We've spent a lot of time on building and using your own containers so that you understand how Singularity works. Now let's talk more about the Singularity Container Services and Docker Hub.
Docker Hub hosts over 100,000 pre-built, ready-to-use containers. And the Container Library has a large and growing number of pre-built containers. We've already talked about pulling and building containers from Docker Hub and the Container Library, but there are more details you should be aware of.
First, Docker Hub and the Container Library both have a concept of a tagged image. Tags make it convenient for developers to release several different versions of the same container. For instance, if you wanted to specify that you need Debian version 9, you could do so like this:
$ singularity pull library://debian:9
Or within a definition file:
Bootstrap: library
From: debian:9
The syntax is similar to specify a tagged container from Docker Hub.
There is a special tag in both the Singularity Library and Docker Hub called latest. If you omit the :<tag> suffix from your pull or build command or from within your definition file you will get the container tagged with latest by default. This sometimes causes confusion if the latest tag doesn't exist for a particular container and an error is encountered. In that case a tag must be supplied.
Tags are not immutable and may change without warning. For insance, the latest tag is automatically assigned to the latest build of a container in Docker Hub. So pulling by tag (or pulling latest by default) can result in your pulling 2 different images with the same command. If you are interested in pulling the same container multiple times, you should pull by the hash. Continuing with our Debian 9 example, this will ensure that you get the same one even if the developers change that tag:
$ singularity pull library://debian:sha256.b92c7fdfcc6152b983deb9fde5a2d1083183998c11fb3ff3b89c0efc7b240448
The syntax to do the same from Docker Hub is a bit different:
$ singularity pull docker://debian@sha256:f17410575376cc2ad0f6f172699ee825a51588f54f6d72bbfeef6e2fa9a57e2f
Let's think about this command:
$ singularity pull library://debian
When you run that command there are several default values that are provided for you to allow Singularity to build an entire URI. This is what the full command actually looks like:
$ singularity pull library://library/default/debian:latest
This container is being pulled from the URI library, the entity library, the collection default, and the tag latest. If you try this shorthand version of the command with the lolcow container, you will find that it fails:
$ singularity pull library://lolcow
FATAL: While pulling library image: image lolcow:latest (amd64) does not exist in the library
There is no default container called lolcow within the library and default entity and collection. For that container to work properly, you must supply the entity (godlovedc) and the collection (funny) like so:
$ singularity pull library://godlovedc/funny/lolcow
Similarly, when pulling from Docker Hub there are some intelligent defaults supplied. Consider the following command:
$ singularity pull docker://godlovedc/lolcow
When executed this is the command that Singularity actually acts on:
$ singularity pull docker://index.docker.io/godlovedc/lolcow:latest
In this example the registry (index.docker.io) and the tag (latest) are implied. When downloading special images like Debian and Ubuntu, the user (godovedc in the above command) can also be implied. These values may need to be manually supplied for some containers on Docker Hub or to download from different registries like Quay.io.
When you build and or run a container, you are running someone else's code on your system. Doing so comes with certain inherent security risks. The blog posts here and here provide some background on the kinds of security concerns containers can cause.
Container security is a large topic and we cannot cover all of the facets in this class, but here are a few general guidelines.
- Don't build containers from untrusted sources or run them as root
- Review the
runscriptbefore you run it - Use the
--no-homeand--contain-alloptions when running an unfamiliar container - Establish your level of trust with a container
The last point is particularly important and can be accomplished in a few different ways.
The Docker team works with upstream maintainers (like Canonical, CentOS, etc.) to create Official images. They've been reviewed by humans, scanned for vulnerabilities, and approved.
There are a series of steps that upstream maintainers can perform to produce Certified images. This includes a standard of best practices and some baseline testing.
Singularity gives image maintainers the ability to cryptographically sign images and downstream users can use builtin tools to verify that these images are bit-for-bit reproductions of the originals. This removes any dependencies on web infrastructure and prevents a specific type of time-of-check to time-of-use (TOCTOU) attack.
This model also differs from the Docker model of trust because the decision of whether or not to trust a particular image is left to the user and maintainer. Sylabs does not "vouch" for a particular set of images the way that Docker does. It's up to users to obtain fingerprints from maintainers and to judge whether or not they trust a particular maintainer's image.
Docker Hub allows you to save a Docker File (Docker's version of a Singularity definition file) to a GitHub repo and then link that repo to a Docker Hub repo. Every time a new commit is pushed to the GitHub repo, a new container will be built on Docker Hub.
For instance, the godlovedc/lolcow container is linked to the GodloveD/lolcow repo on GitHub.
The Singularity Remote Builder offers a few different ways to build your containers. You can compose a definition file or drag-and-drop using the web GUI. Or you can log in and create an access token. This allows you to do nifty things like search the Cloud Library with the search command and build containers from the command line using --remote option.
Here's a quick example. First, I'll use the remote login command to generate a token:
$ singularity remote login SylabsCloud
INFO: Authenticating with remote: SylabsCloud
Generate an API Key at https://cloud.sylabs.io/auth/tokens, and paste here:
API Key:
INFO: API Key Verified!
I had to actually visit the website, create the token and copy the text into the prompt (which does not echo to the screen).
Now I can search for users, collections, and containers like so:
$ singularity search wine
No users found for 'wine'
No collections found for 'wine'
Found 1 containers for 'wine'
library://godloved/base/wine
Tags: latest
And I can also use the --remote option to build my containers. Note that this does not require root!
$ cat alpine.def
Bootstrap: library
From: alpine
%post
echo "Install stuff here"
$ singularity build --remote alpine.sif alpine.def
INFO: Remote "default" added.
INFO: Authenticating with remote: default
INFO: API Key Verified!
INFO: Remote "default" now in use.
INFO: Starting build...
INFO: Downloading library image
INFO: Running post scriptlet
Install stuff here
+ echo 'Install stuff here'
INFO: Creating SIF file...
INFO: Build complete: /tmp/image-302588342
WARNING: Skipping container verifying
2.59 MiB / 2.59 MiB 100.00% 26.13 MiB/s 0s
INFO: Build complete: alpine.sif
$ ls alpine.sif
alpine.sif
$ singularity shell alpine.sif
Singularity> cat /etc/os-release
NAME="Alpine Linux"
ID=alpine
VERSION_ID=3.9.2
PRETTY_NAME="Alpine Linux v3.9"
HOME_URL="https://alpinelinux.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.alpinelinux.org/"
Singularity> exit
student@sing-class2:~$
The build happens transparently. Even though we are building on the cloud, it looks like the container is built right here on our system and it downloads automatically.
You can generate a new PGP key with the key command like so:
$ singularity key newpair
Enter your name (e.g., John Doe) : Class Admin
Enter your email address (e.g., [email protected]) : [email protected]
Enter optional comment (e.g., development keys) : This is an example key for a class
Enter a passphrase :
Retype your passphrase :
Would you like to push it to the keystore? [Y,n] y
Generating Entity and OpenPGP Key Pair... done
Key successfully pushed to: https://keys.sylabs.io
This lets you cryptographically sign the container you just created with the sign command:
$ singularity sign alpine.sif
Signing image: alpine.sif
Enter key passphrase :
Signature created and applied to alpine.sif
The you can push it to the library like so:
$ singularity push alpine.sif library://godloved/base/alpine:latest
INFO: Container is trusted - run 'singularity key list' to list your trusted keys
2.59 MiB / 2.59 MiB [========================================================] 100.00% 10.72 MiB/s 0s
Then when others pull the container they can use the verify command to make sure that it has not been tampered with.
$ singularity verify alpine.sif
Container is signed by 1 key(s):
Verifying partition: FS:
73B905527AB1AA3929B6A736A47CBE85B37CB086
[LOCAL] Class Admin (This is an example key for a class) <[email protected]>
[OK] Data integrity verified
INFO: Container verified: alpine.sif
NOTE
Anyone can sign a container. So just because a container is signed, does not mean it should be trusted. Users must obtain the fingerprint associated with a given maintainer's key and compare it with that displayed by the verify command to ensure that the container is authentic. After that it is up to the user to decide if they trust the maintainer.