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selfcultivation-of-a-front-end-reproduced.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html style="display: none;" lang="zh">
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一个前端的自我修养(转载) |
Zhangdi'Blog --- 爱技术爱折腾,无折腾不技术.
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一个前端的自我修养(转载)
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<span>8月 18, 2018</span>
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<blockquote>
<p>读到好文必须收藏分享。</p>
<p>本文来自于 <strong><a href="http://taobaofed.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">淘宝前端团队(FED) </a></strong> 博客。</p>
<p>原文地址: <a href="http://taobaofed.org/blog/2016/03/23/the-growth-of-front-end/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://taobaofed.org/blog/2016/03/23/the-growth-of-front-end/</a></p>
<p>作者: 寒泉(winter) 发表于: 2016-03-23</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="http://oox9lo3vp.bkt.clouddn.com/18-8-18/41525547.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>今天给大家分享的主题是前端的自我成长,这是一个关于成长的话题。</p>
<p>很多人都有这样的感觉:听了很多技术圈子的分享,有的有深度,有的循循善诱,深入浅出,但是呢,几年下来,到底哪些用上了,哪些对自己真的有帮助了?反而有些模糊。</p>
<p>2015 年我在不同的场合分享了很多内容:有移动端的性能、有适配、有 Web vs Native,也有 hybrid,但是其实我一直比较担心,真正有深度的内容,其实面向的是比较小众的群体,比如说 Hybrid,其实它在大部分公司里面,是只能用现成的。</p>
<p>所以我这一次尝试分享一个我认为可以帮助到所有前端的话题,关于前端的成长,如果说这个分享的内容,听众里面有那么几十个人拿到 BAT 的 offer,或者升职加薪,那么我觉得我就认为我取得了成功。</p>
<p>前端其实是个特别苦逼的职业,因为前端技术一直革命的特别快,新技术、新技巧在不断地被发明出来。之前我有一个朋友,他讲说他对自己的认知是了解前端、熟悉前端、精通前端、熟悉前端、不懂前端。为什么呢,他说当他觉得自己对前端所有的东西觉得无所不知,无所不能的时候,忽然看到了一段代码,他完全无法理解,于是整个世界就崩塌了,从此再也不敢说自己会前端。</p>
<p>我就跟他说,这里,缺少的是一种正确的方法,你觉得无所不知、无所不能的标准是什么,是工作中很久没遇到解决不了的问题么?他说还真是这样。我就又问他,那你系统学过前端么?他想了想,还真没学过,大学里不开这个课。的确如此,到目前为止,还没有任何一个大学会教前端,倒是有些培训班,会讲网页开发三剑客。</p>
<p>我这里讲的内容,希望带给大家的,就是该如何学习前端,实现自身成长。</p>
<hr>
<p>关于成长,首先我得发一个免责声明,不是我对我讲的内容没有信心,而是成长是自己的事,英文有句话,在外企工作的人会经常听到,叫做:</p>
<p>You are the owner of your career.</p>
<p>你是你职业发展的责任人。这句话潜台词是,你(不是你老板,也不是你爸妈,也不是你女朋友)是你职业发展的责任人。</p>
<p>这句话我在我职业生涯的起点听说,一直指导我的职业发展,甚至在我带团队,培养团队的时候,也是中心的指导思想,之前我带的团队的同学,他们有不少人也在带团队,其实他们也在实践这句话,所以我这里,也把这句话、把这个道理分享给给大家。</p>
<p><img src="http://oox9lo3vp.bkt.clouddn.com/18-8-18/91567954.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>我们讲前端成长,<strong>我认为,主要在两个方面,一部分是“能力”,一部分是“知识”</strong>。我个人的观点,能力占百分之八十,知识占百分之二十。</p>
<p>从这个图上,大家可以看到,其实我们认为变化快的东西,最新出来的 Angular、React、ES2015,其实都在知识里面,知识又分成两部分,一部分我把它叫做标准,它是相对而言比较稳定的,很少会出现一个标准被推翻的事情。另一部分则是技术,像是 jQ、React 这些框架啦,像是 MVC、FLUX 这些架构的东西,这些东西是由各个公司主导的,变化就非常快,你看 Grunt 发展了没多久,Gulp 就来挑战他了,然后又有 browserify、webpack 这些东西。</p>
<p>而我认为占重点的能力,则是非常稳定的,我认为能力是三大块:编程能力、架构能力、工程能力。</p>
<p><strong>编程能力</strong>,就是用代码解决问题的能力,你编程能力越强,就能解决越复杂的问题,细分又有调试、算法、数据结构、OS 原理等这些的支撑,你才能解决各种麻烦的问题。</p>
<p><strong>架构能力</strong>,则是解决代码规模的问题,当一个系统足够复杂,你会写每一块,能解决每一个问题,不等于你能搞定整个系统,这就需要架构能力,架构能力包含了一些意识,比如解耦、接口隔离,也包含认识业务建立抽象模型,也有一些常见的模式,比如经典的 MVC,还有设计层面,面向对象、设计模式等等。</p>
<p>最后<strong>工程能力</strong>,则是解决协作的问题,当系统规模更大,光靠一个人,是没办法完成的,如何保证几个高手互相能够配合好?如何保证项目里面水平最差的人不拖后腿?这个工程化建设,往往会跨越多个业务,以汇报关系上的团队为单位来做。包括前后端解耦,模块化,质量保证,代码风格,等等。</p>
<p>其实不难看出来,这三项,其实是有顺序的,低等级、小团队,编程能力一项就能应付,越资深的前端,越大的公司和团队,越是需要后面的技能,但是这里我要强调一点,其实资深前端,大团队,对能力的需求,是既要还要——不是说资深的前端,编程能力就可以变差。</p>
<p>社区总会有一些声音,对工程能力,对架构能力持有一种抵触的态度,觉得比较虚,觉得不需要。实际上以某些人所在的岗位来说,也没错,毕竟公司、团队的状态确实可能用不到,但是以个人成长的角度来看,就是大错特错。</p>
<p><img src="http://oox9lo3vp.bkt.clouddn.com/18-8-18/33977132.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>下面我们来具体讲讲,关于知识的学习。</p>
<p>对知识,我一直有个观点,叫做宁缺毋滥,这个图片上写了一句好前端才分对错,是的,其实很多人,他学习东西的时候就喜欢挑,挑简单的学,书选择最”深入浅出”的,在这种心态下,没有任何一丝学好的可能性,</p>
<p>所以我对知识学习的目标,理解为亮点,一曰准确,二曰全面。当年学习一部分知识,如果你能做到这两点,那你将来在业务上做技术决策的时候,你面对面试官技术问题的时候,信心跟你只看过皮毛是完全不一样的。</p>
<p>怎么做到这两点呢?我想路子肯定有很多,而我的答案,我这里要分享的,是“建立自己的知识体系”。</p>
<p>如何建立自己的知识体系呢?我个人总结的经验,是下面几个步骤:</p>
<p><strong>第一步,寻找线索。</strong></p>
<p>你要了解一个知识,比如我想学 Web 平台的 API 了,当然可以先找一本书,看看别人都写了什么,但是我不喜欢这么干。</p>
<p>我大学里,学前端的东西,为了找个 id 和 name 的区别,曾经要借十几本书来,对比着看,那个时候,是真的没人告诉我,什么书比较好。所以我对别人总结好的知识,第一反应是质疑,不信。</p>
<p>所以我比较推荐,找一些比较准确的,你可以确定它真的足够全面的资料当作线索。对 Web 平台的 API,我就用反射:</p>
<p><img src="http://oox9lo3vp.bkt.clouddn.com/18-8-18/94486923.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>浏览器里给出来的这个属性列表是不会骗人的,用这个东西作为线索,我就很有信心。</p>
<p>同样可能比较适合做的资料,还有一些标准文档的附录,和源代码里的结构定义。</p>
<p><strong>第二步,是建立联系。</strong></p>
<p>比如说,看下面几个 DOM 属性:</p>
<p><img src="http://oox9lo3vp.bkt.clouddn.com/18-8-18/90622726.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>这里,左边一列是操作 Node 的,右边一列是操作 Element 的,它就存在一定的对应关系。</p>
<p>一般来说,我们找对应关系的方式有以下几个依据:</p>
<ul>
<li>美感</li>
<li>完备性</li>
<li>操作同一组数据</li>
</ul>
<p>特别提一下,操作同一组数据,正是面向对象的核心概念,对前端而言,有点不一样的是,所有的 API,根都是 window,所以,其实大部分的 API,可以依据面向对象的数据和操作的观点进行划分。</p>
<p><strong>第三步,是分类。</strong></p>
<p>这里我给出一个实际一些的例子,下图是我对 zepto(移动简化版jQuery),的 API 分类</p>
<p><img src="http://oox9lo3vp.bkt.clouddn.com/18-8-18/69533820.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>建立联系以后,我们依据知识之间的联系,进行分类,就可以得到一张图谱,在这个图里面,你就可以非常清楚地知道,哪些知识,是非常重要的,哪些,其实是可以互相替代的。</p>
<p>而一旦有你之前没见过的东西,你又能通过把它放到图谱里,来快速理解它,或者找出一些很好的替代方案。</p>
<p>比如说面试的时候,如果面试官问你 bind 和 unbind 怎么用,你还不会,这时候,如果你心里有这张图,你就不至于一脸懵了,你可以说,虽然我不知道 bind 和 unbind,但是我知道 live 和 die 啊,我又知道 on 和 off 啊。</p>
<p>这张图里我们就可以看出,collection 里面的东西,多半没什么用,而节点操作里,肯定就都很有用。</p>
<p>第四步,是追本溯源。</p>
<p>当我对一个知识体系的全貌有了概念以后,占了全面两个字,接下来需要确认它的准确性。很多知识,在社区,会有很多的争议,该相信谁呢,这是个问题。而我的答案,就是追本溯源,去找它最初的讨论和定义。</p>
<p>有一个真实的案例,就是闭包这个概念,曾经我们很多人的理解都是错的,把闭包和 scope 的概念给混淆起来,认为闭包是函数的执行环境上下文,但是有一个叫做 hax 的(很多人应该都认识他,哈哈),他就对此提出了质疑,认为闭包就是函数。于是我就去查证闭包的概念。</p>
<p>大家都知道,wiki 其实是不准确的,但是其中有一段,基本不会太有问题,就是历史。下图是 closure 这个词条的历史部分:</p>
<p><img src="http://oox9lo3vp.bkt.clouddn.com/18-8-18/58601066.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>从这段历史里,我找到了一个名字, Peter J Landin,他是提出者,那么,我就去看看他到底是怎么说的,于是我去 google 学术搜索,找他的文章</p>
<p><img src="http://oox9lo3vp.bkt.clouddn.com/18-8-18/917120.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>果然找到了,于是我们看看原始的文件</p>
<p><img src="http://oox9lo3vp.bkt.clouddn.com/18-8-18/71962363.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>这个定义,对应到我们今天 JS 里的闭包,是稍微有点区别的,但是它毫无疑问,是包含了两个部分环境部分和控制(代码)部分,所以其实,闭包就是对应着 JS 的函数,而之前,普遍的观点是认为闭包只包含环境。</p>
<p>所以这个追溯的过程,能够帮我们真正搞清楚对错。</p>
<p>除了 wiki-google 学术搜索的组合,还有一些邮件列表和 github 提交历史,也是非常适合去查证一些概念和技术的历史的。</p>
<p>最后说,我讲的这个建立知识体系的过程,是不断接受新知识,挑战、质疑原有的体系,推翻再重建,每一次循环,你的知识体系都变得更加坚固,更加强大。</p>
<p><img src="http://oox9lo3vp.bkt.clouddn.com/18-8-18/25781080.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p><img src="http://oox9lo3vp.bkt.clouddn.com/18-8-18/20695727.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>下面分享的一部分,是关于能力培养。</p>
<p>能力培养其实重要性很高,但是其实说起来,内容却很少。只有两点: 教材、训练。</p>
<p>对知识学习,我是主张建立自己的体系,不要去相信书,但是对能力培养,我的观点就刚好相反,我觉得能力的体系,恰恰是难以自己建立的,需要教材去指导。这是由两者的复杂程度和变化速度决定的。</p>
<p>想培养能力,就要找经典的教材来学习,像算法导论,The C++ Programming Language这些经典,几十年都没有过时。</p>
<p>注意这里我用了教材,而不是书。</p>
<p>教材和书最大的区别,就是有没有习题。</p>
<p>在我看来,内容再难的书可以一星期读两本,但是教材一定不行,教材一定得花几个月的时间,一边读一边做习题。</p>
<p>于是谈到训练。</p>
<p>其实有个事实是,工作以后,只有极少数人仍然能够做到训练,比如我自己的编程能力,我自觉工作 7、8 年,几乎没有过进步。</p>
<p>训练应该是系统的(需要教材)、主动的,这两个特点不可或缺,有人会觉得,我真的工作很辛苦,每天都要加班,但是其实,任何被动的痛苦,都没法给人带来进步,你的痛苦倒是可能给老板带来更多收入。</p>
<p>如果面临困境,可以选择系统训练来提升自己,但是对大部分人来说,可能更乐于选择一个一个变通的办法: 养成习惯,让工作变得更有挑战。</p>
<p>这个事情其实有不少理论,比较有名的是 Noel Tichy 提出的心理舒适区、学习区和恐慌区。选择一份对自己来说具有挑战性的工作,正面解决问题。</p>
<p>技术圈里流行一个笑话,说的是一个人,工作了三年,却只有一年的经验,因为后面两年都在重复第一年的工作。</p>
<p>所以我们要做的事,就是永远不重复劳动,当你觉得现在的工作,越来越舒适,越来越缺少风险的时候,就应该引起警惕了。</p>
<p>而虽然训练是个很困难的事情,其实大家也不必过于担忧,虽然到处都是“一万小时训练”的言论,现在各大公司的招聘门槛,在我看来应该都卡在几百小时训练的程度。所以我想说,一万小时太久,只争朝夕。希望看到大家成为更好的前端,做更好的自己。</p>
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