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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>The Mothers of Tech</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./bootstrap.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<header class="main-header">
<h1>Mothers of Technology</h1>
<ul class="menu">
<li>
<a href="#grace-hopper">Grace Hopper</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#katherine-johnson">Katherine Johnson</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#ada-lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a>
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</ul>
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<section class="content">
<div class="picture-title">
<img src="img/grace-hopper.jpg" alt="Grace Hopper">
<h2 id="grace-hopper">Grace Hopper </h2>
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<p>Called the Queen of Software by some and Grandma COBOL by others, Navy Rear Admiral Grace Hopper helped invent some of the early English-language programming languages. She is most famously associated with the Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL), which was based on the FLOW-MATIC language that she designed back in 1958.</p>
<p>Before the invention of such language-based programming, computers spoke exclusively in binary code, which was illegible to human beings. Hopper was convinced that if programming were produced in a form that anyone could read, then there would be more programmers. It turns out that she was right.</p>
<p>While COBOL isn’t exactly the cutting edge of programming technology today, it still has a faithful following. In fact, in a recent Computerworld survey, 53 percent of the organizations that responded said that they were using COBOL to build new business applications.</p>
<div class="links">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" class="wiki-link">Grace Hopper - Wikipedia</a><a href="#menu" class="back-link">Back to Top</a>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="picture-title">
<img src="img/katherine-johnson.jpg" alt="Katherine Johnson">
<h2 id="katherine-johnson">Katherine Johnson</h2>
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<p>Being handpicked to be one of three black students to integrate West Virginia’s graduate schools is something that many people would consider one of their life’s most notable moments, but it’s just one of several breakthroughs that have marked Katherine Johnson’s long and remarkable life. Born in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia in 1918, Katherine Johnson’s intense curiosity and brilliance with numbers vaulted her ahead several grades in school. By thirteen, she was attending the high school on the campus of historically black West Virginia State College. At eighteen, she enrolled in the college itself, where she made quick work of the school’s math curriculum and found a mentor in math professor W. W. Schieffelin Claytor, the third African American to earn a PhD in Mathematics. Katherine graduated with highest honors in 1937 and took a job teaching at a black public school in Virginia. In 1952 she joined the all-black West Area Computing section at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics’ (NACA’s) Langley laboratory. In 1958, NACA became NASA.</p>
<p>In 1962, as NASA prepared for the orbital mission of John Glenn, Katherine Johnson was called upon to do the work that she would become most known for. The complexity of the orbital flight had required the construction of a worldwide communications network, linking tracking stations around the world to IBM computers in Washington, DC, Cape Canaveral, and Bermuda. The computers had been programmed with the orbital equations that would control the trajectory of the capsule in Glenn’s Friendship 7 mission, from blast off to splashdown, but the astronauts were wary of putting their lives in the care of the electronic calculating machines, which were prone to hiccups and blackouts. As a part of the preflight checklist, Glenn asked engineers to “get the girl”—Katherine Johnson—to run the same numbers through the same equations that had been programmed into the computer, but by hand, on her desktop mechanical calculating machine. “If she says they’re good,’” Katherine Johnson remembers the astronaut saying, “then I’m ready to go.” Glenn’s flight was a success, and marked a turning point in the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in space.</p>
<div class="links">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" class="wiki-link">Katherine Johnson - Wikipedia</a><a href="#menu" class="back-link">Back to Top</a>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="picture-title">
<img src="img/ada-lovelace.jpg" alt="Ada Lovelace">
<h2 id="ada-lovelace">Ada Lovelace</h2>
</div>
<p>Ada Lovelace was unique in that she developed an algorithm for a computer that didn’t yet exist — an accomplishment that some say qualifies her as the world’s first computer programmer.</p>
<p>Born to English nobility in 1815, Lovelace was put to work by Charles Babbage in 1843, documenting his never-to-be-realized “computer,” the Analytical Engine. Starting with a document written in French by Luigi Menabrea, an Italian mathematician, Lovelace added extensive notes to the English translation, including the world’s first computer algorithm.</p>
<p>The Analytical Engine was intended to count Bernoulli numbers, but Babbage was unsuccessful in getting the funding to build his machine. Notably, Lovelace was able to see the potential for the computer beyond simple math.</p>
<p> <em>“Many persons who are not conversant with mathematical studies imagine that because the business of [Babbage’s Analytical Engine] is to give its results in numerical notation, the nature of its processes must consequently be arithmetical and numerical, rather than algebraical and analytical. This is an error. The engine can arrange and combine its numerical quantities exactly as if they were letters or any other general symbols; and in fact it might bring out its results in algebraical notation, were provisions made accordingly,”</em> Lovelace wrote in the Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage, Esq.</p>
<div class="links">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" class="wiki-link">Ada Lovelace - Wikipedia</a><a href="#menu" class="back-link">Back to Top</a>
</div>
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