From e1757c39c3a05c46276ef3c8aa6ebccae205b40b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: agentmess Date: Mon, 18 Nov 2024 18:57:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] deploy: 005e96ad4a7529264ec6ea99840517f84ae0069e --- Artifacts.html | 13 ++++++++++++- MRI Contrast.html | 5 +++-- _sources/Artifacts.ipynb | 19 ++++++++++++++++++- _sources/MRI Contrast.ipynb | 5 +++-- searchindex.js | 2 +- 5 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/Artifacts.html b/Artifacts.html index dced3e6..813dab0 100644 --- a/Artifacts.html +++ b/Artifacts.html @@ -418,6 +418,7 @@

Contents

  • Introduction
  • Artifact Comparison
  • Displacement Artifacts
    • +
  • Motion and Flow Artifacts
  • Simulations of Artifacts
    • @@ -497,7 +498,7 @@

    Artifact Comparison

    Slice Misregistration

    +

    Slice Displacement

    Slice shifting due to chemical shift or off-resonance

    N/A

    @@ -532,6 +533,15 @@

    Displacement Artifacts

    where \(BW_{rf}\) is the slice select pulse bandwidth.

    +
    +

    Motion and Flow Artifacts#

    +

    Motion, including flow, can result in artifacts in MRI if it leads to inconsistency in the data.

    +

    Periodic motion such as breathing, heart beating, and pulsatile flow will lead to distinct ghosting artifacts in the phase encoding direction. The location of ghosting artifacts in sequential phase encoding, will be at predictable intervals in the phase encoding direction:

    +
    +\[\Delta_{PE} = \frac{TR}{T_{motion}} FOV_{PE}\]
    +

    where \(T_{motion}\) is the period of the motion (e.g. \(T_{motion} = 1 s\) for a heart rate of 60 beats per minute ).

    +

    Incoherent or more random motion such as irregular breathing, arrhytthmias, coughing, bulk motion will lead to more diffuse ghosting artifacts.

    +

    Simulations of Artifacts#

    @@ -783,6 +793,7 @@

    Simulations of ArtifactsIntroduction
  • Artifact Comparison
  • Displacement Artifacts
    • +
  • Motion and Flow Artifacts
  • Simulations of Artifacts

    • diff --git a/MRI Contrast.html b/MRI Contrast.html index bc2355b..a50c35f 100644 --- a/MRI Contrast.html +++ b/MRI Contrast.html @@ -484,6 +484,7 @@

    Learning Goals \[ S(TE_{out-of-phase}) = S_{water} - S_{fat}\]
    -\[ S_{water} = \frac{S(TE_{in-phase}) + S(TE_{out-of-phase})}{2}\]
    +\[ \hat S_{water} = S(TE_{in-phase}) + S(TE_{out-of-phase})\]
    -\[ S_{fat} = \frac{S(TE_{in-phase}) - S(TE_{out-of-phase})}{2}\]
    +\[ \hat S_{fat} = S(TE_{in-phase}) - S(TE_{out-of-phase})\]

    In reality, additional corrections are required to account for off-resonance, \(\Delta f_r(\vec r)\), and more advanced methods also use a multi-peak model accounting for the various chemical shifts in fatty tissue.

    diff --git a/_sources/Artifacts.ipynb b/_sources/Artifacts.ipynb index 2e860e6..16e8d99 100644 --- a/_sources/Artifacts.ipynb +++ b/_sources/Artifacts.ipynb @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ "| Motion/Flow | Copies or \"Ghosts\" of image regions that are changing due to motion or flow | Phase encoding |\n", "| Displacement/Distortion | Shifts in location due to chemical shift (fat) and off-resonance (e.g. magnetic susceptibility differences) | Frequency encoding (2DFT), Phase encoding (EPI) |\n", "| T2* | Signal loss around magnetic suscpetibility differences (e.g. implants, air) | N/A |\n", - "| Slice Misregistration | Slice shifting due to chemical shift or off-resonance | N/A | \n", + "| Slice Displacement | Slice shifting due to chemical shift or off-resonance | N/A | \n", "| Dielectric Shading | Shading across entire image, particularly large FOV, higher B0 | N/A |\n", "| Boundary Artifacts | Artificial dark lines at tissue boundaries due to inversion or chemical shift | N/A |\n", "| Gradient non-linearity | Distortion of subject, particularly near edges of large FOV | N/A |" @@ -96,6 +96,23 @@ "where $BW_{rf}$ is the slice select pulse bandwidth." ] }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Motion and Flow Artifacts\n", + "\n", + "Motion, including flow, can result in artifacts in MRI if it leads to inconsistency in the data.\n", + "\n", + "Periodic motion such as breathing, heart beating, and pulsatile flow will lead to distinct ghosting artifacts in the phase encoding direction. The location of ghosting artifacts in sequential phase encoding, will be at predictable intervals in the phase encoding direction:\n", + "\n", + "$$\\Delta_{PE} = \\frac{TR}{T_{motion}} FOV_{PE}$$\n", + "\n", + "where $T_{motion}$ is the period of the motion (e.g. $T_{motion} = 1 s$ for a heart rate of 60 beats per minute ).\n", + "\n", + "Incoherent or more random motion such as irregular breathing, arrhytthmias, coughing, bulk motion will lead to more diffuse ghosting artifacts." + ] + }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, diff --git a/_sources/MRI Contrast.ipynb b/_sources/MRI Contrast.ipynb index 5c1313d..8c4b9f1 100644 --- a/_sources/MRI Contrast.ipynb +++ b/_sources/MRI Contrast.ipynb @@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ " * Describe how T1, T2, and proton density weighted images are formed\n", " * Describe how inversion recovery works\n", " * Describe how Gd-based contrast agents work\n", + " * Describe how fat/water imaging works\n", " * Identify various image contrasts\n", "1. Manipulate MRI sequence parameters to improve performance\n", " * Choose flip angle, TE, TR, and TI for desired contrast" @@ -826,9 +827,9 @@ "\n", "$$ S(TE_{out-of-phase}) = S_{water} - S_{fat}$$\n", "\n", - "$$ S_{water} = \\frac{S(TE_{in-phase}) + S(TE_{out-of-phase})}{2}$$\n", + "$$ \\hat S_{water} = S(TE_{in-phase}) + S(TE_{out-of-phase})$$\n", "\n", - "$$ S_{fat} = \\frac{S(TE_{in-phase}) - S(TE_{out-of-phase})}{2}$$\n", + "$$ \\hat S_{fat} = S(TE_{in-phase}) - S(TE_{out-of-phase})$$\n", "\n", "In reality, additional corrections are required to account for off-resonance, $\\Delta f_r(\\vec r)$, and more advanced methods also use a multi-peak model accounting for the various chemical shifts in fatty tissue." ] diff --git a/searchindex.js b/searchindex.js index f61c586..f6c9d5d 100644 --- a/searchindex.js +++ b/searchindex.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -Search.setIndex({"docnames": ["Accelerated Imaging Methods", "Artifacts", "FOV and Resolution", "Fast Imaging Pulse Sequences", "Fun with RF 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