RISC-V Assembly Programmer's Manual

Copyright and License Information

The RISC-V Assembly Programmer's Manual is

It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0). The full license text is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Command-Line Arguments

I think it's probably better to beef up the binutils documentation rather than duplicating it here.

Registers

Registers are the most important part of any processor. RISC-V defines various types, depending on which extensions are included: The general registers (with the program counter), control registers, floating point registers (F extension), and vector registers (V extension).

General registers

The RV32I base integer ISA includes 32 registers, named x0 to x31. The program counter PC is separate from these registers, in contrast to other processors such as the ARM-32. The first register, x0, has a special function: Reading it always returns 0 and writes to it are ignored. As we will see later, this allows various tricks and simplifications.

In practice, the programmer doesn't use this notation for the registers. Though x1 to x31 are all equally general-use registers as far as the processor is concerned, by convention certain registers are used for special tasks. In assembler, they are given standardized names as part of the RISC-V application binary interface (ABI). This is what you will usually see in code listings. If you really want to see the numeric register names, the -M argument to objdump will provide them.

Register	ABI	Use by convention	Preserved?
x0	zero	hardwired to 0, ignores writes	n/a
x1	ra	return address for jumps	no
x2	sp	stack pointer	yes
x3	gp	global pointer	n/a
x4	tp	thread pointer	n/a
x5	t0	temporary register 0	no
x6	t1	temporary register 1	no
x7	t2	temporary register 2	no
x8	s0 or fp	saved register 0 or frame pointer	yes
x9	s1	saved register 1	yes
x10	a0	return value or function argument 0	no
x11	a1	return value or function argument 1	no
x12	a2	function argument 2	no
x13	a3	function argument 3	no
x14	a4	function argument 4	no
x15	a5	function argument 5	no
x16	a6	function argument 6	no
x17	a7	function argument 7	no
x18	s2	saved register 2	yes
x19	s3	saved register 3	yes
x20	s4	saved register 4	yes
x21	s5	saved register 5	yes
x22	s6	saved register 6	yes
x23	s7	saved register 7	yes
x24	s8	saved register 8	yes
x25	s9	saved register 9	yes
x26	s10	saved register 10	yes
x27	s11	saved register 11	yes
x28	t3	temporary register 3	no
x29	t4	temporary register 4	no
x30	t5	temporary register 5	no
x31	t6	temporary register 6	no
pc	(none)	program counter	n/a

Registers of the RV32I. Based on RISC-V documentation and Patterson and Waterman "The RISC-V Reader" (2017)

As a general rule, the saved registers s0 to s11 are preserved across function calls, while the argument registers a0 to a7 and the temporary registers t0 to t6 are not. The use of the various specialized registers such as sp by convention will be discussed later in more detail.

Control registers

(TBA)

Floating Point registers (RV32F)

(TBA)

Vector registers (RV32V)

(TBA)

Addressing

Addressing formats like %pcrel_lo(). We can just link to the RISC-V PS ABI document to describe what the relocations actually do.

Instruction Set

Official Specifications webpage:

https://riscv.org/specifications/

Latest Specifications draft repository:

https://github.com/riscv/riscv-isa-manual

Instructions

RISC-V ISA Specifications

https://riscv.org/specifications/

Instruction Aliases

ALIAS line from opcodes/riscv-opc.c

To better diagnose situations where the program flow reaches an unexpected location, you might want to emit there an instruction that's known to trap. You can use an UNIMP pseudo-instruction, which should trap in nearly all systems. The de facto standard implementation of this instruction is:

C.UNIMP: 0000. The all-zeroes pattern is not a valid instruction. Any system which traps on invalid instructions will thus trap on this UNIMP instruction form. Despite not being a valid instruction, it still fits the 16-bit (compressed) instruction format, and so 0000 0000 is interpreted as being two 16-bit UNIMP instructions.
UNIMP : C0001073. This is an alias for CSRRW x0, cycle, x0. Since cycle is a read-only CSR, then (whether this CSR exists or not) an attempt to write into it will generate an illegal instruction exception. This 32-bit form of UNIMP is emitted when targeting a system without the C extension, or when the .option norvc directive is used.

Pseudo Ops

Both the RISC-V-specific and GNU .-prefixed options.

The following table lists assembler directives:

Directive	Arguments	Description
.align	integer	align to power of 2 (alias for .p2align)
.file	"filename"	emit filename FILE LOCAL symbol table
.globl	symbol_name	emit symbol_name to symbol table (scope GLOBAL)
.local	symbol_name	emit symbol_name to symbol table (scope LOCAL)
.comm	symbol_name,size,align	emit common object to .bss section
.common	symbol_name,size,align	emit common object to .bss section
.ident	"string"	accepted for source compatibility
.section	[{.text,.data,.rodata,.bss}]	emit section (if not present, default .text) and make current
.size	symbol, symbol	accepted for source compatibility
.text		emit .text section (if not present) and make current
.data		emit .data section (if not present) and make current
.rodata		emit .rodata section (if not present) and make current
.bss		emit .bss section (if not present) and make current
.string	"string"	emit string
.asciz	"string"	emit string (alias for .string)
.equ	name, value	constant definition
.macro	name arg1 [, argn]	begin macro definition \argname to substitute
.endm		end macro definition
.type	symbol, @function	accepted for source compatibility
.option	{rvc,norvc,pic,nopic,relax,norelax,push,pop}	RISC-V options. Refer to .option for a more detailed description.
.byte	expression [, expression]*	8-bit comma separated words
.2byte	expression [, expression]*	16-bit comma separated words
.half	expression [, expression]*	16-bit comma separated words
.short	expression [, expression]*	16-bit comma separated words
.4byte	expression [, expression]*	32-bit comma separated words
.word	expression [, expression]*	32-bit comma separated words
.long	expression [, expression]*	32-bit comma separated words
.8byte	expression [, expression]*	64-bit comma separated words
.dword	expression [, expression]*	64-bit comma separated words
.quad	expression [, expression]*	64-bit comma separated words
.dtprelword	expression [, expression]*	32-bit thread local word
.dtpreldword	expression [, expression]*	64-bit thread local word
.sleb128	expression	signed little endian base 128, DWARF
.uleb128	expression	unsigned little endian base 128, DWARF
.p2align	p2,[pad_val=0],max	align to power of 2
.balign	b,[pad_val=0]	byte align
.zero	integer	zero bytes
.variant_cc	symbol_name	annotate the symbol with variant calling convention

`.option`

`rvc`/`norvc`

Enable/disable the C-extension for the following code region.

`pic`/`nopic`

Set the code model to PIC (position independent code) or non-PIC. This will affect the expansion of the la pseudoinstruction, refer to listing of standard RISC-V pseudoinstructions.

`relax`/`norelax`

Enable/disable linker relaxation for the following code region.

NOTE: Code region follows by .option relax will emit R_RISCV_RELAX/R_RISCV_ALIGN even linker unsupport relaxation, suggested usage is using .option norelax with .option push/.option pop if you want to disable linker relaxation on specific code region.

NOTE: Recommended way to disable linker relaxation of specific code region is use .option push, .option norelax and .option pop, that prevent enabled linker relaxation accidentally if user already disable linker relaxation.

`push`/`pop`

Push/pop current options to/from the options stack.

Assembler Relocation Functions

The following table lists assembler relocation expansions:

Assembler Notation	Description	Instruction / Macro
%hi(symbol)	Absolute (HI20)	lui
%lo(symbol)	Absolute (LO12)	load, store, add
%pcrel_hi(symbol)	PC-relative (HI20)	auipc
%pcrel_lo(label)	PC-relative (LO12)	load, store, add
%tprel_hi(symbol)	TLS LE "Local Exec"	lui
%tprel_lo(symbol)	TLS LE "Local Exec"	load, store, add
%tprel_add(symbol)	TLS LE "Local Exec"	add
%tls_ie_pcrel_hi(symbol) *	TLS IE "Initial Exec" (HI20)	auipc
%tls_gd_pcrel_hi(symbol) *	TLS GD "Global Dynamic" (HI20)	auipc
%got_pcrel_hi(symbol) *	GOT PC-relative (HI20)	auipc

* These reuse %pcrel_lo(label) for their lower half

Labels

Text labels are used as branch, unconditional jump targets and symbol offsets. Text labels are added to the symbol table of the compiled module.

loop:
        j loop

Numeric labels are used for local references. References to local labels are suffixed with 'f' for a forward reference or 'b' for a backwards reference.

1:
        j 1b

Absolute addressing

The following example shows how to load an absolute address:

	lui	a0, %hi(msg + 1)
	addi	a0, a0, %lo(msg + 1)

Which generates the following assembler output and relocations as seen by objdump:

0000000000000000 <.text>:
   0:	00000537          	lui	a0,0x0
			0: R_RISCV_HI20	msg+0x1
   4:	00150513          	addi	a0,a0,1 # 0x1
			4: R_RISCV_LO12_I	msg+0x1

Relative addressing

The following example shows how to load a PC-relative address:

1:
	auipc	a0, %pcrel_hi(msg + 1)
	addi	a0, a0, %pcrel_lo(1b)

Which generates the following assembler output and relocations as seen by objdump:

0000000000000000 <.text>:
   0:	00000517          	auipc	a0,0x0
			0: R_RISCV_PCREL_HI20	msg+0x1
   4:	00050513          	mv	a0,a0
			4: R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I	.L1

GOT-indirect addressing

The following example shows how to load an address from the GOT:

1:
	auipc	a0, %got_pcrel_hi(msg + 1)
	ld	a0, %pcrel_lo(1b)(a0)

Which generates the following assembler output and relocations as seen by objdump:

0000000000000000 <.text>:
   0:	00000517          	auipc	a0,0x0
			0: R_RISCV_GOT_HI20	msg+0x1
   4:	00050513          	mv	a0,a0
			4: R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I	.L1

Load Immediate

The following example shows the li pseudo instruction which is used to load immediate values:

	.equ	CONSTANT, 0xdeadbeef

	li	a0, CONSTANT

Which, for RV32I, generates the following assembler output, as seen by objdump:

00000000 <.text>:
   0:	deadc537          	lui	a0,0xdeadc
   4:	eef50513          	addi	a0,a0,-273 # deadbeef <CONSTANT+0x0>

Load Upper Immediate's Immediate

The immediate argument to lui is an integer in the interval [0x0, 0xfffff]. Its compressed form, c.lui, accepts only those in the subintervals [0x1, 0x1f] and [0xfffe0, 0xfffff].

Load Address

The following example shows the la pseudo instruction which is used to load symbol addresses using the correct sequence based on whether the code is being assembled as PIC:

	la	a0, msg + 1

For non-PIC this is an alias for the lla pseudo instruction documented below.

For PIC this is an alias for the lga pseudo instruction documented below.

The la pseudo instruction is the preferred way for getting the address of variables in assembly unless explicit control over PC-relative or GOT-indirect addressing is required.

Load Local Address

The following example shows the lla pseudo instruction which is used to load local symbol addresses:

	lla	a0, msg + 1

This generates the following instructions and relocations as seen by objdump:

0000000000000000 <.text>:
   0:	00000517          	auipc	a0,0x0
			0: R_RISCV_PCREL_HI20	msg+0x1
   4:	00050513          	mv	a0,a0
			4: R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I	.L0

Load Global Address

The following example shows the lga pseudo instruction which is used to load global symbol addresses:

	lga	a0, msg + 1

This generates the following instructions and relocations as seen by objdump (for RV64; RV32 will use lw instead of ld):

0000000000000000 <.text>:
   0:	00000517          	auipc	a0,0x0
			0: R_RISCV_GOT_HI20	msg+0x1
   4:	00053503          	ld	a0,0(a0) # 0 <.text>
			4: R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I	.L0

Load and Store Global

The following pseudo instructions are available to load from and store to global objects:

l{b|h|w|d} <rd>, <symbol>: load byte, half word, word or double word from global¹
s{b|h|w|d} <rd>, <symbol>, <rt>: store byte, half word, word or double word to global²
fl{h|w|d|q} <rd>, <symbol>, <rt>: load half, float, double or quad precision from global²
fs{h|w|d|q} <rd>, <symbol>, <rt>: store half, float, double or quad precision to global²

The following example shows how these pseudo instructions are used:

	lw	a0, var1
	fld	fa0, var2, t0
	sw	a0, var3, t0
	fsd	fa0, var4, t0

Which generates the following assembler output and relocations as seen by objdump:

0000000000000000 <.text>:
   0:	00000517          	auipc	a0,0x0
			0: R_RISCV_PCREL_HI20	var1
   4:	00052503          	lw	a0,0(a0) # 0 <.text>
			4: R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I	.L0
   8:	00000297          	auipc	t0,0x0
			8: R_RISCV_PCREL_HI20	var2
   c:	0002b507          	fld	fa0,0(t0) # 8 <.text+0x8>
			c: R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I	.L0
  10:	00000297          	auipc	t0,0x0
			10: R_RISCV_PCREL_HI20	var3
  14:	00a2a023          	sw	a0,0(t0) # 10 <.text+0x10>
			14: R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_S	.L0
  18:	00000297          	auipc	t0,0x0
			18: R_RISCV_PCREL_HI20	var4
  1c:	00a2b027          	fsd	fa0,0(t0) # 18 <.text+0x18>
			1c: R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_S	.L0

Constants

The following example shows loading a constant using the %hi and %lo assembler functions.

	.equ	UART_BASE, 0x40003080

	lui	a0, %hi(UART_BASE)
	addi	a0, a0, %lo(UART_BASE)

Which generates the following assembler output as seen by objdump:

0000000000000000 <.text>:
   0:	40003537          	lui	a0,0x40003
   4:	08050513          	addi	a0,a0,128 # 40003080 <UART_BASE>

Function Calls

The following pseudo instructions are available to call subroutines far from the current position:

call <symbol>: call away subroutine¹
call <rd>, <symbol>: call away subroutine²
tail <symbol>: tail call away subroutine³
jump <symbol>, <rt>: jump to away routine⁴

The following example shows how these pseudo instructions are used:

	call	func1
	tail	func2
	jump	func3, t0

Which generates the following assembler output and relocations as seen by objdump:

0000000000000000 <.text>:
   0:	00000097          	auipc	ra,0x0
			0: R_RISCV_CALL	func1
   4:	000080e7          	jalr	ra # 0x0
   8:	00000317          	auipc	t1,0x0
			8: R_RISCV_CALL	func2
   c:	00030067          	jr	t1 # 0x8
  10:	00000297          	auipc	t0,0x0
			10: R_RISCV_CALL	func3
  14:	00028067          	jr	t0 # 0x10

Floating-point rounding modes

For floating-point instructions with a rounding mode field, the rounding mode can be specified by adding an additional operand. e.g. fcvt.w.s with round-to-zero can be written as fcvt.w.s a0, fa0, rtz. If unspecified, the default dyn rounding mode will be used.

Supported rounding modes are as follows (must be specified in lowercase):

rne: round to nearest, ties to even
rtz: round towards zero
rdn: round down
rup: round up
rmm: round to nearest, ties to max magnitude
dyn: dynamic rounding mode (the rounding mode specified in the frm field of the fcsr register is used)

Control and Status Registers

The following code sample shows how to enable timer interrupts, set and wait for a timer interrupt to occur:

.equ RTC_BASE,      0x40000000
.equ TIMER_BASE,    0x40004000

# setup machine trap vector
1:      auipc   t0, %pcrel_hi(mtvec)        # load mtvec(hi)
        addi    t0, t0, %pcrel_lo(1b)       # load mtvec(lo)
        csrrw   zero, mtvec, t0

# set mstatus.MIE=1 (enable M mode interrupt)
        li      t0, 8
        csrrs   zero, mstatus, t0

# set mie.MTIE=1 (enable M mode timer interrupts)
        li      t0, 128
        csrrs   zero, mie, t0

# read from mtime
        li      a0, RTC_BASE
        ld      a1, 0(a0)

# write to mtimecmp
        li      a0, TIMER_BASE
        li      t0, 1000000000
        add     a1, a1, t0
        sd      a1, 0(a0)

# loop
loop:
        wfi
        j loop

# break on interrupt
mtvec:
        csrrc  t0, mcause, zero
        bgez t0, fail       # interrupt causes are less than zero
        slli t0, t0, 1      # shift off high bit
        srli t0, t0, 1
        li t1, 7            # check this is an m_timer interrupt
        bne t0, t1, fail
        j pass

pass:
        la a0, pass_msg
        jal puts
        j shutdown

fail:
        la a0, fail_msg
        jal puts
        j shutdown

.section .rodata

pass_msg:
        .string "PASS\n"

fail_msg:
        .string "FAIL\n"

A listing of standard RISC-V pseudoinstructions

Pseudoinstruction	Base Instruction(s)	Meaning	Comment
la rd, symbol	auipc rd, symbol[31:12]; addi rd, rd, symbol[11:0]	Load address	With `.option nopic` (Default)
la rd, symbol	auipc rd, symbol@GOT[31:12]; l{w\|d} rd, symbol@GOT[11:0](rd)	Load address	With `.option pic`
lla rd, symbol	auipc rd, symbol[31:12]; addi rd, rd, symbol[11:0]	Load local address
lga rd, symbol	auipc rd, symbol@GOT[31:12]; l{w\|d} rd, symbol@GOT[11:0](rd)	Load global address
l{b\|h\|w\|d} rd, symbol	auipc rd, symbol[31:12]; l{b\|h\|w\|d} rd, symbol[11:0](rd)	Load global
s{b\|h\|w\|d} rd, symbol, rt	auipc rt, symbol[31:12]; s{b\|h\|w\|d} rd, symbol[11:0](rt)	Store global
fl{w\|d} rd, symbol, rt	auipc rt, symbol[31:12]; fl{w\|d} rd, symbol[11:0](rt)	Floating-point load global
fs{w\|d} rd, symbol, rt	auipc rt, symbol[31:12]; fs{w\|d} rd, symbol[11:0](rt)	Floating-point store global
nop	addi x0, x0, 0	No operation
li rd, immediate	Myriad sequences	Load immediate
mv rd, rs	addi rd, rs, 0	Copy register
not rd, rs	xori rd, rs, -1	Ones’ complement
neg rd, rs	sub rd, x0, rs	Two’s complement
negw rd, rs	subw rd, x0, rs	Two’s complement word
sext.b rd, rs	slli rd, rs, XLEN - 8; srai rd, rd, XLEN - 8	Sign extend byte	It will expand to another instruction sequence when B extension is available*[1]
sext.h rd, rs	slli rd, rs, XLEN - 16; srai rd, rd, XLEN - 16	Sign extend half word	It will expand to another instruction sequence when B extension is available*[1]
sext.w rd, rs	addiw rd, rs, 0	Sign extend word
zext.b rd, rs	andi rd, rs, 255	Zero extend byte
zext.h rd, rs	slli rd, rs, XLEN - 16; srli rd, rd, XLEN - 16	Zero extend half word	It will expand to another instruction sequence when B extension is available*[1]
zext.w rd, rs	slli rd, rs, XLEN - 32; srli rd, rd, XLEN - 32	Zero extend word	It will expand to another instruction sequence when B extension is available*[1]
seqz rd, rs	sltiu rd, rs, 1	Set if = zero
snez rd, rs	sltu rd, x0, rs	Set if != zero
sltz rd, rs	slt rd, rs, x0	Set if < zero
sgtz rd, rs	slt rd, x0, rs	Set if > zero
fmv.s rd, rs	fsgnj.s rd, rs, rs	Copy single-precision register
fabs.s rd, rs	fsgnjx.s rd, rs, rs	Single-precision absolute value
fneg.s rd, rs	fsgnjn.s rd, rs, rs	Single-precision negate
fmv.d rd, rs	fsgnj.d rd, rs, rs	Copy double-precision register
fabs.d rd, rs	fsgnjx.d rd, rs, rs	Double-precision absolute value
fneg.d rd, rs	fsgnjn.d rd, rs, rs	Double-precision negate
beqz rs, offset	beq rs, x0, offset	Branch if = zero
bnez rs, offset	bne rs, x0, offset	Branch if != zero
blez rs, offset	bge x0, rs, offset	Branch if ≤ zero
bgez rs, offset	bge rs, x0, offset	Branch if ≥ zero
bltz rs, offset	blt rs, x0, offset	Branch if < zero
bgtz rs, offset	blt x0, rs, offset	Branch if > zero
bgt rs, rt, offset	blt rt, rs, offset	Branch if >
ble rs, rt, offset	bge rt, rs, offset	Branch if ≤
bgtu rs, rt, offset	bltu rt, rs, offset	Branch if >, unsigned
bleu rs, rt, offset	bgeu rt, rs, offset	Branch if ≤, unsigned
j offset	jal x0, offset	Jump
jal offset	jal x1, offset	Jump and link
jr rs	jalr x0, rs, 0	Jump register
jalr rs	jalr x1, rs, 0	Jump and link register
ret	jalr x0, x1, 0	Return from subroutine
call offset	auipc x6, offset[31:12]; jalr x1, x6, offset[11:0]	Call far-away subroutine
tail offset	auipc x6, offset[31:12]; jalr x0, x6, offset[11:0]	Tail call far-away subroutine
fence	fence iorw, iorw	Fence on all memory and I/O

[1] We don't specify the code sequence when the B-extension is present, since B-extension still not ratified or frozen. We will specify the expansion sequence once it's frozen.

Pseudoinstructions for accessing control and status registers

Pseudoinstruction	Base Instruction(s)	Meaning
rdinstret[h] rd	csrrs rd, instret[h], x0	Read instructions-retired counter
rdcycle[h] rd	csrrs rd, cycle[h], x0	Read cycle counter
rdtime[h] rd	csrrs rd, time[h], x0	Read real-time clock
csrr rd, csr	csrrs rd, csr, x0	Read CSR
csrw csr, rs	csrrw x0, csr, rs	Write CSR
csrs csr, rs	csrrs x0, csr, rs	Set bits in CSR
csrc csr, rs	csrrc x0, csr, rs	Clear bits in CSR
csrwi csr, imm	csrrwi x0, csr, imm	Write CSR, immediate
csrsi csr, imm	csrrsi x0, csr, imm	Set bits in CSR, immediate
csrci csr, imm	csrrci x0, csr, imm	Clear bits in CSR, immediate
frcsr rd	csrrs rd, fcsr, x0	Read FP control/status register
fscsr rd, rs	csrrw rd, fcsr, rs	Swap FP control/status register
fscsr rs	csrrw x0, fcsr, rs	Write FP control/status register
frrm rd	csrrs rd, frm, x0	Read FP rounding mode
fsrm rd, rs	csrrw rd, frm, rs	Swap FP rounding mode
fsrm rs	csrrw x0, frm, rs	Write FP rounding mode
fsrmi rd, imm	csrrwi rd, frm, imm	Swap FP rounding mode, immediate
fsrmi imm	csrrwi x0, frm, imm	Write FP rounding mode, immediate
frflags rd	csrrs rd, fflags, x0	Read FP exception flags
fsflags rd, rs	csrrw rd, fflags, rs	Swap FP exception flags
fsflags rs	csrrw x0, fflags, rs	Write FP exception flags
fsflagsi rd, imm	csrrwi rd, fflags, imm	Swap FP exception flags, immediate
fsflagsi imm	csrrwi x0, fflags, imm	Write FP exception flags, immediate

Footnotes

the first operand is implicitly used as a scratch register. ↩ ↩²
the last operand specifies the scratch register to be used. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
t1 is implicitly used as a scratch register. ↩
similar to tail <symbol>, but <rt> is used as the scratch register instead. ↩

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RISC-V Assembly Programmer's Manual

Copyright and License Information

Command-Line Arguments

Registers

General registers

Control registers

Floating Point registers (RV32F)

Vector registers (RV32V)

Addressing

Instruction Set

Instructions

RISC-V ISA Specifications

Instruction Aliases

Pseudo Ops

.option

rvc/norvc

pic/nopic

relax/norelax

push/pop

Assembler Relocation Functions

Labels

Absolute addressing

Relative addressing

GOT-indirect addressing

Load Immediate

Load Upper Immediate's Immediate

Load Address

Load Local Address

Load Global Address

Load and Store Global

Constants

Function Calls

Floating-point rounding modes

Control and Status Registers

A listing of standard RISC-V pseudoinstructions

Pseudoinstructions for accessing control and status registers

Footnotes

`.option`

`rvc`/`norvc`

`pic`/`nopic`

`relax`/`norelax`

`push`/`pop`