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+ Plutarch's Rules for the Preservation of Health
+ Machine readable text
+ Plutarch
+ Goodwin
+ Matthew Poole
+ Perseus Project, Tufts University
+ Gregory Crane
+
+ Prepared under the supervision of
+ Lisa Cerrato
+ Rashmi Singhal
+ Bridget Almas
+
+ The National Endowment for the Humanities
+
+
+ Trustees of Tufts University
+ Medford, MA
+ Perseus Project
+ 2010-12-13
+
+
+
+
+ Plutarch
+ Plutarch's Morals.
+
+ Translated from the Greek by several hands. Corrected and revised by
+ William W. Goodwin, PH. D.
+
+
+ Boston
+ Little, Brown, and Company
+ Cambridge
+ Press Of John Wilson and son
+ 1874
+
+ 1
+
+ The Internet Archive
+
+
+
+
+
Text encoded in accordance with the latest EpiDoc standards
+
The following text is encoded in accordance with EpiDoc standards and with the CTS/CITE Architecture
+
+ Plutarch's Rules for the Preservation of Health.
+ A Dialogue.
+ MOSCHIO, ZEUXIPPUS.
+
+
And you, Zeuxippus, diverted Glaucus the
+ physician from entering into a philosophical discourse with
+ you yesterday.
+
I did not hinder him in the least, friend
+ Moschio, it was he that would not discourse in philosophy.
+ But I feared and avoided giving so contentious a man any
+ opportunity of discourse; for though in physic the man
+ has (as HomerIl. XL 514. expresses it) an excellency before most of
+ his profession, yet in philosophy he is not altogether so
+ candid, but indeed so rude in all his disputations, that he
+ is hardly to be borne with, flying (as it were) at us open
+ mouthed. So that it is neither an easy nor indeed a just
+ thing, that we should bear those confusions in terms he
+ makes, when we are disputing about a wholesome diet.
+ Besides, he maintains that the bounds of philosophy and
+ medicine are as distinct as those of the Mysians and Phrygians. And taking hold of some of those things we were
+ discoursing of, perhaps not with all exactness, yet not
+ without some profit, he made scurrilous reflections on
+ them.
+
But I am ready, Zeuxippus, to hear those
+ and the other things you shall discourse of, with a great
+ deal of pleasure.
+
+
You have naturally a philosophical genius,
+ Moschio, and are troubled to see a philosopher have no
+ kindness for the study of medicine. You are uneasy that
+ he should think it concerns him more to study geometry,
+ logic, and music, than to be desirous to understand
+
+
+
+ What in his house is well or ill-designed,
+
+ Odyss. IV. 392.
+
+
+
+ his house being his own body. You shall see manyspectators at that play where their charges are defrayed out of
+ the public stock, as they do at Athens. Now among all
+ the liberal arts, medicine not only contains so neat and
+ large a field of pleasure as to give place to none, but she
+ pays plentifully the charges of those who delight in the
+ study of her by giving them health and safety; so that it
+ ought not to be called transgressing the bounds of a philosopher to dispute about those things which relate to health,
+ but rather, all bounds being laid aside, we ought to pursue
+ our studies in the same common field, and so enjoy both
+ the pleasure and the profit of them.
+
But to pass by Glaucus, who with his pretended gravity would be thought to be so perfect as not to
+ stand in need of philosophy, — do you, if you please, run
+ through the whole discourse, and first, those things which
+ you say were not so exactly handled and which Glaucus
+ carped at.
+
+
+
A friend of ours then heard one alleging
+ that to keep one's hands always warm and never suffer
+ them to be cold did not a little conduce to health; and, on
+ the contrary, keeping the extreme parts of the body cold
+ drives the heat inward, so that you are always in a fever
+ or the fear of one. But those things which force the heat
+ outwards do distribute and draw the matter to all parts,
+ with advantage to our health. If in any work we employ
+ our hands, we are able to keep in them that heat which is
+
+
+
+ induced by their motion. But when we do not work with
+ our hands, we should take all care to keep our extreme
+ parts from cold.
+
+
+
This was one of those things he ridiculed. The second, as I remember, was touching the food allowed the
+ sick, which he advises us sometimes both to touch and
+ taste when we are in good health, that so we may be used
+ to it, and not be shy of it, like little children, or hate such
+ a diet, but by degrees make it natural and familiar to our
+ appetite; that in our sickness we may not nauseate wholesome diet, as if it were physic, nor be uneasy when we are
+ prescribed any insipid thing, that lacks both the smell and
+ taste of a kitchen. Wherefore we need not squeamishly
+ refuse to eat before we wash, or to drink water when we
+ may have wine, or to take warm drink in summer when
+ there is snow at hand. We must, however, lay aside all
+ foppish ostentation and sophistry as well as vain-glory in
+ this abstinence, and quietly by ourselves accustom our appetite to obey reason with willingness, that thus we may
+ wean our minds long beforehand from that dainty contempt
+ of such food which we feel in time of sickness, and that
+ we may not then effeminately bewail our condition, as if we
+ were fallen from great and beloved pleasures into a low
+ and sordid diet. It was well said, Choose out the best condition you can, and custom will make it pleasant to you.
+ And this will be beneficial in most things we undertake,
+ but more especially as to diet; if, in the height of our
+ health, we introduce a custom whereby those things may
+ be rendered easy, familiar, and, as it were, domestics of
+ our bodies, remembering what some suffer and do in sickness, who fret, and are not able to endure warm water or
+ gruel or bread when it is brought to them, calling them
+ dirty and unseemly things, and the persons who would
+ urge them to them base and troublesome. The bath hath
+ destroyed many whose distemper at the beginning was not
+
+
+
+ very bad, only because they could not endure to eat before
+ they washed; among whom Titus the emperor was one,
+ as his physicians affirm.
+
+
+
This also was said, that a thin diet is the healthfulest
+ to the body. But we ought chiefly to avoid all excess in
+ meat or drink or pleasure, when there is any feast or entertainment at hand, or when we expect any royal or
+ princely banquet, or solemnity which we cannot possibly
+ avoid; then ought the body to be light and in readiness to
+ receive the winds and waves it is to meet with. It is a
+ hard matter for a man at a feast or collation to keep that
+ mediocrity or bounds he has been used to, so as not to
+ seem rude, precise, or troublesome to the rest of the company. Lest we should add fire to fire, as the proverb is,
+ or one debauch or excess to another, we should take care
+ to imitate that ingenious droll of Philip, which was this.
+ He was invited to supper by a countryman, who supposed
+ he would bring but few friends with him; but when he
+ saw him bring a great many, there not being much provided, he was much concerned at it: which when Philip
+ perceived, he sent privately to every one of his friends, that
+ they should leave a corner for cake; they believing this
+ and still expecting, ate so sparingly that there was supper
+ enough for them all. So we ought beforehand to prepare
+ ourselves against all unavoidable invitations, that there may
+ be room left in our body, not only for the meal and the
+ dessert, but for drunkenness itself, by bringing in a fresh
+ and a willing appetite along with us.
+
+
+
But if such a necessity should surprise you when you
+ are already loaded or indisposed, in the presence either of
+ persons of quality or of strangers that come in upon you
+ unawares, and you cannot for shame but go and drink with
+ them that are ready for that purpose, then you ought to
+ arm yourself against that modesty and prejudicial shamefacedness with that of Creon in the tragedy, who says, —
+
+
+
+
+
+ 'Tis better, sirs, I should you now displease,
+ Than by complying next day lose my ease.
+
+ See Eurip. Medea, 290.
+
+
+
+ He who throws himself into a pleurisy or frenzy, to
+ avoid being censured as an uncivil person, is certainly no
+ well-bred man, nor has he sense of understanding enough
+ to converse with men, unless in a tavern or a cook-shop.
+ Whereas an excuse ingeniously and dexterously made is
+ no less acceptable than compliance. He that makes a
+ feast, though he be as unwilling to taste of it himself as if
+ it was a sacrifice, yet if he be merry and jocund over his
+ glass at table, jesting and drolling upon himself, seems
+ better company than they who are drunk and gluttonized
+ together. Among the ancients, he made mention of Alexander, who after hard drinking was ashamed to resist
+ the importunity of Medius, who invited him afresh to the
+ drinking of wine, of which he died; and of our time, of
+ Regulus the wrestler, who, being called by break of day
+ by Titus Caesar to the bath, went and washed with him,
+ and drinking but once (as they say) was seized with an
+ apoplexy, and died immediately. These things Glaucus
+ in laughter objected to as pedantic. He was not over-fond
+ of hearing farther, nor indeed were we of discoursing
+ more. But do you give heed to every thing that was
+ said.
+
+
+
First, Socrates advises us to beware of such meats
+ as persuade a man to eat them though he be not hungry,
+ and of those drinks that would prevail with a man to drink
+ them when he is not thirsty. Not that he absolutely forbade us the use of them; but he taught that we might use
+ them where there was occasion for it, suiting the pleasure
+ of them to our necessity, as cities converted the money
+ which was designed for the festivals into a supply for war.
+ For that which is agreeable by nature, so long as it is a
+ part of our nourishment, is proper for us. He that is
+
+
+
+ hungry should eat necessary food and find it pleasant; but
+ when he is freed from his common appetite, he ought not
+ to raise up a fresh one. For, as dancing was no unpleasant
+ exercise to Socrates himself, so he that can make his meal
+ of sweetmeats or a second course receives the less damage.
+ But he that has taken already what may sufficiently satisfy
+ his nature ought by all means to avoid them. And concerning these things, indecorum and ambition are no less
+ to be avoided than the love of pleasure or gluttony. For
+ these often persuade men to eat without hunger or drink
+ without thirst, possessing them with base and troublesome fancies, as if it were indecent not to taste of every
+ thing which is either a rarity or of great price, as udder,
+ Italian mushrooms, Samian cakes, or snow in Egypt.
+ Again, these often incite men to eat things rare and much
+ talked of, they being led to it, as it were, by the scent of
+ vain-glory, and making their bodies to partake of them
+ without any necessity of it, that they may have something
+ to tell others, who shall admire their having eaten such
+ rare and superfluous things. And thus it is with them in
+ relation to fine women; when they are in bed with their
+ own wives, however beautiful and loving they may be, they
+ are no way concerned; but on Phryne or Lais they bestow
+ their money, inciting an infirm and unfit body, and provoking it to intemperate pleasures, and all this out of a
+ vain-glorious humor. Phryne herself said in her old age,
+ that she sold her lees and dregs the dearer because she
+ had been in such repute when she was young.
+
+
+
It is indeed a great and miraculous thing that, if we
+ allow the body all the pleasures which nature needs and
+ can bear, — or rather, if we struggle against its appetites
+ on most occasions and put it off, and are at last brought
+ with difficulty to yield to its necessities, or (as Plato saith)
+ give way when it bites and strains itself, — after all we
+ should come off without harm. But, on the other hand,
+
+
+
+ those desires which descend from the mind into the
+ body, and urge and force it to obey and accompany them
+ in all their motions and affections, must of necessity leave
+ behind them the greatest and severest ills, as the effects of
+ such infirm and dark delights. The desire of our mind
+ ought no ways to incite our bodies to any pleasure, for the
+ beginning of this is against nature. And as the tickling
+ of one's armpits forces a laughter, which is neither moderate nor merry, nor indeed properly a laughter, but rather
+ troublesome and like convulsions; so those pleasures
+ which the molested and disturbed body receives from the
+ mind are furious, troublesome, and wholly strangers to
+ nature. Therefore when any rare or noble dish is before
+ you, you will get more honor by refraining from it than
+ partaking of it. Remember what Simonides said, that he
+ never repented that he had held his tongue, but often that
+ he had spoken; so we shall not repent that we have
+ refused a good dish or drunk water instead of Falernian,
+ but the contrary. We are not only to commit no violence
+ on Nature; but when any of those things are offered to
+ her, even if she has a desire for them, we ought oftentimes
+ to direct the appetite to a more innocent and accustomed
+ diet, that she may be used to it and acquainted with it;
+ for as the Theban said (though not over honestly), If the
+ law must be violated, it looks best when it is done for an
+ empire.Eteocles the Theban, in Eurip. Phoeniss. 524. But we say better, if we are to take pride in any
+ such thing, it is best when it is in that moderation which
+ conduces to our health. But a narrowness of soul and a
+ stingy humor compel some men to keep under and defraud
+ their genius at home, who, when they enjoy the costly fare
+ of another man's table, do cram themselves as eagerly as
+ if it were all plunder; then they are taken ill, go home,
+ and the next day find the crudity of their stomachs the
+ reward of their unsatiableness. Wherefore Crates, supposing
+
+
+
+ that luxury and prodigality were the chief cause
+ of seditions and insurrections in a city, in a droll advises
+ that we should never go beyond a lentil in our meals, lest
+ we bring ourselves into sedition. But let every one exhort
+ himself not to increase his meal beyond a lentil, and not to
+ pass by cresses and olives and fall upon pudding and fish,
+ that he may not by his over-eating bring his body into
+ tumults, disturbances, and diarrhoeas; for a mean diet
+ keeps the appetite within its natural bounds, but the arts
+ of cooks and confectioners, with their elaborate dishes and
+ aromatic sauces, do (according to the comedian) push forward and enlarge the bounds of pleasure, and entrench
+ upon those of our profit. I know not how it comes to
+ pass that we should abominate and hate those women that
+ either bewitch or give philters to their husbands, and yet
+ give our meat and drink to our slaves and hirelings, to all
+ but corrupt and poison them. For though that may seem
+ too severe which was said by Arcesilaus against lascivious
+ and adulterous persons, that it signifies little which way
+ one goes about such beastly work;
+ Μηδὲν διαφέρειν ὄπισθέν τινα ἢ ἔμπροσθεν εἶναι κίναιδον.
+ yet it is not much
+ from our purpose. For what difference is there (to speak
+ ingenuously) whether satyrion moves and whets my lust,
+ or my taste is irritated by the scent of the meat or the
+ sauce, so that, like a part infected with itch, it shall always
+ need scratching and tickling?
+
+
+
But we shall perhaps discourse against pleasures in
+ another place, and show the beauty and dignity that temperance has within itself; but our present discourse is in
+ praise of many and great pleasures. For diseases do not
+ either rob or spoil us of so much business, hope, journeys,
+ or exercise, as they do of pleasure; so that it is no way
+ convenient for those who would follow their pleasure to
+ neglect their health. There are diseases which will permit
+ a man to study philosophy and to exercise any military
+
+
+
+ office, nay, to act the kingly part. But the pleasures and
+ enjoyments of the body are such as cannot be born alive
+ in the midst of a distemperor if they are, the pleasures
+ they afford are not only short and impure, but mixed with
+ much alloy, and they bear the marks of that storm and
+ tempest out of which they rise. Venus herself delights
+ not in a gorged, but in a calm and serene body; and
+ pleasure is the end of that, as well as it is of meat and
+ drink. Health is to pleasure as still weather to the halcyon, giving it a safe and commodious birth and nest.
+ Prodicus seems elegantly enough to have said, that of all
+ sauces fire was the best; but most true it is to say, that
+ health gives things the most divine and grateful relish. For
+ meat, whether it be boiled, roasted, or stewed, has no
+ pleasure or gusto in it to a sick, surfeited, or nauseous
+ stomach. But a clean and undebauched appetite renders
+ every thing sweet and delightful to a sound body, and (as
+ Homer expresses it) devourable.
+
+
+
As Demades told the Athenians, who unseasonably
+ made war, that they never treated of peace but in mourning, so we never think of a moderate and slender diet but
+ when we are in a fever or under a course of physic. But
+ when we are in these extremities, we diligently conceal our
+ enormities, though we remember them well enough; yet as
+ many do, we lay the blame of our illness now upon the air,
+ now upon the unhealthfulness of the place or the length
+ of a journey, to take it off from that intemperance and
+ luxury which was the cause of it. As Lysimachus, when
+ he was among the Scythians and constrained by his thirst,
+ delivered up himself and his army into captivity, but afterwards, drinking cold water, cried out, O ye Gods! for how
+ short a pleasure have I thrown away a great felicity! — so
+ in our sickness, we ought to consider with ourselves that,
+ for the sake of a draught of cold water, an unseasonable
+ bath, or good company, we spoil many of our delights as
+
+
+
+ well as our honorable business, and lose many pleasant
+ diversions. The remorse that arises from these considerations wounds the conscience, and sticks to us in our health
+ like a scar, to make us more cautious as to our diet. For
+ a healthful body does not breed any enormous appetite, or
+ such as we cannot prevail with or overcome. But we
+ ought to put on resolution against our extravagant desires
+ or efforts towards enjoyment, esteeming it a low and childish thing to give ear to their complaints and murmurings;
+ for they cease as soon as the cloth is taken away, and will
+ neither accuse you of injustice, nor think you have done
+ them wrong; but on the contrary, you will find them the
+ next day pure and brisk, no way clogged or nauseating. As
+ Timotheus said, when he had had a light philosophic dinner
+ the other day with Plato in the Academy, They who dine
+ with Plato never complain the next morning. It is reported that Alexander said, when he had turned off his
+ usual cooks, that he carried always better with him; for
+ his journeys by night recommended his dinner to him, and
+ the slenderness of his dinner recommended his supper.
+
+
+
I am not ignorant that fevers seize men upon a
+ fatigue or excess of heat or cold. But as the scent of flowers, which in itself is but faint, if mixed with oil is more
+ strong and fragrant; so an inward fulness gives, as it were,
+ a body and substance to external causes and beginnings of
+ sickness. For without this they could do no hurt, but
+ would vanish and fade away if there were lowness of
+ blood and pureness of spirit to receive the motion, which
+ in fulness and superabundance, as in disturbed mud, makes
+ all things polluted, troublesome, and hardly recoverable.
+ We ought not to imitate the good mariner who out of covetousness loads his ship hard and afterwards labors hard
+ to throw out the salt water, by first clogging and overcharging our bodies and endeavoring afterwards to clear
+ them by purges and clysters; but we ought to keep our
+
+
+
+ bodies in right order, that if at any time they should be
+ oppressed, their lightness may keep them up like a cork.
+
+
+
+
We ought chiefly to be careful in all predispositions
+ and forewarnings of sickness. For all distempers do not
+ invade us, as Hesiod expresses it, —
+
+
+
+ In silence, — for the Gods have struck them dumb;
+
+ Hesiod, Works and Days, 102.
+
+
+
+ but the most of them have ill digestion and a kind of a
+ laziness, which are the forerunners and harbingers that
+ give us warning. Sudden heaviness and weariness tell us
+ a distemper is not far off, as Hippocrates affirms, by reason
+ (it seems) of that fulness which doth oppress and load the
+ spirit in the nerves. Some men, when their bodies all but
+ contradict them and invite them to a couch and repose,
+ through gluttony and love of pleasure throw themselves
+ into a bath or make haste to some drinking meeting, as if
+ they were laying in for a siege; being mightily in fear lest
+ the fever should seize them before they have dined. Those
+ who pretend to more elegance are not caught in this manner, but foolishly enough; for, being ashamed to own their
+ qualms and debauch or to keep house all day, when others
+ call them to go with them to the gymnasium, they arise
+ and pull off their clothes with them, doing the same things
+ which they do that are in health. Intemperance and effeminacy make many fly for patronage to the proverb,
+ Wine is best after wine, and one debauch is the way to
+ drive out another. This excites their hopes, and persuades
+ and urges them to rise from their beds and rashly to fall
+ to their wonted excesses. Against which hope he ought
+ to set that prudent advice of Cato, when he says that great
+ things ought to be made less, and the lesser to be quite
+ left off; and that it is better to abstain to no purpose and
+ be at quiet, than to run ourselves into hazard by forcing
+ ourselves either to bath or dinner. For if there be any ill
+
+
+
+ in it, it is an injury to us that we did not watch over ourselves and refrain; but if there be none, it is no inconvenience to your body to have abstained and be made more
+ pure by it. He is but a child who is afraid lest his friends
+ and servants should perceive that he is sick either of a
+ surfeit or a debauch. He that is ashamed to confess the
+ crudity of his stomach to-day will to-morrow with shame
+ confess that he has either a diarrhoea, a fever, or the
+ griping in the guts. You think it is a disgrace to want,
+ but it is a greater disgrace to bear the crudity, heaviness, and
+ fulness of your body, when it has to be carried into the
+ bath, like a rotten and leaky boat into the sea. As some
+ seamen are ashamed to live on shore when there is a storm
+ at sea, yet when they are at sea lie shamefully crying and
+ retching to vomit; so in any suspicion or tendency of the
+ body to any disease, they think it an indecorum to keep
+ their bed one day and not to have their table spread, yet
+ most shamefully for many days together are forced to be
+ purged and plastered, flattering and obeying their physicians, asking for wine or cold water, being forced to do
+ and say many unseasonable and absurd things, by reason
+ of the pain and fear they are in. Those therefore who
+ cannot govern themselves on account of pleasures, but
+ yield to their lusts and are carried away by them, may
+ opportunely be taught and put in mind that they receive
+ the greatest share of their pleasures from their bodies.
+
+
+
And as the Spartans gave the cook vinegar and salt,
+ and bade him look for the rest in the victim, so in our
+ bodies, the best sauce to whatsoever is brought before us is
+ that our bodies are pure and in health. For any thing that
+ is sweet or costly is so in its own nature and apart from
+ any thing else; but it becomes sweet to the taste only when
+ it is in a body which is delighted with it and which is disposed as nature doth require. But in those bodies which
+ are foul, surfeited, and not pleased with it, it loses its beauty
+
+
+
+ and convenience. Wherefore we need not be concerned
+ whether fish be fresh or bread fine, or whether the bath be
+ warm or your she-friend a beauty; but whether you are
+ not squeamish and foul, whether you are not disturbed and
+ do not feel the dregs of yesterday's debauch. Otherwise
+ it will be as when some drunken revellers break into a
+ house where they are mourning, bringing neither mirth nor
+ pleasure with them, but increasing the lamentation. So
+ Venus, meats, baths, and wines, in a body that is crazy and
+ out of order, mingled with what is vitiated and corrupted,
+ stir up phlegm and choler, and create great trouble; neither
+ do they bring any pleasure that is answerable to their expectations, or worth either enjoying or speaking of.
+
+
+
A diet which is very exact and precisely according
+ to rule puts one's body both in fear and danger; it hinders
+ the gallantry of our soul itself, makes it suspicious of every
+ thing or of having to do with any thing, no less in pleasures
+ than in labors; so that it dares not undertake any thing
+ boldly and courageously. We ought to do by our body as
+ by the sail of a ship in fair and clear weather: — we must
+ not contract it and draw it in too much, nor be too remiss
+ or negligent about it when we have any suspicion upon us,
+ but give it some allowance and make it pliable (as we have
+ said), and not wait for crudities and diarrhoeas, or heat or
+ drowsiness, by which some, as by messengers and apparitors, are frighted and moderate themselves when a fever is
+ at hand; but we must long beforehand guard against the
+ storm, as if the north wind blew at sea.
+
+
+
It is absurd, as Democritus says, by the croaking of
+ ravens, the crowing of a cock, or the wallowing of a sow
+ in the mire, carefully to observe the signs of windy or rainy
+ weather, and not to prevent and guard ourselves against
+ the motions and fluctuations of our bodies or the indication of a distemper, nor to understand the signs of a storm
+ which is just ready to break forth within ourselves. So
+
+
+
+ that we are not only to observe our bodies as to meat and
+ exercise, whether they use them more sluggishly or unwillingly than they were wont; or whether we be more thirsty
+ and hungry than we use to be; but we are also to take care
+ as to our sleep, whether it be continued and easy, or
+ whether it be irregular and convulsive. For absurd dreams
+ and irregular and unusual fantasies show either abundance or thickness of humors, or else a disturbance of the
+ spirits within. For the motions of the soul show that the
+ body is nigh a distemper. For there are despondencies of
+ mind and fears that are without reason or any apparent
+ cause, which extinguish our hopes on a sudden. Some
+ there are that are sharp and prone to anger, whom a little
+ thing makes sad; and these cry and are in great trouble
+ when ill vapors and fumes meet together and (as Plato says)
+ are intermingled in the ways and passages of the soul.
+ Wherefore those to whom such things happen must consider and remember, that even if there be nothing spiritual,
+ there is some bodily cause which needs to be brought away
+ and purged.
+
+
+
Besides, it is profitable for him who visits his friends
+ in their sickness to enquire after the causes of it. Let us not
+ sophistically or impertinently discourse about lodgements,
+ irruptions of blood, and commonplaces, merely to show
+ our skill in the terms of art which are used in medicine.
+ But when we have with diligence heard such trivial and
+ common things discoursed of as fulness or emptiness,
+ weariness, lack of sleep, and (above all) the diet which the
+ patient kept before he fell sick, then, — as Plato used to
+ ask himself, after the miscarriage of other men he had
+ been with, Am not I also such a one? — so ought we to
+ take care by our neighbor's misfortunes, and diligently to
+ beware that we do not fall into them, and afterwards cry
+ out upon our sick-bed, How precious above all other things
+ is health! When another is in sickness, let it teach us
+
+
+
+ how valuable a treasure health is, which we ought to keep
+ and preserve with all possible care. Neither will it be
+ amiss for every man to look into his own diet. If therefore
+ we have been eating, drinking, laboring, or doing any thing
+ to excess, and our bodies give us no suspicion or hint of a
+ distemper, yet ought we nevertheless to stand upon our
+ guard and take care of ourselves, — if it be after venery
+ and labor, by giving of ourselves rest and quiet; if after
+ drinking of wine and feasting, by drinking of water; but
+ especially, after we have fed on flesh or solid meats or eaten
+ divers things, by abstinence, that we may leave no superfluity in our bodies; for these very things, as they are the
+ cause of many diseases, likewise administer matter and
+ force to other causes. Wherefore it was very well said,
+ that to eat — but not to satiety, to labor — but not to weariness, and to keep in nature, are of all things the most
+ healthful. For intemperance in venery takes away that
+ by which vigor our nourishment is elaborated, and causes
+ more superfluity and redundance.
+
+
+
But we shall begin and treat of each of these, and
+ first we shall discourse of those exercises which are proper
+ for a scholar. And as he that said he should prescribe
+ nothing for the teeth to them that dwelt by the seaside
+ taught them the benefit of the sea-water, so one would
+ think that there was no need of writing to scholars concerning exercise. For it is wonderful what an exercise the
+ daily use of speech is, not only as to health but even to
+ strength. I mean not fleshly and athletic health, or such
+ as makes one's external parts firm, like the outside of a
+ house, but such as gives a right tone and inward vigor to
+ the vital and noble parts. And that the vital spirit increases strength is made plain by them who anointed the
+ wrestlers, who commanded them, when their limbs were
+ rubbed, to withstand such frictions in some sort, in holding
+ their wind, observing carefully those parts of the body
+
+
+
+ which were smeared and rubbed.The text of this passage is uncertain, and probably corrupt. I have given Holland's version of the doubtful expressions. (G.) Now the voice, being
+ a motion of the spirit, not superficially but firmly seated
+ in the bowels, as it were in a fountain, increases the heat,
+ thins the blood, purges every vein, opens all the arteries,
+ neither does it permit the coagulation or condensation of
+ any superfluous humor, which would settle like dregs in
+ those vessels which receive and work our nourishment.
+ Wherefore we ought by much speaking to accustom ourselves to this exercise, and make it familiar to us; and if
+ we suspect that our bodies are weaker or more tired than
+ ordinary, by reading or reciting. For what riding in a
+ coach is compared with bodily exercise, that is reading
+ compared with disputing, if you carry your voice softly and
+ low, as it were in the chariot of another man's words.
+ For disputes bring with them a vehemence and contention,
+ adding the labor of the mind to that of the body. All
+ passionate noise, and such as would force our lungs, ought
+ to be avoided; for irregular and violent strains of our voice
+ may break something within us, or bring us into convulsions. But when a student has either read or disputed,
+ before he walks abroad, he ought to make use of a gentle
+ and tepid friction, to open the pores of his body, as much as
+ is possible, even to his very bowels, that so his spirits may
+ gently and quietly diffuse themselves to the extreme parts
+ of his body. The bounds that this friction ought not to
+ exceed are, that it be done no longer than it is pleasant to
+ our sense and without pain. For he that so allays the disturbance which is within himself and the agitation of his
+ spirits will not be troubled by that superfluity which remains in him; and if it be unseasonable for to walk, or if
+ his business hinder him, it is no great matter; for nature
+ has already received satisfaction. Whether one be at sea
+ or in a public inn, it is not necessary that he should be
+
+
+
+ silent, though all the company laugh at him. For where
+ it is no shame to eat, it is certainly no shame to exercise
+ yourself; but it is worse to stand in awe of and be troubled
+ with seamen, carriers, and innkeepers, that laugh at you
+ not because you play at ball or fight a shadow, but because
+ in your discourse you exercise yourself by teaching others,
+ or by enquiring and learning something yourself, or else by
+ calling to mind something. For Socrates said, he that
+ uses the exercise of dancing had need have a room big
+ enough to hold seven beds; but he that makes either singing or discourse his exercise may do it either standing or
+ lying in any place. But this one thing we must observe,
+ that when we are conscious to ourselves that we are too
+ full, or have been concerned with Venus, or labored hard,
+ we do not too much strain our voice, as so many rhetoricians and readers in philosophy do, some of whom out of
+ glory and ambition, some for reward or private contentions,
+ have forced themselves beyond what has been convenient.
+ Our Niger, when he was teaching philosophy in Galatia,
+ by chance swallowed the bone of a fish; but a stranger
+ coming to teach in his place, Niger, fearing he might run
+ away with his repute, continued to read his lectures, though
+ the bone still stuck in his throat; from whence a great and
+ hard inflammation arising, he, being unable to undergo the
+ pain, permitted a deep incision to be made, by which wound
+ the bone was taken out; but the wound growing worse,
+ and rheum falling upon it, it killed him. But this may be
+ mentioned hereafter in its proper place.
+
+
+
After exercise to use a cold bath is boyish, and has
+ more ostentation in it than health; for though it may seem
+ to harden our bodies and make them not so subject to outward accidents, yet it does more prejudice to the inward
+ parts, by hindering transpiration, fixing the rumors, and
+ condensing those vapors which love freedom and transpiration. Besides, necessity will force those who use cold
+
+
+
+ baths into that exact and accurate way of diet they would
+ so much avoid, and make them take care they be not in the
+ least extravagant, for every such error is sure to receive
+ a bitter reproof. But a warm bath is much more pardonable, for it does not so much destroy our natural vigor and
+ strength as it does conduce to our health, laying a soft and
+ easy foundation for concoction, preparing those things for
+ digestion which are not easily digested without any pain
+ (if they be not very crude and deep lodged), and fleeing
+ us from all inward weariness. But when we do sensibly
+ perceive our bodies to be indifferent well, or as they ought
+ to be, we should omit bathing, and anoint ourselves by the
+ fire; which is better if the body stand in need of heat, for
+ it dispenses a warmth throughout. But we should make
+ use of the sun more or less, as the temper of the air permits. So much may suffice to have been said concerning
+ exercises.
+
+
+
As for what has been said of diet before, if any part
+ of it be profitable in instructing us how we should allay
+ and bring down our appetites, there yet remains one thing
+ more to be advised: that if it be troublesome to treat one's
+ belly like one broke loose, and to contend with it though
+ it has no ears (as Cato said), then ought we to take care
+ that the quality of what we eat may make the quantity
+ more light; and we should eat cautiously of such food as
+ is solid and most nourishing (for it is hard always to refuse it), such as flesh, cheese, dried figs, and boiled eggs;
+ but more freely of those things which are thin and light,
+ such as moist herbs, fowl, and fish if it be not too fat; for
+ he that eats such things as these may gratify his appetite,
+ and yet not oppress his body. But ill digestion is chiefly
+ to be feared after flesh, for it presently very much clogs us
+ and leaves ill relics behind it. It would be best to accustom one's self to eat no flesh at all, for the earth affords
+ plenty enough of things fit not only for nourishment, but
+
+
+
+ for delight and enjoyment; some of which you may eat
+ without much preparation, and others you may make
+ pleasant by adding divers other things to them. But since
+ custom is almost a second nature, we may eat flesh, but
+ not to the cloying of our appetites, like wolves or lions,
+ but only to lay as it were a foundation and bulwark for our
+ nourishment, — and then come to other meats and sauces
+ which are more agreeable to the nature of our bodies and
+ do less dull our rational soul, which seems to be enlivened
+ by a light and brisk diet.
+
+
+
As for liquids, we should never make milk our drink,
+ but rather take it as food, it yielding much solid nourishment. As for wine, we must say to it what Euripides
+ said to Venus: —
+
+
+
+ Thy joys with moderation I would have,
+ And that I ne'er may want them humbly crave.
+
+
+ For wine is the most beneficial of all drinks, the pleasantest medicine in the world, and of all dainties the least
+ cloying to the appetite, provided more regard be given to
+ the opportunity of the time of drinking it than even to its
+ being properly mixed with water. Water, not only when
+ it is mixed with wine, but also if it be drunk by itself
+ between mixed wine and water, makes the mingled wine
+ the less hurtful. We should accustom ourselves therefore
+ in our daily diet to drink two or three glasses of water,
+ which will allay the strength of the wine, and make drinking of water familiar to our body, that so in a case of
+ necessity it may not be looked on as a stranger, and we be
+ offended at it. It so falls out, that some have then the
+ greatest inclination for wine when there is most need they
+ should drink water; for such men, when they have been
+ exposed to great heat of the sun, or have fallen into a
+ chill, or have been speaking vehemently, or have been
+ more than ordinarily thoughtful about any thing, or after
+ any fatigue or labor, are of the opinion that they ought to
+
+
+
+ drink wine, as if nature required some repose for the body
+ and some diversion after its labors. But nature requires
+ no such repose (if you will call pleasure repose), but desires only such an alteration as shall be between pleasure
+ and pain; in which case we ought to abate of our diet,
+ and either wholly abstain from wine, or drink it allayed
+ with very much mixture of water. For wine, being sharp
+ and fiery, increases the disturbances of the body, exasperates them, and wounds the parts affected; which stand
+ more in need of being comforted and smoothed, which
+ water does the best of any thing. If, when we are not
+ thirsty, we drink warm water after labor, exercise, or heat,
+ we find our inward parts loosened and smoothed by it; for
+ the moisture of water is gentle and not violent, but that of
+ wine carries a great force in it, which is no ways agreeable in the fore-mentioned cases. And if any one should
+ be afraid that abstinence would bring upon the bodythat
+ acrimony and bitterness which some say it will, he is like
+ those children who think themselves much wronged because
+ they may not eat just before the fit of a fever. The best
+ mean between both these is drinking of water. We oftentimes sacrifice to Bacchus himself without wine, doing very
+ well in accustoming ourselves not to be always desirous
+ of wine. Minos made the pipe and the crown be laid aside
+ at the sacrifice when there was mourning. And yet we
+ know an afflicted mind is not at all affected by either the
+ pipe or crown; but there is no body so strong, to which, in
+ commotion or a fever, wine does not do a great deal of
+ injury.
+
+
+
The Lydians are reported in a famine to have spent
+ one day in eating, and the next in sports and drollery. But
+ a lover of learning and a friend to the Muses, when at any
+ time he is forced to sup later than ordinary, will not be so
+ much a slave to his belly as to lay aside a geographical
+ scheme when it is before him, or his book, or his lyre; but
+
+
+
+ strenuously turning himself, and taking his mind off from
+ eating, he will in the Muses' name drive away all such desires, as so many Harpies, from his table. Will not the
+ Scythian in the midst 'of his cups oftentimes handle his
+ bow and twang the string, thereby rousing up himself from
+ that drunkenness in which he was immersed? Will a
+ Greek be afraid, because he is laughed at, by books and
+ letters gently to loosen and unbend any blind and obstinate
+ desire? The young men in Menander, when they were
+ drinking, were trepanned by a bawd, which brought in to
+ them a company of handsome and richly attired women;
+ but every one, as he said,
+
+
+
+ Cast down his eyes and fell to junketing, —
+
+
+ not one daring to look upon them. Lovers of learning
+ have many fair and pleasant diversions, if they can no
+ other way keep in their canine and brutish appetites
+ when they see the table spread. The bawling of such fellows as anoint wrestlers, and the opinion of pedagogues
+ that it hinders our nourishment and dulls one's head to
+ discourse of learning at table, are indeed of some force
+ then, when we are called upon to solve a fallacy like the
+ Indus or to dispute about the Kyrieuon at a feast. For
+ though the pith of the palm-tree is very sweet, yet they
+ say it will cause the headache. To discourse of logic at
+ meals is not indeed a very delicious banquet, is rather
+ troublesome, and pains one's head; but if there be any
+ who will not give us leave to discourse philosophically or
+ ask any question or read any thing at table, though it be
+ of those things which are not only decent and profitable
+ but also pleasantly merry, we will desire them not to
+ trouble us, but to talk in this style to the athletes in the
+ Xvstum and the Palaestra, who have laid aside their books
+ and are wont to spend their whole time in jeers and scurrilous jests, being, as Aristo wittily expresses it, smooth
+ and hard, like the pillars in the gymnasium. But we must
+
+
+
+ obey our physicians, who advise us to keep some interval
+ between supper and sleep, and not to heap up together a
+ great deal of victuals in our stomachs and so shorten our
+ breath (lest we presently by crude and fermenting aliment
+ overcharge our digestion), but rather to take some space
+ and breathing-time before we sleep. As those who have
+ a mind to exercise themselves after supper do not do it by
+ running or wrestling, but rather by gentle exercise, such
+ as walking or dancing; so when we intend to exercise our
+ minds after supper, we are not to do it with any thing of
+ business or care, or with those sophistical disputes which
+ bring us into a vain-glorious and violent contention. But
+ there are many questions in natural philosophy which are
+ easy to discuss and to decide; there are many disquisitions
+ which relate to manners, which please the mind (as Homer
+ expresses it) and do no way discompose it. Questions in
+ history and poetry have been by some ingeniously called
+ a second course to a learned man and a scholar. There
+ are discourses which are no way troublesome; and, besides,
+ fables may be told. Nay, it is easier to discourse of the
+ pipe and lyre, or hear them discoursed of, than it is to
+ hear either of them played on. The quantity of time
+ allowed for this exercise is till our meat be gently settled
+ within us, so that our digestion may have power enough
+ to master it.
+
+
+
Aristotle is of opinion that to walk after supper stirs
+ up our natural heat; but to sleep, if it be soon after, chokes
+ it. Others again say that rest aids digestion, and that motion disturbs it. Hence some walk immediately after supper;
+ others choose rather to keep themselves still. But that
+ man seems to obtain the design of both, who cherishes and
+ keeps his body quiet, not immediately suffering his mind
+ to become heavy and idle, but (as has been said) gently
+ distributing and lightening his spirits by either hearing or
+ speaking some pleasant thing, such as will neither molest
+ nor oppress him.
+
+
+
+
Medicinal vomits and purges, which are the bitter
+ reliefs of gluttony, are not to be attempted without great
+ necessity. The manner of many is to fill themselves because they are empty, and again, because they are full, to
+ empty themselves contrary to nature, being no less tormented with being full than being empty; or rather, they
+ are troubled at their fulness, as being a hindrance of their
+ appetite, and are always emptying themselves, that they
+ may make room for new enjoyment. The damage in these
+ cases is evident; for the body is disordered and torn by
+ both these. It is an inconvenience that always attends
+ a vomit, that it increases and gives nourishment to this
+ insatiable humor. For it engenders hunger, as violent and
+ turbulent as a roaring torrent, which continually annoys a
+ man, and forces him to his meat, not like a natural appetite that calls for food, but rather like inflammation that
+ calls for plasters and physic. Wherefore his pleasures are
+ short and imperfect, and in the enjoyment are very furious
+ and unquiet; upon which there come distentions, and
+ affections of the pores, and retentions of the spirits, which
+ will not wait for the natural evacuations, but run over the
+ surface of the body, so that it is like an overloaded ship,
+ where it is more necessary to throw something overboard
+ than to take any thing more in. Those disturbances in our
+ bellies which are caused by physic corrupt and consume
+ our inward parts, and do rather increase our superfluous
+ humors than bring them away; which is as if one that was
+ troubled at the number of Greeks that inhabited the city,
+ should call in the Arabians and Scythians.
+
Some are so much mistaken that, in order that they may
+ void their customary and natural superfluities, they take
+ Cnidian-berries or scammony, or some other harsh and incongruous physic, which is more fit to be carried away by
+ purge than it is able to purge us. It is best therefore by a
+ moderate and regular diet to keep our body in order, so
+
+
+
+ that it may command itself as to fulness or emptiness. If
+ at any time there be a necessity, we may take a vomit, but
+ without physic or much tampering, and such a one as will
+ not cause any great disturbance, only enough to save us
+ from indigestion by casting up gently what is superfluous.
+ For as linen cloths, when they are washed with soap and
+ nitre, are more worn out than when they are washed with
+ water only, so physical vomits corrupt and destroy the
+ body. If at any time we are costive, there is no medicine
+ better than some sort of food which will purge you gently
+ and with ease, the trial of which is familiar to all, and the
+ use without any pain. But if it will not yield to those, we
+ may drink water for some days, or fast, or take a clyster,
+ rather than take any troublesome purging physic; which
+ most men are inclined to do, like that sort of women
+ which take things on purpose to miscarry, that they may
+ be empty and begin afresh.
+
+
+
But to be done with these, there are some on the
+ other side who are too exact in enjoining themselves to
+ periodical and set fasts, doing amiss in teaching nature to
+ want coercion when there is no occasion for it, and making that abstinence necessary which is not so, and all this
+ at times when nature requires her accustomed way of living. It is better to use those injunctions we lay upon our
+ bodies with more freedom, even when we have no ill symptom or suspicion upon us; and so to order our diet (as has
+ been said), that our bodies may be always obedient to any
+ change, and not be enslaved or tied up to one manner of
+ living, nor so exact in regarding the times, numbers, and
+ periods of our actions. For it is a life neither safe, easy,
+ politic, nor like a man, but more like the life of an oyster
+ or the trunk of a tree, to live so without any variety, and
+ in restraint as to our meat, abstinence, motion, and rest;
+ casting ourselves into a gloomy, idle, solitary, unsociable,
+ and inglorious way of living, far remote from the administration
+
+
+
+ of the state, — at least (I may say) in my
+ opinion.
+
+
+
For health is not to be purchased by sloth and idleness, for those are chief inconveniences of sickness; and
+ there is no difference between him who thinks to enjoy his
+ health by idleness and quiet, and him who thinks to preserve his eyes by not using them, and his voice by not
+ speaking. For such a man's health will not be any advantage to him in the performance of many things he is
+ obliged to do as a man. Idleness can never be said to conduce to health, for it destroys the very end of it. Nor is
+ it true that they are the most healthful that do least. For
+ Xenocrates was not more healthful than Phocion, or Theophrastus than Demetrius. It signified nothing to Epicurus
+ or his followers, as to that so much talked of good habit
+ of body, that they declined all business, though it were
+ never so honorable. We ought to preserve the natural
+ constitution of our bodies by other means, knowing every
+ part of our life is capable of sickness and health.
+
The contrary advice to that which Plato gave his scholars is to be given to those who are concerned in public
+ business. For he was wont to say, whenever he left his
+ school; Go to, my boys, see that you employ your leisure
+ in some honest sport and pastime. Now to those that are
+ in public office our advice is, that they bestow their labor
+ on honest and necessary things, not tiring their bodies with
+ small or inconsiderable things. For most men upon accident torment themselves with watchings, journeyings, and
+ running up and down, for no advantage and with no good
+ design, but only that they may do others an injury, or because they envy them or are competitors with them, or
+ because they hunt after unprofitable and empty glory. To
+ such as these I think Democritus chiefly spoke when he
+ said, that if the body should summon the soul before a
+ court on an action for ill-treatment, the soul would lose the
+
+
+
+ case. And perhaps on the other hand Theophrastus spoke
+ well, when he said metaphorically, that the soul pays a
+ dear house-rent to its landlord the body. But still the
+ body is very much more inconvenienced by the soul, when
+ it is used beyond reason and there is not care enough taken
+ of it. For when it is in passion, action, or any concern,
+ it does not at all consider the body. Jason, being somewhat out of humor, said, that in little things we ought not
+ to stand upon justice, so that in greater things we may be
+ sure to do it. We, and that in reason, advise any public
+ man to trifle and play with little things, and in such cases
+ to indulge himself, so that in worthy and great concerns
+ he may not bring a dull, tired, and weary body, but one
+ that is the better for having lain still, like a ship in the
+ dock, that when the soul has occasion again to call it into
+ business, it may run with her, like a sucking colt with
+ the mare.
+
+
+
+
Upon which account, when business gives us leave,
+ we ought to refresh our bodies, grudging them neither
+ sleep nor dinner nor that ease which is the medium between pain and pleasure; not taking that course which
+ most men do, who thereby wear out their bodies by the
+ many changes they expose them to, making them like hot
+ iron thrown into cold water, by softening and troubling
+ them with pleasures, after they have been very much
+ strained and oppressed with labor. And on the other
+ side, after they have opened their bodies and made them
+ tender either by wine or venery, they exercise them either
+ at the bar or at court, or enter upon some other business
+ which requires earnest and vigorous action. Heraclitus,
+ when he was in a dropsy, desired his physician to bring a
+ drought upon his body, for it had a glut of rain. Most
+ men are very much in the wrong who, after being tired or
+ having labored or fasted, moisten (as it were) and dissolve
+ their bodies in pleasure, and again force and distend them
+
+
+
+ after those pleasures. Nature does not require that we
+ should make the body amends at that rate. But an intemperate and slavish mind, so soon as it is free from labor,
+ like a sailor, runs insolently into pleasures and delights,
+ and again falls upon business, so that nature can have no
+ rest or leave to enjoy that temper and calmness which
+ it does desire, but is troubled and tormented by all this
+ irregularity. Those that have any discretion never so much
+ as offer pleasure to the body when it is laboring, — for at
+ such times they do not require it at all, — nor do they so
+ much as think of it, their minds being intent upon that
+ employ they are in, either the delight or diligence of the
+ soul getting the mastery over all other desires. Epaminondas is reported wittily to have said of a good man that
+ died about the time of the battle of Leuctra, How came
+ he to have so much leisure as to die, when there was so
+ much business stirring? It may truly be asked concerning
+ a man that is either of public employ or a scholar, What
+ time can such a man spare, either to debauch his stomach
+ or be drunk or lascivious? For such men, after they have
+ done their business, allow quiet and repose to their bodies,
+ reckoning not only unprofitable pains but unnecessary
+ pleasures to be enemies to nature, and avoiding them as
+ such.
+
+
+
I have heard that Tiberius Caesar was wont to say,
+ that he was a ridiculous man that held forth his hand to
+ a physician after sixty. But it seems to me to be a little
+ too severely said. But this is certain, that every man
+ ought to have skill in his own pulse, for it is very different
+ in every man; neither ought he to be ignorant of the temper of his own body, as to heat and cold, or what things
+ do him good, and what hurt. For he has no sense, and is
+ both a blind and lame inhabitant of his body, that must
+ learn these things from another, and must ask his physicians whether it is better with him in winter or summer;
+
+
+
+ or whether moist or dry things agree best with him,
+ or whether his pulse be frequent or slow. For it is necessary and easy to know such things by custom and experience. It is convenient to understand more what meats
+ and drinks are wholesome than what are pleasant, and to
+ have more skill in what is good for the stomach than in
+ what seems good to the mouth, and in those things that
+ are easy of digestion than in those that gratify our palate.
+ For it is no less scandalous to ask a physician what is easy
+ and what is hard of digestion, and what will agree with
+ your stomach and what not, than it is to ask what is sweet,
+ and what bitter, and what sour. They nowadays correct
+ their cooks, being able well enough to tell what is too
+ sweet, too salt, or too sour, but themselves do not know
+ what will be light or easy of digestion, and agreeable to
+ them. Therefore in the seasoning of broth they seldom
+ err, but they do so scurvily pickle themselves every day as to
+ afford work enough for the physician. For that pottage
+ is not accounted best that is the sweetest, but they mingle
+ bitter and sweet together. But they force the body to partake of many, and those cloying pleasures, either not knowing, or not remembering, that to things that are good and
+ wholesome nature adds a pleasure unmingled with any
+ regret or repentance afterward. We ought also to know
+ what things are cognate and convenient to our bodies, and
+ be able to direct a proper diet to any one upon any change
+ of weather or other circumstance.
+
+
+
As for those inconveniences which sordidness and
+ poverty bring upon many, as gathering of fruit, continual
+ labor, and running about, and want of rest, which fall
+ heavy upon the weaker parts of the body and such as are
+ inwardly infirm, we need not fear that any man of employ
+ or scholar — to whom our present discourse belongs — should
+ be troubled with them. But there is a severe sort of sordidness as to their studies, which they ought to avoid, by which
+
+
+
+ they are forced many times to neglect their body, oftentimes
+ denying it a supply when it has (lone its work, making the
+ mortal part of us do its share in work as well as the immortal, and the earthly part as much as the heavenly. But,
+ as the ox said to his fellow-servant the camel, when he
+ refused to ease him of his burthen, It won't be long before
+ you carry my burthen and me too: which fell out to be
+ true, when the ox died. So it happens to the mind, when
+ it refuses that little relaxation and comfort which it needs
+ in its labor; for a little while after a fever or vertigo seizes
+ us, and then reading, discoursing, and disputing must be
+ laid aside, and it is forced to partake of the body's distemper. Plato therefore rightly exhorts us not to employ
+ the mind without the body, nor the body without the mind,
+ but to drive them equally like a pair of horses; and when
+ at any time the body toils and labors with the mind, then
+ to be the more careful of it, and thus to gain its wellbeloved health, believing that it obliges us with the best
+ of things when it is no impediment to our knowledge
+ and enjoyment of virtue, either in business or discourse.
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+ Conjugalia Praecepta
+
+
+ Advice to Bride and Groom
+ Plutarch. Moralia, Vol. II. Babbitt, Frank Cole, translator. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1928 (printing).
+
+
+
+ Conjugal Precepts
+ Plutarch. Plutarch's Morals, Vol. II. Goodwin, William W., editor; Philips, John, translator. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. Cambridge. 1874.
+
+
+
+ Γαμικὰ παραγγέλματα
+ Plutarch. Plutarchi Chaeronensis Moralia, Vol I. Vernardakēs, Grēgorios N., editor;
+ Leipzig: Teubner. 1888.
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