README.md

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DATABASE SIMULATION USING A TREAP FOR INDEXING

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BINARY TREE VARIATIONS

• INTRODUCTION:

  • Self-Organizing Data Structures

    • A self-organizing data structure is a data structure that has some rule(s) or algorithm attached to the access method for each node in the data structure.
    • These rule(s) or algorithms result in changing the structure or order of the data structure in an attempt to speed up the problem of searching for data in the data structure [AW05].
    • The access method is a function or function that searches for the data in the data structure and returns the data.
    • The main goal of a self-organizing data structure is to move away from a lookup time of O(n) and towards an instant lookup time of O(1). Examples of self-organizing data structures are self-organizing lists, binary trees and m-way trees.

  • Treap

    • A treap is a variation of a randomized search tree algorithm. Treaps differ from standard binary search trees in the following ways:

      • Node:

        • Nodes in a standard binary search tree only has a data member which stores the data of the node.
        • This differs from treaps in the sense that nodes has an additional member which is the priority of the node.

      • Properties:

        • Standard Binary Search trees only maintain the property that data that is smaller than the current node's data is part of the left subtree of the node and data that is greater than the current node's data are part of the right subtree of the node.
        • With treaps, an additional property is introduced. The max heap property. This property states that the data of node n is greater or equal to either of its children [ASSS86].
        • Treaps combine the idea of Heaps (where the aforementioned property originated from) and Binary SearchTrees. Thus Treaps maintain the max heap property of heaps as well as the efficient search property of Binary Search Trees.
        • The max heap property is applied to the priority of each treap node and the binary search is applied to the data of each treap node.
    • Treaps assign priorities randomly to each node which originates from the randomized search tree algorithm. This allows for the average case of the treap to be perfectly balanced [SA96].
    • The standard implementation of a treap is to use an array but for this implementation I will be implementing the treap as a tree.

  • Self-organizing Treaps

    • This implementation will also put a twist on the standard treap in the sense that we add the idea of self-organizing data structures on top of the treap.
    • Thus with each access of a node, the priority of the node will increase and a rotation may be required to maintain the max heap property.

  • Database

    • A database is usually a collection of rows that are somehow related to each other.
    • It is possible to have unstructured databases (e.g. NoSQL) databases but for this implementation, I will be implementing a structured database.

    • Structured Database

      • A structured database refers to a database that has a strict structure that cannot be changed or will result in possibly undefined behavior.
      • A database's structure is described by a set of properties the data has which will be called columns. Rows in the database are a grouping of data that has all the properties and that are closely related to each other.
      • Thus each row's properties are somehow closely related to each other. Usually, databases have multiple tables to model the real world more accurately.
      • Due to complexity, this implementation will only be implementing a single-tabled database. Databases usually have the following set of operations
        • Insert
        • Update
        • Delete
        • Search
        • And I will also implement these operations.

  • Indexing

    • Searching is one of the most important features of a database. A naive approach is to linearly search through the database for a record or possibly multiple records.
    • But this implementation will try to optimize this naive approach.
    • In databases especially relational databases is to index columns that are used to search through often.
    • Indexing implies building an external data structure that will increase the efficiency of the searching algorithm when searching for data. Usually, this is accomplished by using a B+ or B* tree.
    • This implementation will attempt to use a different data structure: Self Organizing Treaps. This will hopefully increase the efficiency of the searching algorithm over the linear searching algorithm

• RESOURCES AND REFERENCES:

  • Relational Databases
  • Treap
  • Indexing
  • Self-Organizing Data Structures
  • Exceptions
  • [ASSS86] Michael D Atkinson, J-R Sack, Nicola Santoro, and Thomas Strothotte. Min-max heaps and generalized priority queues. Communications of the ACM, 29(10):996–1000, 1986.
  • [AW05] Susanne Albers and Jeffery Westbrook. Self-organizing data structures. Online Algorithms: The state of the art, pages 13–51, 2005.
  • [SA96] Raimund Seidel and Cecilia R Aragon. Randomized search trees. Algorithmica, 16(4-5):464–497, 1996

• UML DIAGRAM:

  

• EXAMPLE SQL QUERIES AND EQUIVALENT JAVA COODE:

  • Example Table Structure

    

  • Example 1

    • Java

      •   Database(["ID","Computer Scientist Name","Research Area","Year of First Publication"], 15)

    • SQL Query

      •   CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS computer_scientists;
          USE computer_scientists;
          CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS computer_scientists (
              id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
              name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
              research_area VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
              year_first_publication INT NOT NULL
          );

  • Example 2

    • Java

      •   insert(["16","Edmund Clarke","Model Checking","1982"])

    • SQL Query

      •   INSERT INTO computer_scientists (id, name, research_area, year_first_publication)
          VALUES (16, 'Edmund␣Clarke', 'Model␣Checking', 1982);

  • Example 3

    • Java

      •   removeFirstWhere("research area", "Algorithms")

    • SQL Query

      •   DELETE FROM computer_scientists WHERE research_area = 'Algorithms' LIMIT 1;

  • Example 4

    • Java

      •   removeAllWhere("research area","Algorithms")

    • SQL Query

      •   DELETE FROM computer_scientists WHERE research_area = ’Algorithms ’;

  • Example 5

    • Java

      •   findFirstWhere("year first publication", "1962")

    • SQL Query

      •   SELECT * FROM computer_scientists WHERE year_first_publication = 1962 LIMIT 1;

  • Example 6

    • Java

      •   findAllWhere("year first publication", "1962")

    • SQL Query

      •   SELECT * FROM computer_scientists WHERE year_first_publication = 1962;

  • Example 7

    • Java

      •   updateFirstWhere("research area","Artificial Intelligence", "AI")

    • SQL Query

      •   UPDATE computer_scientists SET research_area = 'AI' WHERE research_area= 'Artificial␣Intelligence' LIMIT  1;

  • Example 8

    • Java

      •   updateAllWhere("research area","Artificial Intelligence", "AI")

    • SQL Query

      •   UPDATE computer_scientists SET research_area = 'AI' WHERE research_area= 'Artificial␣Intelligence';

  • Example 9

    • Java

      •   generateIndexOn("research area")

    • SQL Query

      •   CREATE INDEX idx_research_area ON computer_scientists (research_area);

  • Example 10

    • Java

      •   generateIndexAll()

    • SQL Query

      •   CREATE INDEX idx_id ON computer_scientists (id);
          CREATE INDEX idx_name ON computer_scientists (name);
          CREATE INDEX idx_research_area ON computer_scientists (research_area);
          CREATE INDEX idx_year_first_publication ON computer_scientists(year_first_publication);

  • Example 11

    • Java

      •   countOccurrences("year first publication", "1962")

    • SQL Query

      •   SELECT COUNT(*) FROM computer_scientists WHERE year_first_publication=1962;

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REQUIREMENTS BEFORE RUNNING CODES:

• Install an IDE that compiles and runs Java codes. Recommendation VS Code
• link: How to setup WSL Ubuntu terminal shell and run it from Visual Studio Code
• link: How to Install Java JDK 17 on Windows 11

• Installing Oracle JDK on Windows subsystem for Linux.

  • Run WSL as Administrator
  • set -ex
  • NB: Update links for other JDK Versions
  • export JDK_URL=http://download.oracle.com/otn-pub/java/jdk/8u131-b11/d54c1d3a095b4ff2b6607d096fa80163/jdk-8u131-linux-x64.tar.gz
  • export UNLIMITED_STRENGTH_URL=http://download.oracle.com/otn-pub/java/jce/8/jce_policy-8.zip
  • wget --no-cookies --header "Cookie: oraclelicense=accept-securebackup-cookie" ${JDK_URL}
  • Extract the archive: tar -xzvf jdk-*.tar.gz
  • Clean up the tar: rm -fr jdk-*.tar.gz
  • Make the jvm dir: sudo mkdir -p /usr/lib/jvm
  • Move the server jre: sudo mv jdk1.8* /usr/lib/jvm/oracle_jdk8
  • Install unlimited strength policy: wget --no-cookies --header "Cookie: oraclelicense=accept-securebackup-cookie" ${UNLIMITED_STRENGTH_URL}
  • unzip jce_policy-8.zip
  • mv UnlimitedJCEPolicyJDK8/local_policy.jar /usr/lib/jvm/oracle_jdk8/jre/lib/security/
  • mv UnlimitedJCEPolicyJDK8/US_export_policy.jar /usr/lib/jvm/oracle_jdk8/jre/lib/security/
  • sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /usr/lib/jvm/oracle_jdk8/jre/bin/java 2000
  • sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/javac javac /usr/lib/jvm/oracle_jdk8/bin/javac 2000
  • sudo echo "export J2SDKDIR=/usr/lib/jvm/oracle_jdk8 export J2REDIR=/usr/lib/jvm/oracle_jdk8/jre export PATH=$PATH:/usr/lib/jvm/oracle_jdk8/bin:/usr/lib/jvm/oracle_jdk8/db/bin:/usr/lib/jvm/oracle_jdk8/jre/bin export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/oracle_jdk8 export DERBY_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/oracle_jdk8/db" | sudo tee -a /etc/profile.d/oraclejdk.sh

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MAKEFILE

NB: A makefile Is Included to compile and run the codes on the terminal with the following commands:=

• make clean
• make
• make run

default:
	javac *.java

run:
	java Main

clean:
	rm -f *.class
	reset
	clear

tar:
	tar -cvz *.java makefile -f BINARY_TREE_VARIATIONS.tar.gz

unZip_unTar:
	tar -zxvf BINARY_TREE_VARIATIONS.tar.gz

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