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mereotopology.ttl
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mereotopology.ttl
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@prefix : <http://emmo.info/emmo#> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@base <http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology> .
<http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology> rdf:type owl:Ontology ;
owl:versionIRI <http://emmo.info/emmo/1.0.0-beta/top/mereotopology> ;
owl:imports <http://emmo.info/emmo/1.0.0-beta/top/annotations> ;
dcterms:abstract "Introduces the fundamental mereotopological concepts of EMMO and their relations with the real world objects that they represent. EMMO uses mereotopology as the ground for all the subsequent ontology modules. The concept of topological connection is used to define the first distinction between ontology entities namely the 'Item' and 'Collection' classes. Items are causally self-connected objects, while collections are causally disconnected. Quantum mereology is represented by the 'Quantum' class. This module introduces also the fundamental mereotopological relations used to distinguish between space and time dimensions."@en ;
dcterms:contributor "Access, DE" ,
"Fraunhofer IWM, DE" ,
"Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)" ,
"SINTEF, NO" ,
"University of Bologna, IT" ;
dcterms:creator "Adham Hashibon" ,
"Emanuele Ghedini" ,
"Georg Schmitz" ,
"Gerhard Goldbeck" ,
"Jesper Friis" ;
dcterms:license "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode" ;
dcterms:publisher "EMMC ASBL" ;
dcterms:title "Mereotopology"@en ;
rdfs:comment """Contacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
email: [email protected]
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: [email protected]"""@en ,
"The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege)."@en ;
owl:versionInfo "1.0.0-beta" .
#################################################################
# Object Properties
#################################################################
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_03212fd7_abfd_4828_9c8e_62c293052d4b
:EMMO_03212fd7_abfd_4828_9c8e_62c293052d4b rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf :EMMO_ec2472ae_cf4a_46a5_8555_1556f5a6c3c5 ;
rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty ,
owl:TransitiveProperty ;
:EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "The superclass for all EMMO mereotopological relations."@en ;
rdfs:comment "Mereotopology merges mereological and topological concepts and provides relations between wholes, parts, boundaries, etc."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "mereotopological"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_17e27c22_37e1_468c_9dd7_95e137f73e7f
:EMMO_17e27c22_37e1_468c_9dd7_95e137f73e7f rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf :EMMO_8c898653_1118_4682_9bbf_6cc334d16a99 ,
:EMMO_d893d373_b579_4867_841e_1c2b31a8d2c6 ;
rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty ;
skos:prefLabel "hasPart"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_4d6504f1_c470_4ce9_b941_bbbebc9ab05d
:EMMO_4d6504f1_c470_4ce9_b941_bbbebc9ab05d rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf :EMMO_6703954e_34c4_4a15_a9e7_f313760ae1a8 ;
rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty ;
skos:prefLabel "hasContactWith"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_517dfaf9_4970_41ac_81ee_d031627d2c7c
:EMMO_517dfaf9_4970_41ac_81ee_d031627d2c7c rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf :EMMO_03212fd7_abfd_4828_9c8e_62c293052d4b ;
rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty ;
skos:prefLabel "disconnected"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_6703954e_34c4_4a15_a9e7_f313760ae1a8
:EMMO_6703954e_34c4_4a15_a9e7_f313760ae1a8 rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf :EMMO_03212fd7_abfd_4828_9c8e_62c293052d4b ;
rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty ;
rdfs:comment "Causality is a topological property between connected items."@en ,
"Items being connected means that there is a topological contact or \"interaction\" between them."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "connected"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_6b7276a4_4b9d_440a_b577_0277539c0fc4
:EMMO_6b7276a4_4b9d_440a_b577_0277539c0fc4 rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf :EMMO_9380ab64_0363_4804_b13f_3a8a94119a76 ;
rdf:type owl:AsymmetricProperty ,
owl:IrreflexiveProperty ;
rdfs:domain :EMMO_2d2ecd97_067f_4d0e_950c_d746b7700a31 ;
rdfs:range :EMMO_eb3a768e_d53e_4be9_a23b_0714833c36de ;
skos:prefLabel "hasMember"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_8c898653_1118_4682_9bbf_6cc334d16a99
:EMMO_8c898653_1118_4682_9bbf_6cc334d16a99 rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf :EMMO_6703954e_34c4_4a15_a9e7_f313760ae1a8 ;
rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty ;
rdfs:comment "Enclosure is reflexive and transitive."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "encloses"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_9380ab64_0363_4804_b13f_3a8a94119a76
:EMMO_9380ab64_0363_4804_b13f_3a8a94119a76 rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf :EMMO_17e27c22_37e1_468c_9dd7_95e137f73e7f ;
rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty ;
skos:prefLabel "hasProperPart"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_9cb984ca_48ad_4864_b09e_50d3fff19420
:EMMO_9cb984ca_48ad_4864_b09e_50d3fff19420 rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf :EMMO_d893d373_b579_4867_841e_1c2b31a8d2c6 ;
rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty ;
skos:prefLabel "overcrosses"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_d893d373_b579_4867_841e_1c2b31a8d2c6
:EMMO_d893d373_b579_4867_841e_1c2b31a8d2c6 rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf :EMMO_6703954e_34c4_4a15_a9e7_f313760ae1a8 ;
rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty ;
skos:prefLabel "hasOverlapWith"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_ec2472ae_cf4a_46a5_8555_1556f5a6c3c5
:EMMO_ec2472ae_cf4a_46a5_8555_1556f5a6c3c5 rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf owl:topObjectProperty ;
rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty ,
owl:TransitiveProperty ;
rdfs:domain :EMMO_802d3e92_8770_4f98_a289_ccaaab7fdddf ;
rdfs:range :EMMO_802d3e92_8770_4f98_a289_ccaaab7fdddf ;
:EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "The superclass for all relations used by the EMMO."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "EMMORelation"@en .
#################################################################
# Classes
#################################################################
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_2d2ecd97_067f_4d0e_950c_d746b7700a31
:EMMO_2d2ecd97_067f_4d0e_950c_d746b7700a31 rdf:type owl:Class ;
rdfs:subClassOf [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty :EMMO_6b7276a4_4b9d_440a_b577_0277539c0fc4 ;
owl:someValuesFrom :EMMO_eb3a768e_d53e_4be9_a23b_0714833c36de
] ;
:EMMO_705f27ae_954c_4f13_98aa_18473fc52b25 "From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’."@en ;
:EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "The class of all individuals that stand for a real world not self-connected object."@en ;
rdfs:comment """A 'Collection' individual stands for a non-self-connected real world object.
A 'Collection' individual is related to each 'Item' individuals of the collection (i.e. the members) through the membership relation.
An 'Item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components)."""@en ,
"""Formally, 'Collection' is axiomatized as the class of individuals that hasMember some 'Item'.
A 'Collection' cannot have as member another 'Collection'."""@en ,
"e.g. the collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule, or even the collection of atoms that are part of a molecule considered as single individual non-connected objects and not as a mereotopological self-connected fusion."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Collection"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_3f9ae00e_810c_4518_aec2_7200e424cf68
:EMMO_3f9ae00e_810c_4518_aec2_7200e424cf68 rdf:type owl:Class ;
rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_802d3e92_8770_4f98_a289_ccaaab7fdddf ,
[ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty :EMMO_9380ab64_0363_4804_b13f_3a8a94119a76 ;
owl:allValuesFrom owl:Nothing
] ;
:EMMO_705f27ae_954c_4f13_98aa_18473fc52b25 "From Latin quantum (plural quanta) \"as much as, so much as;\", introduced in physics directly from Latin by Max Planck, 1900."@en ;
:EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "The class of 'EMMO' individuals that stand for real world objects that can't be further divided in time nor in space."@en ;
:EMMO_b432d2d5_25f4_4165_99c5_5935a7763c1a """For a physics based ontology the 'Quantum' can stand for the smallest identifiable portion of spacetime defined by the Planck limit in length (1.616e-35 m) and time (5.39e-44 s).
However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a 'Quantum' can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity."""@en ;
rdfs:comment """A 'Quantum' is the most fundamental subclass of 'Item', since its individuals stand for the smallest possible self-connected 4D real world objects.
The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle."""@en ,
"A 'Quantum' stands for a 4D real world object."@en ,
"""A quantum is the EMMO mereological 4D a-tomic entity.
To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of a-tomistic mereology."""@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Quantum"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_802d3e92_8770_4f98_a289_ccaaab7fdddf
:EMMO_802d3e92_8770_4f98_a289_ccaaab7fdddf rdf:type owl:Class ;
owl:equivalentClass [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty :EMMO_17e27c22_37e1_468c_9dd7_95e137f73e7f ;
owl:someValuesFrom :EMMO_3f9ae00e_810c_4518_aec2_7200e424cf68
] ,
[ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty [ owl:inverseOf :EMMO_17e27c22_37e1_468c_9dd7_95e137f73e7f
] ;
owl:hasValue :EMMO_08cb807c_e626_447b_863f_e2835540e918
] ;
owl:disjointUnionOf ( :EMMO_2d2ecd97_067f_4d0e_950c_d746b7700a31
:EMMO_eb3a768e_d53e_4be9_a23b_0714833c36de
) ;
:EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "The class representing the collection of all the individuals declared in this ontology standing for real world objects."@en ;
rdfs:comment """'EMMO' is the disjoint union of 'Item' and 'Collection' (covering axiom).
The union implies that 'EMMO' individuals can only be 'Item' individuals (standing for self-connected real world objects) or 'Collection' individuals (standing for a collection of disconnected items).
Disjointness means that a 'Collection' individual cannot be an 'Item' individual and viceversa, representing the fact that a real world object cannot be self-connected and non-self connected at the same time."""@en ,
"""For the EMMO ontologist the whole universe is represented as a 4D path-connected topological manifold (i.e. the spacetime).
A real world object is then a 4D topological sub-region of the universe.
A universe sub-region is isolated and defined as a real world object by the ontologist. Then, through a semiotic process that occurs at meta-ontological level (i.e. outside the ontology). an EMMO ontology entity (e.g. an OWL individual) is assigned to represent that real world object.
The fundamental distinction between real world objects, upon which the EMMO is based, is self-connectedness: a real world object can be self-connected xor not self-connected."""@en ,
"In the EMMO we will refer to the universe as a Minkowski space, restricting the ontology to special relativity only. However, exension to general relativity, will adding more complexity, should not change the overall approach."@en ,
"""Mereotopology is the fundamental logical representation used by the EMMO ontologist to characterize the universe and to provide the definitions to connect real world objects to the EMMO concepts.
Parthood relations do not change dimensionality of the real world object referred by an 'EMMO' individual, i.e. every part of a real world object always retains its 4D dimensionality.
The smallest part of a real world object (i.e. a part that has no proper parts) is referred in the EMMO by a 'Quantum' individual.
It follows that, for the EMMO, real world objects of dimensionality lower than 4D (e.g. surfaces, lines) do not exist."""@en ;
skos:prefLabel "EMMO"@en .
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_eb3a768e_d53e_4be9_a23b_0714833c36de
:EMMO_eb3a768e_d53e_4be9_a23b_0714833c36de rdf:type owl:Class ;
:EMMO_705f27ae_954c_4f13_98aa_18473fc52b25 "From Latin item, \"likewise, just so, moreover\"."@en ;
rdfs:comment """A real world object is self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are connected to each other (here the concept of connection is primitive).
Alternatively, using the primitive path-connectivity concept we can define a self-connected real world object as an object for which each couple of points is path-connected."""@en ,
"""An 'Item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components).
In the EMMO, connectivity is the topological foundation of causality.
All physical systems, i.e. systems whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by 'Item'-s.
Members of a 'Collection' lack of causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical system as a whole."""@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Item"@en .
#################################################################
# Individuals
#################################################################
### http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_08cb807c_e626_447b_863f_e2835540e918
:EMMO_08cb807c_e626_447b_863f_e2835540e918 rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual ;
skos:prefLabel "Universe"@en .
### Generated by the OWL API (version 4.5.9.2019-02-01T07:24:44Z) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi