diff --git a/src/base/integrator.cpp b/src/base/integrator.cpp
index 3894fdab..1df4262e 100644
--- a/src/base/integrator.cpp
+++ b/src/base/integrator.cpp
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ void ProgressiveIntegrator::Instance::_render_one_camera(
 
     auto pixel_count = resolution.x * resolution.y;
     sampler()->reset(command_buffer, resolution, pixel_count, spp);
-    command_buffer << pipeline().printer().reset();
     command_buffer << compute::synchronize();
 
     LUISA_INFO(
@@ -92,9 +91,6 @@ void ProgressiveIntegrator::Instance::_render_one_camera(
         for (auto i = 0u; i < s.spp; i++) {
             command_buffer << render(sample_id++, s.point.time, s.point.weight)
                                   .dispatch(resolution);
-            if (auto &&p = pipeline().printer(); !p.empty()) {
-                command_buffer << p.retrieve();
-            }
             dispatch_count++;
             if (camera->film()->show(command_buffer)) { dispatch_count = 0u; }
             auto dispatches_per_commit = 4u;
diff --git a/src/base/pipeline.cpp b/src/base/pipeline.cpp
index e39c764c..be2c2e82 100644
--- a/src/base/pipeline.cpp
+++ b/src/base/pipeline.cpp
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ namespace luisa::render {
 inline Pipeline::Pipeline(Device &device) noexcept
     : _device{device},
       _bindless_array{device.create_bindless_array(bindless_array_capacity)},
-      _general_buffer_arena{luisa::make_unique<BufferArena>(device, 16_M)},
-      _printer{luisa::make_unique<compute::Printer>(device)} {}
+      _general_buffer_arena{luisa::make_unique<BufferArena>(device, 16_M)} {}
 
 Pipeline::~Pipeline() noexcept = default;
 
@@ -46,7 +45,6 @@ luisa::unique_ptr<Pipeline> Pipeline::create(Device &device, Stream &stream, con
     auto pipeline = luisa::make_unique<Pipeline>(device);
     pipeline->_transform_matrices.resize(transform_matrix_buffer_size);
     pipeline->_transform_matrix_buffer = device.create_buffer<float4x4>(transform_matrix_buffer_size);
-    stream << pipeline->printer().reset();
     auto initial_time = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
     for (auto c : scene.cameras()) {
         if (c->shutter_span().x < initial_time) {
diff --git a/src/base/pipeline.h b/src/base/pipeline.h
index c1459b3c..bef34ad9 100644
--- a/src/base/pipeline.h
+++ b/src/base/pipeline.h
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ using compute::Image;
 using compute::Mesh;
 using compute::PixelStorage;
 using compute::Polymorphic;
-using compute::Printer;
 using compute::Ray;
 using compute::Resource;
 using compute::Triangle;
@@ -94,7 +93,6 @@ class Pipeline {
     Buffer<float4x4> _transform_matrix_buffer;
     luisa::unordered_map<luisa::string, uint> _named_ids;
     // other things
-    luisa::unique_ptr<Printer> _printer;
     float _initial_time{};
     bool _any_dynamic_transform{false};
     bool _any_non_opaque_surface{false};
@@ -214,8 +212,6 @@ class Pipeline {
     [[nodiscard]] const PhaseFunction::Instance *build_phasefunction(CommandBuffer &command_buffer, const PhaseFunction *phasefunction) noexcept;
     bool update(CommandBuffer &command_buffer, float time) noexcept;
     void render(Stream &stream) noexcept;
-    [[nodiscard]] auto &printer() noexcept { return *_printer; }
-    [[nodiscard]] auto &printer() const noexcept { return *_printer; }
     [[nodiscard]] uint named_id(luisa::string_view name) const noexcept;
     template<typename T, typename I>
     [[nodiscard]] auto buffer(I &&i) const noexcept { return _bindless_array->buffer<T>(std::forward<I>(i)); }
diff --git a/src/compute b/src/compute
index 1b31b9a2..56408d53 160000
--- a/src/compute
+++ b/src/compute
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 1b31b9a24b8ed7f3618b03faa07efa523e19a2d0
+Subproject commit 56408d53b641b998e372eca15a14c1b9c06e292e
diff --git a/src/integrators/mega_vpt.cpp b/src/integrators/mega_vpt.cpp
index eca385f1..ad941dfa 100644
--- a/src/integrators/mega_vpt.cpp
+++ b/src/integrators/mega_vpt.cpp
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::
             wo_local = shading.world_to_local(wo);
             wi_local = shading.world_to_local(wi);
         };
-        pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location(
+        device_log(
             "wo_local: ({}, {}, {}), wi_local: ({}, {}, {})",
             wo_local.x, wo_local.y, wo_local.z,
             wi_local.x, wi_local.y, wi_local.z);
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::
         SampledSpectrum Li{swl.dimension(), 0.f};
         SampledSpectrum r_u{swl.dimension(), 1.f}, r_l{swl.dimension(), 1.f};
         auto rr_depth = node<MegakernelVolumePathTracing>()->rr_depth();
-        auto medium_tracker = MediumTracker(pipeline().printer());
+        MediumTracker medium_tracker;
 
         // functions
         auto le_zero = [](auto b) noexcept { return b <= 0.f; };
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::
             auto it = pipeline().geometry()->intersect(ray);
             $if(!it->valid()) { $break; };
 
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("depth={}", depth_track + 1u);
+            device_log("depth={}", depth_track + 1u);
 
             $if(it->shape().has_medium()) {
                 auto surface_tag = it->shape().surface_tag();
@@ -128,39 +128,37 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::
                 // deal with medium tracker
                 auto surface_event = event(swl, it, time, -ray->direction(), ray->direction());
                 pipeline().surfaces().dispatch(surface_tag, [&](auto surface) {
-                    pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("surface event={}", surface_event);
+                    device_log("surface event={}", surface_event);
                     // update medium tracker
                     $switch(surface_event) {
                         $case(Surface::event_enter) {
                             medium_tracker.enter(medium_priority, medium_info);
-                            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("enter: priority={}, medium_tag={}", medium_priority, medium_tag);
+                            device_log("enter: priority={}, medium_tag={}", medium_priority, medium_tag);
                         };
                         $case(Surface::event_exit) {
                             $if(medium_tracker.exist(medium_priority, medium_info)) {
                                 medium_tracker.exit(medium_priority, medium_info);
-                                pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("exit exist: priority={}, medium_tag={}", medium_priority, medium_tag);
+                                device_log("exit exist: priority={}, medium_tag={}", medium_priority, medium_tag);
                             }
                             $else {
                                 medium_tracker.enter(medium_priority, medium_info);
-                                pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("exit nonexistent: priority={}, medium_tag={}", medium_priority, medium_tag);
+                                device_log("exit nonexistent: priority={}, medium_tag={}", medium_priority, medium_tag);
                             };
                         };
                     };
                 });
             };
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("medium tracker size={}", medium_tracker.size());
+            device_log("medium tracker size={}", medium_tracker.size());
             auto dir = ray->direction();
             auto origin = ray->origin();
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("ray->origin()=({}, {}, {})", origin.x, origin.y, origin.z);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("ray->direction()=({}, {}, {})", dir.x, dir.y, dir.z);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("it->p()=({}, {}, {})", it->p().x, it->p().y, it->p().z);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("it->shape().has_medium()={}", it->shape().has_medium());
-            pipeline().printer().verbose("");
+            device_log("ray->origin()=({}, {}, {})", origin.x, origin.y, origin.z);
+            device_log("ray->direction()=({}, {}, {})", dir.x, dir.y, dir.z);
+            device_log("it->p()=({}, {}, {})", it->p().x, it->p().y, it->p().z);
+            device_log("it->shape().has_medium()={}", it->shape().has_medium());
             ray = it->spawn_ray(ray->direction());
             depth_track += 1u;
         };
-        pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("Final medium tracker size={}", medium_tracker.size());
-        pipeline().printer().verbose("");
+        device_log("Final medium tracker size={}", medium_tracker.size());
 
         ray = camera_ray;
         auto pdf_bsdf = def(1e16f);
@@ -177,10 +175,10 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::
             auto it = pipeline().geometry()->intersect(ray);
             auto has_medium = it->shape().has_medium();
 
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("depth={}", depth + 1u);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("before: medium tracker size={}, priority={}, tag={}",
+            device_log("depth={}", depth + 1u);
+            device_log("before: medium tracker size={}, priority={}, tag={}",
                                                        medium_tracker.size(), medium_tracker.current().priority, medium_tracker.current().medium_tag);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("it->p(): ({}, {}, {})", it->p().x, it->p().y, it->p().z);
+            device_log("it->p(): ({}, {}, {})", it->p().x, it->p().y, it->p().z);
 
             // sample the participating medium
             $if(!medium_tracker.vacuum()) {
@@ -239,13 +237,13 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::
                                     UInt medium_event = Medium::sample_event(pAbsorb, pScatter, pNull, um);
                                     // don't use switch-case here, because of local variable definition
                                     $if(medium_event == Medium::event_absorb) {
-                                        pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("Absorb");
+                                        device_log("Absorb");
                                         // Handle absorption along ray path
                                         terminated = true;
                                         ans = false;
                                     }
                                     $elif(medium_event == Medium::event_scatter) {
-                                        pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("Scatter");
+                                        device_log("Scatter");
                                         // Handle scattering along ray path
                                         // Stop path sampling if maximum depth has been reached
                                         depth += 1u;
@@ -351,7 +349,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::
                                                     scattered = true;
                                                     auto p = closure_p->ray()->origin();
                                                     ray = make_ray(p, ps.wi);
-                                                    pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location(
+                                                    device_log(
                                                         "Medium scattering event at depth={}, p=({}, {}, {})",
                                                         depth, p.x, p.y, p.z);
                                                 };
@@ -360,7 +358,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::
                                         };
                                     }
                                     $elif(medium_event == Medium::event_null) {
-                                        pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("Null");
+                                        device_log("Null");
                                         // Handle null scattering along ray path
                                         SampledSpectrum sigma_n = max(sigma_maj - closure_p->sigma_a() - closure_p->sigma_s(), 0.f);
                                         Float pdf = T_maj[0u] * sigma_n[0u];
@@ -385,7 +383,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::
                             $continue;
                         };
 
-                        pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location(
+                        device_log(
                             "T_maj=({}, {}, {})", T_maj[0u], T_maj[1u], T_maj[2u]);
 
                         beta *= T_maj / T_maj[0u];
@@ -457,7 +455,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::
                     pipeline().media().dispatch(medium_tag, [&](auto medium) {
                         medium_priority = medium->priority();
                         auto closure = medium->closure(ray, swl, time);
-                        pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("eta={}", closure->eta());
+                        device_log("eta={}", closure->eta());
                     });
                 };
                 auto medium_info = make_medium_info(medium_priority, medium_tag);
@@ -539,12 +537,11 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::
             };
             depth += 1u;
 
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location(
+            device_log(
                 "scattered={}, beta=({}, {}, {}), pdf_bsdf={}, Li: ({}, {}, {})",
                 scattered, beta[0u], beta[1u], beta[2u], pdf_bsdf, Li[0u], Li[1u], Li[2u]);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("after: medium tracker size={}, priority={}, tag={}",
+            device_log("after: medium tracker size={}, priority={}, tag={}",
                                                        medium_tracker.size(), medium_tracker.current().priority, medium_tracker.current().medium_tag);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose("");
         };
         return spectrum->srgb(swl, Li);
     }
diff --git a/src/integrators/mega_vpt_naive.cpp b/src/integrators/mega_vpt_naive.cpp
index 77feb73f..c8c17d45 100644
--- a/src/integrators/mega_vpt_naive.cpp
+++ b/src/integrators/mega_vpt_naive.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Created by ChenXin on 2023/3/30.
 //
 
+#include <dsl/rtx/ray.h>
 #include <util/sampling.h>
 #include <base/pipeline.h>
 #include <base/integrator.h>
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingNaiveInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegra
 
             ray = it->spawn_ray_to(light_p);
 
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location(
+            device_log(
                 "transmittance: f=({}, {}, {}), pdf={}",
                 transmittance.f[0u], transmittance.f[1u], transmittance.f[2u], transmittance.pdf);
         };
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingNaiveInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegra
         SampledSpectrum beta{swl.dimension(), camera_weight};
         SampledSpectrum Li{swl.dimension(), 0.f};
         auto rr_depth = node<MegakernelVolumePathTracingNaive>()->rr_depth();
-        auto medium_tracker = MediumTracker(pipeline().printer());
+        MediumTracker medium_tracker;
 
         // Initialize RNG for sampling the majorant transmittance
         PCG32 rng(U64(as<UInt2>(sampler()->generate_2d())));
@@ -197,7 +198,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingNaiveInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegra
             auto it = pipeline().geometry()->intersect(ray);
             $if(!it->valid()) { $break; };
 
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("depth={}", depth_track);
+            device_log("depth={}", depth_track);
 
             $if(it->shape().has_medium()) {
                 auto surface_tag = it->shape().surface_tag();
@@ -212,40 +213,39 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingNaiveInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegra
                 // deal with medium tracker
                 auto surface_event = _event(swl, it, time, -ray->direction(), ray->direction());
                 pipeline().surfaces().dispatch(surface_tag, [&](auto surface) {
-                    pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("surface event={}", surface_event);
+                    device_log("surface event={}", surface_event);
                     // update medium tracker
                     $switch(surface_event) {
                         $case(Surface::event_enter) {
                             medium_tracker.enter(medium_priority, medium_info);
-                            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("enter: priority={}, medium_tag={}", medium_priority, medium_tag);
+                            device_log("enter: priority={}, medium_tag={}", medium_priority, medium_tag);
                         };
                         $case(Surface::event_exit) {
                             $if(medium_tracker.exist(medium_priority, medium_info)) {
                                 medium_tracker.exit(medium_priority, medium_info);
-                                pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("exit exist: priority={}, medium_tag={}", medium_priority, medium_tag);
+                                device_log("exit exist: priority={}, medium_tag={}", medium_priority, medium_tag);
                             }
                             $else {
                                 medium_tracker.enter(medium_priority, medium_info);
-                                pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("exit nonexistent: priority={}, medium_tag={}", medium_priority, medium_tag);
+                                device_log("exit nonexistent: priority={}, medium_tag={}", medium_priority, medium_tag);
                             };
                         };
                     };
                 });
             };
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("medium tracker size={}", medium_tracker.size());
+            device_log("medium tracker size={}", medium_tracker.size());
             auto dir = ray->direction();
             auto origin = ray->origin();
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("ray->origin()=({}, {}, {})", origin.x, origin.y, origin.z);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("ray->direction()=({}, {}, {})", dir.x, dir.y, dir.z);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("it->p()=({}, {}, {})", it->p().x, it->p().y, it->p().z);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("it->shape().has_medium()={}", it->shape().has_medium());
+            device_log("ray->origin()=({}, {}, {})", origin.x, origin.y, origin.z);
+            device_log("ray->direction()=({}, {}, {})", dir.x, dir.y, dir.z);
+            device_log("it->p()=({}, {}, {})", it->p().x, it->p().y, it->p().z);
+            device_log("it->shape().has_medium()={}", it->shape().has_medium());
             pipeline().printer().verbose("");
             ray = it->spawn_ray(ray->direction());
             depth_track += 1u;
         };
 #endif
-        pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("Final medium tracker size={}", medium_tracker.size());
-        pipeline().printer().verbose("");
+        device_log("Final medium tracker size={}", medium_tracker.size());
 
         ray = camera_ray;
         auto pdf_bsdf = def(1e16f);
@@ -261,14 +261,14 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingNaiveInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegra
             auto has_medium = it->shape().has_medium();
             auto t_max = ite(it->valid(), length(it->p() - ray->origin()), Interaction::default_t_max);
 
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("depth={}", depth);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("before: medium tracker size={}, priority={}, tag={}",
+            device_log("depth={}", depth);
+            device_log("before: medium tracker size={}, priority={}, tag={}",
                                                        medium_tracker.size(), medium_tracker.current().priority, medium_tracker.current().medium_tag);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location(
+            device_log(
                 "ray=({}, {}, {}) + t * ({}, {}, {})",
                 ray->origin().x, ray->origin().y, ray->origin().z,
                 ray->direction().x, ray->direction().y, ray->direction().z);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("it->p()=({}, {}, {})", it->p().x, it->p().y, it->p().z);
+            device_log("it->p()=({}, {}, {})", it->p().x, it->p().y, it->p().z);
 
             auto medium_sample = Medium::Sample::zero(swl.dimension());
             // sample the participating medium
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingNaiveInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegra
                     $if(it->shape().has_light()) {
                         auto eval = light_sampler()->evaluate_hit(*it, ray->origin(), swl, time);
                         Li += beta * eval.L * balance_heuristic(pdf_bsdf, eval.pdf);
-                        pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location(
+                        device_log(
                             "hit light: "
                             "pdf_bsdf={},"
                             "eval.pdf={}, "
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingNaiveInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegra
                         auto closure = medium->closure(ray, swl, time);
                         medium_priority = medium->priority();
                         eta_next = closure->eta();
-                        pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("eta_next={}", eta_next);
+                        device_log("eta_next={}", eta_next);
                     });
                 };
                 auto medium_info = make_medium_info(medium_priority, medium_tag);
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingNaiveInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegra
                             auto w = 1.f / (light_sample.eval.pdf + eval.pdf);
                             Li += w * beta * eval.f * light_sample.eval.L;
 #endif
-                            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location(
+                            device_log(
                                 "direct lighting: "
                                 "eval.f=({}, {}, {}), "
                                 "eval.pdf={}, "
@@ -456,13 +456,13 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingNaiveInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegra
                         };
                     };
 
-                    pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location(
+                    device_log(
                         "surface event={}, priority={}, tag={}",
                         surface_event, medium_priority, medium_tag);
                 });
             };
 
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location(
+            device_log(
                 "medium event={}, beta=({}, {}, {}), pdf_bsdf={}, Li=({}, {}, {})",
                 medium_sample.medium_event, beta[0u], beta[1u], beta[2u], pdf_bsdf, Li[0u], Li[1u], Li[2u]);
 
@@ -476,10 +476,9 @@ class MegakernelVolumePathTracingNaiveInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegra
                 beta *= ite(q < rr_threshold, 1.0f / q, 1.f);
             };
 
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("beta=({}, {}, {})", beta[0u], beta[1u], beta[2u]);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("after: medium tracker size={}, priority={}, tag={}",
+            device_log("beta=({}, {}, {})", beta[0u], beta[1u], beta[2u]);
+            device_log("after: medium tracker size={}, priority={}, tag={}",
                                                        medium_tracker.size(), medium_tracker.current().priority, medium_tracker.current().medium_tag);
-            pipeline().printer().verbose("");
         };
         return spectrum->srgb(swl, Li);
     }
diff --git a/src/integrators/megapm.cpp b/src/integrators/megapm.cpp
index 08821129..bd7df358 100644
--- a/src/integrators/megapm.cpp
+++ b/src/integrators/megapm.cpp
@@ -393,7 +393,6 @@ class MegakernelPhotonMappingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::Inst
         //TODO: use sampler right
         uint add_x = (photon_per_iter + resolution.y - 1) / resolution.y;
         sampler()->reset(command_buffer, make_uint2(resolution.x + add_x, resolution.y), pixel_count + add_x * resolution.y, spp);
-        command_buffer << pipeline().printer().reset();
         command_buffer << compute::synchronize();
         LUISA_INFO(
             "Rendering to '{}' of resolution {}x{} at {}spp.",
@@ -533,13 +532,11 @@ class MegakernelPhotonMappingInstance final : public ProgressiveIntegrator::Inst
                     command_buffer << [&progress, p] { progress.update(p); };
                 }
             }
-            command_buffer << pipeline().printer().retrieve();
         }
         LUISA_INFO("total spp:{}", runtime_spp);
         //tot_photon is photon_per_iter not photon_per_iter*spp because of unnormalized samples
         command_buffer << indirect_draw(node<MegakernelPhotonMapping>()->photon_per_iter(), runtime_spp).dispatch(resolution);
         command_buffer << synchronize();
-        command_buffer << pipeline().printer().retrieve();
 
         progress.done();
 
diff --git a/src/integrators/megawave.cpp b/src/integrators/megawave.cpp
index a0eb64c5..e07de707 100644
--- a/src/integrators/megawave.cpp
+++ b/src/integrators/megawave.cpp
@@ -773,12 +773,14 @@ void MegakernelWaveFrontInstance::_render_one_camera(
             };
             sync_block();
         };
+#ifndef NDEBUG
         $if(count == count_limit) {
-            pipeline().printer().info("block_id{},thread_id {}, loop not break! local:{}, global:{}",block_x(),thread_x(), rem_local[0], rem_global[0]);
+            device_log("block_id{},thread_id {}, loop not break! local:{}, global:{}",block_x(),thread_x(), rem_local[0], rem_global[0]);
             $if(thread_x() < (uint)KERNEL_COUNT){
-                pipeline().printer().info("work rem: id {}, size {}", thread_x(), work_counter[thread_x()]);
+                device_log("work rem: id {}, size {}", thread_x(), work_counter[thread_x()]);
             };
 		};
+#endif
     });
     auto clear_global_shader = compile_async<1>(device, [&]() noexcept {
         auto dispatch_id = dispatch_x();
@@ -815,7 +817,6 @@ void MegakernelWaveFrontInstance::_render_one_camera(
                        << commit();
         LUISA_ASSERT(launch_size % render_shader.get().block_size().x == 0u, "");
         command_buffer << render_shader.get()(sample_count, host_sample_count, shutter_spp, time, s.point.weight).dispatch(launch_size);
-        command_buffer << pipeline().printer().retrieve();
         command_buffer << synchronize();
         shutter_spp += s.spp;
     }
diff --git a/src/media/homogeneous.cpp b/src/media/homogeneous.cpp
index c9e9326d..d17f882c 100644
--- a/src/media/homogeneous.cpp
+++ b/src/media/homogeneous.cpp
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ class HomogeneousMedium : public Medium {
             auto channel = sample_discrete(pdf_channels, rng.uniform_float());
             auto u = rng.uniform_float();
             auto t = -log(max(1.f - u, std::numeric_limits<float>::min())) / sigma_t()[channel];
-            instance()->pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location("HomogeneousMediumClosure::sample: u={}, t={}", u, t);
 
             // hit surface
             $if(t > t_max) {
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ class HomogeneousMedium : public Medium {
                     sample_ans.eval.f = Tr * sigma_s();
                     sample_ans.eval.pdf = pdf.sum();
 
-                    instance()->pipeline().printer().verbose_with_location(
+                    compute::device_log(
                         "HomogeneousMediumClosure::sample::scatter\n"
                         "t={}, Tr=({}, {}, {}), \n"
                         "pdf_channels=({}, {}, {}), \n"
diff --git a/src/util/medium_tracker.cpp b/src/util/medium_tracker.cpp
index ca544d5f..d54106df 100644
--- a/src/util/medium_tracker.cpp
+++ b/src/util/medium_tracker.cpp
@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ namespace luisa::render {
 
 using namespace luisa::compute;
 
-MediumTracker::MediumTracker(Printer &printer) noexcept : _size{0u}, _printer{printer} {
+Bool equal(Expr<MediumInfo> a, Expr<MediumInfo> b) noexcept {
+    return a.medium_tag == b.medium_tag;
+}
+
+MediumTracker::MediumTracker() noexcept : _size{0u} {
     for (auto i = 0u; i < capacity; i++) {
         _priority_list[i] = Medium::VACUUM_PRIORITY;
         _medium_list[i] = make_medium_info(Medium::VACUUM_PRIORITY, Medium::INVALID_TAG);
@@ -22,8 +26,8 @@ Bool MediumTracker::true_hit(Expr<uint> priority) const noexcept {
 
 void MediumTracker::enter(Expr<uint> priority, Expr<MediumInfo> value) noexcept {
     $if(_size == capacity) {
-        printer().error_with_location(
-            "Medium stack overflow when trying to enter priority={}, medium_tag={}",
+        device_log(
+            "[error] Medium stack overflow when trying to enter priority={}, medium_tag={}",
             priority, value.medium_tag);
     }
     $else {
@@ -46,7 +50,7 @@ void MediumTracker::exit(Expr<uint> priority, Expr<MediumInfo> value) noexcept {
     auto remove_num = def(0u);
     for (auto i = 0u; i < capacity - 1u; i++) {
         auto p = _priority_list[i];
-        auto should_remove = (p == priority) & _medium_list[i]->equal(value) & (remove_num == 0u);
+        auto should_remove = (p == priority) & equal(_medium_list[i], value) & (remove_num == 0u);
         remove_num += ite(should_remove, 1u, 0u);
         _priority_list[i] = _priority_list[i + remove_num];
         _medium_list[i] = _medium_list[i + remove_num];
@@ -57,8 +61,8 @@ void MediumTracker::exit(Expr<uint> priority, Expr<MediumInfo> value) noexcept {
         _medium_list[_size] = make_medium_info(Medium::VACUUM_PRIORITY, Medium::INVALID_TAG);
     }
     $else {
-        printer().error_with_location(
-            "Medium stack trying to exit nonexistent priority={}, medium_tag={}",
+        device_log(
+            "[error] Medium stack trying to exit nonexistent priority={}, medium_tag={}",
             priority, value.medium_tag);
     };
 }
@@ -67,7 +71,7 @@ Bool MediumTracker::exist(Expr<uint> priority, Expr<MediumInfo> value) noexcept
     auto exist = def(false);
     for (auto i = 0u; i < capacity - 1u; i++) {
         auto p = _priority_list[i];
-        exist |= (p == priority) & _medium_list[i]->equal(value);
+        exist |= (p == priority) & equal(_medium_list[i], value);
     }
     return exist;
 }
diff --git a/src/util/medium_tracker.h b/src/util/medium_tracker.h
index fd401591..4e5a5630 100644
--- a/src/util/medium_tracker.h
+++ b/src/util/medium_tracker.h
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ using compute::ArrayVar;
 using compute::Bool;
 using compute::Expr;
 using compute::Float4;
-using compute::Printer;
 using compute::UInt;
 using compute::Var;
 
@@ -35,16 +34,11 @@ class MediumTracker {
     ArrayVar<uint, capacity> _priority_list;
     ArrayVar<MediumInfo, capacity> _medium_list;
     UInt _size;
-    Printer &_printer;
 
 public:
-    explicit MediumTracker(Printer &printer) noexcept;
+    explicit MediumTracker() noexcept;
     MediumTracker(const MediumTracker &) = default;
 
-protected:
-    [[nodiscard]] auto &printer() noexcept { return _printer; }
-    [[nodiscard]] const auto &printer() const noexcept { return _printer; }
-
 public:
     [[nodiscard]] Var<MediumInfo> current() const noexcept;
     [[nodiscard]] Bool vacuum() const noexcept;