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+ + +

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 + + + + + Greek + English + Latin + German + Italian + + + + tagged and parsed + EpiDoc and CTS Conversion + + + + +
+ THE GREEK QUESTIONS + (QUAESTIONES GRAECAE) + +
+ INTRODUCTION + +

In the Greek Questions, as in the Roman Questions, + Plutarch endeavours to give the reason or explanation + of fifty-nine matters concerned with Greek life. The + vast majority of them are customs or names and, as + the explanations are usually historical, they often go + back to very early times. A full commentary may + be found in W. R. Halliday, The Greek Questions of + Plutarch (Oxford, 1928), an excellent work, embodying + also much of the modern speculation in regard to + primitive religion. +

+

The sources for the information contained in this + essay seem to be somewhat varied, but there is little + doubt that Aristotle's account of the numerous Greek + Constitutions was Plutarch's principal source. The + matter is treated at length by Halliday. +

+

J. J. Hartman (Mnemosyne, xii. p. 216, or De + Plutarcho scriptore et philosophos p. 139) is the only + modern scholar who has doubted the authenticity of + the attribution to Plutarch of this work + + Sed praeterea totus liber mera est doctrinae ostentatio,... Chaeronensi metium medico prorsus indigna. + ; the author + was not primarily interested in ethical matters, + according to Hartman, and hence cannot be Plutarch. + J. B. TitchenerSee The ms. Tradition of Plutarch's Aetia Graeca and Aetia Romana (Urbana, Illinois, 1924), p. 9. has promised a discussion of this + + + + matter, but stylistic considerations alone seem to + make it uncertain whether the work is correctly + attributed to Plutarch. +

+

A few of the topics treated in the Greek Questions + appear also in other works of Plutarch, but the + number naturally is not large. +

+

The ms. tradition is good; the few difficulties + found are generally with single words. +

+

The work is No. 166 in Lamprias's list of Plutarch's + works, where the title is given as Αἰτάαι Ἑλλήνων. +

+
+ +
+

Who were the dusty-feet and the directors + in Epidaurus? +

+

There were one hundred and eighty men who + directed the State. From these they used to elect + councillors whom they called directors. But the + majority of the populace spent their life in the coun + try. They were called dusty-feet + This was the serf-class liberated by the tyrants: cf. Cambridge Ancient History, vol. iii. p. 554. since, as one + may conjecture, they were recognized by their dust-covered feet whenever they carne down to the city. +

+
+
+

Who was the woman that rode on a donkey + at Cumae? +

+

Any woman taken in adultery they used to bring + into the market-place and set her on a certam stone + in plain sight of everyone. In like manner they then + proceeded to mount her upon a donkey, and when she + had been led about the circuit of the entire city, she + was required again to take her stand upon the same + stone, and for the rest of her life to continue in disgrace, bearing the name donkey-rider. After this + ceremony they believed that the stone was unclean + and they used ritually to purify it. +

+

The citizens of Cumae had also a certain office + called the Guards. The man who held this office + used to watch the prison most of the time, but he + + + + + came to the nocturnal assemblies of the council and + led out the kings by the hand and kept them out, + until by secret ballot the council had decided on + their case, whether they had done wrong or no. +

+
+
+

Who is She that Kindles the Fire (hypekkaustria)W. R. Halliday, in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, xxxvi. 165-177, suggests that cohen (= priest) may be contained in this word. among the people of Soli? +

+

This is the name which they give to the priestess of + Athena because she performs certain sacrifices and + ceremonies to avert evil. +

+
+
+

Who were the Forgetful Ones (Amnemones) at + Cnidus, and who was the DismisserGrote thus connected aphester with the Spartan apostater of Life of Lycurgus, chap. vi. (43 c); but the matter is very doubtful; cf. van Herwerden, Lex. Supp. Graec. + (Aphester)? +

+

They were wont to employ sixty men chosen from + the nobles, and appointed for life, as overseers and + preliminary advisers in matters of the greatest importance. They were called the Forgetful Ones, one + might conjecture, because they could not be held to + account for their actions; unless, indeed, it was because they were men who remembered many things.On the lucus a non lucendo principle, as Halliday well suggests; or else ἀμ-μνήμονες, as van Herwerden supposes. + He who asked them their opinions was the Dismisser. +

+
+
+

Who are the good among the Arcadians and + the Spartans? +

+

When the Spartans had come to terms with the + Tegeans, they made a treaty and set up in common + a pillar by the Alpheius. On this, among other + matters, was inscribed: The Messenians must be + expelled from the country; it shall not be lawful to + make men good. + + Cf. + χρηστὲ χαῖρε on Greek tombstones. Aristotle,Frag. 592 (V. Rose); cf. 277 b-c, supra>. then, in explaining + this, states that it means that no one shall be put + + + + to death because of assistance given to the Spartan + party in Tegea. +

+
+
+

Who is he that selects barley (krithologos) + among the Opuntians? +

+

For sacrifices of very ancient origin most of the + Greeks used to employ barley, which the citizens + offered as first-fruits of the harvest. Accordingly + they called the officer who presided at the sacrifices + and brought these first-fruits the Barley-selector. + They had two priests: one appointed for sacrifices to + the gods, the other for sacrifices to the spirits. +

+
+
+

What were the floating clouds? +

+

They used to call clouds floating which particularly threatened rain and were in constant motion, as + Theophrastus has stated in the fourth book of his + Meteorology. The passage reads thus: Since also + these floating clouds and these compact clouds, which + are immovable and very white in colour, exhibit a + certain difference of substance which is filled neither + with water nor with wind. +

+
+
+

Who is the near-dweller (platioiketas) among + the Boeotians? +

+

This is the name they give in the Aeolian dialect + to persons who dwell in the next house or occupy + adjoining property, signifying that they hold land + near at hand. I shall add one phrase from the Edict + of the Guardians of the Law, although there are + several more...The copyist seems to have omitted the quotation. +

+
+
+

Who is the Consecrator (hosioter) among the + Delphians and why do they call one of the months + Bysios? + + + + +

+

They call the victim that is sacrificed Consecrator + whenever an Holy One + Cf.Moralia, 365 a, 437 a. is appointed. There are five + Holy Ones, who hold office for life; they do a great + many things with the co-operation of the oracle-interpreters and with them take part in the holy + rites, since they are thought to have descended from + Deucalion. +

+

The month Bysios, as many think, is the month of + growth (physios); for it begins the spring and during + it many plants spring up and come into bloom. But + this is not the truth of the matter, for Delphians do + not use b in place of ph (as Macedonians do who say + Bilip and balacros and Beronicê), but in + place of p; thus they naturally say broceed for + proceed and bainful for painful. Accordingly Bysios is pysios, the month of oracular + inquiry, in which men ask questions and obtain responses from the god; for this is the legitimate and + traditional procedure. In this month, then, oracles + used to be given and the seventh day of this month + they consider the birthday of the god. + Ibid. 717 d; for the connexion of the number seven with the birth of Apollo see Callimachus, Hymn iv. 251 ff. They call + this day the day of Many Utterances (Polyphthoös) + not because they then bake cakes (phthoïs), + cf. Athenaeus, 647 d, 502 b. but + because it is a day when many inquire of the god + and receive many oracles. For only recently have + monthly oracles been given out to inquirers; formerly + the prophetic priestess was wont to give responses + but once a year on this day, as Callisthenes + cf. Jacoby, Frag. der griech. Hist. 124 f 49. and + Anaxandrides have recorded. +

+
+
+

What is the sheep-escaper? +

+

It is one of the small plants that grow close to the + + + + ground, whose shoots the grazing animals attack, + cutting off the tops and injuring them and so spoiling + the growth. But when these plants grow up and + gain some size and escape injury from the flocks + which graze upon them, then they are called sheep-escapers. The evidence for this is Aeschylus.Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 123, Aeschylus, Frag. 447. +

+
+
+

Who are the Men repulsed by slings? +

+

Men from Eretria used to inhabit the island of + Corcyra. But Charicrates sailed thither from Corinth + with an army and defeated them in war; so the + Eretrians embarked in their ships and sailed back + home. Their fellow-citizens, however, having learned + of the matter before their arrival, barred their return + to the country and prevented them from disembarking by showering upon them missiles from slings. + Since the exiles were unable either to persuade or to + overcome their fellow-citizens, who were numerous + and inexorable, they sailed to Thrace and occupied + a territory in which, according to tradition, Methon, + the ancestor of Orpheus, had formerly lived. So the + Eretrians named their city Methonê, but they were + also named by their neighbours the Men repulsed + by slings. +

+
+
+

Who was Charilla among the Delphians? +

+

The Delphians celebrate three festivals one after + the other which occur every eight + Cf.Moralia, 421 c. years, the first of + which they call Septerion, the second Heroïs, and the + third Charilla. +

+

Now the Septerion seems to be a representation of + Apollo's fight with the Python and the flight to Tempê + and pursuit that followed the battle. + Cf.Moralia, 421 c. Some indeed + + + + affirm that Apollo fled because he desired purification as a consequence of the slaughter he had done, + others that he was following the wounded Python + as he fled along the road which we now call the Sacred + Way, and was only a little late for the monster's + death; for he overtook him when he had just died + from the effects of the wound and had been buried + by his son, whose name, as they say, was Aix. The + Septerion, then, is a representation of these matters + or certain matters of a similar nature. + Cf.Moralia, 418 a-b; Aelian, Varia Historia, iii. 1, for this festival. +

+

The greater part of the Heroïs has a secret import which the Thyiads + Cf.Moralia, 249 e-f. know; but from the portions + of the rites that are performed in public one might + conjecture that it represents the evocation of Semele. +

+

The story of Charilla which they relate is somewhat + as follows: A famine following a drought oppressed + the Delphians, and they came to the palace of their + king with their wives and children and made supplication. The king gave portions of barley and + legumes to the more notable citizens, for there was + not enough for all. But when an orphaned girl, who + was still but a small child, approached him and importuned him, he struck her with his sandal and cast + the sandal in her face. But, although the girl was + poverty-stricken and without protectors, she was not + ignoble in character; and when she had withdrawn, + she took off her girdle and hanged herself. As + the famine increased and diseases also were added + thereto, the prophetic priestess gave an oracle to the + king that he must appease Charilla, the maiden + who had slain herself. Accordingly, when they had + discovered with some difficulty that this was the name + of the child who had been struck, they performed + a certain sacrificial rite combined with purification, + + + + + which even now they continue to perform every + eight years. For the king sits in state and gives a + portion of barley-meal and legumes to everyone, + alien and citizen alike, and a doll-like image of + Charilla is brought thither. When, accordingly, all + have received a portion, the king strikes the image + with his sandal. The leader of the Thyiads picks up + the image and bears it to a certain place which is full + of chasms; there they tie a rope round the neck of + the image and bury it in the place where they buried + Charilla after she had hanged herself. +

+
+
+

What is the beggar's meat among the + Aenianians? +

+

There have been several migrations of the Aenianians. For first, when they inhabited the region + about the Dotian plain, they were expelled by the + Lapiths to Aethicia. + cf. 297 b-c, infra. From there they proceeded + to take possession of the region of Molossia about + the river Auas, from which they received the name + Parauaei. After this they took possession of Cirrha. + There, when they had stoned to death Oenoclus, + cf. 297 b-c, infra. + their king, at the command of the god, they descended to the country about the Inachus, which was + inhabited by Inachians and Achaeans. Since an + oracle had declared that if the Inachians gave away + any part of their country, they should lose it all, and + that if the Aenianians received any part of the land + from willing givers, they should gain possession of it, + Temon, a notable man among the Aenianians, donned + rags and wallet and came to the Inachians in the + guise of a beggar. In scorn and mockery their king + gave him a clod of earth, which Temon accepted, + + + + placed within his wallet, and was evidently satisfied with the gift; for he straightway withdrew + without asking for anything more. The Inachian + elders were astonished, but, recalling the oracle, + they went to the king and told him not to make light + of the fellow nor to let him get away. Temon, then, + perceiving their intent, hastened his flight and made + his escape after vowing a hecatomb to Apollo. +

+

After this affair the two kings engaged in single + combat, and Phemius, king of the Aenianians, observing the Inachian king, Hyperochus, advancing + to meet him accompanied by a dog, said that Hyperochus was acting unfairly in bringing on a second + combatant. But while Hyperochus was driving + off the dog and had his back turned, Phemius hit + him with a stone and killed him. The Aenianians + gained possession of the country, driving out the + Inachians together with the Achaeans, and they + revere that stone as sacred, and sacrifice to it and + cover it round about with the fat of the sacrificial + victim; and whenever they pay the hecatomb to + Apollo, they sacrifice a bull to Zeus; and they set + aside a select portion of the flesh for the descendants + of Temon, and this they call the beggar's meat. +

+
+
+

Who are the Coliadae among the inhabitants of Ithaca and what is the phagilos? +

+

After the slaughter of the suitors the relatives + of the dead men rose up against Odysseus; but + Neoptolemus was sent for by both parties to act as + arbiter. + cf. Apollodorus, Epitome, vii. 40. He adjudged that Odysseus should depart + from the country and be exiled for homicide from + Cephallenia, Zacynthus, and Ithaca; and that the + + + + companions and the relatives of the suitors should + recompense Odysseus each year for the injuries + which they had done to his estate. Odysseus accordingly departed to Italy; but the recompense he + formally transferred to his son, and ordered the inhabitants of Ithaca to pay it to him. The recompense consisted of barley, wine, honeycombs, + olive-oil, salt, and beasts for sacrifice that were older + than phagiloi; according to Aristotle'sFrag. 507 (ed. V. Rose). statement, + a lamb is a phagilos. Now Telemachus bestowed + freedom upon Eumaeus and his associates, and incorporated them among the citizens; and the clan + of the Coliadae is descended from Eumaeus, and that + of the Bucolidae from Philoetius.Eumaeus was the swineherd and Philoetius the cowherd of Odysseus. +

+
+
+

What is the wooden dog among the Locrians? +

+

Locrus was the son of Physcius, the son of Amphictyon. The son of Locrus and Cabyê was + Opus. His father quarrelled with Opus and taking + many of the citizens with him he went to seek an + oracle concerning a colony. The god told him to + found a city where he should chance to be bitten by a + wooden dog, and, as he was crossing to the other sea, + he trod upon a dog-brier. + cf. Athenaeus, 70 c-d. Greatly troubled by the + wound, he spent several days there, during which he + explored the country and founded the cities Physcus + and Oeantheia and the other cities which the so-called + Ozolian Locrians inhabited. +

+

Some say that the Locrians are called Ozolian + because of Nessus; others say that it is because of the + serpent Python, since their bodies were washed up + + + + by the sea and rotted away in the country of the + Locrians. But some say that these men wear fleeces + and goatskins and for the most part spend their time + with herds of goats, and thus became evil-smelling. + cf. Pausanias, x. 38. + But some, on the contrary, assert that, since the + country has many flowers, it acquired its name from + sweet odour. Among these is also ArchytasPowell, Collectanea Alexandrina, p. 23. of + Amphissa, for he has written thus: + Lovely Macyna, wreathed with clusters of grapes and + fragrant with perfume. +

+
+
+

What is it that the Megarians call aphabroma? +

+

When Nisus, from whom Nisaea acquired its name, + was king, he took a wife from Boeotia, Habrotê, + daughter of Onchestus, the sister of Megareus, a + woman who, as it appears, was both exceptionally + intelligent and remarkably discreet. When she died, + the Megarians mourned her with one accord, and + Nisus, wishing that her memory and her repute should + be established everlastingly, ordered the women of + the city to wear the garment that she used to wear; + and because of her he called the garment aphabroma. Even the god seems to have furthered the + repute of this woman, for often, when the Megarian + women wished to make a change in their raiment, + he prevented them by an oracle. +

+
+
+

What is the spear-friend? +

+

In days of old the Megarid used to be settled + iri village communities with the citizens divided + into five groups. They were called Heraeïs, Piraeïs, + + + + Megareis, Cynosureis, and Tripodiscioi. Although + the Corinthians brought about a civil war among + them, for the Corinthians were ever plotting to get + Megara under their control, none the less, because of + their fair-mindedness, they conducted their wars in a + civilized and a kinsmanly way. For no one did any + harm at all to the men working in the fields, and when + anyone was captured, he but needed to pay a certain + specified ransom; this his captors received after they + had set him free, and did not collect it earlier; but + he who took a prisoner conducted the man to his + house and, after sharing with him salt and food, + sent him home. He, accordingly, who brought his + ransom, was highly regarded and continued thenceforward to be a friend of his captor; and, as a + consequence of his capture by the spear, he was now + called spear-friend. But any one who failed to pay + the ransom was held in disrepute as dishonest and + faithless, not only among his enemies, but also among + his fellow-citizens. +

+
+
+

What is return-interest? + cf. 304 e, infra. +

+

When the Megarians had expelled Theagenes, + cf. Thucydides, i. 126. + their despot, for a short time they were sober and + sensible in their government. But later when the + popular leaders poured a full and heady draught of + freedom for them, as Plato + cf. Plato, Republic, 562 d. says, they were completely corrupted and, among their shocking acts of + misconduct toward the wealthy, the poor would enter + their homes and insist upon being entertained and + banqueted sumptuously. But if they did not receive + what they demanded, they would treat all the household with violence and insult. Finally they enacted + a decree whereby they received back again the + + + + + interest which they chanced to have paid to their + creditors, calling the measure return-interest. +

+
+
+

Which is the Anthedon to which the utterance + of the prophetic priestess refers: + Drink wine turbid with lees, since thou dwellest not + in Anthedon, + for Anthedon in Boeotia is not rich in wine? +

+

In days of old they used to call Calaureia by the + name of Eirenê, from the woman Eirenê who, as + legend has it, was born of Poseidon and Melantheia, + the daughter of the Alpheius. But later, when the + companions of Anthus and Hypera settled there, they + called the island Anthedonia and Hypereia. According to AristotleFrag. 597 (ed. V. Rose); cf. Frag. 596 and Athenaeus, 31 b-c. the oracle ran as follows: + + Drink wine turbid with lees, since thou dwellest not + in Anthedon, + + No, nor in Hypera holy; for wine without lees thou + didst drink there. + + This, then, is Aristotle's version. But Mnasigeiton + says that Anthus, the brother of Hypera, disappeared + from home while he was still a child, and that Hypera, + while she was wandering about in search of him, came + to Pherae to the house of Acastus, where it chanced + that Anthus was the slave appointed to be cupbearer. + While they were feasting the boy recognized his + sister, as he was bearing her cup to her, and said + to her softly + Drink wine turbid with lees, since thou dwellest not + in Anthedon. + + +

+
+
+

What is it that is called in Prienê the darkness + by the Oak? +

+

When the Samians and the Prienians were at war + with each other, on the other occasions they suffered + injuries and inflicted injuries to a moderate degree + only; but when a great battle took place, the people + of Prienê slew one thousand Samians. Six years later + they engaged the Milesians at a place called the + Oak, and lost practically all the best and the foremost + of their citizens. At this time also the sage Bias was + sent on an embassy from Prienê to Samos and won + high repute. For the women of Prienê this was a + cruel experience and a pitiable calamity, and it + became established as a curse and an oath in the + most important matters to swear by the darkness + by the Oak, because of the fact that there their + sons, their fathers, and their husbands had been + slaughtered. + cf. Aristotle, Frag. 576 (ed. V. Rose). +

+
+
+

Who are they that are called burners among + the Cretans? +

+

They relate that the Tyrrhenians who, at the time + when they inhabited Lemnos and Imbros, carried + off the daughters and wives of the Athenians from + Brauron, later, when they had been expelled from + there, came to Sparta and consorted with the women + of the country even to the begetting of children. + But again, as the result of suspicions and false accusations, they were forced to leave the Spartan + country. With their children and wives they + effected a landing in Crete with Pollis and Delphus + as their leaders. + Cf.Moralia, 247 a-f, and the note there (Vol. III. p. 496). There, while they were fighting + + + + the possessors of the island, they suffered many of + the men who had been slain in the battles to lie unburied, because at first they had no leisure to bury + them because of the war and the danger, and later + because they shrank from touching corpses that had + been decomposed and putrefied by the lapse of + time. Accordingly Foliis devised certain honours, + privileges, and immunities, and some of these he + bestowed on the priests of the gods, others upon + them that buried the dead. These honours he put + in the keeping of the spirits of the underworld in + order that they might continue for ever irrevocable. + The one class received the name of priests, and the + other that of burners. +

+

Then Pollis made a division by lot with Delphus, + and they governed separate and independent states; + and, along with other humane provisions which they + enjoyed, they had freedom from the injuries which + the other Cretans are wont to inflict upon one + another through stealthy plundering and pillaging. + For to the Tyrrhenian communities they do no + injury, nor do they steal anything from them or + dispossess them of anything. +

+
+
+

What is the Children's Tomb among the + Chalcidians? +

+

Cothus and Aeolus, the sons of Xuthus, carne to + Euboea to dwell at a time when the Aeolians possessed the greater part of the island. It had been + prophesied to Cothus that he should have great + success and get the better of his enemies if he + bought the land. When he had landed on the island + with a few men, he encountered little children playing by the sea. So he joined in their play, and + in a kindly spirit showed them many playthings + + + + + from foreign lands. But when he saw that the + children were desirous of having them for their own, + he refused to give them unless he too should receive + some earth from the children. So they picked up + some from the ground and gave it to Cothus, and + then, taking the playthings, departed. But the + Aeolians discovered what had happened, arid, when + their enemies sailed against them, they made away + with the children under stress of anger and grief. + The children were buried beside the road which + leads from the city to the Euripus, and the place + is called the Children's Tomb. +

+
+
+

Who is the Associate-founder (mixarchagetas) + at Argos, and who are the Averters (elasioi)? +

+

They call Castor the Associate-founder, and think + that he is buried in Argive territory, but Poly deuces + they reverence as one of the Olympians. Persons + who have the reputed ability to turn away attacks + of epilepsy they call Avertere, and these are thought + to be of the descendants of Alexida, the daughter of + Amphiaraüs. +

+
+
+

What is that which is called an enknisma (a + roast) among the Argives? + cf. Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iv. p. 498. +

+

It is the custom for those who have lost a relative + or an intimate friend to sacrifice to ApolloFor Apollo Halliday suggests with some plausibility Pluto; but Apollo, as the god who cleanses from pollution (καθάρσις), is almost a commonplace in Greek literature. immediately after the mourning, and again thirty days later + to Hermes. For they believe that, just as the earth + receives the bodies of the dead, even so Hermes + receives their souls. They give barley to the priest + of Apollo and receive some meat of the sacrificial + + + + victim; and when they have put out their fire, since + they believe it to be polluted, and have relighted it + from the hearth of others, they proceed to roast + this flesh which they call enknisma. +

+
+
+

What is an alastor, an aliterios, a palamnaeos? +

+

We certainly must not believe those who say that + persons who, during a famine set a watch upon the + miller and plunder him are called aliterioi. + Cf.Moralia, 523 a-b. But + he who has done unforgettable (alesta) things, + Ibid. 418 b. + things that will be remembered for a long time, is + called alastor; and he whom it were well to avoid + (aleuasthai) and to guard against because of his + wickedness is called aliterios. These things, according to the statement of Socrates,Socrates of Argos; cf. Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. v. p. 498. they have + written on tablets of bronze. +

+
+
+

What is the intent of the custom by which + the maidens who serve as an escort for the men who + lead the bull from Aenis to Cassiopaea chant until + they reach the boundary, + Never may ye return to the well-loved soil of your homeland?Adapted from Homer, Od. xviii. 148 (= xix. 298). + +

+

When the Aenianians had been driven out of their + country by the Lapiths, + cf. 293 f-294 c, supra>. they dwelt first of all + about Aethicia, and later about Molossia and Cassiopaea. But, since they had no benefit from the + country, and, in addition, had to deal with ungentle + peoples on their borders, they came to the Cirrhaean + plain under the leadership of Oenoclus, their king. + But great droughts befell them there, and, as it is + related, in accordance with an oracle they stoned + + + + Oenoclus. + cf. 293 f-294 a, supra>. Then they wandered on and came to + this country which they now possess, a goodly + country, productive of all manner of crops; wherefore it is with good reason that they pray to the gods + that they may not return again to their ancient + fatherland, but may remain here in prosperity. +

+
+
+

Why is it that among the Rhodians a herald + does not enter the shrine of the hero Ocridion? +

+

Is it because Ochimus affianced his daughter + Cydippê to Ocridion? But Cercaphus, who was the + brother of Ochimus, was in love with the maiden and + persuaded the herald (for it used to be the custom + to use heralds to fetch the brides), when he should + receive Cydippê, to bring her to him. When this + had been accomplished, Cercaphus fled with the + maiden; but later, when Ochimus had grown old, + Cercaphus returned to his home again. But the + custom became established among the Rhodians that + a herald should not approach the shrine of Ocridion + because of the wrong that had been done. +

+
+
+

Why is it that among the inhabitants of + Tenedos a flute-player may not enter the; shrine of + Tenes, nor may anyone mention Achilles' name + within the shrine? +

+

Is it that, when Tenes' stepmother + cf. Apollodorus, Epitome, iii. 23-26, with Frazer's notes (L.C.L. vol. ii. pp. 193 ff.). falsely accused + him of wishing to lie with her, Molpus the flute-player + bore false witness against him, and because of this it + came about that Tenes had to flee to Tenedos with + his sister? But as for Achilles, it is said that his + mother Thetis straitly forbade him to kill Tenes, since + + + + Tenes was honoured by Apollo; and she commissioned + one of the servants to be on guard, and to remind + Achilles lest he should unwittingly slay Tenes. But + when Achilles was overrunning Tenedos and was + pursuing Tenes' sister, who was a beautiful maiden. + Tenes met him and defended his sister; and she + escaped, though Tenes was slain. When he had + fallen. Achilles recognized him, and slew the servant because he had, although present, not reminded + him; and he buried Tenes where his shrine now + stands and neither does a flute-player enter it nor is + Achilles mentioned there by name. +

+
+
+

Who is the Seller among the Epidamnians? +

+

The Epidamnians were neighbours of the Illyrians + and perceived that such of their citizens as associated + with the Illyrians were becoming corrupted; and, + since they feared a revolution, they used to select one + of the most reputable of their fellow-citizens each + year to conduct such commercial dealings and barters. + This man visited the barbarians and provided them + with a market and an opportunity for all the citizens + to display what they had to sell: thus he was called + the Seller. +

+
+
+

What is the Beach of Araenus in Thrace? +

+

When the Andrians and Chalcidians sailed to + Thrace to settle there, they jointly seized the city of + Sanê, which was betrayed to them; but when they + learned that the barbarians had abandoned Acanthus, + they sent out two scouts. When these were approaching the city, they perceived that the enemy + had all fled; so the Chalcidian ran forward to take + possession of the city for Chalcis, but the Andrian, + since he could not cover the distance so rapidly as + + + + + his rival, hurled his spear, and when it was firmly + implanted in the city gates, he called out in a loud + voice that by his spear the city had been taken into + prior possession for the children of the Andrians. As + a result of this a dispute arose, and, without going + to war, they agreed to make use of Erythraeans, + Samians, and Parians as arbitrators concerning the + whole matter. But when the Erythraeans and the + Samians gave their vote in favour of the Andrians, + and the Parians in favour of the Chalcidians, the + Andrians, in the neighbourhood of this place, made + a solemn vow against the Parians that they would + never give a woman in marriage to the Parians nor + take one from them. And for this reason they called + the place the Beach of Araenus,Plutarch, or his source, imagined that this meant Beach of Vowing. + although it had + formerly been named the Serpent's Beach. +

+
+
+

Why is it that at the Thesmophoria the Eretrian + women cook their meat, not by fire, but by the + rays of the sun; and why do they not call upon + Calligeneia?The name of the third and last day of this festival at Athens; probably also a cult title applied to some goddess, perhaps to Demeter. +

+

Is it because it happened that the captive women + whom Agamemnon was bringing home from Troy + were celebrating the Thesmophoria at this place, + but when conditions for sailing suddenly appeared + favourable, they put out to sea leaving behind them + the sacrifice uncompleted? +

+
+
+

Who are the Perpetual Sailors among the + Milesians? +

+

When the despots associated with Thoas and + Damasenor had been overthrown, two political parties + came into control of the city, one of which was called + Plutis, the other Cheiromacha. + Capital and Labour. + When, accordingly, + the men of influence gained the upper hand and + + + + + brought matters into the control of their party, they + used to deliberate about matters of the greatest + importance by embarking in their ships and putting + out to a considerable distance from the land. But + when they had come to a final decision, they sailed + back; and because of this they acquired the appellation of Perpetual Sailors. +

+
+
+

Why do the Chalcidians call the neighbourhood + of the Beacon the Young Men's Club? +

+

They relate that Nauplius, when he was being + pursued by the Achaeans, came as a suppliant to the + Chalcidians; and on the one hand he defended himself in regard to the indictment brought against + him, and on the other hand brought a counter-charge + against the Achaeans. The Chalcidians had no intention of surrendering him; but, since they were + afraid that he might be slain by treachery, they gave + him a guard of young men in the prime of their youth + and stationed them in this place, where they lived + together and at the same time served as a guard for + Nauplius. +

+
+
+

Who was the man that slew an ox forPossibly sacrificed an ox to his benefactor; but an animal sacrifice to a living man seems incredible. his + benefactor? +

+

Anchored off the island of Ithaca was a pirate + vessel in which there chanced to be an old man with + earthenware jars containing pitch. By chance a + ferryman of Ithaca, by name Pyrrhi as, put off to the + ship and rescued the old man without asking for any + reward, but because he had been persuaded by the + old man and pitied him. He did, however, accept + some of the jars, for the old man bade him do so. + But when the pirates had departed and there was + nothing to fear, the old man led Pyrrhias to the jars, + + + + + and in them showed him much gold and silver mixed + with the pitch. So Pyrrhias, suddenly becoming + rich, treated the old man well in various ways, and + also slew an ox for him. Wherefore men make use + of this as a proverbial expression: No one but + Pyrrhias has slain an ox for his benefactor. +

+
+
+

Why was it the custom for the Bottiaean + maidens to chant as they danced, Let us go to + AthensPlutarch (Life of Theseus, chap. xvi. p. 6 e ff.) states that his source for this is Aristotle's Constitution of the Bottiaeans (Frag. 485 (ed. V. Rose)); cf. Edmonds, Lyra Graeca (in L.C.L. iii. 540). + ? +

+

They relate that the Cretans in accordance with a + vow sent a consecrated offering of men to Delphi; + but the men who had been sent, when they saw that + there was no abundance there, set out from Delphi + to found a colony. They settled first in Iapygia, but + later occupied this region of Thrace. There were + some Athenians included among them; fer it appears + that Minos did not destroy the young persons whom + the Athenians sent him for tribute, but kept them + by him as servants. Accordingly, some who were + descended from these Athenians and had come to be + considered Cretans were included in this company + sent to Delphi. Wherefore the daughters of the + Bottiaeans, in remembrance of their lineage, were + wont to sing in their festivals, Let us go to Athens. +

+
+
+

Why is it that the women of the Eleans, when + they sing hymns to Dionysus, call upon him to come + to them with the foot of a bull + For Dionysus as a bull cf. e.g. Athenaeus 35 e, 38 e.? The hymnThe text is uncertain; Hartman has attempted a reconstruction in Mnemosyne, xli. 217; cf. also the other references in E. Diehl, Anthologia Lyrica Graeca, ii. p. 206. cf. also Moralia, 364 f; Pausanias, vi. 26. 1; Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec. iii. p. 656, or Edmonds, Lyra Graeca (L.C.L. iii. 510). runs + as follows: + + + + + Come, O hero Dionysus, + + To thy Elean holy + + Temple, with the Graces, + + To thy temple + + With thy bull's foot hasting. + + Then they chant twice the refrain: O worthy bull. +

+

Is it because some address the god as kine-born + or as bull? Or by ox-foot do they mean with + thy mighty foot even as the Poet used ox-eyed + Homer, Il. i. 551 and often. + to signify large-eyed, and bully + + βουγαίος, Il. xiii. 824: Od. xviii. 79. for loudmouthed? +

+

Or is it rather because the foot of the bull is harmless, but the part that bears horns is harmful, and + thus they call upon the god to come in a gentle and + painless manner? +

+

Or is it because many believe that the god was the + pioneer in both ploughing and sowing? +

+
+
+

Why do the people of Tanagra have before + their city an Achilleum, that is, a place bearing this + name? For it is related that Achilles actually had + more enmity than friendship for the city, since he + carried off Stratonicê, the mother of Poemander, and + slew Acestor, the son of Ephippus.A grandson of Poemander. +

+

While the territory of Tanagra was still inhabited + in village communities, Poemander, the father of + Ephippus, had been besieged by the Achaeans in the + place called Stephon, because of his unwillingness + to join their expedition.Against Troy. But he abandoned that + stronghold by night and fortified Poemandria. + cf. Pausanias, ix. 20. 1. + + + + Polycrithus the master-builder, however, who was + present, spoke slightingly of the fortifications and, in + derision, leaped over the moat. Poemander was enraged and hastened to throw at him a great stone + which had been hidden there from ancient days, set + aside for use in the ritual of the Nyctelia.These rites resembled those of the rending and resurrection of Osiris; Cf.Moralia 367 f. This stone + Poemander snatched up in his ignorance, and hurled. + He missed Polycrithus, but slew his son Leucippus. According to the law, therefore, he had to + depart from Boeotia and become a suppliant at a + stranger's hearth. But this was not easy, since the + Achaeans had invaded the territory of Tanagra. Accordingly he sent his son Ephippus to appeal to + Achilles. Ephippus, by his persuasive words, brought + to his father Achilles, as well as Tlepolemus, the son + of Heracles, and Peneleös, the son of Hippalcmas, all + of them interrelated. Poemander was escorted by + them to Chalcis, and there at the house of Elephenor + he was purified of the murder. Therefore he honoured + these heroes and set apart sacred precincts for them + all, and of these the precinct of Achilles has still kept + its name. +

+
+
+

Who are the Psoloeis and who the Oleiae + among the Boeotians? +

+

They relate that the daughters of Minyas, Leucippê + and Arsinoê and Alcathoê, becoming insane, conceived a craving for human flesh, and drew lots for + their children. + cf. Aelian, Varia Historia, iii. 42; Antonius Liberalis, Metamorphoses, x. Ovid's account (Met. iv. 1. ff.; 389 ff.) is rather different and omits the murder of Hippasus. The lot fell upon Leucippe to contribute her son Hippasus to be torn to pieces, and + their husbands, who put on ill-favoured garments for + very grief and sorrow, were called Grimy (Psoloeis); + + + + but the Minyads themselves were called Oleiae, + that is to say, Murderesses. And even to-day + the people of Orchomenus give this name to the + women descended from this family; and every year, + at the festival of Agrionia, + Cf.Moralia, 717 a; 291 a supra>. there takes place a flight + and pursuit of them by the priest of Dionysus with + sword in hand. Any one of them that he catches he + may kill, and in my time the priest Zoïlus killed one + of them. But this resulted in no benefit for the + people of Orchomenus; but Zoïlus fell sick from some + slight sore and, when the wound had festered for a + long time, he died. The people of Orchomenus also + found themselves involved in some suits for damages + and adverse judgements; wherefore they transferred + the priesthood from Zoïlus's family and chose the + best man from all the citizens to fili the office. +

+
+
+

Why do the Arcadians stone persons who + voluntarily enter the Lycaeon; but if such persons + enter through ignorance, they send them away to + Eleutherae? +

+

Is it because they were released and set free that + this story gained credence, and is the expression to + Free Town (Eleutherae) of the same sort as to + the land of Sans Souci and you will come to the + Seat of Satisfaction? +

+

Or is it in accordance with the legend, since + Eleuther and Lebadus were the only sons of Lycaon + that had no share in the abomination prepared for + Zeus,The serving of human flesh. cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses, i. 163 ff. and Frazer's note on Apollodorus, Bibliotheca iii. 8. 1 (L.C.L. vol. i. pp. 390 ff.). but instead they fled to Boeotia, and there + is community of citizenship between the people of + Lebadeia and the Arcadians, and do they accordingly + + + + send away to Eleutherae those who involuntarily + enter the inviolate sanctuary of Zeus? +

+

Or is it as ArchitimusMüller, Frag. Hist. Graec. vol. iv. p. 317. relates in his Arcadian + History, that certain men who entered through ignorance were handed over by the Arcadians to the + Phliasians, and by the Phliasians to the Megarians, + and, as they were being conducted from Megara to + Thebes, they were stopped near EleutheraeA town in Attica not far from the borders of Boeotia. by rain + and thunder and other signs from heaven? Whence, + in fact, some assert that the place acquired the name + of Eleutherae. +

+

The tale, however, that no shadow is cast by a + person who enters the Lycaeon is not true, although + it has acquired widespread credence. + cf. Pausanias, viii. 38. 6; Polybius, xvi. 12. 7, whose source is Theopompus. Is it because + the air turns to clouds, and lowers darkly upon those + who enter? Or is it because he that enters is condemned to death, and the followers of Pythagoras + declare that the spirits of the dead cast no shadow, + Cf.Moralia, 564 d. See also Dante, Purgatorio, iii. 25-30, 94-97. + neither do they blink? Or is it because it is the sun + which causes shadow, but the law deprives him that + enters of the sunlight? +

+

This too they relate allegorically: he that enters is + called a deer. Wherefore, when Cantharion the + Arcadian deserted to the Eleans while they were at + war with the Arcadians, and with his booty crossed + the inviolate sanctuary, even though he fled to Sparta + after peace had been made, the Spartans surrendered + him to the Arcadians, since the god ordered them to + give back the deer. + + +

+
+
+

Who was the hero Eunostus in Tanagra, and + why may no women enter his grove? +

+

Eunostus was the son of Elieus, who was the son of + Cephisus, and Scias. They relate that he acquired + his name because he was brought up by the nymph + Eunosta. Handsome and righteous as he was, he was + no less virtuous and ascetic. They say that Ochnê, + his cousin, one of the daughters of Colonus, became + enamoured of him; but when Eunostus repulsed her + advances and, after upbraiding her, departed to + accuse her to her brothers, the maiden forestalled + him by doing this very thing against him. She incited + her brothers, Echemus, Leon, and Bucolus, to kill + Eunostus, saying that he had consorted with her + by force. They, accordingly, lay in ambush for the + young man and slew him. Then Elieus put them in + bonds; but Ochnê repented, and was filled with + trepidation and, wishing to free herself from the + torments caused by her love, and also feeling pity for + her brothers, reported the whole truth to Elieus, and + he to Colonus. And when Colonus had given judgement, Ochnê's brothers were banished, and she + threw herself from a precipice, as Myrtis, + cf. Edmonds, Lyra Graeca, iii. p. 3. the lyric + poetess of Anthedon, has related. +

+

But the shrine and the grove of Eunostus were + so strictly guarded against entry and approach by + women that, often, when earthquakes or droughts + or other signs from heaven occurred, the people + of Tanagra were wont to search diligently and to + be greatly concerned lest any woman might have + approached the place undetected; and some relate, + among them Cleidamus, a man of prominence, that + Eunostus met them on his way to the sea to bathe + + + + because a woman had set foot within the sacred + precinct. And DioclesMüller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iii. p. 78. also, in his treatise upon the + Shrines of Heroes, quotes a decree of the people of + Tanagra concerning the matters which Cleidamus + reported. +

+
+
+

From what cause was a river in Boeotia in the + vicinity of Eleon called Scamander? +

+

Deïmachus, the son of Eleon and a companion of + Heracles, took part in the expedition against Troy. + But since, as it appears, the war was dragging on, he + welcomed to his quarters Glaucia, the daughter of + Scamander, who had fallen in love with him, and + got her with child; then he himself fell in fighting + against the Trojans. But Glaucia, fearing detection, + fled for refuge, and told Heracles of her love and + of her association with Deïmachus. And he, both + through pity for the woman, and for j oy that the stock + of a brave man who was his close friend should thus + survive, took Glaucia oil board his fleet; and when + she gave birth to a son, he brought both the child and + the mother, and delivered them to Eleon in Boeotia. + The child was named Scamander, and he became the + king of the country; and he named the Inachus river + Scamander after himself, and the stream near by he + called Glaucia from his mother. The spring Acidusa + he named after his wife; and from her he had three + daughters whom even to this day they honour under + the name of the Maidens. +

+
+
+

Whence arose the proverbial saying, This is + valid? +

+

When Deinon of Tarentum, a brave soldier, was + + + + general, his fellow-citizens voted to reject a certain + proposal of his. When the herald reported the prevailing majority, he held up his right hand and said, + But this is stronger. This is Theophrastus'sFrag. 133 (ed. Wimmer). + version of the story; but Apollodorus has a supplementary version, that when the herald of the + Tarentines proclaimed, These are in the majority + Deinon said, But these are better! and validated + the vote of the minority. +

+
+
+

For what reason was the city of the Ithacans + called Alalcomenae? +

+

Because Anticleia, while yet a virgin, was violated + by Sisyphus and conceived Odysseus. This is related + by several authorities + cf. Sophocles, Philoctetes, 417, with Jebb's note; Frag. 567 (ed. Pearson), with the note.; but IsterMüller, Frag. Hist. Graec. i. p. 426. of Alexandria in + his Commentaries has in addition recorded that when + Anticlea had been given in marriage to Laërtes and + was being conducted to his home, she gave birth to + Odysseus near the Alalcomenium in Boeotia. And + for this reason, as though referring the name to that + of a mother-city, he states that the city in Ithaca + acquired its name. +

+
+
+

Who were the solitary eaters in Aegina? +

+

Of the Aeginetans who were engaged in the war + against Troy many perished in the battles there, but + even more were destroyed by the storm on the returnvoyage. So there were but few who survived, and + when their relatives had welcomed them home, and + observed that the other citizens were in mourning + and sorrow, they deemed it proper neither to rejoice + + + + nor to sacrifice to the gods openly; but secretly and + separately in their own houses they received with + feasting and good cheer those who had reached home + in safety. They themselves waited upon their fathers + and kinsmen, their brothers and relatives, and no one + outside the family was allowed to enter. It is, then, + in imitation of this that they hold a sacrifice to + Poseidon, which is called thiasoi,Club-dinner. in which they + feast by themselves in silence for sixteen days, and no + slave is present. Then, when they have celebrated + the Aphrodisia, they terminate the festival. For this + reason they are called solitary eaters. +

+
+
+

Why is it that the statue of the Labrandean + Zeus in Caria is fashioned holding an axe, but not a + sceptre or a thunderbolt? +

+

Because when Heracles had slain Hippolytê, together with her other arms he took her axe and gave + it as a present to Omphalê. The Lydian kings who + succeeded Omphalê used to carry it as a part of + the sacred regalia, handing it down one to the other + until it carne to Candaules. He deemed it of little + worth and gave it to one of his CompanionsTechnically a Hellenistic court office, but Plutarch seems to assume such a relation in early Lydian history. to carry. + But when GygesThe many ancient variants of the Gyges legend are collected and discussed by K. F. Smith, American Jour. Phil., 1902 pp. 261 ff., 362 ff.; 1920, pp. 1 ff. revolted and was at war with + Candaules, Arselis carne from Mylasa with an army + as an ally for Gyges and slew both Candaules and his + Companion and brought the axe to Caria together + with the other spoils. He therefore constructed a + statue of Zeus and placed the axe in its hand, and + + + + called the god Labrandeus; for the Lydialis call the + axe labrys.One is reminded of the many representations of the double axe on Cretan monuments. +

+
+
+

Why is it that the people of Tralles call vetch + purifier and make particular use of it for expiations and purifications? +

+

Is it because the Leleges and Minyae in days of old + drove them out and took possession of their city and + their land, and because later the Trallians returned + and prevailed, and as many of the Leleges as had not + been slain nor had fled away, but had been left behind + there because of their destitution and weakness - of + these they took no account either of their life or of their + death, and they established a law that any Trallian + who killed a Miriyan or a Lelegian should be free + from pollution when he had measured out a bushel of + vetch to the relatives of the murdered man? +

+
+
+

Why is there a proverb among the Eleans to + suffer more terribly than Sambicus? +

+

The story is told that a certain Sambicus, an Elean, + at the head of a numerous group of confederates, cut + many pieces from the bronze votive statues in Olympia + and sold them, and finally he despoiled the shrine of + Artemis the Guardian. This is in Elis and is called + the Aristarcheum. Immediately, then, after this + sacrilege, he was caught and tortured for a year, + being interrogated about each of his confederates in + turn; and in this manner he died and the proverb + arose from his sufferings. + + +

+
+
+

Why at Sparta is a shrine of Odysseus built + near the shrine of the daughters of Leucippus? +

+

Erginus, one of the descendants of Diomedes, was + persuaded by Temenus to steal the Palladium from + Argos; this he did with the knowledge and help + of Leagrus, who was one of Temenus's friends. But + later Leagrus became incensed at Temenus and removed to Sparta, taking the Palladium with him. The + Spartan kings received it eagerly, and gave it a place + near the shrine of the daughters of Leucippus, and + they sent to Delphi to obtain an oracle concerning its + safety and preservation. When the god gave oracle + that one of those who had purloined the Palladium + should be made its guardian, the Spartans constructed + there the shrine of Odysseus, especially since, because of his marriage with Penelopê,The daughter of the Spartan Icarius. they reckoned + that this hero had close relations with their city. +

+
+
+

Why is it the custom for the women of Chalcedon, whenever they encounter strange men, and + especially officials, to veil one cheek? +

+

The Chalcedonians were involved in a war against + the Bithyniae, to which they were provoked by all + kinds of reasons. When Zeipoetes became king of + Bithynia, the Chalcedonians, in full force and with the + addition of Thracian allies, devastated the country + with fire and sword. When Zeipoetes attacked them + near the so-called Phalion, they fought badly through + rashness and lack of discipline, and lost over eight + thousand soldiers. It was only because Zeipoetes + granted an armistice to please the Byzantines that + they were not completely annihilated at that time. + Since, then, there was a great scarcity of men + + + + throughout the city, most of the women were forced + to consort with freedmen and resident aliens. But + those women who preferred to have no husband at + all rather than a marriage of this sort, themselves + conducted whatever business they needed to transact + with the judges or the officials, drawing aside one part + of the veil that covered their faces. And the married + women, for very shame, followed the example of + these, who, they felt, were better than themselves, + and also changed to a similar custom. +

+
+
+

Why is it that the Argives drive their sheep + to the precinct of Agenor when they wish to mate + them? +

+

Is it because Agenor took most excellent care of his + sheep and acquired more flocks than any other king? +

+
+
+

Why is it that Argive children in a certain + festival call themselves, in jest, Pear-throwers? +

+

Is it because the first men that were led down by + Inachus from the mountains to the plain lived, as they + say, on wild pears? They also say that wild pears + were first discovered by the Greeks in the Peloponnesus at a time when that country was still called + Apia, + cf. Pausanias, ii. 5. 7; Aelian, Varia Historia, iii. 39. wherefore wild pears were named apioi. +

+
+
+

What is the reason why the Eleans lead their + mares outside the boundaries of their country to mate + them with asses? + cf. Herodotus, iv. 30; Pausanias, v. 5. 2; 9. 2; mules were not bred in Elis because of a curse, and this, seemingly, should be the meaning here; but the corruption in the text of one word, which should have designated asses, has made the mules somewhat dubious. +

+

Is it because of all kings Oenomaüs was the most + fond of horses, and, since he particularly loved + + + + this animal, he laid many terrible curses upon any + that should thus mate horses in Elis; and it is in fear + of that curse that they endeavour to keep clear of it? +

+
+
+

Why was it the custom among the Cnossians + for those who borrowed money to snatch it? +

+

Was it that if they defaulted they might be liable + to the charge of violence, and so be punished the + more? +

+
+
+

What is the reason why in Samos they invoke + the Aphroditê of Dexicreon? +

+

Is it because a sorcerer Dexicreon, making use of + a rite of purification, freed the women of Samos + from the unbridled licentiousness in which they indulged because of their great luxury and wantonness? +

+

Or is it because Dexicreon was a shipmaster and + sailed to Cyprus on a trading voyage, and, when he + was about to freight his ship, Aphroditê bade him + put into it water and nothing else, and set sail as + quickly as possible? He obeyed and, putting much + water aboard the ship, sailed away; after a time the + wind died down and the ship was becalmed in the + open sea. To the other merchants and shipmasters, + who were athirst, he sold the water and amassed + much money. Wherefore he fashioned an image of + the goddess and called it by his own name. If this + is really true, it appears that the goddess wished not + to make one man rich, but to save the lives of many + through one man. +

+
+
+

Why is it that whenever the Samians are engaged in sacrificing to Hermes the Giver of Joy they + allow whoever so desires to steal from them and filch + their clothes? + + + + +

+

Because in obedience to an oracle they changed + their abode from Samos to Mycalê and supported + themselves by piracy there for ten years; and after + this they sailed again to Samos and overcame their + enemies. +

+
+
+

From what does the place Panhaema on the + island of Samos derive its name? +

+

Is it because the Amazons sailed from the country + of the Ephesians + cf. Pausanias, vii. 2. 7. across to Samos when they were + endeavouring to escape from Dionysus? But he built + boats and crossed over and, joining battle, slew many + of them near this place, which the spectators in + amazement called Panhaema + Allblood. + because of the vast + quantity of blood shed there. And of the elephantsWilamowitz and Halliday emend to ἐλεφάντων. This has, at first view, some plausibility, but completely lacks corroborative evidence. Nonnus, Dionysiaca, xxvi. 326 ff. is not by any means parallel. + some are said to have been slain near Phloeum, and + their bones are pointed out there; but some relate + that Phloeum also was cleft by them as they uttered + a loud and piercing cry. +

+
+
+

For what reason is the great hall in Samos + called the Hall of Fetters? +

+

After the murder of Demoteles and the dissolution + of his monarchic government the Land-ownersThucydides, viii. 21, recounts the later struggles of the Land-owners and the People. controlled the State, and at this time the Megarians + made an expedition against the Perinthians, who + were colonists of the Samians; as it is related, they + brought with them fetters for their captives. When + the Land-owners learned of this, they dispatched aid + to the Perinthians with all speed, appointing nine + + + + generals and manning thirty ships. Two of these + ships, as they were sailing out, were destroyed by a + thunderbolt in front of the harbour; but the generals + kept on with the others, defeated the Megarians, and + took six hundred of them alive. Elated by their + victory, they conceived the proj ect of overthrowing + the oligarchy of the Land-owners at home. Now + the officials in charge of the government had provided + an occasion for undertaking this, by writing to the + generals to bring back the captive Megarians bound + in their own fetters. The generals, accordingly, + took the letter, and secretly showed it to certain + of the Megarians and persuaded them to join with + themselves and free the city. When they took + counsel together concerning the deed, they decided + to knock loose the rings that fastened the fetters, and + in this condition to put them on the legs of the + Megarians, holding them up with thongs to their + girdles, so that the fetters might not slip down + and fall off when their legs became relaxed in + walking. Having thus equipped the men and given + a sword to each, they sailed back to Samos and disembarked, and there they led the Megarians through + the market-place to the council-chamber, where practically all the Land-owners were sitting together. + Then, at a given signal, the Megarians fell upon + them and slew them. When the city had thus been + freed, they made citizens of those Megarians who + so desired; and they constructed a great building + and dedicated the fetters there; and from this the + building was called the Hall of Fetters. +

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Why is it that among the Coans the priest of + Heracles at Antimacheia dons a woman's garb, and + + + + + fastens upon his head a woman's head-dress before + he begins the sacrifice? +

+

Heracles, putting out with his six ships from Troy, + encountered a storm; and when his other ships had + been destroyed, with the only one remaining he was + driven by the gale to Cos. He was cast ashore upon + the Laceter, as the place is called, with nothing + salvaged save his arms and his men. Now he + happened upon some sheep and asked for one ram + from the shepherd. This man, whose name was + Antagoras, was in the prime of bodily strength, and + bade Heracles wrestle with him; if Heracles could + throw him, he might carry off the ram. And when + Heracles grappled with him, the Meropes came to the + aid of Antagoras, and the Greeks to help Heracles, + and they were soon engaged in a mighty battle. In + the struggle it is said that Heracles, being exhausted + by the multitude of his adversaries, fled to the house + of a Thracian woman; there, disguising himself in + feminine garb, he managed to escape detection. + But later, when he had overcome the Meropes in + another encounter, and had been purified, he married Chalciopê and assumed a gay-coloured raiment. + Wherefore the priest sacrifices on the spot where it + came about that the battle was fought, and bridegrooms wear feminine raiment when they welcome + their brides. +

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Whence came the clan of Wagon-rollers + among the Megarians? +

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In the time of the unbridled democracy which + brought about both the return-interest + cf. 295 c-d, supra>. and the + temple sacrilege, a sacred mission of Peloponnesians + passed through the Megarid, on its way to Delphi and + + + + had encamped, as chance dictated, in their wagons, + with their wives and children, in Aegeiri beside the + lake. But the boldest spirits among the Megarians, + inflamed with wine, in their insolence and savagery + rolled back the wagons and pushed them into the + lake, so that many members of the mission were + drowned. Now because of the unsettled state of + their government the Megarians took no notice of + the crime; but the Amphictyonic Assembly, since the + mission was sacred, took cognizance of the matter + and punished some of the guilty men with banishment and others with death. The descendants of + these men were called Wagon-rollers. +

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