diff --git a/data/bodin/livrep/bodin.livrep.perseus-eng1.xml b/data/bodin/livrep/bodin.livrep.perseus-eng1.xml index 92812d3..f64849b 100755 --- a/data/bodin/livrep/bodin.livrep.perseus-eng1.xml +++ b/data/bodin/livrep/bodin.livrep.perseus-eng1.xml @@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ certain proper foundations: it behoveth us first to have an especiall regard and care for the good ordering and government of families.

-

Wee said a Commonweale to bee a lawfull gouernment of many families, and of +

Wee said a Commonweale to bee a lawfull government of many families, and of such things as unto them in common belongeth, with a puissant soveraigntie. By the word, Many, you may not in this case understand two, as for most part we do; for seeing that the law requireth at the least three persons to make a @@ -1606,7 +1606,7 @@

- THe right gouernment of the Father and the + THe right government of the Father and the children, consisteth in the good vse of the power which God (himselfe▪ the Father of nature) hath giuen to the Father over his owne children: or the law over them whom any man adopteth for children unto himselfe: and in the @@ -2287,7 +2287,7 @@

- THe third part of the gouernment of a Familie + THe third part of the government of a Familie dependeth of the power of the Lord oues his Slaues, and of the Maister over his seruants; and in their mutuall duties one toward another. For theWhereof a Familie tooke name. very name of a Familie, came of Famulus and Famulatio, @@ -3409,7 +3409,7 @@ citisens be gouerned by the selfesame lawes and customes, it is not onely one Commonweale, but also one very citie, albeit that - The enclosure of wals make not a citie, but the gouernment + The enclosure of wals make not a citie, but the government of the citisens under the self same lawes: although they dwell in uers townes or prouinces dispersed. the citisens be divided in many villages, townes, or prouinces. For the enclosure @@ -3499,7 +3499,7 @@ be that a towne may be well built and walled, and that more is well stored also with people, and furnished with plentie of all things nececessarie to live withal, & yet for all that be no citie, if it have not laws and magistrats - for to establish therin a right gouernment (as we have said in the first + for to establish therin a right government (as we have said in the first chapter) but is more truely to be called an Anarchie than a citie. And so contrariwise it may be, that a towne may be in all points accomplished and haue the right of a citie, and of an vniuersitie, @@ -3617,7 +3617,7 @@ citie that now is being then in gardens and arable land.

But the fault is much more, to say, That he is not a citisen, which is not - partaker of the offices of gouernment, of giuing of voices in the consultations + partaker of the offices of government, of giuing of voices in the consultations of the people, whetherAristotle his definition of a Citisen impugned. it be in matters of iudgement, or affaires of the state. This is the definition of a citisen, which Aristotle hath left unto vs by writing, which he @@ -3637,14 +3637,14 @@ unto the popular estate, seeing that in the Athenian estate it selfe which had no peere for the libertie and authoritie of the people, the fourth ranke or degree of citisens being more than three times as great as all the rest of the - people, had no part in the offices of gouernment, or in iudgements. So that if + people, had no part in the offices of government, or in iudgements. So that if we will receiue the definition of Aristotle, we must needs confesse, that the greater part of the naturall burgesses of Athens, were in their owne Commonweales strangers, vntill the time of Pericles. And as for that which he saith, The noble to be alwaies more citisens than the base and vnnoble, is vntrue, not onely in the popular estate of the Athenians, but also in the popular Commonweals of the Swissers, and namely in Strasbourg, where the nobles (in the qualitie of nobles) have no part - in the offices of state and gouernment. + in the offices of state and government.

@@ -5058,7 +5058,7 @@ societie (said they) be an equalitie of right, if they have their allies armie, whereby they double their strength: why then are not all things made equall? why is not one of the Consuls chosen of the Latines? where part of the strength - is, there should also part of the gouernment be. And immediatly after, It is + is, there should also part of the government be. And immediatly after, It is but right that there should bee but one people and one Commonweale. Then said the Roman Consull, Heare ô Iupiter these villanies, straunge Consuls, and a straunge Senat in thy temple, &c. So hee calleth @@ -5148,7 +5148,7 @@ estate divided. And if one of the Cantons of themselves get any thing, the rest have no part therein: as the Bernoies haue well giuen to vnderstand: For since they entred into the league, they haue - ioined unto their own domesticall gouernment little lesse than fortie towns, + ioined unto their own domesticall government little lesse than fortie towns, upon whome they leuie men and money, and giue unto them lawes: over which the other Cantons have no power at all: as was iudged by Frauncis the first, the French king, by them chosen arbitrator in this matter. They of Basil also, when in the yeare 1560 they had lent fiftie @@ -5227,7 +5227,7 @@ the French king: which are all vndoubted arguments to shew, that among the Swissers there are as many Commonweals as there are cities or cantons. In like case the three confederat cities of the Grisons, which consist of fiftie - companies or fellowships, have their gouernments diuers one from another; and + companies or fellowships, have their governments diuers one from another; and yet as oft as they have their assemblies, the greatest citie of the Grisons vseth to send thereunto eight and twentie deputies, the second twentie foure, and the last fourteene: with power, that whatsoeuer the greatest part of these @@ -5605,7 +5605,7 @@ to define what maiestie or Soueraigntie is, which neither lawyer nor politicall philosopher hath yet defined: although it be the principall and most necessarie point for the understanding of the nature of a Commonweale. And forasmuch as - wee have before defined a Commonweale to be the right gouernment of many + wee have before defined a Commonweale to be the right government of many families, and of things common amongst them, with a most high & perpetuall power: it resteth to be declared, what is to be vnderstood by the name of a most high and perpetuall power. WeThat Soueraigntie @@ -5711,7 +5711,7 @@ Dictator, hee was by the conspiracie of the Senators slaine in the middest of the Senat. But let vs graunt an absolute power without appeale or controlement, to be graunted by the people to one or many to mannage their estate and entire - gouernment: shall wee therefore say him or them toWho is to + government: shall wee therefore say him or them toWho is to be called an absolute soueraigne. have the state of Soueraigntie, when as hee onely is to bee called absolute soueraigne, who next unto God acknowledgeth none greaterthan himself? wherefore I say no soueraigntie to be @@ -5801,7 +5801,7 @@ crowne by way of election, should not be soueraignes: wherefore we must vnderstand the word Perpetuall, for the tearme of the life of him that hath the power. Now if the soueraigne and annuall onely, or which hath a certaine - prefixed and limited time to rule, chance to continue his gouernment so giuen + prefixed and limited time to rule, chance to continue his government so giuen him, beyond the appointed time; that must either be by the good liking of him that gaue the power, or els by force: if by force, it is called tyrannie; and yet neuerthelesse the tyrant is a soueraigne: as the violent possession of an @@ -5863,7 +5863,7 @@ gouernour: no not, albeit that such power be giuen him by the customs and lawes of the countrey, which should be muchHector Boet. in hist. Scot. stronger than election. As by an auntient law amongst the - Scots, the entire gouernment of the kingdome was committed unto him that was + Scots, the entire government of the kingdome was committed unto him that was neerest of blood unto the king in his minoritie, or under the age of xxv yeares, yet with charge that all things should be done in the kings name: which law was long ago abrogated, for the danger might grow unto the young king, by @@ -6548,7 +6548,7 @@

Now if it be profitable that the soueraigne prince, for - the good gouernment of an estate, should haue + the good government of an estate, should haue the power of the laws under him; then it is more expedient for the gouernour in an Aristocraticall estate; and necessarie for the people in their popular estate: for the monarch is divided from the people; and in the Aristocraticall @@ -7144,7 +7144,7 @@ angrie, and in reproach calleth him therefore barbarous: howbeit that nothing was therein by Alaricus decreed or done, but that which euerie wise prince would of good right have decreed and done: for subiects will - so long both remember, and hope for the gouernment of strangers, as they are + so long both remember, and hope for the government of strangers, as they are gouerned by their lawes. The like edict there is of king Charles the faire, and an old decree of the court of Paris, whereby we are expresly forbidden to alleage the laws of the Romans, against the lawes and customes of our auncestours. Yea the kings of Spaine also have upon capitall @@ -7716,7 +7716,7 @@ betwixt Edward the third his brother in law, and him, it was agreed, that he should be set at libertie, without any more obtained from his estates but that he should live in amitie and friendship with him. As for - the realme of Ireland, it is not long since it receiued the English gouernment, + the realme of Ireland, it is not long since it receiued the English government, excepting yet the earle of Argueil, who seemed alwayes to keepe the state of soueraigntie.

@@ -8773,7 +8773,7 @@ the empire. the empire; but that is in the emperours absence, to doe iustice unto the princes and imperiall townes, yea euen against the emperour himselfe, (as shall in due place bee declared) and to all them which are of - their gouernment: which is a personall office, and not belonging unto lands; + their government: which is a personall office, and not belonging unto lands; neither can he that taketh upon him the qualitie of a deputie, lieutenant, o gouernour, be feudatarie or proprietarie of @@ -8896,7 +8896,7 @@ empire. And yet the emperour Sigismund sick of that incurable disease of ambition, - sought to have brought every mans gouernment + sought to have brought every mans government under his, although he was in that his hope much deceiued. For intruding himselfe to have made the duke of Lituania a king (whose countrey lieth aboue two hundred leagues from the frontiers of the empire of Germany) hee sent him a @@ -8923,7 +8923,7 @@ bishops of Rome of long time striue with the GermaineThe fruit that came of the strife betwixt the German emperor and the pope for the soueraign tie of the Christian Commonweale. emperours for the - soueraigntie and chiefe gouernment of the Christian Commonweale, and as chiefetaines of the faction, drew all the + soueraigntie and chiefe government of the Christian Commonweale, and as chiefetaines of the faction, drew all the Christian princes and cities into armes; so that many cities and Commonweales, especially in Italie, were at such mortall hatred amongst themselves, as that they receiued not greater harme from the enemies of the Christian religion and @@ -9010,7 +9010,7 @@ king of Fraunce, forbidding the peeres and people of Fraunce to make choyce of any other for their kings but of the house of Pipin, hauing publikely pronounced king Childerike for his - sottishnesse to bee vnable for the gouernment. Whereunto the people of Fraunce made so much the lesse resistance, for that Pipin then had the nobilitie and the armie of Fraunce at commaund: and for that the pope (who as + sottishnesse to bee vnable for the government. Whereunto the people of Fraunce made so much the lesse resistance, for that Pipin then had the nobilitie and the armie of Fraunce at commaund: and for that the pope (who as then was esteemed as a God upon earth) was the author thereof, unto whome Pipin had before solemnly promised, and giuen him letters pattents thereof, That if hee should become victorious over the Lombards, he should giue unto the Church of Rome the ExaThe increasing of the popes power. they still by little and little extended their power and - gouernment: which especially hapned at such time as Guiscard the Norman had subdued the kingdome of Sicilie and Naples, + government: which especially hapned at such time as Guiscard the Norman had subdued the kingdome of Sicilie and Naples, taken from the Greekes and Moores; who to weaken the power of the Germans, and to raigne himselfe the more safely in Italie, ioyned hands against them with the Bishops of Rome. But the posteritie of Guiscard @@ -9617,7 +9617,7 @@ of which prohibition the Mahometan bishops have vsurped absolute soueraigntie aboue all their princes, giuing kingdomes and principalities, to whome they thought good, in name and title of - gouernments: which may be also the cause that no Musulman prince weareth a + governments: which may be also the cause that no Musulman prince weareth a crowne upon his head: albeit that before the most auntient kings of Asia and Afrike did weare crownes. And namely Ioiada the high priest, hauing consecrated Ioas king of Iuda, set a @@ -10033,7 +10033,7 @@ officers, and euerie man in his charge, and the third to administer and execute iustice. Here (in mine opinion) or else no where he seemeth to speake of the right of Soueraigntie; for that a Commonweale can by no meanes receiue that - diuision, as it were of the whole into parts, except the soueraigne gouernment + diuision, as it were of the whole into parts, except the soueraigne government were also spoken of. Nether hath Polyb. lib. 6▪ de militari ac @@ -10044,14 +10044,14 @@ Polybius▪ also determinatly defined or set downe the rights and marks of Soueraigntie: but in speaking of the Roman Commonwealth, he saith, That their estate was mixt of the - Power royall, of the Aristocraticall gouernment, and the Popular + Power royall, of the Aristocraticall government, and the Popular libertie: seeing (saith he) that the people made lawes and officers; the Senat▪ disposed of the prouinces and common treasure, receiued and dismissed ambassadours, and had the mannaging of the greatest affaires; the Consuls held the prerogative of honour, in royall forme and qualitie, but especially in warres, wherein they were all in all. Wherein it appeareth, that he hath touched the principall points of Soueraigntie, seeing that they vnto - whom he attributeth the same, had the chiefe gouernment of the Commonwealth. + whom he attributeth the same, had the chiefe government of the Commonwealth. But Dionysius * Dioys. Halycar lib. 4. @@ -10561,7 +10561,7 @@ almightie God onely. For a prince or duke who hath power to giue lawes unto all his subiects in general, & to every one of them in particular, is yet no soueraigne, if he receiue his power from the emperour, the pope, or the king, - or any other greater than himselfe: or yet have a companion in his gouernment, + or any other greater than himselfe: or yet have a companion in his government, a companion I say, for that he seemeth in a manner to have a superiour or maister, which hath a companion, without whose helpe and consent hee can commaund and doe nothing: much lesse is he a soueraigne, if hee bee another @@ -10680,7 +10680,7 @@ Romans. And Liuie speaking of the Aetolians, which were gouerned - by a popular gouernment, saith it to have bene by their lawes forbidden, that + by a popular government, saith it to have bene by their lawes forbidden, that any thing should bee determined concerning peace and warre, but in the Panaetolian and Pylaican counsell. And for that the nobilitie of Polonia, Denmarke, and Sweden, pretend the right of Soueraigntie to belong unto them, it @@ -10877,7 +10877,7 @@ Turkes Cadelesquires, which are as the kings two great Chauncelours, who haue power to place and displace all the Cadies and Paracadies, that is to say, the judges and their deputies. And in Aegypt, in the time of the Sultans - gouernment, before it was by Selymus the first + government, before it was by Selymus the first conquered, the great Edegnare, which was a Cunstable to the Sultan, had power to place all the other officers: as had in auntient time the Grand M. of the Pallace in Fraunce. And it is not long ago but that the chauncelour of Fraunce @@ -10913,7 +10913,7 @@ in the yeare 1324. For albeit that the king Charles the sixt, was then distraught of his wits, & that the seales of France had in them not the image of the king, but of the queene onely: yet neuerthelesse the - said new constable taking upon him the gouernment of the kings sword, and of + said new constable taking upon him the government of the kings sword, and of the French armie, being sworne to the keeping of the lawes, at the same instant acknowledged himselfe to hold his office and power in fealtie and homage of the king: so that all authoritie and power to commaund, may well seeme to flow and @@ -10942,7 +10942,7 @@ soueraigne maiestie or power: for that the magistrats power were not to be attributed unto the prince, but to the people; as by little and little it happened unto the kings of Polonia. For when as by a law made by Sigismundus Augustus, all the magistrats of euerie - countrey, were to be chosen by the particular states of every gouernment; the + countrey, were to be chosen by the particular states of every government; the maiestie of the kings, who also raigned by the good liking of the people, was therby much impaired. Which confirmation of magistrats so chosen, is no new thing; for euen from the time of the Gothes we read in Cassiodorus, that Theodoricus king of the Gothes, gaue his letters of @@ -11082,7 +11082,7 @@ fealtie and homage, appeale and soueraigntie, for those lands which he and his auncestors held in fee of the crowne of Fraunce. Neither did Charles the fift the French king take any other occasion to make warre against the English men, than for that their English magistrats and gouernors - which had the gouernment of Aquitaine, under the fealtie of the French, would not heare the subiects appeales. At which time + which had the government of Aquitaine, under the fealtie of the French, would not heare the subiects appeales. At which time the court of Paris commaunded the king of England to be summoned, and for default of appearance pronounced sentence against him: whereby the duchie of Aquitaine was for that cause confifcated unto the king, as is to bee seene by @@ -11275,13 +11275,13 @@ but by commission, as the deputies or lieutenants of their princes. But in the state of a well ordered Commonweale, this power of Soueraigntie ought not to bee giuen to any, neither by commission, neither by title of office, except it - bee for the establishing of a Regent in his gouernment, for the great distance + bee for the establishing of a Regent in his government, for the great distance of places; or for the captiuitie of Soueraigne princes: or for that they are furious; or else in their infancie▪ As it was done by Lewes the ninth, who for his tender yeares, was by the estates of Fraunce committed to the tuition of his mother Blanche of Castile; after that she had giuen certaine princes for assurance that shee should not giue the tuition of him to any other - person. So the gouernment of the kingdome was committed unto Charles the fift, as Regent during the captiuitie of his father king + person. So the government of the kingdome was committed unto Charles the fift, as Regent during the captiuitie of his father king Iohn. And in the captiuitie of Francis the first, Louise of Sauoy his mother, tooke uppon her the protection of the kingdome committed unto her by the king her sonne▪ with all the royalties thereof, in the title of Regent. And the duke @@ -11540,7 +11540,7 @@ Lib. 3. and Morea, where they had not but like money, like weights, like measures, customes, lawes, religion, officers, and - gouernment.

+ government.

As for the right to impose taxes, or imposts upon the subiects, is as proper unto soueraigneThe ninth marke of soueraigntie. @@ -12113,10 +12113,10 @@ seeing it to bee an hard matter to call the people together, and a great deale harder to rule them by reason, being assembled; oftentimes at their pleasure reuersing the most wholesome and religious decrees - of the Senat. Wherefore they chaunged that popular gouernment into an + of the Senat. Wherefore they chaunged that popular government into an Aristocratie, subtilly wresting an Oracle of Apollo to that purpose: whereby the God (as they said) commaunded that from thenceforth - the gouernment of the Commonweale should be in the power of the Senat: and yet + the government of the Commonweale should be in the power of the Senat: and yet to please the people so grieued to have left their power, they gaue them leaue to draw out of themselves five judges, called Ephori, as Tribunes or patrons of the people, who should examine the sayings, doings, and deuises of the kings, @@ -12172,7 +12172,7 @@ of the three formes of commoweals. unto whome do plainely assent Dionysius Halycarnasseus, Cicero, Contarenus, Sir Thomas More, and many others: which opinion for all that is neither grounded uppon truth not reason. For where is this Monarchie, that is to say, the - soueraigne gouernment of one man? which in the two Consuls cannot bee imagined. + soueraigne government of one man? which in the two Consuls cannot bee imagined. But soueraigne maiestie, if it were in the consuls could not possibly be divided betwixt two, for the indiuisible nature thereof, which it seemeth more probable and reasonable to attribute the @@ -12277,7 +12277,7 @@ sse deceiued, in saying, That the Senat at pleasure - disposed of the prouinces and gouernments: whereas Liuie + disposed of the prouinces and governments: whereas Liuie the best author of the Roman antiquities, is of contrarie opinion, writing thus, Quitus Fuluius postulauit a @@ -12304,7 +12304,7 @@ were of no force or vertue, if the people did not so command: or if the Tribunes of the people consented not thereunto, as wee have before touched, and shall more at large declare in speaking of a Senat. Wherefore in the Roman - state, the gouernment was in the magistrats, the authoritie and councell in the + state, the government was in the magistrats, the authoritie and councell in the Senat, but the soueraigne power and maiestie of the Commonweale was in the people. Excepting that time wherein the Decemuiri contrarie to the law, kept in their hands longer than a yeare, the soueraigne power to make lawes committed @@ -12534,7 +12534,7 @@ that of his owne countrey of Athens, which Xenophon thought to have bene the most popular state in the world. I omit the 726 lawes set downe by Plato, in the twelue books for the - gouernment of his Commonweale: sufficeth it mee to have showed Plato his imagined Commonweale not to have bene made of a + government of his Commonweale: sufficeth it mee to have showed Plato his imagined Commonweale not to have bene made of a mixture of an Aristocracie, and Democracie, as Aristotle said, whose errour Cicero, Contarenus, and others, one after another following, led the rest that followed them into errour also.

@@ -12786,7 +12786,7 @@ CHAP. II. ¶ Of a Lordly Monarchie, or of the sole - gouernment of one. + government of one.

@@ -12795,7 +12795,7 @@ prince: which definition we are now to explaine. When we say of one, so the word Monarchie of it selfe importeth: For if we shall in theA true soueraig commaundeth all others his - subiects, but is himselfe by none commaunded. gouernment ioyne two or + subiects, but is himselfe by none commaunded. government ioyne two or moe, no one of them shall have the soueraigntie: for that a soueraigne is hee which commaundeth all others, and can himselfe by none be commanded. If then there be two princes equall in power, one of them @@ -12841,13 +12841,13 @@ -

Is especially to be vnderstood of a Diumuirat, or soueraigne gouernment of two - together. For that the gouernment of three +

Is especially to be vnderstood of a Diumuirat, or soueraigne government of two + together. For that the government of three or moe together in the soueraigntie, may bee firme, but of two not so; seeing that by nature one thing is but contrarie to one, and not to many: the third as a meane still ioyning the extreames together. And therefore the Roman emperours, when as they at the same time tooke upon them the same soueraigntie - of gouernment, least by the mutuall concurse of their power, they should violat + of government, least by the mutuall concurse of their power, they should violat their faith and friendship, divided the empire, the one being emperor of the East, and the other of the West; the one residing at Constantinople, and the other at Rome, in manner as if they had bene two Monarches, although sometimes @@ -12869,9 +12869,9 @@ equall power. And the three children of Lewes the Debonaire divided so many kingdomes amongst them. Neither do we read many at once long to have holden a kingdome together vndivided: for the indiuisible - nature of soueraigntie, and the fellowship of gouernment, is alwayes full of + nature of soueraigntie, and the fellowship of government, is alwayes full of dangers, where no one hath the soueraigntie, except when a straunge prince - marrieth a queene, among such as are acquainted with womens gouernment: where + marrieth a queene, among such as are acquainted with womens government: where commonly the pictures of the man and his wife, their names and armes are ioined together; as if the soueraigntie belonged unto them both: as it chanced when king Ferdinand married Isabel queene of Castile, Anthonie of Burbon, Ioane @@ -12911,25 +12911,25 @@ that to reconcile them was impossible, vntill that one of them had quite ouerthrowne the other, and made himselfe maister of all. The like happened after the death of Caesar, in the Triumuirat of Augustus, M. Antoninus, and Lepidus, who hauing of one popular Commonweale, made three Monarchies; - and Lepidus vnfit for gouernment, had submitted his + and Lepidus vnfit for government, had submitted his authoritie unto Augustus, although Antoninus had married Augustus his sister, and that they two had equally divided the empire betwixt them, and lived in countries farre distant one from another; yet rested they not long, but that the one of them was shaken out of all, by the authoritie and power of the other. Whereafter ensued the sure state of the - empire, established under one mans gouernment. Wherefore let vs hold it as + empire, established under one mans government. Wherefore let vs hold it as resolued upon, that it cannot be called a Monarchie, where the soueraigntie is - in two mens power; neither that any gouernment can consist in that state, if + in two mens power; neither that any government can consist in that state, if they shall fall at variance betwixt themselves.

Now Monarchie is divided into three formes: for he that hath the soueraigntie, isThree sortes of monarchies. Great difference betwixt - the state, and the gouernment of the state of a commonweale. either + the state, and the government of the state of a commonweale. either lord of all: or else a king, or a tyrant, which maketh no diuersitie of Common weals, but proceedeth of the diuersitie of the gouernour in the Monarchie: For - there is great difference betwixt the state, and the gouernment of the state: a + there is great difference betwixt the state, and the government of the state: a rule in pollicie (to my knowledge) not before - touched by any man: for the state may be in a Monarchie, and yet the gouernment + touched by any man: for the state may be in a Monarchie, and yet the government neuerthelesse popular; if the king do distribute all places of commaund, magistracie, offices, and preferments indifferently unto all men, without regard of their nobilitie, wealth, or vertue. But if the prince shall giue all @@ -12939,10 +12939,10 @@ Aristocratique seigneurie, may gouerne their estate popularly; diuiding the honours and preferments therein unto all the subiects indifferently: or else Aristocratically, bestowing them upon the nobilitie or - richer sort onely; which varietie of gouernment hath deceiued them which haue + richer sort onely; which varietie of government hath deceiued them which haue made a mixture of Commonweals, and so made more sorts thereof then three, without hauing regard that the state of a Commonweal is different from the - administration and gouernment of the same: But this point we will farther touch + administration and government of the same: But this point we will farther touch in place convenient.

Wherefore a lawfull or royall Monarchie is that where the subiects obey the @@ -13191,7 +13191,7 @@ betwixt the iust enemie and the robber; betwixt a lawfull prince and a theefe; betwixt warres iustly denounced, and vniust and violent force; which the antient Romans called plaine robberie and theft. We also see tyrannicall states - and gouernments, soone to fall, and many tyrants in short time slaine: whereas + and governments, soone to fall, and many tyrants in short time slaine: whereas the seigneurelike states, and namely the Lordly Monarchies have bene both great and of long continuance, as the auntient Monarchies of the Assyrians, the Medes, Persians, & Aegyptians;Whie the lordly monarchie is more durable then the royall @@ -13402,7 +13402,7 @@ and office like unto them whom the Thessalians called Archos, the Lacedemonians Cosmos, the Mitylenians Aesymnetes, hauing like charge that the baily of Florence had at such time as that Commonweale was gouerned by a - popular gouernment; that is to wit, the Grand Councell of the people made + popular government; that is to wit, the Grand Councell of the people made choyce of eight or ten persons, best seene in their affaires, to reestablish the state, and to put againe in order that which by processe of time was fallen into disorder, either in their lawes, or in their customes, in their @@ -13442,7 +13442,7 @@ the antient kings of Hetruria, as we read in the histories. And the Romans themselves, after they had driuen out the proud Tarquin their king, although they abhorred the verie name of a king, and much more the - gouernment, hauing chaunged the royall state into a popular: yet so it was, that the Roman Senat vsed to send unto kings, + government, hauing chaunged the royall state into a popular: yet so it was, that the Roman Senat vsed to send unto kings, their allies and confederats, the royall marks of kings; namely a diadem or crowne of gold, a cup of gold, the iuorie scepter; and sometime the popular robe embroidered with gold, & a chaire of iuorie, as the histories declare. @@ -13524,7 +13524,7 @@ seas, one from an other divided, not easily with the wings of aspiring ambition to be passed. So Seleucus king of both Asiaes, graced his sonne Antiochus not onely with the royall dignitie, - but also placed him in the gouernment of the kingdome of the higher Asia; which + but also placed him in the government of the kingdome of the higher Asia; which is a thing may well be suffered where kings have vsed to be created by the voices of the Senat, and the people▪ as are the kings of Denmarke, Sueuia, Polonia, Tartaria, Bohemia, Hungarie, and Tunes: who commonly cause him whom they desire to raigne, to be before hand elected by the @@ -13585,7 +13585,7 @@ name of a Tyrant was aswell giuen unto a good and iust prince, as to an euill and wicked, it appeareth euidently in that, that Pittacus and Periander reckened among the seauen Sages of Graece, were called Tyrants, hauing taken unto themselves the - state and gouernment of their countries. But for the mercie of their enemies, + state and government of their countries. But for the mercie of their enemies, were constrained for the safetie of their lives and goods to have gardes of straungers about their persons, and great garisons in their fortresses and strong holds: and for the maintenance of their @@ -14194,7 +14194,7 @@ make choyce of him. Howbeit if the children or posteritie of a tyrant, shall for long time, as by the space of an hundrd yeares, in continual possession hold the soueraigntie, possessed by their great grandfathers or auncestours, - and so by their iust commaunds, gouern the Commonweale; such a gouernment ought + and so by their iust commaunds, gouern the Commonweale; such a government ought not now to be called a tyrannie, for that in this case, Long prescription serueth in staed of a iust title. @@ -14206,7 +14206,7 @@ whole state of a Commonweale. Wee said that the possession of the posteritie of a tyrant ought to be of long continued without interuption or interpellation: that is to say, that the subiects have not with any conspiracie rebellion, or - intercession, troubled the gouernment of the tyrant, or of his posteritie: for + intercession, troubled the government of the tyrant, or of his posteritie: for thereby it is in a sort euident, and to bee gathered, the subiects of their owne accord to have yeelded unto his commaunds, and to have taken him for their iust prince. But interpellation or gain▪ @@ -14298,7 +14298,7 @@ likewise the Germain Empire, which is also nothing else but an Aristocraticall principalitie, wherein the the Emperour is head and chiefe, the power and majestie of the Empire belonging unto the States thereof: who thrust out of the - gouernment Adolphus the emperour in the yeare 1296: and + government Adolphus the emperour in the yeare 1296: and also after him Wenceslaus in the yeare 1400, and that by way of justice, as hauing iurisdiction and power over them. So also might we say of the state of the Lacedemonians, which was a pure Aristocratie, wherein were two kings, without @@ -14845,10 +14845,10 @@ auntients have alwaies taken this word Oligarchie, in the euill part, and AristocratieImpossible to establish an Aristocratie only of good men. in the good; defining it to be A - gouernment of good men. But we have before declared, that in matters of + government of good men. But we have before declared, that in matters of state (to vnderstand of what forme euerie Commonweale is) we must not haue regard whether the gouernours thereof bee vertuous, or otherwise; but to the - gouernment thereof. It is also a difficult matter, and almost impossible, to + government thereof. It is also a difficult matter, and almost impossible, to establish an Aristocratie composed onely of good men; for that cannot bee done by lot, neither by election, the two vsuall meanes: whereunto we may ioyne the third, by lot and election together, as @@ -14912,7 +14912,7 @@ their common assemblie three score of them shall be of oneThe lesser part of the people in an Aristocratie not to be defined by any certaine number. opinion for the making of a law: that law shall in generall bind the other fortie which have part also in the soueraigntie, but - are the fewer in number, together with the other nine thousand nine hundred excluded from the gouernment, and the same three + are the fewer in number, together with the other nine thousand nine hundred excluded from the government, and the same three score being of one mind together, shall rule the whole ten thousand in particular: Neither yet for all that is the soueraigne right drawne unto those three score; But as in every lawfull Colledge and Corporation, the greater part @@ -14939,7 +14939,7 @@ caried away the prize of honour from all the others of the East: albeit that it was most populous, yet for all that it had in it but thirtie Gouernours, chosen out ofThe estate of the Lacedemonians. the better - sort, to continue in the gouernment so long as they lived. The Epidaurians + sort, to continue in the government so long as they lived. The Epidaurians saith Plutarche had but an hundred and foure score of the noblest and welthiest of the citizens which had part in the soueraigntie: out of which number they chose the counsellours of the state. The auntient @@ -14968,7 +14968,7 @@ unto them ten other citizens, such as they should think fittest for their vertue, for their nobilitie or riches. Out of these eight and twentie families, he established a Counsell of fower hundred men, every yeare to be chosen for - the gouernment of the state: who also made choice of the Duke, and eight + the government of the state: who also made choice of the Duke, and eight gouernours for two yeares to continue, whom together they call the Seignorie; for that unto them it belongeth to manage the waightie affaires of the Common wealth: except some such great matter happen, @@ -15109,7 +15109,7 @@ that the way is open for all the citisens of what de gree soeuer unto all the officers and places of commaund, benefits and charge in the Commonweale, if they be not men infamed, distracted of their wits, or otherwise vtterly - ignorant of gouernment. That is also belonging unto popularitie, that almost + ignorant of government. That is also belonging unto popularitie, that almost all their magistrats are annuall: which temperature of the better or richer sort with the meaner or poorer, in being capable of the honours of the Commonweale, maketh the same much more firme and stable, than if the honours @@ -15130,14 +15130,14 @@ Commonweales of Greece, after the victorie of Lysander, were by him chaunged into Aristocraties of the most auntient families, in chusing out ten or twentie, or at the most thirtie, unto whome hee committed - the soueraigntie for the gouernment of + the soueraigntie for the government of their estates. Wee see also the state of Venice, to be as we have before shewed meere Aristocratike: And them also of Rhaguse, of Luca, of Ausbourg, of Nuremberg, to be composed in forme of Aristocraties, of the most auntient families, although they be but few in number. For as for the RhagusiansThe estate of the Rhagusians. (in auntient time called Epidaurians) hauing new built the citie of Rhaguse, neere unto the auntient citie of Epidaurus, vtterly rased by the furie of the - Gothes, and exempting themselus from the gouernment of the Alhanois, + Gothes, and exempting themselus from the government of the Alhanois, established among themselves an Aristocratike forme of a Commonwealth, gouerned by the most noble and auntient families; following therein almost the example of the Venetians: yet still much more respectiue and carefull of their @@ -15166,7 +15166,7 @@ The estate of of Luca. onely - the auntient families to bee partakers of the soueraigntie of their gouernment, + the auntient families to bee partakers of the soueraigntie of their government, who are but few, albeit that about the yeare 1555 there were numbred two and fiftie thousand citisens, besides women. Out of the nobilitie are created an hundred & twentie yearely Senators: out of whome are chosen the ten @@ -15438,7 +15438,7 @@ least power to whom they giue most honour. of well gouerned Aristocratike states, is to graunt unto him the least power to whom they giue the greatest honour: and sometimes also least honour unto them that be of most - power: as of all others the Venetians in the ordering and gouernment of their + power: as of all others the Venetians in the ordering and government of their Commonweal best know how to vse that matter. Seeing therefore wee have thus showed the Empire to bee but an Aristocraticall estate, we may well conclude, That there is neither prince nor imperiall @@ -15502,7 +15502,7 @@ and the lords of Berne, call the towne of Fribourg a member of the empire, albeit that they have their state therefrom divided unto themselves in full soueraigntie. Some others acknowledge and - confesse themselves to hold their liberties and priuileges, for the gouernment + confesse themselves to hold their liberties and priuileges, for the government of their estate from the emperour; as they of Vri, vnderuald, and Schwits, hauing their letters patents therefore from Lewes of Bauaria the emperour, bearing date the yeare 1316. They also of Tietmarsh for @@ -15529,7 +15529,7 @@ wherein Historiographers often times erre and goe astray, and that specially when as in a Commonweale there are so few of the nobilitie or better sort to mannage the state, as that they are both - Senatours and magistr ats: which gouernment of few, the Greekes call an + Senatours and magistr ats: which government of few, the Greekes call an Oligarchie. So the Pharsalian estate was gouerned by twentie of the nobilitie: the Lacdemonians by thirtie, neither were there moe in all the cities of the Greeks after the victorie of Lysander. They of Thetmarsh were gouerned by eight @@ -15537,12 +15537,12 @@ Cnidians by threestore (whome of their integritie of life they called Amymones) but these were but annuall magistrates: whereas the other were perpetuall. And all be it that the Cnidians neuer gaue any account of - that they had done in time of their gouernment, yet were they not therefore + that they had done in time of their government, yet were they not therefore soueraigne lords, but soueraigne magistrats; who their magistracie once expired, were again to restore unto the nobilitie, - the soueraigne gouernments by them committed to their charge. In like case they + the soueraigne governments by them committed to their charge. In like case they of Zurich chose euerie yeare thirtie six magistrats, of whom twelue by course - gouerned foure moneths: which forme of gouernment continued unto the yeare + gouerned foure moneths: which forme of government continued unto the yeare 1330, that the common people enraged and rising up in mutinie cast them out, creating in their stead a Senat of two hundred of the nobility, with a Consull chiefe amongst them: and all those estates had the counsell of their nobilitie @@ -15558,13 +15558,13 @@ they chose foure, who with one soueraigne prince or magistrat gouerned all the affaires of state: the authoritie of which foure for all that, was but for six months, the soueraign magistrat yet stil holding his place for two yeres: in - which manner of gouernment they honorably maintained their estate, vntill that + which manner of government they honorably maintained their estate, vntill that of late yeares it was by the Grand Signior taken from the Genowayes, and so vnited unto the Turkish empire.

And thus much concerning the definition of an Aristocratie. Now as concerning the profits and dangers incident unto an Aristocratique estate: & the - manner of the gouernment thereof, we will in due place declare. It resteth now + manner of the government thereof, we will in due place declare. It resteth now to answere unto thatFour sortes of Aristocraties by Aristotle set downe. which Aristotle saith concerning an Aristocratie, being altogether contrarie unto that which is by vs before set @@ -15576,13 +15576,13 @@ . saith hee) foure sorts of Aristocraties: The first, where none but the richer sort, and that to a certaine reuenue, haue - pan in the gouernment of the Seignorie: The second, where the estates and + pan in the government of the Seignorie: The second, where the estates and offices are giuen by lot unto them which hold most wealth: The third, where the - children succeed their fathers, in the gouernment of the Seignory: And the + children succeed their fathers, in the government of the Seignory: And the fourth, when they which take upon them the state, vse a lordlike power and commaund without lawe. And yet neuertheles in the same booke, and a little after, hee maketh five sorts of Commonweales, viz. the Regall, the Popular, the - gouerment of a few, the gouernment of the nobilitie▪ and after these a fift + gouerment of a few, the government of the nobilitie▪ and after these a fift kind, composed of the other foure: which (as hee saith* Lib. 4. Cap. 7. afterwards) is no where to be found. But such a medley of Commonweales wee haue before not onely by probable but euen by necessarie reasons also, prooued to @@ -15590,18 +15590,18 @@ passe, let vs now also show the diuers formes of Aristocraties by Aristotle set downe, to bee no way considerable. First hee no where defineth what an Aristocratie is: the verie cause of his errour. For what can bee more vaine, than to say it to be an Aristocratie where the - ritcher or the better sort have onely part in the gouernment?Aristot. by the author impugned. For it may bee that of ten thousand + ritcher or the better sort have onely part in the government?Aristot. by the author impugned. For it may bee that of ten thousand citisens, six thousand of them hauing two hundred crownes of yerely reuenue, have all part in the Seignorie; and yet neuerthelesse the state shall be a popular state, considering that the greater part of the citisens have the soueraignitie: for otherwise there shall be no popular Commonweale at all. The - like might be said for the gouernment of the better sort also, who might + like might be said for the government of the better sort also, who might chaunce to be the greater number of the citisens, which should have part in the Seignorie: and yet according to the opinion of Aristotle, it should also be an Aristocraticall estate, albe it that the greater part of the people beare therein - the sway. As for the gouernment of good men, + the sway. As for the government of good men, if we shall measure them according to the highest degree and perfection of vertue, we shall not finde one such: but if after the common manner, and opinion of the people, so euerie man will call himselfe a good man. But to @@ -15611,7 +15611,7 @@ the wise and graue Cato being chosen out for the purpose, durst not giue sentence whether Q. Luctacius was a good man or not. But admit that in euerie Commonweale the good are in - number fewer than the bad; & yet have the gouernment of the common state: + number fewer than the bad; & yet have the government of the common state: why for the same reason hath not Aristotle made one sort of Aristocraty, wherin the nobilitie hold the soueraignitie? seeing that they are euer fewer in nūber then the base & vulgar sort: why also maketh he not an other sort of Aristocratie, @@ -15631,7 +15631,7 @@ qualities of the bodie, or of the minde: as wee see to bee incident but into the fewer sort: whereof should ensue an infinite multitude and varietie of Aristocratique Commonweales. But that seemeth also unto mee most strange that hee should say the second sort of an - Aristocraty, to be where the richer sort by lot have the gouernment and + Aristocraty, to be where the richer sort by lot have the government and mannaging of the state, whereas alwaies, elsewhere, hee had said lots properly to appertaine unto the popular state. Thus the Athenian Commonweale was of all other most popular, he with Xenophon agreeth: and yet @@ -15644,18 +15644,18 @@ be in state popular, and yet gouerned Aristocratically: and that there is a notable difference betwixt the state of a - Commweale; and the gouernment of the same, as we have before said. As for the + Commweale; and the government of the same, as we have before said. As for the fourth sort of Aristocraties, wherin (as Aristotle saith) some few which take upon them the mannaging of the state, vse a Lordlike power and commaund over all without law, in manner of a tiranie: we have before showed the difference betwixt a Monarchie royall, Lordlike, and tirannical: the - like difference whereof is also in the Aristocraticall gouernment: wherein the + like difference whereof is also in the Aristocraticall government: wherein the Lords may gouerne their subiects as slaues, and dispose of their goods, as may the Lordly Monarke, without law and yet without tiranising also: not vnlike the good maister of the familie, who is alwaies more carful of his slaues, than of his hired Seruants: and so also loueth them better. For why it is not the law which maketh the iust and rightfull - gouernment, but the true administration of iustice, and equall distribution + government, but the true administration of iustice, and equall distribution thereof. And the fairest thing in the world that can be desired in matter of state, (in the iudgement of Aristotle himselfe)A wise and vetuous king the greatest @@ -15674,7 +15674,7 @@ by the equalitie of lawes, and not to have their lives, fame, and fortune, to depend of the iudgement of the nobilitie & choice magistrats only: which their request after that it had bin, with much a do 6 yeres debaited, against - the Lordlike Aristocraticall gouernment of the nobilitie: they at length at the + the Lordlike Aristocraticall government of the nobilitie: they at length at the instance of their Tribune Terentius Arsa caused it to passe in force of a law, that from that time forward the nobilitie, consulls, and magistrates, should themselves as well as the people, be bound to all such @@ -15684,7 +15684,7 @@ be it a Monarchie or Aristocratie; but upright reason and iustice, engrauen in the mindes and soules of iust princes and Magistrats; and that much better then in tables of stone. Neither euer were there more cruell tirants then were they, - which bound their subiects with greatest multitude of edictsNeuer worse gouernment then where the greatest multitude of lawes wNeuer worse government then where the greatest multitude of lawes w. and lawes, which he tyrant Caligula of purpose, and to no purpose, caused to bee set downe in so small letter, as that they could hardly be of any man red, but with Linceus eyes, to the intent thereby to entangle the moe @@ -15697,7 +15697,7 @@ that especially when the nobilitie shal bandie it selfe against the people: as it often times chaunceth; and as we reade it to have in auncient time fallen out, when as in many Aristocratique estates none was by the nobilitie admitted - into their number for the gouernment of the state; but that they must first + into their number for the government of the state; but that they must first sweare, to be for euer enemies unto the people, and all popular men: a course not so much tending to the destruction of the cominaltie and people, as of the nobilitie and mightie men themselves: and so to the vtter subuersion of all @@ -15895,7 +15895,7 @@ colleges, seeme also to have had regard; where two third parts of the Collegiats, and of them also the most voyces must agree, to giue any law or order unto the rest. And in all the - assemblies of the Venetians, which have bene called together for the gouernment + assemblies of the Venetians, which have bene called together for the government of the seignorie in our daies, there have scarcely at once met together fifteene hundred gentlemen: so that when the law willeth a thousand of them at the least to be present, the meaning of the law is, that there should two third @@ -15937,7 +15937,7 @@ councellors, of whom foure are of the councell for the more secret affaires of the state, and after them the Camarlign, or Chamberlaine treasurer for the common treasurie. But in this there is a notable difference, betwixt the - gouernmentThe cantons of the Swissers much ruled by their + governmentThe cantons of the Swissers much ruled by their great men, but the Grisons not so. of the Grisons, and of the other Cantons of the Swissers: for that hee which can giue unto his side, two or three of the principal officers, of any one canton of the Swissers, who are @@ -15995,7 +15995,7 @@ chaunged into an Aristocratie. So should we also say, if twelue thousand of the richer sort had the soueraigntie, and but five hundred of the poorer sort were excluded, that that state were an Aristocratie. And againe to the contrarie, if - there were but five hundred poore gentlemen, which had the gouernment over the + there were but five hundred poore gentlemen, which had the government over the rest of the richer sort, one should call such a Commonweal a popular state. For so saith Aristotle, calling the Commonweales of Appollonia, Thera, and Colophon popular states, wherein a few auntient verie @@ -16013,15 +16013,15 @@

And these absurdities, and others also much greater then they, ensue hereof, in thatThat the state of a commonweale may be of one sort, - and yet the gouernment therof of another and that quite contrarie. + and yet the government therof of another and that quite contrarie. Aristotle hath mistaken the manner and forme of the - gouernment of a Commonweale, for the soueraigne state thereof. For as we haue - before said, the state may be a pure royall Monarchie, and yet the gouernment + government of a Commonweale, for the soueraigne state thereof. For as we haue + before said, the state may be a pure royall Monarchie, and yet the government there of popular: as namely if the prince giue honours, offices, and preferments therein to the poore, aswell as to the rich: to the base aswell as to the noble, and so indifferently to all without respect or accepting of person. As also it may be - that the state be royall, and yet the gouernment aristocraticall: as if the + that the state be royall, and yet the government aristocraticall: as if the prince giue the honours and offices to a few of the nobilitie, or to a few of the richer sort onelie, or some few of his fauorits. And to the contrarie, if the people hauing the soueraigntie, giue the most honorable offices, rewards, @@ -16063,28 +16063,28 @@

Wherefore let vs firmely set downe and resolue that there are but three formes ofThat the state of a Commonweal may be of one sort and - the gouernment of an other, withour confusion of the states. + the government of an other, withour confusion of the states. Commonweales, and no moe, and those simple also, and without any confused - mixture one of them with an other; albeit that the gouernment be sometimes + mixture one of them with an other; albeit that the government be sometimes contrarie to the state: As a Monarchie is contrarie to a Democratie or popular estate; and yet neuerthelesse the soueraigntie may be in one onely prince, who may popularly gouerne his estate, as I have before said: and yet it shall not be for that a confusion of the popular estate with a Monarchie, which are states of themselves incompatible, - but is well (as it were) a combyning of a Monarchie with a popular gouernment, + but is well (as it were) a combyning of a Monarchie with a popular government, the most assured Monarchie that is. The like we may deeme of the Aristocratique - estate, and of the popular gouernment: which is by farre more firme and sure, - then if the estate and gouernment were both Aristocratique: the state standing + estate, and of the popular government: which is by farre more firme and sure, + then if the estate and government were both Aristocratique: the state standing almost inuiolable, when as the subiects by such a moderat kind of gouerment are amongst themselves combyned, as also unto the Commonweale. And albeit that the - gouernment of a Commonweale may be more or + government of a Commonweale may be more or lesse popular, aristocratique, or royall, (as of tyrannies, some may be more cruell than others,) yet so it is that the state in it selfe receiueth no comparison of more or lesse. For the soueraigntie is alwaies indiuisible and incommunicable in oneSoueraigntie allwaies by nature of itselfe indiuisible. alone, or in the lesse part of all the people, or in the greater part thereof; which are the three sorts of Commonweales by vs - set downe. And as for that which we have said, that the gouernment may be more + set downe. And as for that which we have said, that the government may be more or lesse popular, may be deemed so to be, by the Commonweales of the Swissers, where the mountaine Cantons of Vri, Schwits, Vnderuald, Zug, Glaris, and Apensel are so popular, as that the soueraigntie of the CommonwealThe popularitie of the mountain Now many have (and that in mine opinion) without cause doubted, Whether it were better for the Commonweale to have a most wise and vertuous prince to gouern - the same without councell; or a dull and vnfit man of himselfe for gouernment, + the same without councell; or a dull and vnfit man of himselfe for government, but well prouided of a graue and wise councell? And truely unto the wise neither the one nor the other seemeth any thing worth. But if the prince be so wise as they suppose, as that he greatly needeth not @@ -16842,7 +16842,7 @@ the state and the Senat: and yet out of this number of thirtie, they made choice but of twelue for the mannaging of the secret affaires of their state, as we read in Xenophon: establishing the same forme of - gouernment in Athens also, where they deputed thirtie lords for the gouernment + government in Athens also, where they deputed thirtie lords for the government of that state, as they did in all the rest of the cities of Greece, except some little ones, over whome Lysander placed ten chiefe men, without any other Senat or priuie Councell. And the reason was, for that they had resolued to chaunge all the @@ -17001,7 +17001,7 @@

Now all this differing of resoluing and determining, proceedeth from the diuersitie of the soueraigntie, and of them - which have the mannaging of the gouernment: for what the Senat decreeth in an + which have the mannaging of the government: for what the Senat decreeth in an Aristocratique, or popular Commonweal, that the nobilitie, or people ratifieth and commaundeth if the matter so require: contrarie to that we see to be done in a Monarchie, where the wiser the prince thinketh himselfe, the lesse he @@ -17063,7 +17063,7 @@ Gratianople, and Aquasexia. But in the raigne of Charles the ix, at such time time as the Court of Paris liked not of the decree of the Senat, whereby the king in the Court of - Roan was by the voices of the princes declared sufficient for the gouernment of + Roan was by the voices of the princes declared sufficient for the government of the kingdome without a Regent, according to the law of king Charles the first: the king yet under age, aduised the court, to meddle only with the desciding of controuersies, and the equall administration of justice: for that the king his predecessours had for that onely purpose @@ -17602,7 +17602,7 @@ Tribune of the people, giuing leaue unto the Senat for that yeare to dispose of the Consularie prouinces, with expresse prohibition unto the Tribunes for the opposing of themselves, for that time onely. For after that time the people oft - times gaue the prouinces and gouernments, without the aduise or authoritie of + times gaue the prouinces and governments, without the aduise or authoritie of the Senat. Now to say that the Senat had the disposing of the common treasure, true it is, but that was but upon sufferance, and so long as it pleased the people; as we may see by the law Sempronia, whereby the people decreed that the @@ -18037,11 +18037,11 @@ that commissions in Popular and Aristocratique Commonweales are almost still li mitted unto a certaine time: yet in a Monarchie that extraordinarie and permissiue charge is tyed to no time at all: for why, in Popular and - Aristocratique estates and gouernments, the greater + Aristocratique estates and governments, the greater the charge is giuen by commission, the more need it is to have it in short time expired; least longer power might giue occasion to ambitiousThe greater the charge is that is giuen by com mission the shorter time it ought to endure. minds to take - unto themselves the gouernment, and so to oppresse the libertie of the state. + unto themselves the government, and so to oppresse the libertie of the state. And therefore the dictatorship was but for six moneths, neither was that power euer longer proroged to any man in that free Commonweale, except to Furius Camillus. For at such time as the people of Rome had extraordinarily created the Decemuiri with a yearely and soueraigne power, @@ -18064,11 +18064,11 @@ Commissioners, with soueraigne power, and without limitation of time, for the ordering of their Commonweale, and the reforming of the abuses therein: who being once created, all other their magistrats ceased. By which meane these ambitious in effect tooke upon - themselves the gouernment, albeit that in outward appearance they made faire + themselves the government, albeit that in outward appearance they made faire show of the giuing up of their charge. For the suspending of all magistrats in generall, is a thing right dangerous, not onely in Popular and Aristocratike estates, but euen in a Monarchie also: which yet I neuer knew to have happened - in this kingdome of Fraunce, but at such time as king Iohn was taken prisoner by the Englishmen: For then Charles the fift hauing gotten of his father the gouernment of the + in this kingdome of Fraunce, but at such time as king Iohn was taken prisoner by the Englishmen: For then Charles the fift hauing gotten of his father the government of the kingdome, appointed fiftie commissioners for the reforming of the Commonweale, with power to examine the doings and abuses of all the other magistrats, from whome as then all power was taken. At which time the Commonweale destitute of gouernours, was by the seditious @@ -18085,7 +18085,7 @@ three moneths, saith, Praecarium seni imperium, & breui transiturum, The old mans empire was but by sufference and in short time to passe away: not for that he had indeed his empire by sufferance, but for that he was now growne extreame old, and - being vnfit for the gouernment of the empire, foresaw that in short time it + being vnfit for the government of the empire, foresaw that in short time it must againe by naturall death bee taken from him, although he had not (as indeed he was) bene before slaine. Howbeit a Commission is of such nature, as that it expireth so soone as the charge thereof is executed, although it be not @@ -18213,7 +18213,7 @@ the cause for which I had obtained the interdiction.

But briefly, and yet more plainely and plentifully to make plaine all sorts of - Commissioners, whether they be for the gouernment of prouinces, or for the + Commissioners, whether they be for the government of prouinces, or for the warres; orDiuers sortes of commissioners, and from whom they have their commissions. for the administration of iustice, or for the kings receits and treasure, or other things concerning the state. We say, that @@ -18238,7 +18238,7 @@

This diuision extendeth to all Commissioners, in what forme of Commonweale soeuer it be. As is to be seene in the state of the Romans, where the mannaging - of the warres, and gouernment of the countries and prouinces newly conquered, + of the warres, and government of the countries and prouinces newly conquered, at the first belonged unto the ordinarie magistrats and officers, viz. the Consuls, Praetors, and Quaestors, yea euen a good way from the citie, whilest that the Roman empire was yetThe gouernour of the prouinces in the @@ -18256,7 +18256,7 @@ was out of his consulship he might rule as proconsul. But after that the empire was growne great, and also extended farre, such commissions were by the sufferance of the people graunted by the Senat, to such as were lately gone out of their offices in the citie, who agreed among - themselves for the gouernment of the prouinces; or if they could not so fall to + themselves for the government of the prouinces; or if they could not so fall to agreement, cast lots for them, which they called Cmparare inter se, & sortiri: Except the charge and commission were of such consequence and importance (by reason of @@ -18278,7 +18278,7 @@ liked. Howbeit that this was no vsuall matter, but right seldome times done: For ordinarily the Consuls, Praetors, and Quaestors discharged, and so going our of their offices in the cities, cast lots for the - prouinces, if they could not otherwise agree for the gouernment of them among + prouinces, if they could not otherwise agree for the government of them among themselves: The cause of the ciuil war betwixt If they willed and commaunded that this or - that man should have the gouernment in this or that prouince. As is reported of + that man should have the government in this or that prouince. As is reported of Scipio Africanus, who had commission with power to commaund, although he were not yet of age to beare office, or to be a magistrat. And Cicero speaking of all sorts of @@ -19300,7 +19300,7 @@ Consuls might be chosen as well out of the comminaltie, as out of the nobilitie: which when it could not be obtained of the nobilitie, it was agreed, certaine Tribunes of the souldiours with the power of Consuls, to be - indifferently chosen out of both sorts: which manner of gouernment continued + indifferently chosen out of both sorts: which manner of government continued fortie five yeares, without any Consull, vntill such time as that it was agreed, That one of the Consuls should be still chosen out of the people. Howbeit a man might say, That the Tribunes in so saying made their power lesse @@ -19410,9 +19410,9 @@ haueThe power of the Questors. had any iurisdiction or power to commit men: for so Varro saith, that they had not: albeit that the yeare after their office expired, they had - sometime the gouernment of some prouince bestowed upon them: as Gracchus the younger after his Questorship had the - gouernment of Sardinia giuen unto him. From which time they had as much and - more power in the gouernment of the prouinces committed unto them, than had all + sometime the government of some prouince bestowed upon them: as Gracchus the younger after his Questorship had the + government of Sardinia giuen unto him. From which time they had as much and + more power in the government of the prouinces committed unto them, than had all the magistrats in Rome: but that was not by way of commission, as had all the rest of the gouernours of prouinces.

@@ -19571,7 +19571,7 @@ especially of the lawyers, shall find them to have called the offices with honest charges in the Commonweale, by the word Honores, Honor (saith Calistratus) est - administratio Reipublicae cum dignitate, Honour is a gouernment of the + administratio Reipublicae cum dignitate, Honour is a government of the Commonweale with dignitie or reputation: and those which beside their honor had power also to commaund, them they noted by the word Imperia. As in Liuie we @@ -19583,7 +19583,7 @@ gouernours of prouinces, whome Vlpian the lawyer in proper tearmes calleth also Potestates. VVhich also Alexander Seuerus the emperour meant, when he with a loud voyce saith, Non patiar mercatores potestatum, I will - not suffer the buiers of the gouernments of prouinces. + not suffer the buiers of the governments of prouinces.

@@ -21140,7 +21140,7 @@ graunt of the soueraigne; and long and secret consent of the estates, confirmed by a long lawfull and iust possession. As in this kingdome, the Dukes, Marquesses, Counties, and such others as have from - the prince the gouernment of the castles in sundrieDukedomes, earledomes, marquisats, and such like in auntient time but + the prince the government of the castles in sundrieDukedomes, earledomes, marquisats, and such like in auntient time but simple commissions, now for most part are become hereditarie. prouinces, and so the commaund of them, had the same in auntient time but by commission onely, to be againe reuoked at the pleasure of the soueraigne @@ -21258,7 +21258,7 @@ showeth, that the power is proper unto them which so commissionate and deputed them, whether they be Soueraigne Princes, or Magistrats hauing power so to doe. And so in like case the law sayth, That the Gouernour of a countrey or - prouince, hath within his gouernment all power and authoritie next unto his + prouince, hath within his government all power and authoritie next unto his Prince: wherefore it is not then onely in the prince. But the difficultie of this question dependeth principally on this distinction, (whereunto the interpretours of the law have had no regard,) as namely, that it is great difference to say that @@ -21365,7 +21365,7 @@ purpose, if the comparison of him, which hath but the vse onely unto the magistrat, were to be admitted and receiued. And as for others, the auntient doctors and interpretors of the law; they have in such sort entangled - themselves, as that it euidently appeareth them to have had no insight into the estate or gouernment of the + themselves, as that it euidently appeareth them to have had no insight into the estate or government of the Roman Commonweale: without which it is impossible to determine any thing concerning these questions. For whereas the Romans had properly separated the office of the Proconsuls Lieutenant, whome they called Legatum, from the office of the Proconsull himselfe: and so of the @@ -21822,7 +21822,7 @@ the militarie magistrats vse another manner of fashion of commaunding, of punishing, and execution of penalties, than must the magistrats in time of peace. For that the discipline of warre ought to be much more seuere than the - domesticall or civill gouernment. And yet for all that ought not this martiall + domesticall or civill government. And yet for all that ought not this martiall rigour to passe into crueltie, nor the generall to exceed the bounds of seueritie, as many commaunders do, who in nothing show themselves valiant, but in killing their souldiors without hearing. As Seneca @@ -23018,7 +23018,7 @@ Religion; that Iosophat was chiefe of his councell, or his Chauncellour; that Eliphore, and Aiah were his Secretaries for the estate; that Banaia was his Constable; and Azarias the sonne of Natan his - Lieutenant generall over the gouernments of the twelue Tribes, which are and + Lieutenant generall over the governments of the twelue Tribes, which are and have beene as it were like in all Monarchies. So in like maner we see in the Turkish Empire, that the first and principall Bassa is Generall of the armie, as Constable or chiefe Mareschall; and Beglerbegs are @@ -23477,7 +23477,7 @@ others subiect to their iurisdiction, and yet without their colledge. And in this the colledges of judges and magistrats notably differ from other colledges: for that other colledges are established euerie one of them for the - good gouernment of that onely which is unto themselves common; whereas the + good government of that onely which is unto themselves common; whereas the colledges of judges and magistrats, are principally erected for the good of other subiects, and to rule the other colledges, as also to chastice them if they shall transgresse their lawes and statutes. But as a wise man ought first @@ -23983,7 +23983,7 @@ traiterous Campanians▪ Whereby it is manifest withThe notable clemencie of the emperour Aurelianus. what seueritie the Romans thought it good to punish their rebellious conspirators, during the time - of their popular gouernment. And as for the Roman Emperours, some of them vsed towards such offendours gratious favour, + of their popular government. And as for the Roman Emperours, some of them vsed towards such offendours gratious favour, and othersome extreame ctueltie. The emperour Aurelianus for his clemencie deserueth to be for euer commended, who laying siege unto the citie Thyane, swore that there should not a dog escape alive, if he should take @@ -24025,7 +24025,7 @@ rather to die than to become subiects; as in all ages there have bene such: but not if they shall bee content to serue and obey them, by whome they are ouercome and vanquished. So the Pisans (in the memorie of our fathers) not able - to endure the iust gouernment of the Florentines their lords, by the favour of + to endure the iust government of the Florentines their lords, by the favour of Charles the eight the French king, yeelded themselves to Countie Valentine Borgia, who beeing not able to protect them, they in vaine offered @@ -24348,8 +24348,8 @@ Greece, moued with the admiration of their doctrine, were now become both their auditors and followers: they bearing themselves thereupon, went about to have euerie where ouerthrowne the popular - estates, and tyrannicall gouernments, and for them to have established - Aristocraties, and the gouernments of wise men. But that their so good a + estates, and tyrannicall governments, and for them to have established + Aristocraties, and the governments of wise men. But that their so good a purpose was ouerthrowne by certaine ambitious and popular men, who setting the people in an uprore with fire and sword, destroyed all the Pythagorians. Which (as saith Polibius) troubled almost all the estates both @@ -24517,7 +24517,7 @@ ruinate themselves. And therefore the people and popular estates, accept and embrace all manner of communities, corporations, and colledges; as we said that Solon did, in establishing the popular estate of - Athens. All which tyrants in their tyrannicall gouernments seeke vtterle to + Athens. All which tyrants in their tyrannicall governments seeke vtterle to ouerthrow, as well knowing, the unitie and amitie of subiects among themselves, to be the tyrants ineuitable ruine and destruction: the iust royall, and Aristocraticall estates, euen for @@ -24665,7 +24665,7 @@ number of Corporations and Colleges to be had in their kingdomes and Commonweales: For as quite to take away all Corporations and Communities were to weaken or ruinate the - estate, and to establish a barbarous tyrannie, or tirannicall gouernment; so + estate, and to establish a barbarous tyrannie, or tirannicall government; so likewise to permit and suffer all assemblies, and all fraternities, is not also without danger, as not easely to be ruled by the princes power, or nobilities commaund. In them also oft times are couered conspiracies, and secret @@ -24873,7 +24873,7 @@ divided from the vulgar and common people, since first Nimrod the great robber, most notably attended uppon with a great power of wicked companions, and such as himselfe was, with cruell seruitude oppressed them that were too weake for him, and so first tooke upon him the - gouernmentThe first nobilitie grounded upon violence and + governmentThe first nobilitie grounded upon violence and oppression. of the Assyrians, as we have before said. So left his nobilitie got by villanie, for his posteritie to imitat: which opinion further spreading, tooke such deep root, as that euerie man as he was the mightier in @@ -25307,7 +25307,7 @@ bestowed upon them. But to bestow such nobility belongeth onely to them which have the power in soueraigntie: and to them also whome Bartholus writeth to have but the principalitie, especially if they be subiect unto the commaund of superiour princes, or have fellowes or companions - in their gouernment: who cannot so much as make a man base borne to bee + in their government: who cannot so much as make a man base borne to bee legitimate. Much lesse true it is, that some have written, the minions and domesticall attendants of princes to be therefore become noble: for albeit that they thereby enioy certaine priuileges and exemptions from other seruices, yet @@ -26207,7 +26207,7 @@ who must sometimes as children and mad folkes, be cured euen against their wills, as Lycurgus, who changed the lawes and royall state of his country, into a popular - gouernment, contrary to the good liking of the subiects, or of the greater part + government, contrary to the good liking of the subiects, or of the greater part of them; howbeit that in so doing, hee was well beaten of them, and lost one of his eyes (the reward of his vertue) although hee had before renounced the claime and right that he and his successours had unto the kingdome, as princes @@ -26232,14 +26232,14 @@ Royall estate into a tyranny: for that therein is nothing but the chaunging of the qualities of good gouernors into euil, the Monarchie yet still remaining in the one, and the Aristocratie in the other. I speake not here of the chaunging - of a Monarchie into a Duarchie (or soueraigne gouernment of two) for that we + of a Monarchie into a Duarchie (or soueraigne government of two) for that we have before declared such a Duarchie to bee comprehended under an Oligarchie - (or gouernment of few) otherwise a man might make also a Truarchie of three + (or government of few) otherwise a man might make also a Truarchie of three princes, ruling together in one Commonweale (as it chaunced in the Triumuirat - of Marcus Antonius, Augustus, and Lepidus) as also a Tetrarchie (or gouernment of foure) and so other chaunges of Commonweals in number + of Marcus Antonius, Augustus, and Lepidus) as also a Tetrarchie (or government of foure) and so other chaunges of Commonweals in number infinit: whereof there is not onely no rule or precept to be giuen, but are also of themselves most absurd: For when wee once passe the soueraigne - gouernment of one, wee forthwith enter into the popularitie of moe: which as + government of one, wee forthwith enter into the popularitie of moe: which as the lawyers say, is still contained in the number of two.

But besides these conuersions and chaunges of estates, which wee haue @@ -26269,7 +26269,7 @@ and greatest king: for so it is in holy writ reported. So likewise at Syracusa, after the death of Dion, and in Florence after that the nobilitie was thence driuen out by the people: which so continued a certaine - time without gouernment, as a ship without a pilot or gouernour. And so after + time without government, as a ship without a pilot or gouernour. And so after the death of Abusahit king of Fez, that kingdome was in most miserable case eight yeares without a king. As also after diuers murthers of many the Aegyptian Sultans, the Mammalukes made choyce of Campson Gaurus, hauing lived a certaine time in a pure Anarchie. And @@ -26430,7 +26430,7 @@ some certaine number, which may suffice for▪ our instruction. The most common cause of the chaunge of Commonweales is, that when the posteritie of princes failing, the great men fall out among - themselves, and so take up armes for the gouernment of the state: or for the + themselves, and so take up armes for the government of the state: or for the too great pouertie of the greater part of the subiects, and the excessiue riches of some few: or for the vnequall diuision of estates and honours, or for ambition and the great desire some have to commaund, or for the revenge of @@ -26469,11 +26469,11 @@ failed (which oftentimes drew after it the chaunging of the estate) or that the princes abusing their power, and euill entreating their subiects, were themselves driuen out or slaine: and the subiects fearing againe to fall into a - Tyrannicall gouernment, if they should giue the soueraigntie to one alone, or + Tyrannicall government, if they should giue the soueraigntie to one alone, or not willing to endure the commaund of one of their owne companions, founded amongst them the Aristocraticall estates, little regarding the common people: at which time if there were any of the poorer or popular sort, which would also have had part in the seigneurie or - gouernment, they sung unto them the fables of the Hares, which would commaund + government, they sung unto them the fables of the Hares, which would commaund together with theThe greatest honors and offices euen in Popular estates still bestowed upon the nobilitie and richer sort of the people. Lions: Or if it were that the Monarchie chaunged into a @@ -26502,7 +26502,7 @@ places the people hauing power for the election of their prince, albeit that their princes have heires male also: as in the kingdomes of Polonia, Bohemia, Hungarie, Denmarke, Sweden, and Norway, where they have oft times thrust their - kings out of their kingdomes▪ for staining the maiestie of their gouernment + kings out of their kingdomes▪ for staining the maiestie of their government with tyrannie, licentious liuing, or cowardise. So sometimes also the people hauing had a cruell tyrant, chose for him a iust and courteous prince: or hauing had an idle, an effeminat, or contemplatiue prince, make choyce of some @@ -26641,7 +26641,7 @@ also, and sonne to Dionysius the elder, who by fraud inuaded the estate, which he of long time held with strong garrisons and fortresses, without the stay or alliance of any other forren prince: but he - once dead, and this his sonne a man vnskilfull of the gouernment, and + once dead, and this his sonne a man vnskilfull of the government, and altogether giuen to riot, succeeding in his place, and banishing his vncle Dion, and confiscating his goods, he was by the same Dion, returning out of exile againe into his owne countrey, with an armie thrust out of his kingdome, and all the fortresses of his tyrannie ouerthrowne: which Dion not long after @@ -26659,7 +26659,7 @@ with extraordinarie favours and good turnes: and yet for all that he could do, he was so hated of his subiects, that beeing become sickly, the people much reioyced thereat: which he perceiuing, it had almost driuen him into a phrensie. But he being dead, the - Iewes sent fiftie ambassadors to Rome, that so eased of that regall gouernment, + Iewes sent fiftie ambassadors to Rome, that so eased of that regall government, they might become subiects unto the Romans, and so happily had obtained to haue bene, had not Herod his sonne bene then in great favour with Augustus the emperour, unto whome the elder Herod had before by hisThat is nine @@ -26804,7 +26804,7 @@ instant="false"/> Medices, who after the death of Alexander, by the helpe of the garrison souldiours, the supportation of his friends, and fauor of the pope, obtained - the same gouernment▪ albeit that he was reported to have bene one of the wisest + the same government▪ albeit that he was reported to have bene one of the wisest princes of his age, or of long time before him, and a right great justicier, euen by the report of his enemies themselves, and had diuers strong castles euen in the citie it selfe: yet neuerthelesse was he an hundred times in @@ -26841,7 +26841,7 @@ willingly and of themselves put their trust in him: neither yet commaund ouer them which should distrust him. But Seruius hauing of a slaue made himselfe a king, beset himselfe with strong guards, and that wisely, - as beeing forsaken of the Senators, who tooke his seruile gouernment in great + as beeing forsaken of the Senators, who tooke his seruile government in great euill part: For as iust, pleasing, & gracious, as he was, yet had it bene a thing impossible for him without guards, garrisons, and fortresses, long to have maintained himselfe and his so new an estate, but that he should haue @@ -26857,7 +26857,7 @@ warlike people that euer was in the world. Which his course Augustus his successour followed not, but first caused to be put to death all the conspiratours against Caesar, (not so much in revenge of the death of his vncle Caesar, as he - pretended, as so to prouideThe notable wisdome of Augustus in his gouernment, for the establishing of + pretended, as so to prouideThe notable wisdome of Augustus in his government, for the establishing of his estate. for his owne safetie) after that hee still guarded with a strong guard about him, easely kept himselfe from the violence of his enemies: And albeit that hauing quite discomfited and @@ -26868,7 +26868,7 @@ securitie: yet neuerthelesse hee dispersed fortie legions into the prouinces, placed three legions in Italie, and that not farre from the citie, kept a strong guard about him for the safetie of his person: forbid the Senators - without leaue to depart out of Italie, and committed the gouernment of his + without leaue to depart out of Italie, and committed the government of his legions not unto any the great Lords, but to gentlemen onely, or some of the meanest of the nobilitie. As for the creating of the officers of the citie, he divided it betwixt himselfe and the people; yet so as that of such as stood @@ -26960,10 +26960,10 @@ Magistrats time be not changed, neither their charge prorogued, if the necessity be not verie great: as the Romans did to Camillus, to whom the Dictatorship was prorogued for six monthes, which had neuer to any other person beene graunted. And namely by the law - Sempronia it was straitly forbidden that the gouernments of Prouinces should be + Sempronia it was straitly forbidden that the governments of Prouinces should be graunted unto any for longer time than five yeares: which law had it beene kept, Caesar had neuer inuaded the estate as he did, - hauing the gouernment of the Gaules by the consent of Pompeius and Crassus graunted for five yeares + hauing the government of the Gaules by the consent of Pompeius and Crassus graunted for five yeares more than the law allowed of; whereunto in that point was derogated in favour of him. Which was a notable ouersight, considering that they had to doe with the most ambitious man that euer was; who so well grounded his power to @@ -27102,16 +27102,16 @@ before said. For Cicero speaking of the civill warres betwixt Caesar and Pompey, saith, Ex victoria cum multa, tum certe Tyrannis existit, Of - victorie ensue many things, but especially a Tyrannicall gouernment. For that + victorie ensue many things, but especially a Tyrannicall government. For that almost alwaies in civill warres the people is divided: wherein if it so fall out, that the leaders of the factions bring the matter unto the tryall of a battaile, no man can doubt but that hee who therein shall carrie away the victorie, possessed of the forces and powers, shall either for ambition and the - desire of honour, or for the saftie of his person, keepe unto himself theTyrannicall gouernments most commonly to chaunge into popular - estates. soueraigntie. Whereas contrariwise Tyrannicall gouernments + desire of honour, or for the saftie of his person, keepe unto himself theTyrannicall governments most commonly to chaunge into popular + estates. soueraigntie. Whereas contrariwise Tyrannicall governments (for the most part) chaunge into Popular estates. For that the people which neuer knoweth how to keep a meane, the - Tyrannicall gouernment once taken away, desiring to communicat the soueraigntie + Tyrannicall government once taken away, desiring to communicat the soueraigntie unto them all, for the hatred that it beareth against Tyrants, and the feare that it hath to fall againe into tyranny, becommeth so furious and passionat, as without reason or discretion to fall upon all the kinsmen and friends of the @@ -27126,7 +27126,7 @@ afterwards died Generall in the expedition of Poitiers) was driuen out: at Milan, after that Galuagno the tyrant had there lost his estate, where the people of Milan for fiftie yeares after, held a Popular - estate, vntill that at last it was againe changed into a Tyrannicall gouernment + estate, vntill that at last it was againe changed into a Tyrannicall government by the Toresas. Neither did the Swissars otherwise establish that thei Popular estate (which by the space of 260 yeares hath @@ -27138,7 +27138,7 @@ slaine, and his partakers of the nobilitie De Monte Nouo cast out, slaine, and banished, the people forthwith tooke upon it the soueraigntie. Neither is it to be doubted, but that the Florentines, after the death of Alexander Medices the new tyrant, would have taken the - gouernment from them of the house of Medices, and + government from them of the house of Medices, and reestablished their Popular estate, if they had certainly knowne the tyrant to have beene slaine: but when as almost onely Laurence Medices with Caracciolus the muttherer were @@ -27148,13 +27148,13 @@ shift for himselfe, gaue opportunitie to young Cosmus Medices his cosen (who then had the forces of the estate in his power) to take uppon them the soueraigntie. But this conuersion or chaunge of - Tyrannicall gouernments into Democraties, or of - Democraties into Tyrannicall gouernments, most commonly happeneth, as we haue + Tyrannicall governments into Democraties, or of + Democraties into Tyrannicall governments, most commonly happeneth, as we haue said, by occasion of civill warres: for if a strange enemie become lord of any Popular estate, he commonly ioyneth it unto his owne: which is not then to be called a change, but a destruction of that Commonweal, so vnited unto the victors; except the victor (which seldome times happeneth) restore unto the - vanquished their libertie and gouernment: as the Lacedemonians chose rather + vanquished their libertie and government: as the Lacedemonians chose rather that the confederat cities of the Athenians, by them ouerthrowne in the Peloponesian warre, yea and that euen the citie of Athens it selfe also, should enioy their wonted libertie, than to be ioyned unto the Lacedemonian estate: @@ -27171,7 +27171,7 @@ the people oftentimes cause of the change of the estate. for them to hold any one estate, which it is not by and by againe wearie of: as we may say of the auntient Athenians, Samians, Syracusans, Florentines, and Genowayes; who - after they had changed from one estate or forme of gouernment, would by and by + after they had changed from one estate or forme of government, would by and by have another. Which phantasticall disease most commonly chanceth unto such Popular estates, as wherein the subiects be too wise and of too subtill spirits, as were those whome we have before @@ -27200,7 +27200,7 @@ people taking up armes against them easily ouercome and put to flight. But the nobilitie (and so the Aristocraticall estate) thus ouerthrowne, the popular sort, and they of them especially which were called the Grandes (or great ones) - began to striue and contend among themselves, for the gouernment of the state: + began to striue and contend among themselves, for the government of the state: and yet these much more cruelly than had before the nobilitie; for that they contended not by forme of iustice, or of law, but by verie force of armes, and dint of sword; who hauing with mutuall slaughters spent themselves, the middle @@ -27222,12 +27222,12 @@ over them: where by good fortune there was then at Rome Charles of Fraunce brother to king Lewes the ninth, who at the request of the pope, and of the Florentines themselves, came to Florence, and with the good liking of the - people in generall, tooke upon him the gouernment, ended their quarrels, and + people in generall, tooke upon him the government, ended their quarrels, and reconciled the citisens among themselves, together with the Commonweale: and so hauing appeased the citisens, and reformed the Commonweale, being inuited to the kingdome of Naples, he left in the citie of Florence his deputies. But he was scarce well gone out of the citie, but that the Florentines wearie of the - gouernment of the deputies, came againe unto their popular gouernment, and so + government of the deputies, came againe unto their popular government, and so with all renewed their civill warres. For redresse whereof they sent for the duke of Athens, who hauing taken upon him the soueraigntie, commaunded the citisens to lay downe armes, and for the safetie of his person, tooke unto him a strong guard, so to keepe under the @@ -27244,7 +27244,7 @@ citie delivered of the feare of a master, appointed a forme of an Aristocratie, not much vnlike unto a Popular estate; deuising new names for their officers and magistrats, still chaunging and rechaunging them with the manner of their - state and gouernment, oftentimes no better ordered, than if it had bene + state and government, oftentimes no better ordered, than if it had bene committed to mad men, or children without discretion: scarcely twentie yeares together keeping the same forme of state. But as sicke men in the heat of burning feuers, desire to be remoued now hither, and by and by againe thither, @@ -27268,7 +27268,7 @@ inhabitants of Segelmessa, a citie upon the sea coast in the kingdome of Bugia, reuolting from their king, established among themselves a Popular estate, but shortly after entred into such factions and civill seditions, as that not able - to endure either the gouernment of their king, or yet the gouernment of + to endure either the government of their king, or yet the government of themselves, they by common consent laid all their houses and the walles of their citie euen with the ground, that so they might euerie one of them as kings and princes rule and raigne in their owne houses abroad in the countrey. @@ -27292,7 +27292,7 @@ gouernours giue leaue to all straungers to come and dwell in their cities or countries: who by little and little encreasing, and in wealth and credit growing equall with the naturall subiects - or citisens, and hauing no part in the gouernment, if they shall chance to be + or citisens, and hauing no part in the government, if they shall chance to be surcharged, or otherwise euill entreated of the gouernours of the state, will upponMultitude of straungers in an Aristocratie daungerous. the least occasion rise up against them, and so haply @@ -27303,7 +27303,7 @@ And namely they of Lindaw, after they had slaine the gouernors, chaunged their Aristocratie into a Democratie or Popular estate: as also did the inhabitants of Strasburg, who in detestation of the - Aristocraticall gouernment, which they had chaunged into a Popular, after they + Aristocraticall government, which they had chaunged into a Popular, after they had driuen out, banished, or slaine their lords and gouernours, solemnly by law prouided, That no man should have the great estate, or any other publike charge in the citie, except hee could first well proue his grandfather to have bene @@ -27312,7 +27312,7 @@ straungers in the Commonweale of Corfu encreased so fast, that in the end they seised upon all the nobilitie, whom they cast into prison, and there murthered them; chaunging afterwards that Aristocraticall estate - into a Popular gouernment. The like hapned + into a Popular government. The like hapned unto the Aristocratique Commonweales of the Samians, the Sibarites, the Trezenians, the Amphipolits, the Chalcidians, the Thurians, the Cnidians, and them of Chio, who were all by strangers changed into popular estates, hauing @@ -27368,7 +27368,7 @@ Popular estates chaunge into Aristocraties by a more gentle and insensible chaunge. As when entrance is giuen unto straungers, who in tract of time by little and little plant themselves, and multiplie, without hauing any part in - the estate and gouernment, it falleth out in the end that the naturall citisen + the estate and government, it falleth out in the end that the naturall citisen employed in publique charges, or in the warres, or by popular diseases wasted, do so decay; the straungers still encreasing: whereby it commeth to passe, that the lesser part of the inhabitants hold the soueraigntie, which wee have shewed to bee a right @@ -27398,7 +27398,7 @@ almost all slaine by Cleomenes king of Lacedemonia, they that remained yet alive, fearing the rebellion of the people, of themselves receiued the comminaltie - into the fellowship of the gouernment, and so of their owne accord seemed + into the fellowship of the government, and so of their owne accord seemed willingly to grant that which the people otherwise have taken from them by force, & whether they would or no: by which means their Aristocratie most quietly and sweetly chaunged into a Popular estate. So one of the things that @@ -27453,7 +27453,7 @@ Which thing seemeth not grieuous onely to euerie good man, and not to be borne withall, but ministreth occasion also unto the seditious and popular, to enflame the people against the nobilitie. Neither for any other cause did the people of the Orites by force - wrest the power and gouernment from the nobilitie, than for that they had + wrest the power and government from the nobilitie, than for that they had preferred unto the chiefe honours one Heracleotes, a man for his euill life infamous. Which thing also was the destruction of Nero and Heliogabalus, for that they had bestowed the greatest honours and preferments of the empire, upon most @@ -27461,11 +27461,11 @@ shunned in an Aristocratie Aristocratically gouerned: that is to say, where the people is kept from all honours and places of commaund: which although it be of it selfe an hard thing patiently to endure, yet were it the better to bee - borne, if the gouernment were committed to good men: but when it is giuen to + borne, if the government were committed to good men: but when it is giuen to wicked and vnworthy men, euerie audacious fellow uppon occasion offered, will easily draw the people from the nobilitie, and so much the rather, by how much the nobilitie shall be at lesse unitie among - themselves. Which plague, as it is in all estates and gouernments,Discord among the nobilitie a thing most daungerous to the + themselves. Which plague, as it is in all estates and governments,Discord among the nobilitie a thing most daungerous to the sta @@ -27787,7 +27787,7 @@ foundedThe insensible stanging of the Venetian estate, and of the state of the German Empire. by Charlemaigne and discending to his posteritie, so long - continued a true Monarchie under one soueraigne princes gouernment, vntill that + continued a true Monarchie under one soueraigne princes government, vntill that the line of Charlemaigne fayling, the Emperours begun to be created by @@ -27837,7 +27837,7 @@ Polonia, yet more impaired the soueraigne rights than they had before bene: the princes of whose posteritie neuerthelesse as it were in successiue right, for the space of aboue two hundred yeares, tooke - upon them the gouernment of the kingdome, and notably maintained the rights of + upon them the government of the kingdome, and notably maintained the rights of their soueraigntie, vntill the death of Sigismundus Augustus, last heire male of that house: unto whome by right of election succeeded Henrie of Fraunce, Charles the ninth the French kings brother: but with oathes and @@ -28390,7 +28390,7 @@ latitude twelue degrees at the least. Besides that, why should he giue vnto this Starre (which some foolish Astrologers take to be Saturnia) more power than to others, both for their greatnesse & nature more notable? why doth - he exclude from the gouernment of the world Regulus the greatest of all the + he exclude from the government of the world Regulus the greatest of all the sixe starres? whie Medusa, Spica, the great Dog, the Vultur, all most faire and beautifull starres? whie in briefe a thousand and threescore others, (for so many there are accounted beside the wandering starres) unto whom the Hebrew @@ -29678,7 +29678,7 @@ writeth. The same number of yeares wee find from Ninus king of Assyria, unto the death of Sardanapalus, whome Arbaces gouernour of Media dispoyled of his - gouernment, and translated the kingdome unto the Medes. Now from Saul the first king of the elect people of God unto that + government, and translated the kingdome unto the Medes. Now from Saul the first king of the elect people of God unto that Sedechias was slain, and his kingdome ouerthrowne, returneth that perfect number of 496 yeres. But whereas Iosephus reporteth the burning of both the Temples, and the taking of the citie, to have chaunced the selfesame day, viz. the @@ -30196,7 +30196,7 @@ patience, and chaunged their discipline: For that to vse such a violent letting of blood, before the corrupt humors purged, or so strong a medicine, before any preparatiue giuen, is not the way to cure - the diseases, but to kill the diseased. Wherefore in the gouernments of + the diseases, but to kill the diseased. Wherefore in the governments of Commonweales, and healing the diseases thereof, we must imitat not the Physitians onely, but euen nature it selfe, or rather the great God of nature whom we see to do all things by little and little, and almost insensibly. The @@ -30238,10 +30238,10 @@ occasion to innouat or moue any thing as men disgraced, or at leastwise have no power left them so to doe, albeit that they were thereunto willing. In which point the emperour Galba being deceiued, and hauing thrust Otho - out of the hope hee had conceiued of the empire, to adopt Piso to succeed him in the gouernment, and yet for all that without + out of the hope hee had conceiued of the empire, to adopt Piso to succeed him in the government, and yet for all that without disarming of Otho, he was shortly after by the same Otho (a man in great fauor with the Pretorian souldiours) slaine together with Piso, whome he had before adopted - to succeed him in the empire and gouernment of the state. All which perils and + to succeed him in the empire and government of the state. All which perils and daungers are lesse to be feared in an Aristocratike or Popular estate, for that in them they which have the soueraigntie neuer die; howbeit that there is in them no lesse danger in chaunging of their soueraigne @@ -30392,8 +30392,8 @@ albeit that tyrannie bee a thing most cruell and detestable, yet so it is, that the surest way and meane to suppresse the same, if the tyrant have neither children nor brethren to succeed him, is together with the death of the tyrant - to abolish also the tyrannicall gouernment; & not by force whilest he yet - liveth to striue to take from him the gouernment, with the hazard of the + to abolish also the tyrannicall government; & not by force whilest he yet + liveth to striue to take from him the government, with the hazard of the ruine of the whole estate, as oftentimes it chaunceth. But if the tyrant have children, and doth what he may to destroy the good, and to put the great men one after another to death (as Tarquin the proud, and other tyrants following his steps vsed commonly @@ -30404,7 +30404,7 @@ not otherwise, least so wee might seeme rashly to arme the subiects against their princes.

-

We ought then in the gouernment of a well ordered estate and Commonweale,The wise polititian in the gouernment of the estate is to +

We ought then in the government of a well ordered estate and Commonweale,The wise polititian in the government of the estate is to imitate the works of God in nature who by litle and litle bringeth great things to perfection. to imitat and follow the great God of nature, who in all things proceedeth easily and by @@ -30572,10 +30572,10 @@ course of their lives. Which benefits those estates and Commonweales must neeedes want, which have their magistrats perpetuall, or for tearme of life. For which cause the emperour Claudius wisely renewed an old edict or law, then growne - out of vse: which was, That hee to whome the gouernment of any prouince was by + out of vse: which was, That hee to whome the government of any prouince was by lot fallen (as the maner was) should forthwith, all excuses set apart, go vnto his charge; and that the time of his authoritie and charge once expired, he - should not forthwith take uppon him any other new publike charge or gouernment, + should not forthwith take uppon him any other new publike charge or government, to the intent that the euill behauiour or extortion of the magistrats should not by such continuation of their power and authoritie remaine vnpunished. For whatsoeuer decrees or lawes bee made, the euill magistrats would stillEuill magistrats most commonly hold together. keepe the @@ -30782,7 +30782,7 @@

So by the same meanes many Popular and Aristocratique estates were chaunged intoContinuation of great offices oftentimes the cause of the change of the estate. Monarchies, or at leastwise into - tyrannicall gouernments; for hauing giuen the publike charges and commissions + tyrannicall governments; for hauing giuen the publike charges and commissions unto their magistrats or commissioners, for longer time than was needfull, or for proroguing of them longer than by the law they should; as to Pisistratus in Athens, to Philon in the citie of Argos, to Cypselus in Corinth, to Dionysius at Syracusa, to Panaetius at Leontium, and to Caesar at Rome. @@ -31016,8 +31016,8 @@

But as men oftentimes erre in the maintaining of the societies of men▪ and - gouernmentTwo great errors oftentimes committed in the - gouernment of Commonweales. of cities and Commonweales; so doe they + governmentTwo great errors oftentimes committed in the + government of Commonweales. of cities and Commonweales; so doe they in two notable things also especially: whereof the one is, That they too narrowly looke into the inconueniences of a law, without weighing of the good that ensueth thereof: the other, That they runne from one extreame into @@ -31047,7 +31047,7 @@ also maintained. lawes and meanes to bee also gouerned and maintained (as wee have oftentimes before said, and yet must oft times say) so that the rules and orders proper to maintaine and preserue Popular estates, serue to the - readie ruine and ouerthrow of Monarchies and sole gouernments. The Popular + readie ruine and ouerthrow of Monarchies and sole governments. The Popular estates are maintained byAnnuall magistrats best in a popular Commonweale. continuall chaunge of officers, to the end that euerie man according to his qualitie might have part in the offices, according @@ -31251,7 +31251,7 @@ Howbeit that cannot by nature be, that all men can do all things: wheras we see particular men scarcely well to discharge their particular charges; and in other some to rest great wisedome, who yet - have no skill in gouernment at all. But in doing that which wee have said there + have no skill in government at all. But in doing that which wee have said there shall not easilie any default fall out, neither shall the subiects have any iust cause whereof to complaine; the rewards of honour being so exposed to every mans sight, as the marke whereat every one should ayme, though few there @@ -31285,7 +31285,7 @@ one incommoditie they have seene therein▪ Whereof we will vse no other example then that of Lewes the xj, who comming to the Crowne at once displaced all his fathers auntient seruitours, and remoued also the - princes his nie kinsmen from the gouernment of the state: who therefore with a + princes his nie kinsmen from the government of the state: who therefore with a wonderfull consent conspired with the enemy against him, and brought him to such a strait, as that they had almost strucke the crowne from his head, and by force wrested the roiall scepter out of his @@ -31335,7 +31335,7 @@ thatThat offices in a royal Monarchie are rather to be bestowed by order of law, than by the Princes will & pleasure onely. this bestowing of offices during pleasure, sauoureth somewhat - of tyranny, or of a Lordlike gouernment, rather than of a Royall Monarchy; + of tyranny, or of a Lordlike government, rather than of a Royall Monarchy; which (so much as possible is) should by lawes, and not by the princes will and pleasure onely bee gouerned: So as many a Lordly Monarchie, where the subiects being naturall slaues adore and feare @@ -31448,7 +31448,7 @@ actions, to be sufficient also to displace them from their offices. And namely Lucius Torquatus chosen the third time Consul excused himselfe before the people for the infirmitie of his eyes; saying, That it was - not reason to put the gouernment of the Commonweale into his hands, who could + not reason to put the government of the Commonweale into his hands, who could not see but by other mens eyes. But O how many are there of the blind, deafe, and dumbe, not hauing in themselves any light of nature, neither wisedome, nor experience so much as to gouerne themselves, who are not yet content to guide @@ -31619,7 +31619,7 @@ euill? But in case that all the magistrats be euill, then is discord and contention amongst them not onely profitable, but euen necessarie also, least otherwise they beeing at unitie and concord among themselves, and in possession - of the gouernment, might freely and without feare make hauocke and spoile both + of the government, might freely and without feare make hauocke and spoile both of the publike and priuat affaires. In which case it cannot fall out better either for the subiects, or for the whole Commonweale, than if they by their mutuall hatred and accusations shall openly @@ -31767,7 +31767,7 @@ into two parts, by the great magistrats, who if they fall into sedition among themselves, as also with the people, it cannot otherwise bee, but that the chaunge of the estate must thereof needes ensue; - the leaders of the factions oppressing their enemies: or else the gouernment of + the leaders of the factions oppressing their enemies: or else the government of the estate falling wholly into one mans hands, which is not so much to bee feared in a Monarchie, whereas the soueraigne prince under his power keepeth all the magistrats in awe.

@@ -31935,7 +31935,7 @@ power & office for iudging of the ghosts in hel. And albeit that Homer calleth princes the pastors, or feeders of the people. Yet so it is that the title of Iudges hath long time after him continued in the person of the princes of Athens, who had the soueraigne - gouernment for ten yeares. And not onely the princes of the Medes, the Greeks, + government for ten yeares. And not onely the princes of the Medes, the Greeks, and Latins, but euen the Generals also, who were as soueraignes amongst the Hebrewes, had no other title then the title of Iudges: And at such time as they demaunded of Samuel (now wearied with age) a king, they @@ -32268,7 +32268,7 @@ creatures, powring continually upon them his great and infinit favours, larges, and bountie. If therefore the wise prince ought in mannaging of his subiects, to imitate the wisedom of God in the - gouernment of the world, he must but seldome times come into the sight of his + government of the world, he must but seldome times come into the sight of his subiects, and that with such a state and maiestie, as best agreeth with his wisedome, power, and greatnesse, and yet make choice of some few most wise and worthy men, with whome to communicat his secret councels, and by them to @@ -33049,7 +33049,7 @@ insolent people, was by the power of one oppressed and brought vnder, and they so brought into extreame miserie and seruitude. The same inconuenience or mischiefe befell the Megarensians, who from a Popular estate fell into a most - miserable Tyrannicall gouernment (as saith Plato) for + miserable Tyrannicall government (as saith Plato) for the vnbridled libertie and insolencie of the people, taking upon them the hearing of all things, aboue the authoritie, iurisdiction, and power of the Senat, or of the other magistrats.

@@ -33140,7 +33140,7 @@ profitable Seditions and factions dangerous euen for Tyrannicall - gouernments for Tyrannicall Monarchies, and for the maintaining of + governments for Tyrannicall Monarchies, and for the maintaining of Tyrants in their Tyrannicall estates, they being alwayes enemies unto their subiects, and such as cannot long continue, if the subiect be once at accord amongst themselves. But we have before declared, the Tyrannicall Monarchy to be @@ -33811,7 +33811,7 @@ Monarchy, and the lords in an Aristocratie still are, and ought to be, as soueraigne judges and arbitrators of the subiects: and so oft times of their absolute power and authoritie appease and quiet all their differences: wheras - in the Popular gouernment the soueraigntie lieth in the people themselves, + in the Popular government the soueraigntie lieth in the people themselves, which are so divided into factions, who in no other acknowledge the magistrats, but as men subiect unto their commaund and power. Wherefore in such Commonweales such seditions and factions are with the greatest care and diligence that possible is, to be at the first preuented: but @@ -33905,7 +33905,7 @@ great perill and danger. True it is, that for the prince or magistrats thus to temper maiestie with clemency towards an vnruly and headstrong people, without iudgement and reason, is a most hard and difficult matter: yet is there nothing - more necessarie, especially in Popular gouernments, than not too much to + more necessarie, especially in Popular governments, than not too much to flatter, neither yet to deale too roughly with the people. But as the Sunne goeth, rising and setting with the other starres and planets, dayly carried about with the most swift motion of the superiour celestiall spheres, and @@ -34719,11 +34719,11 @@ And so to the contrarie, there is nothing more to be dreaded in a tyrant, than the Orator which hath the bent of the peoples bow, and is in credit & estimation with them, especially if he hate the tyrant, or his Tyrannicall - gouernment. But forasmuch as the rules by vs alreadie set downe, ought to bee + government. But forasmuch as the rules by vs alreadie set downe, ought to bee applied unto the nature of Commonweals, and that the Commonweals, laws & customs, are likewise to bee fitted unto the nature & disposition of every nation. Let vs now also speake of the nature of al people, as of a thing most - necessary for the good gouernment of Estates and Commonweales.

+ necessary for the good government of Estates and Commonweales.

@@ -34774,9 +34774,9 @@ seuen hils, was neuer long without sedition. And Plutarch (hauing not duely examined the cause) doth wonder why there were three factions in Athens of diuers humors: those of the high citie, which they called Astu, demaunded a Popular State; those of - the base towne required Oligarchia, or the gouernment of + the base towne required Oligarchia, or the government of few; and the inhabitants of the Port Pjree, desired an Aristocraticall State, - that is, a mixt gouernment of the nobilitie and the people: whereof wee will + that is, a mixt government of the nobilitie and the people: whereof wee will soone shew you a naturall cause. And if Theophrastus find it strange that the people of Greece be so different in manners and dispositions, who would not admire to see such contrarie humors in one and the @@ -34788,7 +34788,7 @@ they held for certaine, that they were issued out of the land of Attica, wherin the Orator Aristides doth glorie. In lik sort we say the Swissers (hauing their originall out of Sweden) to be verie different in - manners, nature, and gouernment: for although they be more strictly allied than + manners, nature, and government: for although they be more strictly allied than euer any nations were, yet the five small cantons of the mountaines, and the Grisons, are held more fierce and more warlike, and do gouerne wholy popularly: the rest are more tractable, and are gouerded by an Aristocratie, being more @@ -34802,7 +34802,7 @@ compasse of their walles. For the preuention whereof the Senat was assembled, and the matter propunded: whereas the Senatour Vespucius did show by lively reasons, That an Aristocraticall estate was without all - comparison the most sure, and farre better than a Popular gouernment; giuing + comparison the most sure, and farre better than a Popular government; giuing for an example the state of Venice, flourishing under the commaund of few gentle men: but Antonie Soderine maintained a Popular estate, and preuailed; saying, ThatGuichardin. the @@ -35633,9 +35633,9 @@ South, and of them that are betwixt both; we shall find that their natures are like unto young men, old men, and them of middle age, and to the qualities which are attributed unto them. In like sort euerie one of those three in the - gouernment of the Commonweale vseth that which he hath most at commaund: The + government of the Commonweale vseth that which he hath most at commaund: The nations of the North, by force; those in the - middest, by equitie and iustice; and the Southerne parts, by religion. TheThe manner of gouernment in the three temperatures. + middest, by equitie and iustice; and the Southerne parts, by religion. TheThe manner of government in the three temperatures. magistrat (saith Tacitus) commaunds nothing in Germanie, but with the sword in his hand. And Caesar writes in his Commentaries, That the Germans have no care of religion, and make no account of @@ -35741,7 +35741,7 @@ Viceroy to the West Indies, the which then were newly discouered, he did expresly forbid him to carrie any lawyer or aduocate withThe disposition of the people is greatly to be obserued in the - gouernment. him, to the end he should not sow any seeds of sutes and + government. him, to the end he should not sow any seeds of sutes and pleading where as there was not yet any. But who so should seeke to roote out all sutes and processes in France and Italie, he should thrust the people into perpetuall seditions: for euen the Iudges themselves being vnable to determine @@ -35772,7 +35772,7 @@ and the intellectuall part, euen so in every well ordered Commonweale the Priests and Philosophers are imployed in the search of diuine and hidden sciences, being as it were the hart of the citie, the magistrates and officers - to commaund, iudge, and prouide for the gouernment of the State, being as it + to commaund, iudge, and prouide for the government of the State, being as it were the reason of the citie: and the common people applie themselves to labour and mechanicall arts, the which is conformable to common sence.

@@ -35792,7 +35792,7 @@ nor endure the toyle which is necessarie for a man of state; or that he is soone wearie of publike affaires, or that hee is oftentimes expelied by ambitious courtiers: as it happened to the wise men of Persia, who were - suddenly put from the gouernment of the state, after the death of Cambises: and to the Pithagorians in Italie. And it + suddenly put from the government of the state, after the death of Cambises: and to the Pithagorians in Italie. And it seemes this was figured by the fable of Iupiter, who expelled his father Saturne out of his kingdome: that is to say, an ambitious and politike courtier dispossessed a Philosopher giuen to @@ -35809,7 +35809,7 @@ and Diana: and the people of the South to contemplation, besides their disposition to venerie. And the nations betwixt both the qualitie of Iupiter and Mercurie, fit for - politike gouernments: the which hath a straunge sympathie in mans bodie, which + politike governments: the which hath a straunge sympathie in mans bodie, which is the image of the vniuersall world, and of a well ordered Commonweale: for setting the right hand of man towards the North, going from the East into the West, @@ -35911,7 +35911,7 @@ towards the south, inclining towards Pyrene, hauing a little mountaine behind it, and the riuer Asopus betwixth the two cities: so the one was giuen to learning and knowledge, and the other to armes. And although they had one kind - of Popular gouernment, yet was there no sedition in Thebes, whereas the + of Popular government, yet was there no sedition in Thebes, whereas the Athenians had many quarrels and dissentions for the state. In like sort the Cantons of the Swissers have maintained their Popular estate verie wisely these foure hundred yeres: the which the Florentines and the Geneuois could neuer @@ -35944,7 +35944,7 @@ are fortified by nature, but for that they are sauage and cannot be reclaimed. The which should serue for an aunswere unto Plutarchs demand, Why the inhabitants of the high towne of Athens required a Popular - estate, & those of the low towne the gouernment of + estate, & those of the low towne the government of few: considering the reason that I have giuen. He should therefore wrong himselfe verie much, that should seeke to chaunge the Popular estate of the Swissers, Grisons, and other mountainers, into a @@ -36222,7 +36222,7 @@ South do not so well, being fearefull, nor they of the North which want wit. And to make it manifest how distrustfull and suspitious the people of the North be, looke into the realme of Denmarke and Sweden, whereas the magistrates do hide men in the Innes to heare what is spoken. - The gouermentThe gouernment of a state alters the peoples + The gouermentThe government of a state alters the peoples dispositions. of every Citie is of great force in the alteration of the peoples natures and dispositions: if they be oppressed with tyrannie and seruitude, they grow faintharted and deiected: they which live in popular @@ -37495,7 +37495,7 @@ horses, and the priuat soldiors also should have part of the arms & spoils. And in the bestowing of offices theyHarmonicall proportion in the distribution of rewards. must also have a respect unto the - qualitie of persons: to Gentlemen the offices of Consull, and Gouernments; to + qualitie of persons: to Gentlemen the offices of Consull, and governments; to the Plebeians the Tribunes places, and other meane offices fit for their qualities and merits: and if the vertue of a meane man or of a priuate souldier be so great that hee exceeds all others, it is reason that he have his part in @@ -37964,7 +37964,7 @@ reuiued, and that commendable custome which was practised vnderA commendable custome of Alexander Seuerus. Seuerus maintained, who caused his name to be set up in - all publike places, whome hee meant to preferre to any gouernment, giuing leaue + all publike places, whome hee meant to preferre to any government, giuing leaue to all men to accuse him, yet with the paine of death to him that did it falsely, saying, That it was great shame to bee lesse carefull of the life and conuersation of a gouernour, than the Christians were of the qualities of their @@ -37992,7 +37992,7 @@ euerie mans merit: and by an harmoniacall proportion you must giue the purse to the most loyall, armes to the most valiant, iustice to the most iust, the cenfure to the most upright, labourA true distribution of offices and charges. to the - strongest, the gouernment to the wisest, the priesthood to the deuoutest: yet + strongest, the government to the wisest, the priesthood to the deuoutest: yet hauing respect to the nobilitie, riches, age, and power of euerie one, and to the qualitie of the charges and offices. For it were a ridiculous thing to seeke a judge that were a warrior, a prelat couragious, and a souldiour with a @@ -39283,7 +39283,7 @@ either have ade them faithfull and free confederats, being tied together by an equall league; or - els have made them subiects, and so have taken from them the gouernment of + els have made them subiects, and so have taken from them the government of their estate.

But some one will say, that it is a breach of faith to infringe the treaties, @@ -39613,7 +39613,7 @@ enemies shall be yours, you shall carry arms, and make warre against them with the people of Rome: you shall giue fortie hostages at the Consuls discretion, and fiftie - talents. They left them the free gouernment of the state, but with such + talents. They left them the free government of the state, but with such conditions, as they were little better than subiects; hauing vnfurnished them of men and money, and taken the best amongst them for hostages. These words of the league, Maiestatem Romanorum conseruato, Maintaine @@ -39637,7 +39637,7 @@ treasurie of Rome. And so the people of Macedonie Macedonie made tributarie to the Romans. receiued a - law from the victor, and remained tributaries, yet they enioyed the gouernment + law from the victor, and remained tributaries, yet they enioyed the government of their estates. The Consull Mummius vsed the like policie, hauing subiected the estate of Achaia, he rased Corinth, and abolished the societies & communalties of Greece; yet he suffered the free people to @@ -41779,7 +41779,7 @@ appeale; and the husband had the like authority over the wife in foure cases, as wee have shewed elsewhere: but all this now ceasing, what iustice may we expect of the impiety of children against their fathers and mothers? of the ill - gouernment of maried couples? of the contempt of masters? How many virgins doe + government of maried couples? of the contempt of masters? How many virgins doe we see sold and dishonoured by the parents themselves, or that rather suffer them to live loosly than to be maried, thinking it better to cast forth their children, or to kill them, than to nourish them? and how can all this be preuented but by a Censor?

@@ -42594,12 +42594,12 @@ kingdome by the neying of his horse) chaunged those kinds into coynes of gold and siluer, and the gifts into tributes and necessary charges, appoynting TreasurersThe reuenues of the realme of Persia under the - first Darius. and Receyuers in euerie gouernment (which were 127 in + first Darius. and Receyuers in euerie government (which were 127 in number) to make a diuision of the taxes and subsidies, which amounted then to foureteene thousand five hundred and threescore Euboique talents, the which is valued at ten millions one hundred fourescore and twelue thousand crownes. But this antient custome of Persia is maintayned at this present in Aethiopia, - whereas the gouernours of fiftie gouernments bring unto the Negus, king of Aethiopia, the gifts and oblations ofThe custome of Aethiopia. his subiects in graine, wine, cattell, + whereas the gouernours of fiftie governments bring unto the Negus, king of Aethiopia, the gifts and oblations ofThe custome of Aethiopia. his subiects in graine, wine, cattell, handy works, gold and siluer, without any other commission, or letters patents: so as for the greatnes of his maiesty, it is more befitting to have them obedient unto him, than to send foorth his commissions to exact and beg of his subiects. As for successions and @@ -42716,7 +42716,7 @@ downe an article of ten thousand crownes disbursed without warrant, shewing neither acquittance nor cause of it: the which the people allowed without any further inquiry, knowing well the wisdome and loyaltie of the man in the - gouernment of the commonweale. It is most certaine, that a secret pensionar + government of the commonweale. It is most certaine, that a secret pensionar giuingPlut. in Pericl. an acquittance, is alwayes in feare to be discouered, whereby hee shall neither dare, nor be able to doe any thing in favour of him that giues him a pension. Besides, it is dangerous @@ -43268,7 +43268,7 @@ of the lawes, to the end that the rich and the poore, the noble and the peasant, the priest and the laborer▪ should pay the charge of their land that is to be taxed: the law exempts neither bishop nor nobleman. In other - gouernments, if there be a clergieman, a noble man, a counsellor, & a + governments, if there be a clergieman, a noble man, a counsellor, & a vigneron, the last paies for all, and the others are free,Vniust distribution of subsidies in France. not only for their sees, but also for other tailable lands. If then necessitie force the prince to raise some extraordinary imposts, it is needfull it should be such as euerie one may @@ -43875,7 +43875,7 @@ Romaine empire, wherein was contained a particular estate of euerie prouince, what troupes of souldiers, what treasure, what armes, what shipping and what munition, with a diligence worthie of a great monarch: yet for all this he did - not omit to doe iustice ordinarily and to heare all commers, reading all the bookes of politike gouernment, that he could + not omit to doe iustice ordinarily and to heare all commers, reading all the bookes of politike government, that he could get, as Suetonius saith, remembring that which Demetrius the Phalerien said unto Ptolome Philadelph king of Egypt, that he should find goodly secrets in bookes, which no man durst tell him. Vespasian in like sort, made an excellent abridgement of the empire, and yet he lived 70 @@ -45098,7 +45098,7 @@ call it: yet is it not so bad as Anarchia, where there is no forme of a Commonweale, no man commands, and no man obeyes. Let vs therefore she those that be vicious, and make choise - of the best of these three lawfull gouernments: and to the end that all may be + of the best of these three lawfull governments: and to the end that all may be made plaine, I will set downe the commodities and discommodities of every one apart. First, some one may say, that a popular estate is the most commendable, as that which seekes an equalitie and indifferencie in all lawes, without @@ -45253,7 +45253,7 @@ valet (said Titus Liuius) In the - gouernment whereof punishment more than obedience preuailes. So Phocion, seeing that the Athenians would not giue him + government whereof punishment more than obedience preuailes. So Phocion, seeing that the Athenians would not giue him audience, he cried out, O fustuarium Corcyraeum, quous talento pretio sius, O scourge of Corfu, moreA multitude cannot maintainBut some one will say, Doe we not see that the Cantons of the Swissers haue setled aThe reasons why the Swissers▪ maintaine their Popular estate. goodly Popular estate, & have continued their - gouernment aboue three hundred and fiftie yeares, and by this meanes have not + government aboue three hundred and fiftie yeares, and by this meanes have not onely preserued themselves from tyranny, but have also chased away tyrants their neighbours? The aunswere hereunto is double: First, the situation of the countrey, and the disposition of the people agrees best with a Popular estate. @@ -45485,7 +45485,7 @@ greater sort entred into factions, and slue one another, the meaner thought to become maisters, who were so incensed one against another, as the whole citie was nothing but fire and blood, murthering one another, vntill that the scumme - of the people tooke upon them the gouernment, they alwayes hated them that + of the people tooke upon them the government, they alwayes hated them that looked like gentlemen, or that ware a sword, or that had gotten to any degree of honour, in what Commonweale soeuer, or that had gathered together more riches than the rest: which made them of Strausbourg (after they had slaine all the nobilitie, to settle a Popular estate) @@ -45578,7 +45578,7 @@ the rest: as Menenius Agrippa a Roman Senator,Equalitie and friendship are incompatible. did wisely shew unto the common people, which were fallen from the nobilitie, & did seeke to equall themselves unto them in power and authoritie. Popular - gouernments in the beginning seeme pleasing and goodly, contrarie to + governments in the beginning seeme pleasing and goodly, contrarie to Monarchies: the which are like unto great riuers, which at their first springs have small and weake currents, but increasing by their long course, their streames grow bigger, & more rough, and run with more spacious chanels, the farther they are from their heads @@ -45613,7 +45613,7 @@ are not contented, although the greatest men that euer were, have disallowed of a Popular estate.

-

Let vs see now if an Aristocraticall gouernment bee any thing better than the +

Let vs see now if an Aristocraticall government bee any thing better than the rest, as many hold opinion: for if a mediocratie be commendable in all things, and that weReasons for an Aristocraticall estate. must flie all vicious extreames; it followes then, that these two vicious @@ -45630,21 +45630,21 @@ riches, or in all three together. If then wee desire to chuse one of the three, or to ioyne them all together, the estate shall bee alwaies Aristocraticall: for the noble, rich, wise, and valiant men, make alwayes the least part of the citisens, in what place soeuer; - by naturall reason then that gouernment must bee Aristocraticall, when as the + by naturall reason then that government must bee Aristocraticall, when as the least part of the citisens commaund the state, or whereunto the best and most vertuous men are admitted.

A man may also say, that the soueraigntie should be giuen onely to the most - rich, asThe gouernment of a Commonweale must be giuen to + rich, asThe government of a Commonweale must be giuen to them that have the most interest in the preseruation thereof. to them that have most interest in the preseruation of the whole state. Without doubt the most rich have the greatest interest, and beare a greater charge than the poore, who hauing little to loose, abandon the Commonweale at need. And - therefore Q. Flaminius did wisely commit the gouernment + therefore Q. Flaminius did wisely commit the government of the cities of Thessalie, to the most rich, as to them that had most interest in the preseruation of the state. Moreover it seems that necessitie doth guide vs to an Aristocraticall estate: for although that in a Popular estate, and in a Monarchy, the monarch or the people in shew - have the soueraigntie, yet in effect they are forced to commit the gouernment + have the soueraigntie, yet in effect they are forced to commit the government to the Senat, or priuie Councell, who consult, and many times determine of greatest affaires: so as it is alwaies an Optimacie. And if the monarch, or people, be so ill aduised as to gouerne otherwise than by a wise councell, @@ -45692,7 +45692,7 @@ councell to them that have the soueraigntie, to whome belong the resolution & decision of the councell. But Plato had another argument for an Aristocratical estate, saying, That it was verie hard to find - any one man so wise and vertuous, as was requisit for the gouernment of an + any one man so wise and vertuous, as was requisit for the government of an estate, and by that meanes a Monarchie were not sure. But this argument is captious, and may be @@ -45703,8 +45703,8 @@ against Marcus Agrippa, The estate of few lords, is the estate of ew tyrants. saying, That the gouernment of - few lords, is the gouernment of few tyrants: and that it was better at all + instant="false"/>ew tyrants. saying, That the government of + few lords, is the government of few tyrants: and that it was better at all euents to have but one tyrant. For if any one will say, that among many there will haply be some number of good men, we must then rather chuse a Popular estate, for that in a great number there will be found more vertuous than in a @@ -45772,7 +45772,7 @@ Popular estate is not subiect, euerie one hauing a part in the state. An Aristocraticall estate then, is not onely in daunger of forraine enemies, but of the people, whome they must content or keepe in awe by force: to content - them without making them partakers of the gouernment, were very hard; & to + them without making them partakers of the government, were very hard; & to admit them to charges of honour, without alteration of the state, from an Aristocratie to a Popular, were impossible: to keepe them in subiection by force, that were not safe, although it might be done, for that were to shew an @@ -45795,7 +45795,7 @@ themselves in mechanike arts, with the commoditie of the place, lying upon the sea, being by nature strong, they have no great occasion, & lesse power to rebell. By these meanes the Venetians (next under God) have maintained their estate, and not by the forme of an - Aristocraticall gouernment, as many do hold. And although the nature of the + Aristocraticall government, as many do hold. And although the nature of the situation of Venice, the honour of the people, the wisedome of the Seigneures, and the lawes, be fit for an Aristocraticall estate, yet is it not aboue foure hundred yeares, that they have instituted this forme of Commonweale, neither @@ -45821,7 +45821,7 @@ (the which at that time was Aristocraticall) into two factions, whence ensued many murthers of the chiefe men: so as the people fell to armes, freed themselves from subiection, and tooke the - gouernment of the state from the gentlemen: and in succession of time made a + government of the state from the gentlemen: and in succession of time made a law, whereby none might bee duke of Genes, vnlesse Anno. 1506. The estate of Genes, and the change @@ -45835,7 +45835,7 @@ dispose of the state at his pleasure, hee made choyce of all such as had six houses within the citie, and of some others of name and marke, which were not so rich, and divided them all into eight and twentie tribes, the which they called Alberghi, - making them gentlemen, and giuing them the gouernment of the state, and + making them gentlemen, and giuing them the government of the state, and debarred the rest of the common people, onely with this exception, To haue libertie euerie yeare to make ten of the Plebeians gentlemen, and to receiue them into the number of the nobilitie: the which notwithstanding was not well @@ -45960,11 +45960,11 @@ although for the auoiding of this danger, they giue the gouernement to the neerest of kinne, and the nourishment of the infant to the mother; yet haue there bene murthering mothers since, who have not onely sold and betrayed the - state, but euen the lives of their children, as the mother of Charilaus king of Lacedemon did. And sometimes the tutorPlutar. in Licur. continues his gouernment, and leaues + state, but euen the lives of their children, as the mother of Charilaus king of Lacedemon did. And sometimes the tutorPlutar. in Licur. continues his government, and leaues nothing unto the king but the title, as the duke of Northumberland did to Edward the sixt king of England: and Appelles to young Philip king of Macedon, who could not inioy his estate, vntill he had slaine his tutor.Poib. lib. 7. And if the prince comes - to the crowne being yong and out of gouernment, there is no lesse danger: for then when as he should have a dozen wise + to the crowne being yong and out of government, there is no lesse danger: for then when as he should have a dozen wise maisters to restraine his licentious appetits, the which are then most violent, he is altogether free and at liberty: so as commonly the courts of yong princes abound in follies, maskes, and licentiousnesse, and the subiects follow the @@ -46146,7 +46146,7 @@ of matters which should be kept secret, or through altogether. And therefore whereas we sayd before, that in a well ordered state, the soueraigne power must remaine in one onely, without communicating any part thereof unto the state - (for in that case it should be a Popular gouernment and no Monarchie) and that + (for in that case it should be a Popular government and no Monarchie) and that all wise Politicians, Philosophers, Diuines, and Historiographers have highly commended a Monarchie aboue all other Commonweales, it is not to please the prince, that they hold this opinion, but for the safetie and happinesse of the @@ -46167,7 +46167,7 @@ passe it ouer. It shall suffice that we have made apparant demonstration, that a pure absolute Monarchie is the surest Commonweale, and without comparison the best of all. Wherein many are abused, which maintaine that an Optimacie is the - best kind of gouernment: for that many commanders have moreAliud est consulere aliud impAliud est consulere aliud imprare. iudgement, wisedome, and councell then one alone; But there is a great difference betwixt councell and commandement: The aduice and councell of many @@ -46348,7 +46348,7 @@ . c. 6. antiq. - have vsed a kind of Aristocraticall gouernment, taking the Senat of + have vsed a kind of Aristocraticall government, taking the Senat of seuentie one for soueraigne lords: all whome Herod, the eldest sonne of captaine Antipater put to death, for that they had condemned him, and had executed him, but for the favour of Hircanus king and high priest, who gaue him his pardon, @@ -46369,14 +46369,14 @@ Aristobulus, had chaunged the forme of the Commonweale into a Monarchy. In my opinion these reasons, with many others (which are not needfull to be here particularly exprest) are sufficient to - shew, that of the three kinds of lawfull gouernments, a perfect Monarchy is the + shew, that of the three kinds of lawfull governments, a perfect Monarchy is the most excelleu: and among the disordered, the Democratie the most vicious. A lawfull Monarchy (as a strong and able bodie) may easily be maintained: but Popular states, and Aristocraties, as feeble and weake, and subiect to many infirmities, must be preserued by diet and good - gouernment. And for that it is not alwayes in the power of wise and politike - states-men, to chuse the best kind of gouernment, nor to alter and change the + government. And for that it is not alwayes in the power of wise and politike + states-men, to chuse the best kind of government, nor to alter and change the worst, they must in this case doe like vnto skilfull ship maisters, which yeeld unto the tempest; they strike their sailes, and cast forth euen their most pretious marchandise, to attaine unto a safe @@ -46414,9 +46414,9 @@ under a great Monarch. and if he be cruell hee will stand in feare that some one in so great a multitude will take revenge. Euen then as the subiects are happie under a great and mightie Monarch, if he have any sparke of - iustice before his eyes: so a small estate is best befitting an Aristocraticall gouernment, who will maintaine their + iustice before his eyes: so a small estate is best befitting an Aristocraticall government, who will maintaine their subiects more happily than a poore tyrant should do. We see eighteene Cantons - of the Swissers, besides the Grisons, whose gouernments are Popular, and + of the Swissers, besides the Grisons, whose governments are Popular, and Aristocraticall, hauing in length from Geneua unto Constance but two hundred and fiftie thousand paces, and a hundred and threescore in bredth from the Alpes unto mount Iura, most of which countrey is full of rockes, and very @@ -46556,7 +46556,7 @@ instant="false"/>oueraigne prince, is to be chosen by election. incident, which is, that after the death of the king, the estate remaineth a meere Anarchy, without king, - without lord, without gouernment, still in danger of ruine; as a ship without a + without lord, without government, still in danger of ruine; as a ship without a maister, which oweth the wracke of it selfe unto the first storme or wind that ariseth: theeves and murderers in the meane time at their pleasures committing their murders, and such other their most @@ -46607,7 +46607,7 @@ Wee see how Gostauus father of Iohn king of Sweden behaued himselfe, who of a gouernour made himselfe a king, without expecting of any other election at all, and so lest the regall power by strong garrisons confirmed - unto his posteritie. And to leaue the gouernment unto the Senat, as they do in + unto his posteritie. And to leaue the government unto the Senat, as they do in Polonia, and did of auntient time in Rome, is no lesse daungerous, least in the meane time some of the stronger and bolder sort should possesse themselves of the fortresses and stronger places: as did Pompey @@ -47865,8 +47865,8 @@ onely the island of Sicilia (although it were but a most strait prouince) but euen the ayre which we breath, together with life it selfe, being taken from Sextus Pompeius, the bonds of confederacie being in - short time broken amongst the consederats. Neither could Antonius endure the gouernment of Augustus, - neither Augustus the gouernment of Anthonie, although he were a great way off from him▪ So that one of + short time broken amongst the consederats. Neither could Antonius endure the government of Augustus, + neither Augustus the government of Anthonie, although he were a great way off from him▪ So that one of the three being before slaine, the other two could neuer be at quiet, vntill they had one of them quite ruinated the other. And if at any time it haue happened, some of the emperours of the East, and of the West, in so great an @@ -47918,7 +47918,7 @@ were Bertrand, Gueschlin, Oliver Clisson, Simon earle of Montfort, with others of like qualitie, men of great seruice, and under whome the princes of the blood might march; and yet neuerthelesse without all hope of aspiring to the soueraigntie. So as did the - auntient Romans, and namely Augustus, who amongst other the secrets of his gouernment, had this + auntient Romans, and namely Augustus, who amongst other the secrets of his government, had this for one, Not to giue the place of a Generall, or of a Gouernour of the frontiers, and especially of Aegypt, unto any the noble Senators of auntient houses, but onely unto men of meaner estate. And albeit that the kings of the @@ -47982,13 +47982,13 @@

We have said also, that a Monarchy ought to descend unto the heires male, consideringThat a Monarchy, in the opinion of the author ought to descend onely unto the heires male. that the rule and - gouernment of women, is directly against the law of nature, which hath giuen + government of women, is directly against the law of nature, which hath giuen unto men wisedome, strength, courage, and power▪ to commaund; and taken the same from women. Yea the Genes. 3. law of God hath expresly ordained, That the woman should be subiect unto the man, and that not onely in the - gouernment of kingdomes and empires, but also in every particular mans house + government of kingdomes and empires, but also in every particular mans house & familie: he Esay. 8. threatning of his enemies, To giue @@ -48002,7 +48002,7 @@ to see his mother to come into the Senat, though she came but only to see, & not to say any thing. Which was also thought a right strange thing to our auncestors, that Maud, grandmother toThis French opi nion is by the examples of many worthy women, and - experience of their most happy gouernments so fully refelled, as that there + experience of their most happy governments so fully refelled, as that there needeth no further reasons to be vsed, to proue the contrary. Philip the Long, should be assistant unto Robert Contie of Artoise, and Margret Countie of Flanders, at the iudgement of the Countie of @@ -48013,7 +48013,7 @@ woman unto whome the soueraigntie is deuolued, of these two things must doe one; either shee must marrie, or else continue vnmarried, and so her selfe rule. If shee shall marrie, yet is it stil a Gynecocratie, or womans - gouernment; for that the marriage is made with that condition, That the + government; for that the marriage is made with that condition, That the soueraigntie is still with the woman, and not with the husband: as was expresly excepted at such time as Isabella queene of Castile marde Ferdinand king of Arrogon: and in our time, @@ -48037,7 +48037,7 @@ have maintained the maiestie of their soueraigntie, with the reputation of their sexe. soueraigntie) the Commonweale must needs so be in great daunger: For that the people being of a great and couragious spirit, will deeme - a womans gouernment but ignominious, and not + a womans government but ignominious, and not long to be endured; some both by their speaking & writing, scoffing and deriding their sexe, othersome their womanly wantonnesse, and others their womannish intollerablenesse: whereas nothing is more daungerous unto an estate, @@ -48059,7 +48059,7 @@ Besides that, it is almost naturall unto women, to take pleasure & delight in the number and quarrels of their suters. But if the subiects be so minded, as by force or otherwise to suffer in the soueraigne estate a womans - gouernment, then is it not to be doubted, but that euerie one of the subiects shall be constrained to endure the like in + government, then is it not to be doubted, but that euerie one of the subiects shall be constrained to endure the like in their owne priuat houses also. For itWhat▪ so is good in publike, is alwayes good in particular. is a rule in policie, that whatsoeuer thing is found good, and sufferable in publike, the same is to be @@ -48092,8 +48092,8 @@ selfe an empresse (together with the thirtie▪ vsurping tyrants) and was by the emperour Aurelian ouercome. And in like case did Hirene empresse of Constantinople, coupt up at last into a monasterie her selfe. In briefe I find no people to have liked of the - soueraigntie of womans gouernment: howbeit that many have endured the same: as - did the Neapolitans the gouernment of Constance, last of + soueraigntie of womans government: howbeit that many have endured the same: as + did the Neapolitans the government of Constance, last of the race of the Norman kings, that raigned in Naples. And after that of Ioland the daughter of Iohn Brenne, married to the emperor Frederike the second, who gaue that kingdome to Manfred his base sonne, whose daughter Constance marrying into the house of Aragon, kindled the fire of the @@ -48124,7 +48124,7 @@ the favour of the nobilitie: who albeit that shee was one of the wisest princesses that euer were, yet did the estates of the countrey thereof complaine, and the people thereat grudge, complayning themselves, Neuer before - to have endured a womans gouernment. And whereas she alleaged Socina the daughter of Alphonsus, to haue + to have endured a womans government. And whereas she alleaged Socina the daughter of Alphonsus, to haue before in like manner brought the kingdome of Castile unto Sillon her husband: aunswere was thereunto made by the subiects, That to have bene done rather by force, than by any right; and that from that time the estates of Castile had protested, That it was contrary unto the lawes of @@ -48163,7 +48163,7 @@ Stephen earle of Bolloine nephew o Henry, in the right of his sister Adela; in such sort, as that a cosin descended of a daughter was preferred before the - kings own daughter: which daughters sonne yet succeeded king Stephen, in such sort as that no womans gouernment seemed at all to + kings own daughter: which daughters sonne yet succeeded king Stephen, in such sort as that no womans government seemed at all to have bene. For which reason Edward the the third, king of England, upon the difference which he had for the crowne of Fraunce, alleaged the kingdome of Fraunce by the right meaning of the law Salique, to @@ -48293,12 +48293,12 @@ made of them of Austria, in Hungarie, when Mary the eldest daughter of Lewes king of Hungarie, had married Sigismund archduke of Austria, who going about to - take upon him the gouernment, was by his wiues mother (a most ambitious woman) + take upon him the government, was by his wiues mother (a most ambitious woman) driuen out of the kingdom: who not able to endure to see him raigne▪, to be sure to shut him quite out, was about by her ambassadours to have called in Charles the French king, and so to have put the kingdome into the power of the French. Which the Hungarians perceiuing, sent for - Charles the king of Naples, and vncle to Mary, Sigismund his wife, to take uppon him the gouernment of the kingdome of Hungarie: who was no + Charles the king of Naples, and vncle to Mary, Sigismund his wife, to take uppon him the government of the kingdome of Hungarie: who was no sooner come, but that he was by the practise and commaund of the cruell queene Mother (whome hee least feared) slaine: which murder was with like crueltie also revenged, shee her selfe being by like treason by the gouernour of Croatia @@ -48308,7 +48308,7 @@ him. But let vs come to our owne domesticall examples, and unto those wounds which but lately receeiued, bleed with the least touching, neither can but with most bitter griefe be felt. Frances duke of Alanson - being sent for, came to take upon him the gouernment of the Low + being sent for, came to take upon him the government of the Low countries, where he was with great ioy and triumph receiued: but hauing no strong garrisons, no strong castles, nor cities to trust vnto, neither could by my intreatie (who foresaw what would afterwards @@ -48379,7 +48379,7 @@ ambassages, as it were affianced unto him, yet returned hee, fed up but with a vaine hope, and the matter left vndone.

-

Now if the law of nature be violated in the soueraigne gouernment of women, yet +

Now if the law of nature be violated in the soueraigne government of women, yet much more is the civill law, and the law of nations thereby broken, which will that the wife follow her husband, albeit that he have neither fire, nor dwelling place. Wherein all the lawyers and diuines in one agree; and that she @@ -48409,7 +48409,7 @@ also.

All these absurdities and inconueniences follow womens soueraigntie in - gouernment, + government, The beginning of womens soueraigntie. which thereof tooke beginning: for that they which had no male children, had rather their @@ -48498,11 +48498,11 @@ which have the marks and rights of soueraigntie belonging unto them. Which lawes also we see all people, excepting some few, to have alwayes before embraced. And so the princes of Sauoy, by the authoritie of this Salique law, - have alwayes excluded the women from the gouernment: for so wee read Constance + have alwayes excluded the women from the government: for so wee read Constance the daughter of the duke of Sauoy, to have by Peter of Sauoy her vncle bene excluded from the - gouernment: and that euen by the sentence and doome of the judges and + government: and that euen by the sentence and doome of the judges and arbitrators, chosen for the deciding of the matter in the yeare one thousand two hundred fiftie six. Yet doubt I not but that many are afraid of womens soueraigntie, who yet indeed doubt not to shew themselves most obedient vnto @@ -48552,17 +48552,17 @@ we said) add thereunto, a Monarchy Roiall. Neither yet sufficeth it to say, that the Royall Monarchy is most excellent, if we should not also shew that unto the absolute perfection thereof it ought to - be fast knit together by an Aristocratique and Popular kind of gouernment: that + be fast knit together by an Aristocratique and Popular kind of government: that is to say, by an Harmonicall mixture of Iustice, composed ofThat a Royall Monarchy ought to be knit together with a certains kind of - mixture of the Aristocratike & Popular gouernment, the royalty yet sanding whole and pure, without any mixture of those estates. Iustice Distributiue, or Geometricall; and Commutatiue, or Arithmeticall: which are proper unto the estates Aristocratique, and Popular. In which doing, the estate of the Monarchy shall be simple, and yet the - gouernment so compound and mixt, without any confusion at all of the three kind + government so compound and mixt, without any confusion at all of the three kind of Estates, or Commonweales. For wee have before shewed, that there is great difference betwixt the mingling, or rather confounding of the three estates of Commonweales in one (a thing altogether - impossible) and the making of the gouernment of a Monarchy, to bee + impossible) and the making of the government of a Monarchy, to bee Aristocratique and Popular. For as amongst Monarchies, the Royall Monarchy so gouerned (as I have said) is the most commendable: euen so amongst kingdomes, that which holdeth most, or commeth neerest unto this Harmonicall Iustice, is @@ -48597,7 +48597,7 @@ we say) formed his Commonweale, yet neuerthelesse hee said▪ That the Commonweale could neuer be happie, if it were not by Geometricall proportion gouerned; saying that God (whome euerie wise lawmaker ought to imitat) in the - gouernment of the world alwayes vseth Geometricall proportion. The same Plato hauing also (as some say) oftentimes in his mouth + government of the world alwayes vseth Geometricall proportion. The same Plato hauing also (as some say) oftentimes in his mouth these three words, @@ -48611,7 +48611,7 @@ works to be found.

Now certaine it is, that Distributiue, or Geometricall Iustice, is most - contrarie unto the Popular estate and gouernment by Plato set downe: the people still seeking after nothing more, than for + contrarie unto the Popular estate and government by Plato set downe: the people still seeking after nothing more, than for equalitie in all things; a thing proper unto Commutatiue, or Arithmeticall Iustice. Which was the cause for which Xenophon (Plato his companion,Plato couertly by Xenophon reproued, for appointing his Commonweale to be gouerned by @@ -48650,7 +48650,7 @@

But as for Harmonicall Iustice, not one of the auntient writers either Greekes orHarmonicall Iustice of all others the best. Latines, neither yet any other, euer made mention, whether it were for the - distribution of Iustice, or for the gouernment of the Commonweale: which for + distribution of Iustice, or for the government of the Commonweale: which for all that is of the rest the most diuine, and most excellent and best fitting a Royall estate; gouerned in part Aristocratically, and in part Popularly. But forasmuch as this point we heare speake of, euill vnderstood, draweth after it @@ -48701,7 +48701,7 @@ common people, the Arithmeticall; and so to have bene all equall: Which was the cause that both the one and the other by common consent made choyce of him for their lawmaker. Wherefore the GeometricallThe Geometrical - gouernment of an estate. gouernment of an estate is, when like are + government of an estate. government of an estate is, when like are ioyned with like: as for example, by the laws of the twelue Tables, the Patricij, or Nobilitie, was forbidden to marrie with the comminaltie, and order taken, that noble men should marrie none but noble women: and they of the baser @@ -48710,7 +48710,7 @@ both the other sort. Which law is also yet inuiolably kept among the Rhagusians. So were to be deemed also, if the law were, that princes should not marrie but with priuces, the rich with the rich, the poore with the poore, and - slaues with slaues, by a Geometricall proportion. But if it were by lawThe gouernment of an estate by Arithmeticall proportion. + slaues with slaues, by a Geometricall proportion. But if it were by lawThe government of an estate by Arithmeticall proportion. prouided, that marriages should be made by lot; that law would bee unto the people most acceptable and pleasing, to make all equall: for that so the noble and rich ladies should by lot oftentimes fall unto the poore and baser sort of @@ -48719,19 +48719,19 @@ the Popular equalitie bee preserued, agreeing with the Arithmeticall proportion: but the wealth and dignitie of the nobilitie and richer sort be quite ouerthrowne. And that is it for which Euripides saith, AThe - gouernment according unto the Geometricall or Arithmeticall proportion + government according unto the Geometricall or Arithmeticall proportion hurtfull, the one unto the common people, and the other unto the nobility: - whereas the Harmonicall gouernment preserueth both the one and the + whereas the Harmonicall government preserueth both the one and the other. lawfull equalitie to be most agreeable unto mans nature, . But both these formes - of gouernment according to either Arithmeticall, or Geometricall proportion, + of government according to either Arithmeticall, or Geometricall proportion, draw after them diuers inconueniences: For in the one the poorer and vulgar sort are cast downe, and in the other the nobilitie and richer sort are - contemned and disgraced. Whereas the Harmonicall manner of gouernment, with a + contemned and disgraced. Whereas the Harmonicall manner of government, with a most sweet consent, preserueth both (so much as possibly is) not confounding all sorts of people hand over head together. And not to go out of the example - by vs propounded of marriages, he that would keepe the Harmonicall gouernment, + by vs propounded of marriages, he that would keepe the Harmonicall government, should not require in the marriages of the nobilitie, the noble descent too farre fet both on the one @@ -48761,7 +48761,7 @@ father. And indeed it best Harmonical proportion good to be in marriage obserued, and - so likewise in the gouernment of the whole Commonweale. agreeth with + so likewise in the government of the whole Commonweale. agreeth with Harmonicall proportion, if a rich base woman marrie with a poore gentleman; or a poore gentlewoman with a rich common person: and she that in beauty and feature excelleth, unto him which hath some one or other rare perfection of the @@ -48838,10 +48838,10 @@ both with the one and with the other: as by the examples propounded we are taught.

-

Now the equall gouernment and by proportion Arithmeticall, is naturall vnto +

Now the equall government and by proportion Arithmeticall, is naturall vnto Popular - The equall gouernment of Arithmeticall proportion▪ bThe equall government of Arithmeticall proportion▪ bst fitteth Popular estates. estates, who would that men still should equally diuide estates, honours, offices, benefits, common treasures, countries conquered: and if lawes be to be made, or officers @@ -48868,7 +48868,7 @@ as that it might more easily be broken than bowed either unto the one side or the other: unto the patterne & straightnesse whereof all artificers directed their rules. Such is also the forme of a - Popular gouernment, when all goeth by lot, and by strait and immutable + Popular government, when all goeth by lot, and by strait and immutable lawes, without any iust and indifferent interpretation, without any priuilege or acception of person: in such sort, as that the nobles are subiect euen unto the selfe same punishments that the baser @@ -48876,7 +48876,7 @@ poore, and the like reward appointed for the strong, and for the weake, for the captaine, and for the souldiour.

-

But now to the contrarie, the Aristocratike gouernment according to +

But now to the contrarie, the Aristocratike government according to GeometricallThe Geometrical proportion best to agree with the Aristocraticall proportion, is like unto the Lesbian rule, which being made of lead, was euerie way so pliant and flexible, as that it might be @@ -48895,18 +48895,18 @@

Wherefore a little to decline from that inflexible straightnesse of Polycletus his rule, as also from the vncertaine pliantnesse of the Lesbian rule, that is to say, from the Arithmeticall, and - Geometricall proportion of gouernment of estates; a certaine third kind + Geometricall proportion of government of estates; a certaine third kind of rule is by vs to be deuised, not so stiffe, but that it may bee easily bowed when need shall be, and yet forthwith become also straight againe: that is to say, Harmonicall Iustice: which I - thinke may well bee done, if wee shall conclude and shut up the gouernment of + thinke may well bee done, if wee shall conclude and shut up the government of estate within those foure tearmes which wee have before combined, viz. the Law, Equitie, the Execution of the law, and the Office or Dutie of theThe Law. 4. The Execution of the Law. 8. Equitie. 6. The Office of the Iudge. 2. Magistrat or Iudge: whether it be in the - administration of iustice, or the gouernment of the estate: which have amongst + administration of iustice, or the government of the estate: which have amongst themselves the same proportion which these foure numbers haue, viz. 4, 6, 8, 12. For what the proportion is of 4 to 6, the same the proportion is of 8 to 12: and againe the same reason is of 4 to 8, that there is of 6 to 12. So the Law also hath respect unto Equitie; as hath @@ -48929,7 +48929,7 @@ if it consist of Arithmeticall proportions, whether that they be divided in this sort, 2, 4, 5, 7, or els ioyned as 2, 4, 6, 8: both which proportions as farre differ from Harmonicall proportion, asGeometricall or - Arithmeticall gouernment alone, n fit meane o maintaine a Commonweale. doth warme water from that which is most cold, or else scaulding hoat. And so in like case may @@ -48938,9 +48938,9 @@ Popular estate, gouerne themselves without any law, leauing all unto the discretion of the magistrats, or else of themselves distribute the rewards and punishments, according to the greatnes, qualitie, or desert, of every man; - howbeit that this manner of gouernment might seeme in apparance faire and good, + howbeit that this manner of government might seeme in apparance faire and good, as not hauing therein either fraud or favour (a thing for all that impossible:) - yet for all that could not this maner of gouernment be of any continuance, or + yet for all that could not this maner of government be of any continuance, or assurance, for that it hath not in it any bond wherewith to bind the greater unto the lesser, nor by consequence any accord at all: and much lesse shall it have of suretie, if all be gouerned by equalitie and immutable lawes, without @@ -48952,10 +48952,10 @@ cold, and so in operation and powerA fit comparison most vnlike one of them unto the other, are of themselves apart unto men deadly &Harmonicall Iustice compounded of Arithmeticall and - Geometrical proportion of gouernment, best for the preseruation of a + Geometrical proportion of government, best for the preseruation of a Commonweale. daungerous; and yet being compound & tempered one of them with the other, make oftentimes a right wholesome and soueraigne medicine: - so also these two proportions of Arithmeticall and Geometricall gouernment, the + so also these two proportions of Arithmeticall and Geometricall government, the one gouerning by law onely, and the other by discretion without any law at all, do ruinat and destroy estates and Commonweales: but being by Harmonicall proportion compounded and combined together, serue well to preserue and @@ -48965,7 +48965,7 @@

Wherefore Aristotle is deceiued, in deeming the Commonweale then to be happy,Lawes necessarie for the good - gouernment of a Commonweale, although the prince be neuer so wise or + government of a Commonweale, although the prince be neuer so wise or vertuous. when it shall chaunce to have a prince of so great vertue and wisdome, as that hee both can and will with greatest equitie, gouerne his subiects without lawes. For why, the law is not made for the prince, but for @@ -49677,7 +49677,7 @@ priuat man, the graue and modest lesse than the vicious and dissolute, and the souldier lesse than the countreyman. Wee must not (sayeth Labeo the Lawyer) suffer a base fellow to enter an action of fraud against a man of honour and dignitie: neither - an obscure and loose prodigall man against a modest man of good gouernment; yea + an obscure and loose prodigall man against a modest man of good government; yea the auntient Romans neuer condemned any Decurion, or Captain of ten men (for what fault soeuer hee had committed) into the mynes, or to the gallowes. The night theefe sayth the law, if hee shall with weapon stand upon his defence, is @@ -50449,7 +50449,7 @@

Wherefore both in making of lawes, and in deciding of causes, and in the wholeArithmetical proportion most necessarie to be - obserued in the whole gouernment of the Commonweale. gouernment of + obserued in the whole government of the Commonweale. government of the Commonweale, we must still so much as possible is, obserue and keepe that Harmonicall proportion, if we will at all maintaine equitie & iustice: wher as otherwise it @@ -50496,7 +50496,7 @@ punished, euen aboue the said number of fortie stripes: howbeit that indeed it is better to stay within a measure, than through too much seueritie to do any thing vniustly, which unto vs is a certaine argument drawne from the law of God, That the - true iustice, and the fairest gouernment, is that which is by Harmonicall + true iustice, and the fairest government, is that which is by Harmonicall proportion maintained.The Aristocratique and Popular estates, not to be maintained by Geometricall or Arithmeticall iustice, without a mixture of Harmonicall iustice also. @@ -50526,10 +50526,10 @@ honourable. Yea moreover an iniurie done by a Venetian gentleman unto the least inhabitant of the citie, is right seuerely corrected and punished: and so a great sweetnesse and libertie of life giuen unto all, which sauoureth more of - popular libertie than of Aristocraticall gouernment. And that more is, the + popular libertie than of Aristocraticall government. And that more is, the creation of their magistrats is made part by choyce, and part by lot: the one - proper unto the the Aristocratique gouernment,The estate of - Venice Aristocratique, and the gouernment for most part Harmonicall. + proper unto the the Aristocratique government,The estate of + Venice Aristocratique, and the government for most part Harmonicall. and the other unto the Popular estate: so that a man may well say, that the estate of that Seignorie is pure and simply Aristocratique, and yet somewhat gouerned by Proportion Harmonicall, which hath made this Commonweale so faire @@ -50539,14 +50539,14 @@ That the estate of a Commonweale may be of one sort, and yet - the maner of gouernment of another. this rocke suffered shipwracke) - that the estate of a Commonweale may oftentimes be the same with the gouernment + the maner of government of another. this rocke suffered shipwracke) + that the estate of a Commonweale may oftentimes be the same with the government thereof, but yet more often quite different from the same. For the estate may - be Popular, and yet the gouernment Aristocraticall: as in Rome after the kings + be Popular, and yet the government Aristocraticall: as in Rome after the kings were driuen out (wee said) the estate of that Commonweale to have bene Popular, for that then all the soueraigne rights were in the power of the whole people - in generall; and yet the manner of the gouernment of that citie and Commonweale - to have bene from the Popular gouernment most farre different. For that the + in generall; and yet the manner of the government of that citie and Commonweale + to have bene from the Popular government most farre different. For that the Senators alone enioyed the great benefices, honours, dignities, and places of commaund: all the wayes and entrances thereunto being by the nobilitie holden fast stopt up against the comminaltie, yea and that so straitly, as that it was @@ -50556,7 +50556,7 @@ noble, & the base with such as themselves were: and the chiefe and principall voyces which were giuen in their greatest assemblies of estate, and most regarded, were still taken by their wealth and yeares. So that the estate - being then Popular, and the manner of the gouernment Aristocraticall, according + being then Popular, and the manner of the government Aristocraticall, according to Geometricall proportion, the people oftentimes reuolted from the nobilitie: neither was the estate euer quiet from civill tumults and seditions, vntill that the common people had by little and little got to @@ -50564,9 +50564,9 @@ commaund, that were in the Commonweale: and that it was permitted them also to allie themselves in marriage with the nobilitie, as also to have their voyces as well as they. And so long as this - Harmonical gouernment (that is to say intermingled with the Aristocratique and + Harmonical government (that is to say intermingled with the Aristocratique and Popular estate) continued, the Senat yet bearing the greater sway, so long that - Commonweale flourished both in armes and lawes; but after that the gouernment + Commonweale flourished both in armes and lawes; but after that the government (through the ambition of the Tribunes) became altogether Popular, and as the heauier weight in a ballance ouerweighed the lighter, all then went to wracke: no otherwise than as when the sweet harmonie of musicke being dissolued, and @@ -50580,7 +50580,7 @@ to be maintained, as the mountayne Cantons, and the Grisons: whereas the Cantons of Berne, Basil, and Zuricke, which are gouerned more Aristocratically, and yet hold the Harmonicall meane betwixt the Aristocratike & Popular - gouernment, are a great deale the more pleasing, and more tractable, and more + government, are a great deale the more pleasing, and more tractable, and more assured in greatnes, power, arms and lawes.

Now as the Aristocraticall estate founded uppon Geometricall proportion, and @@ -50622,11 +50622,11 @@ A Royall estate gouerned Aristocratically, and according to - Geometricall proportion. manner of gouernments, howbeit that they bee + Geometricall proportion. manner of governments, howbeit that they bee euill and blameworthy, yet is this Aristocratique and Geometricall proportion - of gouernment much more tollerable and more sure, than is that popular and - turbulent gouernment, scarcely any where to bee found, as neerer approching - unto the sweet Harmonicall gouernment. For it may be, that the king to assure + of government much more tollerable and more sure, than is that popular and + turbulent government, scarcely any where to bee found, as neerer approching + unto the sweet Harmonicall government. For it may be, that the king to assure his estate against the insurrection of the base common people, may have need to strengthen himself with the nobilitie, which come neerer unto his qualitie and condition, than doth the base artificers and common sort of people, unto whom @@ -50634,7 +50634,7 @@ in any good sort maintaine the maiestie of his royal estate and soueraigntie, as it seemeth he must of necessitie do, if he shall make them partakers of the most honourable charges of his estate and - kingdome. But such an Aristocratique kind of gouernment is also euill and + kingdome. But such an Aristocratique kind of government is also euill and dangerous, not unto the common peaple only, but euen unto the nobilitie & prince also: who may so stil stand in feare of the discontented vulgar sort, which is alwayes farre in number moe than is the nobilitie or the rich: and @@ -50656,9 +50656,9 @@ unto the meaner and baser sort of the people the lesser and meaner offices onely; as to be clearkes, sergeants, notaries, pettie receiuers, and such other meane officers of townes, or of some small iurisdictions. Wherein he shall so - keepe the Geometricall proportion, and Aristocraticall gouernment. Which manner of gouernment for all that is yet + keepe the Geometricall proportion, and Aristocraticall government. Which manner of government for all that is yet faultie, howbeit that it be more tollerable than the former Popular - Arithmeticall gouernment, as hauing in it some equall and semblable proportion: + Arithmeticall government, as hauing in it some equall and semblable proportion: For as the office of the Constable is proper unto a great Lord, so is also the office of a Sergeant unto a poore base fellow. But forasmuch as there is no sociable bond betwixt the prince and the porter; so also is there not any @@ -50740,7 +50740,7 @@

Wherefore it becommeth a good gouernor in a Popular or Aristocratique estate, and especially a wise king in his kingdome, to vse Harmonicall proportion in - the gouernment thereof, sweetly intermingling the + the government thereof, sweetly intermingling the nobilitie with the comminaltie, the rich with the poore; & yet neuerthelesse with such discretion, as that the nobilitie still have a certaine preheminence aboue the base comminaltie. For why, it is @@ -50756,7 +50756,7 @@ Titus Flaminius taking order for the Thessalian Commonweale, - left the gouernment and soueraigntie of the townes and cities by him conquered, + left the government and soueraigntie of the townes and cities by him conquered, unto them of the richer sort and of best abilitie: wisely deeming, that they would be more carefull for the preseruation and keeping of them, than would the poore, who hauing not much to loose, had no great interest therein. Now if two @@ -50788,7 +50788,7 @@ men onely are not to be preferred unto the honourable places and charges of the Commonweale. for that such vertuous and deuout men are alwayes in number much fewer than the euill and wicked, by whome they might easily be - ouercome and thrust out of their gouernment. Whereas in coupling the poore + ouercome and thrust out of their government. Whereas in coupling the poore vertuous men (as I have said) sometime with the noble, and sometime with the rich, howbeit that they were deuoid of vertue; yet so neuerthelesse they should feele themselves honoured, in being so ioined with the vertuous, mounted vnto @@ -50813,7 +50813,7 @@ that their ignorance or wickednesse may not take any great effect in the estate wherein they are. For we must not onely giue the purse unto the trustiest, armes unto the most valiant, iudgement unto the most upright, censure unto the - most entire, labor unto the strongest, gouernment unto wisest, priesthood vnto + most entire, labor unto the strongest, government unto wisest, priesthood vnto the deuourest, as Geometricall Iustice requireth (howbeit that it were impossible so to doe, for the scarcetie of good and vertuous men:) but we must also, to make an harmonie of one of them with @@ -50878,7 +50878,7 @@ themselves, though not long: being indeed about to become much more happie if they had a soueraigue prince, which with his authoritie and power might (as doth the understanding) reconcile all the parts, and so vnite and bind them - fast in happinesse together: for why no gouernment is more happie or blessed, + fast in happinesse together: for why no government is more happie or blessed, than where the reasonable soule of man is gouerned by wisedome, anger and desire of revenge by true valour, lust by temperance; and that understanding bearing the rule, and as it were holding the reines, guideth the chariot, @@ -50932,8 +50932,8 @@ the three proportions of Iustice. unto the three formes of Iustice, Arithmeticall, Geometricall, and Harmonicall: howbeit that peace which shadoweth forth Harmonicall Iustice, is the onely scope and summe of all the - lawes and iudgements, as also of the true Royall gouernment: so as is - Harmonicall Iustice the end both of Arithmeticall and Geometricall gouernment + lawes and iudgements, as also of the true Royall government: so as is + Harmonicall Iustice the end both of Arithmeticall and Geometricall government also.

But these things thus declared, it remaineth for vs to know (as the chiefe @@ -51066,7 +51066,7 @@ over the the bodie, the man over the woman, reason over affection: and so every good thing commaunding over that which is worse, with a certaine combining of powers keepeth all things under most right and lawful commands.Almightie God in the gouernmēt of - the world, to be of all worldly princes imitated in the gouernment of their + the world, to be of all worldly princes imitated in the government of their estates and kingdomes. Wherefore what the unitie is in numbers, the understanding in the powers of the soule, and the center in a circle: so likewise in this world that most mightie king, in unitie simple, in nature