From 5976882df408092623963225c924a14cfa134141 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Michael Konieczny Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2020 18:11:45 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] CTS conversion --- .../tlg119/tlg0007.tlg119.perseus-eng3.xml | 222 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 222 insertions(+) create mode 100755 data/tlg0007/tlg119/tlg0007.tlg119.perseus-eng3.xml diff --git a/data/tlg0007/tlg119/tlg0007.tlg119.perseus-eng3.xml b/data/tlg0007/tlg119/tlg0007.tlg119.perseus-eng3.xml new file mode 100755 index 000000000..797ad466c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/tlg0007/tlg119/tlg0007.tlg119.perseus-eng3.xml @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ + + + + + + + On Monarchy, Democracy, and Oligrachy + Plutarch + Harold North Fowler + Perseus Project, Tufts University + Gregory Crane + + Prepared under the supervision of + Lisa Cerrato + Rashmi Singhal + Bridget Almas + + The National Endowment for the Humanities + + + Trustees of Tufts University + Medford, MA + Perseus Project + 2010-12-13 + + + + + Plutarch + Moralia + + with an English Translation by + Harold North Fowler + + + Cambridge, MA + Harvard University Press + London + William Heinemann Ltd. + 1936 + + 10 + + The Internet Archive + + + + + + +

optical character recognition

+ + +

Text encoded in accordance with the latest EpiDoc standards

+

The following text is encoded in accordance with EpiDoc standards and with the CTS/CITE Architecture

+ + +

This pointer pattern extracts sections

+ + + + + + + English + Greek + Latin + + + + tagged and parsed + EpiDoc and CTS conversion + + + + +
+ + ON MONARCHY, DEMOCRACY, AND OLIGARCHY (DE UNIUS IN REPUBLICA DOMINATIONE, POPULARI STATU, ET PAUCORUM IMPERIO) +
+ INTRODUCTION +

+ This essay is evidently only a fragment, as Wyttenbach long ago pointed out. The opening words + indicate that the author delivers it as an address + before an audience to which he has spoken on the + day before, but nothing further is known about the + circumstances. Few scholars now believe that the + author is Plutarch, though who the writer was is not + known. The substance of the fragment is derived + chiefly from the Republic of Plato. +

+
+ +
+

Now as I was myself bringing before this company as a court of judgement the talk that I presented to you yesterday, I thought I heard, while + wide awake, not in a dream, + Cf. Homer, Od. xix. 547. Political Wisdom + saying: + Golden foundation is wrought for canticles sacred,Pindar, Frag. 194 (206), p. 465 ed. Schroeder. + + so the speech, which exhorts and encourages you to + enter political life has been laid as a basis. Come, + let us now build walls, + Pindar, ibid. + building upon the exhortation the teaching which is due. And it is due to + anyone who has received the exhortation and the + impulse to engage in public affairs that he next + hear and receive precepts of statecraft by the use of + which he will, so far as is humanly possible, be of + service to the people and at the same time manage + his own affairs with safety and rightful honour. But + as a step towards that which follows and a consequence of that which has been said, we must consider + what is the best form of government. For just as + there are numerous modes of life for a man, so the + + + + + government (politeia) is the life of a people, and + therefore it is essential for us to take the best form + of it; for of all forms the statesman will choose the + best or, if he cannot obtain that, then the one of + all the rest which is most like it. +

+
+
+

Now the word politeia (citizenship) is defined + also as having a share of the rights in a State, as + we say the Megarians voted Alexander the politeia + (citizenship); and when he made fun of their eagerness, they told him that up to that time they had + conferred citizenship upon Heracles only and now + upon himself. Then Alexander was astonished and + accepted the gift, thinking that its rarity gave it + value. But the life of a statesman, a man who + is occupied in public affairs, is also called politeia + (statecraft); as, for example, we commend the + politeia (statecraft) of Pericles and of Bias, but condemn that of Hyperbolus and Cleon. And some + people even call a single brilliant act for the public + benefit a politeia (politic act), such, for example, as a + gift of money, the ending of a war, the introduction + of a bill in parliament; and accordingly we say + nowadays that so-and-so has performed a politeia + if he happens to have put through some needed + public measure. +

+
+
+

Besides all these, politeia is defined as an order + and constitution of a State, which directs its affairs; + and accordingly they say that there are three + politeiae (forms of government), monarchy, oligarchy, + and democracy, a comparison of which is given by + Herodotus in his third book.Herodotus, iii. 80-84. They appear to be + the most typical forms; for the others, as happens in + musical scales when the strings of the primary notes + are relaxed or tightened, turn out to be errors + + + + + + and corruptions through deficiency or excess. Of + these forms of government, which have achieved + the widest and greatest power in their periods of + dominion, the Persians received as their lot royalty + absolute and irresponsible, the Spartans oligarchy + aristocratic and uncontrolled, the Athenians democracy self-governing and undiluted. When these + forms are not hit exactly, their perversions and + exaggerations are what are called (1) tyranny, (2) + the predominance of great families,See Aristotle, Politics, iv. 4. 1 on δυναστεία. (3) or mob-rule: that is, (1) when royalty breeds violence and + irresponsible action; (2) oligarchy, arrogance and + presumptuousness; (3) democracy breeds anarchy, + equality, excess, and all of them folly. +

+
+
+

So, just as a real musician will make use of + every instrument harmoniously, adapting it skilfully + and striking each one with regard to its natural + tunefulness, and yet, following Plato’s advice,Plato, Republic, 399 c, d. will + give up guitars, banjoes, psalteries with their many + sounds, harps and string triangles and prefer the + lyre and the cithara; in the same way the real + statesman will manage successfully the oligarchy + that Lycurgus established at Sparta, adapting to + himself the colleagues who have equal power and + honour and quietly forcing them to do his will; + he will also get on well in a democracy with its many + sounds and strings by loosening the strings in some + matters of government and tightening them in + others, relaxing at the proper time and then again + holding fast mightily, knowing how to resist the + masses and to hold his ground against them. But + if he were given the choice among governments, + + + + + like so many tools, he would follow Plato’s advice + and choose no other than monarchy, the only one + which is able to sustain that top note of virtue, + high in the highest sense, and never let it be + tuned down under compulsion or expediency. For + the other forms of government in a certain sense, + although controlled by the statesman, control him, + and although carried along by him, carry him along, + since he has no firmly established strength to oppose + those from whom his strength is derived, but is often + compelled to exclaim in the words of AeschylusNauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 107, no. 359; Life of Demetrius, chap. xxxv. + which Demetrius the City-stormer employed against + Fortune after he had lost his hegemony, + Thou fanst my flame, methinks thou burnst me up. + +

+
+
+ + + \ No newline at end of file