining the process. + - + - - - If you were planning a vacation trip touring the United States, you might work out the trip in a geographical order. You could organize your travel around sightseeing in the Pacific Northwest, Middle West, East Coast, and South. Within a large business building, custodial services might be assigned according to location—first floor, second floor, and so forth. Another form of geographical organization is illustrated by the division of a business into sales by state, county, or city. Geographical sequencing of ideas is less usable than other methods because of its rigidity; moreover, relatively few topics lend themselves to such organization. + + + + + + + + - + - - + + Scale Modeling + + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + Scenario + + - + - + + + + + + + + + - - designed to reveal the diversity of perspectives and options around any given topic and to organize them into a meaningful spectrum. This game gives players an opportunity to express their views without having to assert them vocally or even take ownership in front of the group + + + + + + + + + + + + + The aim of a Scenario Workshop is to form a basis for action and to gather knowledge about how participants view possible future developments. +The aim of the Scenario Workshop is to create a basis for local action. The workshop is used to gather knowledge about barriers and participants experiences and visions of the topic as well as their attitudes towards the defined scenarios and the basis for these. - + - - + + - + - - - daily record; save facts and discoveries about special interests. This documentary technique lends itself directly to the analysis stage of problem-solving, especially when the journal becomes a collection place for comparisons and interrelationships along with facts and data. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + a search for patterns in the sub-situations is another useful method for dealing with largr issues. The more patterns collected, the greater the understanding of the situation under study. - + - - - + + - - + + + 0 - - + + + Researching by using exisitng data and doing web searches, etc. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Meaning; conceptual relationship + + + + + + + + Service Blueprint + + The service blueprint describes the nature, characteristics, and elements of a service in enough detail for it to be verified, implemented, and/or maintained. It documents each user touchpoint and back-end process to the user experience. + +This is essentially a type of customer journey map. And like that method, can be used to lay out an existing system or a new one. + Identify each touchpoint, user action and back-end process in the service. +Map in chronological order, indicating interactions between processes when necessary. + See examples at http://www.servicedesigntools.org/tools/35 + + + + + + + + - - + + - - - - - - - + - + - - + + - The storyboard is a tool derived from the cinematographic tradition; it is the representation of use cases through a series of drawings or pictures, put together in a narrative sequence.The service storyboard shows the manifestation of every touchpoints and the relationships between them and the user in the creation of the experience. - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - Structural prototypes tend to be evolutionary prototypes; they are more likely to use the infrastructure of the ultimate system, (the "bones"), and are more likely to evolve into becoming the real system. If the prototype is done using the "production" language and tool set, there is the added advantage of being able to test the development environment and let some of the personnel get familiar with new tools and procedures. - - - - - + - - - - A structured interview is in essence, a verbally administered survey (as opposed to a questionnaire, where the respondent fills out a set of questions independently). This allows for some follow up questions, but researchers will follow the "interview scripts" closely (as opposed to an unstructured interview where researchers may try to cover a set of topics rather than ask a particular set of questions). + + - + - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - + - - + + + Shadowing is essentially comprised of following a member of organization from the moment he/she arrives at work to moment he/she leaves to return home. + +The goal of Shadowing is to produce a precise and inclusive data set that gives a primary and detailed account of the universe (i.e. workspace, surroundings, philosophy, role, etc.) belonging to the member under study. Shadowing aims to help a design team understand how the opinions and behaviors of the member under study complement each other in the work place, while also elucidating details of work habits that may usually be difficult to articulate. + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + @@ -6794,1374 +8051,1900 @@ The goal of Shadowing is to produce a precise and inclusive data set that gives - + - Study Circles involve a small number of citizens who meet on more than one occasion to discuss varying issues. -Study Circles are similar to Focus Groups in that they involve a small number of people, guided by a facilitator, discussing an issue. -The difference is that whereas focus groups are designed to discover what people's attitudes are, a study circle is a collaborative effort where the onus is on creating ideas and learning more about a subject. - - - - - - - - - collating similar observations together and treating them collectively. This is a standard technique in many quantitative analysis methods. - - - - - - - - - A suvey is a set of questions that allows a large group of people to describe themselves, their interests, and their preferences in a structured way. Using statistical tools on the results, you can reveal broad characteristics about your users and extract interesting patterns When done correctly, surveys can give you a higher degree of certainty about your overall user population than using only qualitative research methods. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The process of drawing together concepts, ideas, objects and other qualitative data in new configurations, or to create something entirely new. - - - - - - - - - Synthetics asks "how is this thing like that thing?" and the result forms a new viewpoint or way to see or understand the subject under analysis. - - - - - - - - - The system map is a visual description of the service technical organization: the different actors involved, their mutual links and the flows of materials, energy, information and money through the system. - - - - - - - - - + - - + + Single-Criterion Card Sorting + + Repeated single criterion card sorting + McGeorge and Rugg argue the repeated single-criterion sorting is the most useful in most situations. + A variant of card-sorting in which respondents are given a single criterion (e.g., frequency of use, personal importance, etc.) around which to sort. The responents then sort the cards into categories that make sense to them (e.g., once-a-day, twice-a-day, valuable, not valuable, etc.). Often, this is done repeatedly with the same respondents and cards, so that the respondents sort the cards over several criterion during a session, but focusing on just one for each round of sorting. + McGeorge, P. and G. Rugg. The Sorting Techniques: "A Tutorial Paper on Card Sorts, Picture Sorts, and Item Sorts." Expert Systems. London, UK. 1997. p 80-93. - + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Asking a current participant to recommend additional participants. - + - - - Effective commercial research supports the rational selection of a course of action that will lead to an outcome that is satisfactory to the decision maker. + + + + + + + + + Social network analysis is the mapping and measuring of relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, computers or other information/knowledge processing entities. (Valdis Krebs, 2002). -Purpose: -To reduce the chances of making a poor commercial decision by having specific target outcomes, constraints on resources, and a resolution of the marketing problem -Increase understanding of area of interest -In commercial marketing, research is used as a decision making process to attain a specific result +In a world that increasingly relies on technology for rapid communication, social network mapping aims to analyze the "various social relationships within a user group and map the network of their interactions." + Social Networking Map - + - - + + - + - - + + + If you were planning a vacation trip touring the United States, you might work out the trip in a geographical order. You could organize your travel around sightseeing in the Pacific Northwest, Middle West, East Coast, and South. Within a large business building, custodial services might be assigned according to location—first floor, second floor, and so forth. Another form of geographical organization is illustrated by the division of a business into sales by state, county, or city. Geographical sequencing of ideas is less usable than other methods because of its rigidity; moreover, relatively few topics lend themselves to such organization. - + - - - When designers have to communicate decisions to stakeholders, one possibility is to use a requirements document. Another strategy could be using something different in order to avoid the risk of "taking a couple of days to get everyone on the same page": the task analysis grid is an interesting alternative to the standard requirements documents. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + designed to reveal the diversity of perspectives and options around any given topic and to organize them into a meaningful spectrum. This game gives players an opportunity to express their views without having to assert them vocally or even take ownership in front of the group - - - - - A taxonomy is a set of categories organized on the basis of a single semantic reltionship, showing the relationships among all the included terms in a domain. - -Purpose: To investigate how cultural domains are organized and, as a result, deduce cultural meaning. + -Context: Used throughout collection of data, especially in Participant Observation at the beginning of the design process. Often referenced to as other research strategies are employed. + + - + - - + + + + + + + + - + - - + + + daily record; save facts and discoveries about special interests. This documentary technique lends itself directly to the analysis stage of problem-solving, especially when the journal becomes a collection place for comparisons and interrelationships along with facts and data. - + - - + + - + - - Telling a new story - + + Storyboard + + + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + - + + + + + + + - + - was "storytelling", but "storytelling" is a skill. This is about using a story to describe something new. - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - quick way to gather and organize information about any subject using four common key concepts. Components: are parts of the topic. Characteristics: features of the topic.Challenges:onstacles associated with the topic Characters: people associated with the topic - - - - - - - - - 1. Ask players to review problem states and ask themselves WHY it's a problem. Then ask them to write their first response on sticky note 1. - -2.Tell the players to ask themselves WHY the answer on sticky note 1 is true and write their response on sticky note - -3. Again, tell the players to ask themselves WHY the answer on sticky note 2 is true and write the response on sticky note 3. - The 5 Whys game mirrors the motive to move beyond the surface of a problem and discover the root cause, because problems are tackled more sustainably when they're addressed at the source. - - - - - - - - - Helps people get unstuck when they are at their wit's end. It is most useful when a team is already working on a problem, but they're running out of ideas for solutions. -Game's purpose is to help teams evaluate a problem differently and break out of existing patterns, so make the anti problem more extreme than it really is, just to get people thinking. - - - - - - - - - - - asking questions, the universal methods for finding out about anything, is all that really is necessary for Analysis. However, the desire to determine, what, why, where, when, who, or how can be humbling and calls which often calls for courage. - - - - - - - - - The premise of this game is to disclose and discover unknown information that can impact organizational and group success in any area of the company-management, planning, team performance, and so forth. - 1. Before the meeting, decide on topic for discussion. Draw a large scale profile of a person and draw four arrows coming out of the top of the head. Label those arrows "Know/Know", "Know/Don't Know", "Don't Know/Know" and 'Don't Know/Know" and "Don’t Know/Don't Know" -2. Give the players access to sticky notes and markers and tell them that the purpose of this game is to try to make explicit the knowledge they have, and the knowledge they don't have but could use. -3. Start with Know/Know category. Elicit from the group all information about the topic that they kno they know. This category should go quickly and generate a lot of cntent. Have players write one bit of knowldge on each sticky note and place them a cluster in this category. -4. Then, tackle Know'Don't Know category. Have players write what they know and place in cluster near this arrow. -5. Move to Don't Know/Know. This information could be skills people have that are currently not used to solve problems or untapped resources that have been forgotten. -6. Last, move to Don't Know/Don't Know. The group will be stopped here, possibly indefinitely. This category is where discovery and shared exploration take place. Ask players provocative questions: What does this know that your team doesn't know it doesn't know? How can you find ut what you don't know you don't know? -7. Ask the group what they can do to proactively address the distinct challenges of each categor. Discuss the insights and "ahas." Even if the players only revelation is that thy have blind spots, this in itself can be a fruitful discovery. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Description: a method used to gather data in usability testing in product design and development, in psychology and a range of social sciences. The think-aloud protocol can be divided into two different experimental procedures. The first one is the concurrent think-aloud protocol, collected during the decision task. The second procedure is the retrospective think-aloud protocol, gathered after the decision task. - -Context: This technique can be helpful during any stage of product development, since it is a cheap way to provide good, qualitative, feedback. -Must have something for them to work with - - - - - - - - - The tomorrow headlines are fictional articles published on magazines or journals that the designers imagine by projecting themselves in the future and trying to understand what kind of impact the service will have on the society. - - -Context: This tool is also a way to visualize the idea and make it more tangible, more real and more univocally perceived among the team and the stakeholders. - - - - - + - - + + + - - + + - + - - - Conceived by Gianluca Brugnoli -teacher at Politecnico di Milano and designer at Frog Design- the touchpoints matrix merges some features of the customer journey maps with some features of the system maps and is based on the use of personas.The basic idea is to provide a visual framework that enables designer to “connect the dots of the user experience” in order to see the different configurations, interfaces, contexts and results of the interaction with a specific product-service system. + + + + + + + + + Structural prototypes tend to be evolutionary prototypes; they are more likely to use the infrastructure of the ultimate system, (the "bones"), and are more likely to evolve into becoming the real system. If the prototype is done using the "production" language and tool set, there is the added advantage of being able to test the development environment and let some of the personnel get familiar with new tools and procedures. - + - - - This method allows for better performance when all members of the group are warmed up. This is great because it lets people self-define, it gives people a "personality" outside the typical work environment, it gives participants quick snapshots of multiple players, and it creates memorable visuals that give people conversation pieces as the meeting progresses. + + + + + + + + + + A structured interview is in essence, a verbally administered survey (as opposed to a questionnaire, where the respondent fills out a set of questions independently). This allows for some follow up questions, but researchers will follow the "interview scripts" closely (as opposed to an unstructured interview where researchers may try to cover a set of topics rather than ask a particular set of questions). - + - - + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Study Circles involve a small number of citizens who meet on more than one occasion to discuss varying issues. +Study Circles are similar to Focus Groups in that they involve a small number of people, guided by a facilitator, discussing an issue. +The difference is that whereas focus groups are designed to discover what people's attitudes are, a study circle is a collaborative effort where the onus is on creating ideas and learning more about a subject. - + - + - Processing the data to arrive at some new representation of the observations. Unlike manipulation, transformation has the effect of changing the data. + collating similar observations together and treating them collectively. This is a standard technique in many quantitative analysis methods. - + - - - A trend is the gradual, general progression of data up or down. - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A suvey is a set of questions that allows a large group of people to describe themselves, their interests, and their preferences in a structured way. Using statistical tools on the results, you can reveal broad characteristics about your users and extract interesting patterns When done correctly, surveys can give you a higher degree of certainty about your overall user population than using only qualitative research methods. - + - - - Use the product or prototype you are designing + + + + + + + + - + - - - More of a communications tool than a mechanism for dialogue, twitter can nonetheless be an engaging and informal way of staying in touch with large numbers of people. Twitter has been used in public engagement events to let people who can't be in the room know what is going on, and to update participants on what happens afterwards. + + + The process of drawing together concepts, ideas, objects and other qualitative data in new configurations, or to create something entirely new. - + - - + + - - + + - * Unfocus groups are a qualitative research method in which interviewers hold group interviews where the types of participants are very different in order to get a broader range of opinions and feedback about a product. -* Unlike focus groups where participants are likely users of the product or service, an unfocus group has participants who are chosen almost randomly. - -Context: It is appropriate to use this method after you have already done a focus group and have a semi-finished product. The unfocus group would tell you about any problems an average consumer might face (as opposed to the target consumer). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Synthetics asks "how is this thing like that thing?" and the result forms a new viewpoint or way to see or understand the subject under analysis. - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The system map is a visual description of the service technical organization: the different actors involved, their mutual links and the flows of materials, energy, information and money through the system. - + - - + + - - - - - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Effective commercial research supports the rational selection of a course of action that will lead to an outcome that is satisfactory to the decision maker. - - - Testing the service usability means observing and asking a number of users about the use of existing or future products or services in a situation of absolutely normal everyday life. +Purpose: +To reduce the chances of making a poor commercial decision by having specific target outcomes, constraints on resources, and a resolution of the marketing problem +Increase understanding of area of interest +In commercial marketing, research is used as a decision making process to attain a specific result - - - - - A user forum is an interactive session between designers and users where all attendees contribute to the dialogue and express their opinion. This research method does not require a trained moderator and can therefore be designer-led, extending the boundaries of the traditional focus group format. User forums can be used to explore more open-ended questions rather than just focusing on a single issue. - -Purpose: Encourages rich, creative and divergent contributions from potential users + -context: Earlier stages of design development + + - - - - User Interface Prototypes - - "* Allows designer to explore problem space with stakeholders -* Allows designer to initially envision the system -* Creates an effective method to communicate the UI design of a system -* Develops a foundation on which to continue developing a system + -Context: Since this method takes an iterative approach of mock-ups and user feedback, it is most appropriately used for the prototyping and measuring stages of design." + + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + When designers have to communicate decisions to stakeholders, one possibility is to use a requirements document. Another strategy could be using something different in order to avoid the risk of "taking a couple of days to get everyone on the same page": the task analysis grid is an interesting alternative to the standard requirements documents. - + - - + + - - + + - Observational methods involve an investigator viewing users as they work in a field study, and taking notes on the activity that takes place. Observation may be either direct, where the investigator is actually present during the task, or indirect, where the task is viewed by some other means such as through use of a video recorder. The method is useful early in user requirements specification for obtaining qualitative data. It is also useful for studying currently executed tasks and processes. + A taxonomy is a set of categories organized on the basis of a single semantic reltionship, showing the relationships among all the included terms in a domain. + +Purpose: To investigate how cultural domains are organized and, as a result, deduce cultural meaning. + +Context: Used throughout collection of data, especially in Participant Observation at the beginning of the design process. Often referenced to as other research strategies are employed. - + - - User Panel - - http://participationcompass.org/article/show/138 - User Panels are regular meetings of service users about the quality of a service or other related topics. They help to identify the concerns and priorities of service users and can lead to the early identification of problems or ideas for improvements. + + + + + + + + + + -User Panels usually take the form of a workshop and it is important to outline a clear purpose and the time required for participants' involvement right from the beginning. -Context: -You should use User Panels when: - -• You are working with people who are not usually heard, for example those with learning disabilities, children, and the elderly -• You want to establish a two-way dialogue between service providers and users, -• You want to set up a sounding board for new approaches or proposals relating to services -• As a way of identifying emerging problems - May want to relate these to "Participatory Rural Appraisal" methods... somehow. See: http://community.eldis.org/.59b4ab37/Dp311.pdf - Benefits of the method: -• Changes can be tracked over time -• Solution focused -• The Panel members are well informed on the issues + -Deficit of the method: -• Time consuming/long-term commitment -• The Panel is not necessarily representative -• A small number of people may dominate the group -• May not take into account relevant needs of non-users of services -• The panels will not deliver statistical information + + - + - - + + + from Steve Baty - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + + + + + + + - + - - + + - + - - + + - - + + + quick way to gather and organize information about any subject using four common key concepts. Components: are parts of the topic. Characteristics: features of the topic.Challenges:onstacles associated with the topic Characters: people associated with the topic - + - - - Videoing everyday events as they happen in context to capture people’s interaction with one another and the environment around them. This method enables design teams to analyse tasks and gain deeper insights through repeated viewing. + + + + + + + + + 1. Ask players to review problem states and ask themselves WHY it's a problem. Then ask them to write their first response on sticky note 1. -Purpose: Video-based evidence and insights on user behaviour +2.Tell the players to ask themselves WHY the answer on sticky note 1 is true and write their response on sticky note -Context: Early to mid stages of the design process +3. Again, tell the players to ask themselves WHY the answer on sticky note 2 is true and write the response on sticky note 3. + The 5 Whys game mirrors the motive to move beyond the surface of a problem and discover the root cause, because problems are tackled more sustainably when they're addressed at the source. - + - - - A Virtual Ethnography is essentially an extension of Classic Ethnography that utilizes the internet. It stems from the group of thinkers who believe "cyberspace is [not] detached from any connections to 'real life' and face-to-face interaction." + + + 1 + 1 + 1. Before the meeting, find a situation that needs to be resolved or a problem that needs a solution +2. Break large groups into smaller groups of 3-4 people and describe what they'll tackle together: the anti-problem, or the current problem's opposite +3. Give players 15-20 minutes to generate and display various ways to solve the anti-problem. Encourage fast responses and volume of ideas. +5. When time is up, ask each team to share their solution to the anti-problem. +6. Discuss any insights and discoveries the players have. + 10 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 4 + Gray, David, Sunni Brown, and James Macanufo. 2010. Gamestorming: a playbook for innovators, rulebreakers, and changemakers. Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly, p. 81 + Helps people get unstuck when they are at their wit's end. It is most useful when a team is already working on a problem, but they're running out of ideas for solutions. +Game's purpose is to help teams evaluate a problem differently and break out of existing patterns, so make the anti problem more extreme than it really is, just to get people thinking. -Context: A Virtual Ethnography is best used for the "practical purpose of exploring the relations of mediated interaction. - Online Ethnography + + benefit of the method: By asking players to identify ways to solve the problem opposite to their current problem, it becomes easier to see where a current solution might be going astray or where an obvious solution isn't being applied. + + false + false + false - - - - - Virtual focus groups are conducted online, and are ideal for locating and researching markets that are hard to recruit, have low incidence, touch on sensitive topics, are online based, or geographically dispersed. One example of a group that would benefit from virtual focus groups are high level executives who don’t have the time to travel to the site. + -Context: It is appropriate to use focus groups in the beginning of the research process when trying to define the target user. They should be done after surveys, in order to explore specific points of the surveys in greater depth. + + + asking questions, the universal methods for finding out about anything, is all that really is necessary for Analysis. However, the desire to determine, what, why, where, when, who, or how can be humbling and calls which often calls for courage. - - - - - * Virtual Immersion is a less costly technique of Inclusive Design - o Both which is aimed to design products that can be used by many people -* To help designers quickly gain deep understanding of their users without having to involve real users directly - o To help the designers live the experience of the user VIRTUALLY (in their minds) by pretending - to be the user + -Context: This design process can be used in the beginning of the design stage as Inclusive Design is also used then. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The premise of this game is to disclose and discover unknown information that can impact organizational and group success in any area of the company-management, planning, team performance, and so forth. + 1. Before the meeting, decide on topic for discussion. Draw a large scale profile of a person and draw four arrows coming out of the top of the head. Label those arrows "Know/Know", "Know/Don't Know", "Don't Know/Know" and 'Don't Know/Know" and "Don’t Know/Don't Know" +2. Give the players access to sticky notes and markers and tell them that the purpose of this game is to try to make explicit the knowledge they have, and the knowledge they don't have but could use. +3. Start with Know/Know category. Elicit from the group all information about the topic that they kno they know. This category should go quickly and generate a lot of cntent. Have players write one bit of knowldge on each sticky note and place them a cluster in this category. +4. Then, tackle Know'Don't Know category. Have players write what they know and place in cluster near this arrow. +5. Move to Don't Know/Know. This information could be skills people have that are currently not used to solve problems or untapped resources that have been forgotten. +6. Last, move to Don't Know/Don't Know. The group will be stopped here, possibly indefinitely. This category is where discovery and shared exploration take place. Ask players provocative questions: What does this know that your team doesn't know it doesn't know? How can you find ut what you don't know you don't know? +7. Ask the group what they can do to proactively address the distinct challenges of each categor. Discuss the insights and "ahas." Even if the players only revelation is that thy have blind spots, this in itself can be a fruitful discovery. - - - - - These are chat rooms and communities which exist in an online simulated environment. A virtual world produces visual representations of places and practices. + -Context: They offer the possibility of real time public engagement, joining people across the world (or even a borough/district) in a 3d virtual space similar to "real life". + + + + + + + + - - - - - visual agenda is a gesture to the group that you spent time before you took up theirs. - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Description: a method used to gather data in usability testing in product design and development, in psychology and a range of social sciences. The think-aloud protocol can be divided into two different experimental procedures. The first one is the concurrent think-aloud protocol, collected during the decision task. The second procedure is the retrospective think-aloud protocol, gathered after the decision task. - - - giving the data a visual dimension, beyond lists of items or rows of numbers. +Context: This technique can be helpful during any stage of product development, since it is a cheap way to provide good, qualitative, feedback. +Must have something for them to work with + 1. Provide the user with the product +2. Give the user a scenario, or a particular task to be performed. +3. Ask the user to explain their thought-process while working with the product - + - - + + - + - - - Online Forum - Web forums are online communities that focus on a shared interest or experience. If a web forum exists that is relevant to the designer’s interest, specific questions can be posted online for the community to discuss and respond to (either directly to the designer or publicly to the forum). In addition, the designer may find general insights from reading existing and archived posts. This method provides a relatively quick way of talking to a wide number of people and can be very useful in gaining a contextual view of a particular topic. Web forums can also be used to post information regarding more detailed surveys and questionnaires. Permission should always be sought from the forum administrator when joining a web forum for professional purposes. + + + The tomorrow headlines are fictional articles published on magazines or journals that the designers imagine by projecting themselves in the future and trying to understand what kind of impact the service will have on the society. -purpose: General insights on a specific topic -context: Early stages of the design process +Context: This tool is also a way to visualize the idea and make it more tangible, more real and more univocally perceived among the team and the stakeholders. - - - - - 'Real time' webchats are based on instant messaging (e.g. MSN). This is an informal way to engage and gather information from different stakeholders and answer specific questions they may have. + -Participants are specifically invited to contribute to the discussions, but normally anyone can observe the proceedings online even if they cannot contribute. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + Conceived by Gianluca Brugnoli -teacher at Politecnico di Milano and designer at Frog Design- the touchpoints matrix merges some features of the customer journey maps with some features of the system maps and is based on the use of personas.The basic idea is to provide a visual framework that enables designer to “connect the dots of the user experience” in order to see the different configurations, interfaces, contexts and results of the interaction with a specific product-service system. - + - + - - This method gives players an opportunity to better understand other players roles and responsibilities. It helps chip away at silos and introduces the novel idea that we may be seeing only one reality: ours. It helps immensely to show what we see to others so that we can start to share a reality and work on it together. + + + + + + + + + + + + + This method allows for better performance when all members of the group are warmed up. This is great because it lets people self-define, it gives people a "personality" outside the typical work environment, it gives participants quick snapshots of multiple players, and it creates memorable visuals that give people conversation pieces as the meeting progresses. - + - - - 1. Start with the vision. Write out or visualize the big goal -2. Draw 2 column matrix. On the left write "WHO" and write "DO" on the right -3. Ask who is involved in making this happen? Who is the decision maker? Who has needed resources? Who may be an obstacle? Whose support is needed? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -4. For each WHO, ask: what do they need to do, or do differently? What actions will build toward the big goal. Sharpen each WHO in the list until you have a desired and measurable action for each. -5. prioritize on which WHOs and DOs are most important + + + + + + Processing the data to arrive at some new representation of the observations. Unlike manipulation, transformation has the effect of changing the data. - + - - + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Use the product or prototype you are designing - + - - Wireframe - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - "A website wireframe, also known as a page schematic or screen blueprint, is a visual guide that represents the skeletal framework of a website. Wireframes are created for the purpose of arranging elements to best accomplish a particular purpose. The purpose is usually being informed by a business objective and a creative idea. The wireframe depicts the page layout or arrangement of the website’s content, including interface elements and navigational systems, and how they work together. The wireframe usually lacks typographic style, color, or graphics, since the main focus lies in functionality, behavior, and priority of content.[3] In other words, it focuses on what a screen does, not what it looks like. Wireframes can be pencil drawings or sketches on a whiteboard, or they can be produced by means of a broad array of free or commercial software applications." - Page Schematic, Screen Blueprint + + + + + + + More of a communications tool than a mechanism for dialogue, twitter can nonetheless be an engaging and informal way of staying in touch with large numbers of people. Twitter has been used in public engagement events to let people who can't be in the room know what is going on, and to update participants on what happens afterwards. - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * Unfocus groups are a qualitative research method in which interviewers hold group interviews where the types of participants are very different in order to get a broader range of opinions and feedback about a product. +* Unlike focus groups where participants are likely users of the product or service, an unfocus group has participants who are chosen almost randomly. + +Context: It is appropriate to use this method after you have already done a focus group and have a semi-finished product. The unfocus group would tell you about any problems an average consumer might face (as opposed to the target consumer). - - - - Work Analysis - - Job Analysis - http://answers.mheducation.com/business/management/human-resource-management/work-analysis-and-design + -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_analysis - Work analysis is a systematic process of gathering information about work, jobs, and the relationships among jobs. It is often used to develop performance appraisal systems, or to redesign jobs. - "The chronological Steps in Work Analysis (given in the form of questions) -1. What are the required outcomes/measures for assessing strategy execution (e.g., customer requirements for products/services derived from the strategic plan)? -2. What are necessary, critical, essential tasks, activities, behaviors required to meet or exceed the requirements established at step 1? what the relative importance, frequency, and essentiality of these tasks for achieving measures at step 1? -3. What are the necessary knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics or competencies required to perform the activities at step 2? -4. How should jobs/work be defined? Where does the work get done to maximize efficiency/effectiveness? Do we use individual workers, work teams, independent contractors, full-time/part-time? Do we outsource?" + + - + - - World Cafe - - Benefit of the method: -• It is good at generating ideas, sharing knowledge, stimulate innovative thinking, and exploring action in real life situations. -• The World Cafe process can deliver new thinking, meaningful conversations, an inclusive and relaxed atmosphere and deeper relationships and mutual ownership of outcomes in an existing group. -• The process can give a group a sense of their own intelligence and insight that is larger than the sum of the parts. + + + + + + + + + + -Deficit of the method: -• Requires a clear and relevant question. -• The World Cafe process cannot deliver clear and accountable direct decisions, detailed plans or a statistical view of different opinions. - 1. Develop questions. The choice of question(s) for the cafe conversation is crucial for the success of your event. In general it is useful to phrase the questions in a positive format and in an open ended format to allow a constructive discussion. If participants do not find the questions for discussion inspiring the event is unlikely to be successful, it can therefore be good to develop the question together with some of the intended participants. -2. Choose a café setting. The event either takes place in an actual cafe or else the room is set up to resemble one as much as possible: participants are seated around small tables with tablecloths and tea, coffee and other beverages. The cafe ambiance allows for a more relaxed and open conversation to take place. Often participants are provided with pens and are encouraged to draw and record their conversations on the paper tablecloths to capture free flowing ideas as they emerge. - -3. Participants discuss the issue at hand around their table and at regular intervals they move to a new table. One participant (the table host) remains and summarises the previous conversation to the newly arrived participants. By moving participants around the room the conversations at each table are cross-fertilised with ideas from other tables. + -4. At the end of the process the main ideas are summarised in a plenary session and follow-up possibilities are discussed. - http://participationcompass.org/article/show/166 - The World Cafe is a method which makes use of an informal cafe for participants to explore an issue by discussing in small table groups. Discussion is held in multiple rounds of 20-30 minutes. The event is concluded with a plenary. + + - + - - Write Down All You Know - - - Braindump - Find something to write on (paper, pen, computer), and either alone or with someone else, outline all you know about the problem or situation at hand. Kroberg and Bagnall suggest "Begin with the obvious. It's probably essential." - Kroberg, Don, and Bagnall, Jim. (2003) The Universal Traveler: A Soft-Systems Guide to: Creativity, Problem-Solving, and the Process of Reaching Goals, 4th Ed., Crips Publications: Menlo Park, CA. - "This method requires writing down all that you know about the subject in question. You must force it out of yourself, though, because you are naturally reluctant to write down the 'obvious.' In short, most of what you know is locked inside as potential awaiting your authority for release. Moreover, you'd be surprised at the knowledge two people can recall about a subject by merely 'talking it over.' Writing the information down or putting it on tape and then writing it down is all-important. Find a pad and pencil and, either alone or with a friend, outline all you already know about your problem situation. Begin with the 'obvious.' It's probably essential." - from The Universal Traveler - Benefit of the method: -Learn that you know more things about a certain topic than you think. -Helps identify assumptions, previous knowledge, areas of interest. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + + - ePanels are a way for councils or other organizations to carry out regular online consultations with a known group of citizens. - - - - - - - - + Testing the service usability means observing and asking a number of users about the use of existing or future products or services in a situation of absolutely normal everyday life. - - - - Action Learning - - - Participants consist of small groups representative of a given society with various skills and areas of expertise. - -Participants meet for sets of 1-2 hour or more. - -1. Clarify the objective of the Action Learning groups -2. Convene a cross-section of people with complementary skills and expertise to participate -3. Hold initial meetings to analyze the issues and identify actions for resolving them -4. Take action in the work place -5. Use subgroups to work on the specific aspects of the problem if necessary -6. Reconvene the group after a period of time to discuss progress/lessons leanred/future action -7. Repeat the cycle of action and learning until problem is resolved - http://www.peopleandparticipation.net/display/Methods/Action+Learning - -http://www.humtech.com/opm/grtl/ols/ols2.cfm - Action Learning is a process for bringing together a group of people with varied levels of skills and experience to analyze an actual organizational/community/work problem and develop an action plan (see: Action Planning). In action learning, each participant studies their own actions and experiences in order to help learn more, solve problems and improve performance. This is close to the idea of 'learning-by-doing' or teaching by examples. Reginald Revans formulated the process as L=P+Q. This is: Learning = Programming (programmed knowledge or simulations) + Questioning (to create insight for and by others). + -Traditional problem solving skills stem from programmed knowledge, that which is already known. However, when faced with more complex issues that have no easy solution it is important to use questioning insight. Through the combination of programmed knowledge and questioning insight (P+Q), participants collectively reflect on problems and are encouraged to think creatively about solutions (L). Here, the varying skills and expertise of participants are adopted as resources and together, solutions are sought. + + + + + + + + + A user forum is an interactive session between designers and users where all attendees contribute to the dialogue and express their opinion. This research method does not require a trained moderator and can therefore be designer-led, extending the boundaries of the traditional focus group format. User forums can be used to explore more open-ended questions rather than just focusing on a single issue. -Action learning is useful for addressing complex problems, to find solutions to underlying root causes of problems, and to determine a new strategic direction or to maximize new opportunities. - Benefits of Method: --Collaborative --Engages with participants instead of keeping them passive --Can help change old, inflexible teaching methods --Provides strong stimulus for self-directed learning --Learn new problem solving methods from others --Fosters creative thinking and learning +Purpose: Encourages rich, creative and divergent contributions from potential users -Deficits of Method: --Organizing meetings can be difficult --Meetings may be dominated by individuals --Can be repetitive +context: Earlier stages of design development - - - - Attribute Listing - - - http://www.mycoted.com/Attribute_Listing - -R. C. Crawford, The Techniques of Creative Thinking, 1954 + -M. Morgan, Creating Workforce Innovation, Business and Professional Publishing, 1993 - 1. Identify the product or process you are dissatisfied with or wish to improve. -2. List its attributes. For a simple physical object like a pen, this might include: Material, Shape, Target market, Colours, Textures, etc. -3. Choose, say, 7-8 of these attributes that seem particularly interesting or important. -4. Identify alternative ways to achieve each attribute (e.g. different shapes: cylindrical cubic, multi-faceted….), either by conventional enquiry, or via any idea-generating technique. -5. Combine one or more of these alternative ways of achieving the required attributes, and see if you can come up with a new approach to the product or process you were working on. - This technique breaks an existing product or system down into its component parts, and then explores different ways of modifying or replacing each part for the same or better effect, with the goal of recombining the parts into a new forms of the system. Attributes are those different categories into which the physical, psychological and social characteristics of things can be placed. By listing attributes, you gain both general and specific views of the ""world"" of that subject. Unfortunately, it's not clear how to deal with all the permutations this method would create. However, it's similar to later techniques such as Morphological Analysis. + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Observational methods involve an investigator viewing users as they work in a field study, and taking notes on the activity that takes place. Observation may be either direct, where the investigator is actually present during the task, or indirect, where the task is viewed by some other means such as through use of a video recorder. The method is useful early in user requirements specification for obtaining qualitative data. It is also useful for studying currently executed tasks and processes. + - + - - - - + + User Panel + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://participationcompass.org/article/show/138 + User Panels are regular meetings of service users about the quality of a service or other related topics. They help to identify the concerns and priorities of service users and can lead to the early identification of problems or ideas for improvements. +User Panels usually take the form of a workshop and it is important to outline a clear purpose and the time required for participants' involvement right from the beginning. - +Context: +You should use User Panels when: + +• You are working with people who are not usually heard, for example those with learning disabilities, children, and the elderly +• You want to establish a two-way dialogue between service providers and users, +• You want to set up a sounding board for new approaches or proposals relating to services +• As a way of identifying emerging problems + May want to relate these to "Participatory Rural Appraisal" methods... somehow. See: http://community.eldis.org/.59b4ab37/Dp311.pdf + Benefits of the method: +• Changes can be tracked over time +• Solution focused +• The Panel members are well informed on the issues - - - - +Deficit of the method: +• Time consuming/long-term commitment +• The Panel is not necessarily representative +• A small number of people may dominate the group +• May not take into account relevant needs of non-users of services +• The panels will not deliver statistical information + - + - - - + + + - + - - - + + + + + + + + + - + - - - + + + - + - - - + + + - + - - - - - + + + - + - - - + + + - - - - - true - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Videoing everyday events as they happen in context to capture people’s interaction with one another and the environment around them. This method enables design teams to analyse tasks and gain deeper insights through repeated viewing. - +Purpose: Video-based evidence and insights on user behaviour - - - - - +Context: Early to mid stages of the design process + - - - - - - - - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A Virtual Ethnography is essentially an extension of Classic Ethnography that utilizes the internet. It stems from the group of thinkers who believe "cyberspace is [not] detached from any connections to 'real life' and face-to-face interaction." - - - - - - +Context: A Virtual Ethnography is best used for the "practical purpose of exploring the relations of mediated interaction. + Online Ethnography + - - - - - - - + - + + + + + + + + + Virtual focus groups are conducted online, and are ideal for locating and researching markets that are hard to recruit, have low incidence, touch on sensitive topics, are online based, or geographically dispersed. One example of a group that would benefit from virtual focus groups are high level executives who don’t have the time to travel to the site. - - - - +Context: It is appropriate to use focus groups in the beginning of the research process when trying to define the target user. They should be done after surveys, in order to explore specific points of the surveys in greater depth. + - + - - - - - + + + + + + + + + These are chat rooms and communities which exist in an online simulated environment. A virtual world produces visual representations of places and practices. + +Context: They offer the possibility of real time public engagement, joining people across the world (or even a borough/district) in a 3d virtual space similar to "real life". + - + - - - + + + - + - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + visual agenda is a gesture to the group that you spent time before you took up theirs. + - + - - - + + + giving the data a visual dimension, beyond lists of items or rows of numbers. + - + - - Modeling - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + Online Forum + Web forums are online communities that focus on a shared interest or experience. If a web forum exists that is relevant to the designer’s interest, specific questions can be posted online for the community to discuss and respond to (either directly to the designer or publicly to the forum). In addition, the designer may find general insights from reading existing and archived posts. This method provides a relatively quick way of talking to a wide number of people and can be very useful in gaining a contextual view of a particular topic. Web forums can also be used to post information regarding more detailed surveys and questionnaires. Permission should always be sought from the forum administrator when joining a web forum for professional purposes. - +purpose: General insights on a specific topic - - - - +context: Early stages of the design process + - + + + + + 'Real time' webchats are based on instant messaging (e.g. MSN). This is an informal way to engage and gather information from different stakeholders and answer specific questions they may have. - - - +Participants are specifically invited to contribute to the discussions, but normally anyone can observe the proceedings online even if they cannot contribute. + - + - - - + + + - + - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + This method gives players an opportunity to better understand other players roles and responsibilities. It helps chip away at silos and introduces the novel idea that we may be seeing only one reality: ours. It helps immensely to show what we see to others so that we can start to share a reality and work on it together. + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1. Start with the vision. Write out or visualize the big goal +2. Draw 2 column matrix. On the left write "WHO" and write "DO" on the right +3. Ask who is involved in making this happen? Who is the decision maker? Who has needed resources? Who may be an obstacle? Whose support is needed? - - - +4. For each WHO, ask: what do they need to do, or do differently? What actions will build toward the big goal. Sharpen each WHO in the list until you have a desired and measurable action for each. +5. prioritize on which WHOs and DOs are most important + - + - - - + + + + + + + + + - + - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - - - + + + + + + + + + - + + + + Work Analysis + + Job Analysis + http://answers.mheducation.com/business/management/human-resource-management/work-analysis-and-design - - - - +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_analysis + Work analysis is a systematic process of gathering information about work, jobs, and the relationships among jobs. It is often used to develop performance appraisal systems, or to redesign jobs. + "The chronological Steps in Work Analysis (given in the form of questions) +1. What are the required outcomes/measures for assessing strategy execution (e.g., customer requirements for products/services derived from the strategic plan)? +2. What are necessary, critical, essential tasks, activities, behaviors required to meet or exceed the requirements established at step 1? what the relative importance, frequency, and essentiality of these tasks for achieving measures at step 1? +3. What are the necessary knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics or competencies required to perform the activities at step 2? +4. How should jobs/work be defined? Where does the work get done to maximize efficiency/effectiveness? Do we use individual workers, work teams, independent contractors, full-time/part-time? Do we outsource?" + - + - - - + + + + - + - - - - + + Write Down All You Know + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Braindump + Find something to write on (paper, pen, computer), and either alone or with someone else, outline all you know about the problem or situation at hand. Kroberg and Bagnall suggest "Begin with the obvious. It's probably essential." + Kroberg, Don, and Bagnall, Jim. (2003) The Universal Traveler: A Soft-Systems Guide to: Creativity, Problem-Solving, and the Process of Reaching Goals, 4th Ed., Crips Publications: Menlo Park, CA. + Benefit of the method: +Learn that you know more things about a certain topic than you think. +Helps identify assumptions, previous knowledge, areas of interest. + "This method requires writing down all that you know about the subject in question. You must force it out of yourself, though, because you are naturally reluctant to write down the 'obvious.' In short, most of what you know is locked inside as potential awaiting your authority for release. Moreover, you'd be surprised at the knowledge two people can recall about a subject by merely 'talking it over.' Writing the information down or putting it on tape and then writing it down is all-important. Find a pad and pencil and, either alone or with a friend, outline all you already know about your problem situation. Begin with the 'obvious.' It's probably essential." - from The Universal Traveler + - + - - - + + + + + + + + + - + - - - + + + - + - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ePanels are a way for councils or other organizations to carry out regular online consultations with a known group of citizens. + - + - - - true - - - + + Action Learning + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + the varying skills and expertise of participants are adopted as resources and together + that which is already known. However + and to determine a new strategic direction or to maximize new opportunities." + solutions are sought. Action learning is useful for addressing complex problems + participants collectively reflect on problems and are encouraged to think creatively about solutions (L). Here + when faced with more complex issues that have no easy solution it is important to use questioning insight. Through the combination of programmed knowledge and questioning insight (P+Q) + http://www.peopleandparticipation.net/display/Methods/Action+Learning +http://www.humtech.com/opm/grtl/ols/ols2.cfm + Benefits of Method: +-Collaborative +-Engages with participants instead of keeping them passive +-Can help change old, inflexible teaching methods +-Provides strong stimulus for self-directed learning +-Learn new problem solving methods from others +-Fosters creative thinking and learning - +Deficits of Method: +-Organizing meetings can be difficult +-Meetings may be dominated by individuals +-Can be repetitive + Action Learning is a process for bringing together a group of people with varied levels of skills and experience to analyze an actual organizational/community/work problem and develop an action plan (see: Action Planning). In action learnin + solve problems and improve performance. This is close to the idea of 'learning-by-doing' or teaching by examples. Reginald Revans formulated the process as L=P+Q. This is: Learning = Programming (programmed knowledge or simulations) + Questioning (to create insight for and by others). Traditional problem solving skills stem from programmed knowledge + to find solutions to underlying root causes of problems + Participants consist of small groups representative of a given society with various skills and areas of expertise. + +Participants meet for sets of 1-2 hour or more. - - - +1. Clarify the objective of the Action Learning groups +2. Convene a cross-section of people with complementary skills and expertise to participate +3. Hold initial meetings to analyze the issues and identify actions for resolving them +4. Take action in the work place +5. Use subgroups to work on the specific aspects of the problem if necessary +6. Reconvene the group after a period of time to discuss progress/lessons leanred/future action +7. Repeat the cycle of action and learning until problem is resolved + each participant studies their own actions and experiences in order to help learn more + @@ -8171,18 +9954,13 @@ M. Morgan, Creating Workforce Innovation, Business and Professional Publishing, - - - - - - - + + Cls(:INSTANCE-ANNOTATION) From 38545e586d877711bb06f342e4b1a2bc99f46281 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candy Chang Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2014 23:39:33 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 2/2] designmethods.rb seed also updated --- Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds/designmethods.rb | 199 ++++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 119 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-) diff --git a/Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds/designmethods.rb b/Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds/designmethods.rb index 9960edb..0414509 100644 --- a/Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds/designmethods.rb +++ b/Code/DesExSearch/db/seeds/designmethods.rb @@ -6,25 +6,27 @@ User.destroy_all # Create default admin user -# TODO: Use AdminUser class instead? If so, make sure design methods can be owned by AdminUser class as well as User class -admin = User.create!( +ADMIN = User.new( + username: "admin", + first_name: "TheDesignExchange", + last_name: "Admin", email: "admin@thedesignexchange.org", password: "thedesignexchange", password_confirmation: "thedesignexchange", ) -p "Admin #{admin.email} created!" if admin.save -p admin.errors unless admin.save - -# Read in the ontology -filename = File.join(Rails.root, 'lib/tasks/data/dx.owl') -fields = Hash.new +p "Admin #{ADMIN.username} created!" if ADMIN.save +p ADMIN.errors unless ADMIN.save +#Clear old instances +p "========= RESET ===========" DesignMethod.destroy_all MethodCategory.destroy_all Citation.destroy_all +# Read in the ontology +filename = File.join(Rails.root, 'lib/tasks/data/dx.owl') DATA = RDF::Graph.load(filename) # SPARQL prefix @@ -44,31 +46,36 @@ end # Deleting entries with punctuation that's troublesome for SPARQL queries -all_objects.delete_if { |str| str == nil || str.match(/,|\(|\)|\\|\//) } -all_subjects.delete_if { |str| str == nil || str.match(/,|\(|\)|\\|\//) } +all_objects.delete_if { |str| str == nil || str.match(/,|\(|\)|\\|\/|\[|\]/) } +all_subjects.delete_if { |str| str == nil || str.match(/,|\(|\)|\\|\/\[|\]/) } # The design methods are the individuals (no subclasses) - right now this over-selects only_methods = all_subjects - all_objects -p only_methods -# The five root method categories. Only loading Bulding section for now. -building = MethodCategory.create(name: "Building") -comm = MethodCategory.create(name: "Communicating") -data_g = MethodCategory.create(name: "Data_Gathering") -data_p = MethodCategory.create(name: "Data_Processing") -ideating = MethodCategory.create(name: "Ideating") +# The five root method categories. +p "=================== INSTANTIATING METHOD CATEGORIES ===================" -METHOD_CATEGORIES = { building.name => building, - comm.name => comm, - data_g.name => data_g, - data_c.name => data_c, - ideating.name => ideating } +METHOD_CATEGORIES = ["Building", "Communicating", "Data_Gathering", "Data_Processing", "Ideating"] +p METHOD_CATEGORIES + +METHOD_CATEGORIES.each do |cat_name| + method_category = MethodCategory.new(name: cat_name) + if method_category.save + p "Added method category: #{method_category.name}" + else + p "Error while creating a method category: " + method_category.errors.full_messages.each do |message| + p "\t#{message}" + end + end +end +#Loads a field def load_field(method, search_property) to_return = "" search_term = SPARQL.parse("#{ROOT_PREFIX} SELECT ?field { :#{method} :#{search_property} ?field }") DATA.query(search_term).each do |results| - to_return _= results.obj.to_s + to_return = results.field.to_s end if to_return.empty? @@ -78,59 +85,11 @@ def load_field(method, search_property) return to_return end - -# Instantiating design methods. -only_methods.each do |method_name| - - method = instantiate_method(method_name) - if method - load_citation(method) - load_parents(method) - end -end - - -def instantiate_method(name) - # Filling in fields: currently dealing with 2 different labeling systems until OWL gets cleaned up - overview = load_field(name, "Description") - if overview == "default" - overview = load_field(name, "hasOverview") - end - - process = load_field(name, "process") - if process == "default" - process = load_field(name, "hasProcess") - end - - principle = load_field(name, "Notes") - if principle == "default" - principle = load_field(name, "hasPrinciple") - end - - fields[:name] = name - fields[:overview] = overview - fields[:process] = process - fields[:principle] = principle - - design_method = DesignMethod.new(fields) - design_method.owner = admin - - if !design_method.save - p "Error while creating a design method: " - design_method.errors.full_messages.each do |message| - p "\t#{message}" - end - else - p "Added design method: #{design_method.name}" - return design_method - end -end - # Load in citations. Ignoring hasReference field, using Annotation Property: references. def load_citation(design_method) citations = SPARQL.parse("#{ROOT_PREFIX} SELECT ?ref { :#{design_method.name} :references ?ref }") DATA.query(citations).each do |results| - cit_text = results.ref.to_s + cit_text = load_field(design_method.name, "references") citation = Citation.where(text: cit_text).first_or_create! if !design_method.citations.include?(citation) design_method.citations << citation @@ -139,31 +98,111 @@ def load_citation(design_method) end end -# Loads any parents of the design methods. Recursive. +# Loads any parents of the design methods. Will either be all categories, or all parent methods. def load_parents(design_method) - parents = SPARQL.parse("#{root_prefix} SELECT ?obj { :#{design_method.name} <#{RDF::RDFS.subClassOf}> ?obj }") - data.query(parents).each do |results| + parents = SPARQL.parse("#{ROOT_PREFIX} SELECT ?obj { :#{design_method.name} <#{RDF::RDFS.subClassOf}> ?obj }") + DATA.query(parents).each do |results| parent_name = results.obj.to_s.split('#')[1] if parent_name if METHOD_CATEGORIES.include?(parent_name) - category = METHOD_CATEGORIES[parent_name] + category = MethodCategory.where(name: parent_name).first if category && !design_method.method_categories.include?(category) design_method.method_categories << category - p " Added category #{cat_name}" + p " Added category #{category.name}" end else method = DesignMethod.where(name: parent_name).first - if method && !method.variations.include?(design_method) + if method && !method.variations.include?(design_method) && !method == "Method" method.variations << design_method p " Added variation #{design_method.name} to #{parent_name}" else - parent_method = instantiate_method(method) + parent_method = instantiate_method(parent_name) if parent_method load_citation(parent_method) load_parents(parent_method) + if !parent_method.variations.include?(design_method) + parent_method.variations << design_method + p " Added variation #{design_method.name} to #{parent_name}" + end end end end end end -end \ No newline at end of file +end + +def instantiate_method(name) + existing_method = DesignMethod.where(name: name).first + if name.match(/,|\(|\)|\\|\/|\[|\]/) + return + elsif existing_method + return existing_method + else + # Filling in fields: currently dealing with 2 different labeling systems until OWL gets cleaned up + overview = load_field(name, "Description") + if overview == "default" + overview = load_field(name, "hasOverview") + end + + process = load_field(name, "process") + if process == "default" + process = load_field(name, "hasProcess") + end + + principle = load_field(name, "Notes") + if principle == "default" + principle = load_field(name, "hasPrinciple") + end + + fields = Hash.new + + fields[:name] = name + fields[:overview] = overview + fields[:process] = process + fields[:principle] = principle + + design_method = DesignMethod.new(fields) + design_method.owner = ADMIN + design_method.principle = "" + + if !design_method.save + p "Error while creating a design method #{name} " + design_method.errors.full_messages.each do |message| + p "\t#{message}" + end + return + else + p "Added design method: #{design_method.name}" + return design_method + end + end +end + +def destroy_extras(not_method) + if not_method + not_method.variations.each do |to_destroy| + name = to_destroy.name + destroy_extras(to_destroy) + p "Destroyed #{name}." + end + end +end + + +# Instantiating design methods. +p "============= INSTANTIATING DESIGN METHODS ===============" +only_methods.each do |method_name| + + method = instantiate_method(method_name) + if method + load_citation(method) + load_parents(method) + end +end + +# Destroy extra methods that aren't under the Method root. Currently lacking a consistent pattern to catch these before creation. +p "============= DESTROY NOT-METHODS ==============" +destroy_extras(DesignMethod.where(name: "Person").first) +destroy_extras(DesignMethod.where(name: "Skills").first) +destroy_extras(DesignMethod.where(name: "Processes").first) +destroy_extras(DesignMethod.where(name: "Method_Characteristics").first) \ No newline at end of file