diff --git a/.ci/run_tests.sh b/.ci/run_tests.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 447936f73ff6..000000000000
--- a/.ci/run_tests.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -e
-
-function cyan() {
-    echo -e "\033[1;36m$*\033[0m"
-}
-
-function red() {
-    echo -e "\033[1;31m$*\033[0m"
-}
-
-function get_failed {
-    if [ ! -z "$FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE" -a -f "$FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE" ]
-    then
-        cat < $FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE
-    else
-        echo "$@"
-    fi
-}
-
-BUSTED_ARGS="--keep-going -o htest -v --exclude-tags=flaky,ipv6"
-if [ ! -z "$FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE" ]
-then
-    BUSTED_ARGS="--helper=spec/busted-log-failed.lua $BUSTED_ARGS"
-fi
-
-if [ "$KONG_TEST_DATABASE" == "postgres" ]; then
-    export TEST_CMD="bin/busted $BUSTED_ARGS,off"
-
-    psql -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -h localhost --username "$KONG_TEST_PG_USER" <<-EOSQL
-        CREATE user ${KONG_TEST_PG_USER}_ro;
-        GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE $KONG_TEST_PG_DATABASE TO ${KONG_TEST_PG_USER}_ro;
-        \c $KONG_TEST_PG_DATABASE;
-        GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO ${KONG_TEST_PG_USER}_ro;
-        ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE $KONG_TEST_PG_USER IN SCHEMA public GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO ${KONG_TEST_PG_USER}_ro;
-EOSQL
-
-elif [ "$KONG_TEST_DATABASE" == "cassandra" ]; then
-  echo "Cassandra is no longer supported"
-  exit 1
-
-else
-    export TEST_CMD="bin/busted $BUSTED_ARGS,postgres,db"
-fi
-
-if [ "$TEST_SUITE" == "integration" ]; then
-    if [[ "$TEST_SPLIT" == first* ]]; then
-        # GitHub Actions, run first batch of integration tests
-        files=$(ls -d spec/02-integration/* | sort | grep -v 05-proxy)
-        files=$(get_failed $files)
-        eval "$TEST_CMD" $files
-
-    elif [[ "$TEST_SPLIT" == second* ]]; then
-        # GitHub Actions, run second batch of integration tests
-        # Note that the split here is chosen carefully to result
-        # in a similar run time between the two batches, and should
-        # be adjusted if imbalance become significant in the future
-        files=$(ls -d spec/02-integration/* | sort | grep 05-proxy)
-        files=$(get_failed $files)
-        eval "$TEST_CMD" $files
-
-    else
-        # Non GitHub Actions
-        eval "$TEST_CMD" $(get_failed spec/02-integration/)
-    fi
-fi
-
-if [ "$TEST_SUITE" == "dbless" ]; then
-    eval "$TEST_CMD" $(get_failed spec/02-integration/02-cmd \
-                                  spec/02-integration/05-proxy \
-                                  spec/02-integration/04-admin_api/02-kong_routes_spec.lua \
-                                  spec/02-integration/04-admin_api/15-off_spec.lua \
-                                  spec/02-integration/08-status_api/01-core_routes_spec.lua \
-                                  spec/02-integration/08-status_api/03-readiness_endpoint_spec.lua \
-                                  spec/02-integration/11-dbless \
-                                  spec/02-integration/20-wasm)
-fi
-if [ "$TEST_SUITE" == "plugins" ]; then
-    set +ex
-    rm -f .failed
-
-    if [[ "$TEST_SPLIT" == first* ]]; then
-        # GitHub Actions, run first batch of plugin tests
-        PLUGINS=$(get_failed $(ls -d spec/03-plugins/* | head -n22))
-
-    elif [[ "$TEST_SPLIT" == second* ]]; then
-        # GitHub Actions, run second batch of plugin tests
-        # Note that the split here is chosen carefully to result
-        # in a similar run time between the two batches, and should
-        # be adjusted if imbalance become significant in the future
-        PLUGINS=$(get_failed $(ls -d spec/03-plugins/* | tail -n+23))
-
-    else
-        # Non GitHub Actions
-        PLUGINS=$(get_failed $(ls -d spec/03-plugins/*))
-    fi
-
-    for p in $PLUGINS; do
-        echo
-        cyan "--------------------------------------"
-        cyan $(basename $p)
-        cyan "--------------------------------------"
-        echo
-
-        $TEST_CMD $p || echo "* $p" >> .failed
-    done
-
-    if [[ "$TEST_SPLIT" != first* ]]; then
-        cat kong-*.rockspec | grep kong- | grep -v zipkin | grep -v sidecar | grep "~" | grep -v kong-prometheus-plugin | while read line ; do
-            REPOSITORY=`echo $line | sed "s/\"/ /g" | awk -F" " '{print $1}'`
-            VERSION=`luarocks show $REPOSITORY | grep $REPOSITORY | head -1 | awk -F" " '{print $2}' | cut -f1 -d"-"`
-            REPOSITORY=`echo $REPOSITORY | sed -e 's/kong-prometheus-plugin/kong-plugin-prometheus/g'`
-            REPOSITORY=`echo $REPOSITORY | sed -e 's/kong-proxy-cache-plugin/kong-plugin-proxy-cache/g'`
-
-            echo
-            cyan "--------------------------------------"
-            cyan $REPOSITORY $VERSION
-            cyan "--------------------------------------"
-            echo
-
-            git clone https://github.com/Kong/$REPOSITORY.git --branch $VERSION --single-branch /tmp/test-$REPOSITORY || \
-            git clone https://github.com/Kong/$REPOSITORY.git --branch v$VERSION --single-branch /tmp/test-$REPOSITORY
-            sed -i 's/grpcbin:9000/localhost:15002/g' /tmp/test-$REPOSITORY/spec/*.lua
-            sed -i 's/grpcbin:9001/localhost:15003/g' /tmp/test-$REPOSITORY/spec/*.lua
-            cp -R /tmp/test-$REPOSITORY/spec/fixtures/* spec/fixtures/ || true
-            pushd /tmp/test-$REPOSITORY
-            luarocks make
-            popd
-
-            $TEST_CMD /tmp/test-$REPOSITORY/spec/ || echo "* $REPOSITORY" >> .failed
-
-        done
-    fi
-
-    if [ -f .failed ]; then
-        echo
-        red "--------------------------------------"
-        red "Plugin tests failed:"
-        red "--------------------------------------"
-        cat .failed
-        exit 1
-    else
-        exit 0
-    fi
-fi
-if [ "$TEST_SUITE" == "pdk" ]; then
-    prove -I. -r t
-fi
-if [ "$TEST_SUITE" == "unit" ]; then
-    unset KONG_TEST_NGINX_USER KONG_PG_PASSWORD KONG_TEST_PG_PASSWORD
-    scripts/autodoc
-    bin/busted -v -o htest spec/01-unit
-    make lint
-fi
diff --git a/.ci/runtimes.json b/.ci/runtimes.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d2b4b4ac9c5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.ci/runtimes.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/06-statsd/01-log_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/05-proxy/18-upstream_tls_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"154.40"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/05-proxy/10-balancer/04-round-robin_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"45.76"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/23-rate-limiting/04-access_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"139.37"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/05-proxy/06-ssl_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/20-wasm/05-cache-invalidation_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/02-cmd/02-start_stop_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"unit","filename":"spec/01-unit/08-router_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/05-proxy/23-context_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/05-proxy/02-router_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/09-hybrid_mode/01-sync_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"26.29"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/03-http-log/01-log_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"24.28"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/09-hybrid_mode/05-ocsp_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"21.35"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/36-request-transformer/02-access_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"19.72"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/01-helpers/01-helpers_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"18.20"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/06-invalidations/02-core_entities_invalidations_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"14.98"},{"suite":"dbless","filename":"spec/02-integration/02-cmd/06-restart_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"14.46"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/09-key-auth/04-hybrid_mode_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"13.30"},{"suite":"unit","filename":"spec/01-unit/09-balancer/04-round_robin_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/05-proxy/10-balancer/07-latency_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/04-admin_api/11-reports_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/02-udp-log/01-udp-log_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/29-acme/03-access_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/14-tracing/03-tracer-pdk_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/09-key-auth/03-invalidations_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/05-proxy/11-handler_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/07-sdk/06-worker_events_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/29-acme/05-redis_storage_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/16-jwt/03-access_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/05-proxy/09-websockets_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/33-serverless-functions/03-dbless_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/25-oauth2/02-api_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/11-dbless/01-respawn_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/34-zipkin/zipkin_queue_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/18-acl/01-api_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/13-vaults/01-vault_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/10-basic-auth/04-invalidations_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"dbless","filename":"spec/02-integration/20-wasm/09-filter-meta_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/03-http-log/04-legacy_queue_sharing_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/15-response-transformer/03-api_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"integration","filename":"spec/02-integration/05-proxy/32-query-params_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"plugins","filename":"spec/03-plugins/35-azure-functions/01-access_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"unit","filename":"spec/01-unit/01-db/06-postgres_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"unit","filename":"spec/01-unit/01-db/01-schema/11-declarative_config/04-on-the-fly-migration_spec.lua","expectedDuration":"NaN"},{"suite":"unit","filename":"spec/01-unit/01-db/01-schema/11-declarative_confi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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.ci/test_suites.json b/.ci/test_suites.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..eb6b15e5909e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.ci/test_suites.json
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+[
+  {
+    "name": "unit",
+    "exclude_tags": "flaky,ipv6",
+    "specs": ["spec/01-unit/"]
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "integration",
+    "exclude_tags": "flaky,ipv6,off",
+    "environment": {
+      "KONG_TEST_DATABASE": "postgres"
+    },
+    "specs": ["spec/02-integration/"]
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "dbless",
+    "exclude_tags": "flaky,ipv6,postgres,db",
+    "specs": [
+      "spec/02-integration/02-cmd/",
+      "spec/02-integration/05-proxy/",
+      "spec/02-integration/04-admin_api/02-kong_routes_spec.lua",
+      "spec/02-integration/04-admin_api/15-off_spec.lua",
+      "spec/02-integration/08-status_api/01-core_routes_spec.lua",
+      "spec/02-integration/08-status_api/03-readiness_endpoint_spec.lua",
+      "spec/02-integration/11-dbless/",
+      "spec/02-integration/20-wasm/"
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "plugins",
+    "exclude_tags": "flaky,ipv6",
+    "specs": ["spec/03-plugins/"]
+  }
+]
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml b/.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
index 8b3c77ccf375..e202558a7db9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ concurrency:
 env:
   BUILD_ROOT: ${{ github.workspace }}/bazel-bin/build
   KONG_TEST_COVERAGE: ${{ inputs.coverage == true || github.event_name == 'schedule' }}
+  RUNNER_COUNT: 7
 
 jobs:
   build:
@@ -40,22 +41,11 @@ jobs:
     with:
       relative-build-root: bazel-bin/build
 
-  lint-doc-and-unit-tests:
-    name: Lint, Doc and Unit tests
+  lint-and-doc-tests:
+    name: Lint and Doc tests
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     needs: build
 
-    services:
-      postgres:
-        image: postgres:13
-        env:
-          POSTGRES_USER: kong
-          POSTGRES_DB: kong
-          POSTGRES_HOST_AUTH_METHOD: trust
-        ports:
-          - 5432:5432
-        options: --health-cmd pg_isready --health-interval 5s --health-timeout 5s --health-retries 8
-
     steps:
     - name: Checkout Kong source code
       uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -93,41 +83,51 @@ jobs:
     - name: Check labeler configuration
       run: scripts/check-labeler.pl .github/labeler.yml
 
-    - name: Unit tests
-      env:
-        KONG_TEST_PG_DATABASE: kong
-        KONG_TEST_PG_USER: kong
-      run: |
-          source ${{ env.BUILD_ROOT }}/kong-dev-venv.sh
-          TEST_CMD="bin/busted -v -o htest spec/01-unit"
-          if [[ $KONG_TEST_COVERAGE = true ]]; then
-            TEST_CMD="$TEST_CMD --coverage"
-          fi
-          $TEST_CMD
+  schedule:
+    name: Schedule busted tests to run
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    needs: build
 
-    - name: Archive coverage stats file
+    env:
+      WORKFLOW_ID: ${{ github.run_id }}
+
+    outputs:
+      runners: ${{ steps.generate-runner-array.outputs.RUNNERS }}
+
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout source code
+      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - name: Schedule tests
+      uses: Kong/gateway-test-scheduler/schedule@main
+      with:
+        test-suites-file: .ci/test_suites.json
+        test-file-runtime-file: .ci/runtimes.json
+        output-prefix: test-chunk.
+        runner-count: ${{ env.RUNNER_COUNT }}
+
+    - name: Upload schedule files
       uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
-      if: ${{ always() && (inputs.coverage == true || github.event_name == 'schedule') }}
+      continue-on-error: true
       with:
-        name: luacov-stats-out-${{ github.job }}-${{ github.run_id }}
-        retention-days: 1
-        path: |
-          luacov.stats.out
+        name: schedule-test-files
+        path: test-chunk.*
+        retention-days: 7
 
-    - name: Get kernel message
-      if: failure()
+    - name: Generate runner array
+      id: generate-runner-array
       run: |
-        sudo dmesg -T
+        echo "RUNNERS=[$(echo $(seq 1 $(( $RUNNER_COUNT ))))]" | sed -e 's/ /, /g' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
-  integration-tests-postgres:
-    name: Postgres ${{ matrix.suite }} - ${{ matrix.split }} tests
+  busted-tests:
+    name: Busted test runner ${{ matrix.runner }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    needs: build
+    needs: [build,schedule]
+
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        suite: [integration, plugins]
-        split: [first, second]
+        runner: ${{ fromJSON(needs.schedule.outputs.runners) }}
 
     services:
       postgres:
@@ -179,7 +179,6 @@ jobs:
           echo "127.0.0.1 grpcs_2.test" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
 
     - name: Enable SSL for Redis
-      if: ${{ matrix.suite == 'plugins' }}
       run: |
           docker cp ${{ github.workspace }} kong_redis:/workspace
           docker cp ${{ github.workspace }}/spec/fixtures/redis/docker-entrypoint.sh kong_redis:/usr/local/bin/docker-entrypoint.sh
@@ -202,47 +201,54 @@ jobs:
           docker logs opentelemetry-collector
 
     - name: Install AWS SAM cli tool
-      if: ${{ matrix.suite == 'plugins' }}
       run: |
           curl -L -s -o /tmp/aws-sam-cli.zip https://github.com/aws/aws-sam-cli/releases/latest/download/aws-sam-cli-linux-x86_64.zip
           unzip -o /tmp/aws-sam-cli.zip -d /tmp/aws-sam-cli
           sudo /tmp/aws-sam-cli/install --update
 
-    - name: Update PATH
-      run: |
-        echo "$BUILD_ROOT/kong-dev/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
-        echo "$BUILD_ROOT/kong-dev/openresty/nginx/sbin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
-        echo "$BUILD_ROOT/kong-dev/openresty/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
-
-    - name: Debug (nginx)
-      run: |
-        echo nginx: $(which nginx)
-        nginx -V 2>&1 | sed -re 's/ --/\n--/g'
-        ldd $(which nginx)
-
-    - name: Debug (luarocks)
+    - name: Create kong_ro user in Postgres
       run: |
-        echo luarocks: $(which luarocks)
-        luarocks --version
-        luarocks config
+        psql -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -h localhost --username kong <<\EOD
+                CREATE user kong_ro;
+                GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE kong TO kong_ro;
+                \c kong;
+                GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO kong_ro;
+                ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE kong IN SCHEMA public GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO kong_ro;
+        EOD
 
     - name: Tune up postgres max_connections
       run: |
         # arm64 runners may use more connections due to more worker cores
         psql -hlocalhost -Ukong kong -tAc 'alter system set max_connections = 5000;'
 
-    - name: Generate test rerun filename
+    - name: Download test schedule file
+      uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+      continue-on-error: true
+      with:
+        name: schedule-test-files
+
+    - name: Generate helper environment variables
       run: |
-           echo FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE=$(echo '${{ github.run_id }}-${{ matrix.suite }}-${{ matrix.split }}' | tr A-Z a-z | sed -Ee 's/[^a-z0-9]+/-/g').txt >> $GITHUB_ENV
+           echo FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE=failed-tests.json >> $GITHUB_ENV
+           echo TEST_FILE_RUNTIME_FILE=test-runtime.json >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
+    - name: Build & install dependencies
+      run: |
+        make dev
 
     - name: Download test rerun information
       uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
       continue-on-error: true
       with:
-        name: ${{ env.FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE }}
+        name: test-rerun-info-${{ matrix.runner }}
 
-    - name: Tests
+    - name: Download test runtime statistics from previous runs
+      uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+      continue-on-error: true
+      with:
+        name: test-runtime-statistics-${{ matrix.runner }}
+
+    - name: Run Tests
       env:
         KONG_TEST_PG_DATABASE: kong
         KONG_TEST_PG_USER: kong
@@ -250,108 +256,44 @@ jobs:
         KONG_SPEC_TEST_GRPCBIN_PORT: "15002"
         KONG_SPEC_TEST_GRPCBIN_SSL_PORT: "15003"
         KONG_SPEC_TEST_OTELCOL_FILE_EXPORTER_PATH: ${{ github.workspace }}/tmp/otel/file_exporter.json
-        TEST_SUITE: ${{ matrix.suite }}
-        TEST_SPLIT: ${{ matrix.split }}
-      run: |
-          make dev # required to install other dependencies like bin/grpcurl
-          source ${{ env.BUILD_ROOT }}/kong-dev-venv.sh
-          .ci/run_tests.sh
+        DD_ENV: ci
+        DD_SERVICE: kong-ce-ci
+        DD_CIVISIBILITY_MANUAL_API_ENABLED: 1
+        DD_CIVISIBILITY_AGENTLESS_ENABLED: true
+        DD_TRACE_GIT_METADATA_ENABLED: true
+        DD_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.DATADOG_API_KEY }}
+      uses: Kong/gateway-test-scheduler/runner@main
+      with:
+        tests-to-run-file: test-chunk.${{ matrix.runner }}.json
+        failed-test-files-file: ${{ env.FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE }}
+        test-file-runtime-file: ${{ env.TEST_FILE_RUNTIME_FILE }}
+        setup-venv: . ${{ env.BUILD_ROOT }}/kong-dev-venv.sh
 
     - name: Upload test rerun information
       if: always()
       uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
       with:
-        name: ${{ env.FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE }}
+        name: test-rerun-info-${{ matrix.runner }}
         path: ${{ env.FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE }}
         retention-days: 2
 
-    - name: Archive coverage stats file
+    - name: Upload test runtime statistics for offline scheduling
+      if: always()
       uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
-      if: ${{ always() && (inputs.coverage == true || github.event_name == 'schedule') }}
       with:
-        name: luacov-stats-out-${{ github.job }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ matrix.suite }}-${{ contains(matrix.split, 'first') && '1' || '2' }}
-        retention-days: 1
-        path: |
-          luacov.stats.out
-
-    - name: Get kernel message
-      if: failure()
-      run: |
-        sudo dmesg -T
-
-  integration-tests-dbless:
-    name: DB-less integration tests
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    needs: build
-
-    services:
-      grpcbin:
-        image: kong/grpcbin
-        ports:
-          - 15002:9000
-          - 15003:9001
-
-    steps:
-    - name: Checkout Kong source code
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-    - name: Lookup build cache
-      id: cache-deps
-      uses: actions/cache@v3
-      with:
-        path: ${{ env.BUILD_ROOT }}
-        key: ${{ needs.build.outputs.cache-key }}
-
-    - name: Build WASM Test Filters
-      uses: ./.github/actions/build-wasm-test-filters
-
-    - name: Add gRPC test host names
-      run: |
-          echo "127.0.0.1 grpcs_1.test" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
-          echo "127.0.0.1 grpcs_2.test" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
-
-    - name: Run OpenTelemetry Collector
-      run: |
-          mkdir -p ${{ github.workspace }}/tmp/otel
-          touch ${{ github.workspace }}/tmp/otel/file_exporter.json
-          sudo chmod 777 -R ${{ github.workspace }}/tmp/otel
-          docker run -p 4317:4317 -p 4318:4318 -p 55679:55679 \
-              -v ${{ github.workspace }}/spec/fixtures/opentelemetry/otelcol.yaml:/etc/otel-collector-config.yaml \
-              -v ${{ github.workspace }}/tmp/otel:/etc/otel \
-              --name opentelemetry-collector -d \
-              otel/opentelemetry-collector-contrib:0.52.0 \
-              --config=/etc/otel-collector-config.yaml
-          sleep 2
-          docker logs opentelemetry-collector
-
-    - name: Tests
-      env:
-        KONG_TEST_PG_DATABASE: kong
-        KONG_TEST_PG_USER: kong
-        KONG_TEST_DATABASE: 'off'
-        KONG_SPEC_TEST_GRPCBIN_PORT: "15002"
-        KONG_SPEC_TEST_GRPCBIN_SSL_PORT: "15003"
-        KONG_SPEC_TEST_OTELCOL_FILE_EXPORTER_PATH: ${{ github.workspace }}/tmp/otel/file_exporter.json
-        TEST_SUITE: dbless
-      run: |
-          make dev # required to install other dependencies like bin/grpcurl
-          source ${{ env.BUILD_ROOT }}/kong-dev-venv.sh
-          .ci/run_tests.sh
+        name: test-runtime-statistics-${{ matrix.runner }}
+        path: ${{ env.TEST_FILE_RUNTIME_FILE }}
+        retention-days: 7
 
     - name: Archive coverage stats file
       uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
       if: ${{ always() && (inputs.coverage == true || github.event_name == 'schedule') }}
       with:
-        name: luacov-stats-out-${{ github.job }}-${{ github.run_id }}
+        name: luacov-stats-out-${{ github.job }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ matrix.runner }}
         retention-days: 1
         path: |
           luacov.stats.out
 
-    - name: Get kernel message
-      if: failure()
-      run: |
-        sudo dmesg -T
-
   pdk-tests:
     name: PDK tests
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
@@ -388,7 +330,7 @@ jobs:
             export PDK_LUACOV=1
           fi
           eval $(perl -I $HOME/perl5/lib/perl5/ -Mlocal::lib)
-          .ci/run_tests.sh
+          prove -I. -r t
 
     - name: Archive coverage stats file
       uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
@@ -404,9 +346,9 @@ jobs:
       run: |
         sudo dmesg -T
 
-  aggregator:
-    needs: [lint-doc-and-unit-tests,pdk-tests,integration-tests-postgres,integration-tests-dbless]
-    name: Luacov stats aggregator
+  cleanup-and-aggregate-stats:
+    needs: [lint-and-doc-tests,pdk-tests,busted-tests]
+    name: Cleanup and Luacov stats aggregator
     if: ${{ always() && (inputs.coverage == true || github.event_name == 'schedule') }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/update-test-runtime-statistics.yml b/.github/workflows/update-test-runtime-statistics.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0a24a01cde3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/update-test-runtime-statistics.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+name: Update test runtime statistics file for test scheduling
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: "1 0 * * SAT"
+  # push rule below needed for testing only
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - feat/test-run-scheduler
+
+jobs:
+  process-statistics:
+    name: Download statistics from GitHub and combine them
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout source code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.PAT }}
+
+      - name: Process statistics
+        uses: Kong/gateway-test-scheduler/analyze@main
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.PAT }}
+        with:
+          workflow-name: build_and_test.yml
+          test-file-runtime-file: .ci/runtimes.json
+          artifact-name-regexp: "^test-runtime-statistics-\\d+$"
+
+      - name: Commit
+        env:
+          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: "GitHub Actions Bot"
+          GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL: "<team-gateway@konghq.com>"
+          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: "GitHub Actions Bot"
+          GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL: "<team-gateway@konghq.com>"
+        run: |
+          git commit -m "chore(ci): updated test file runtime file" .ci/runtimes.json
+
+      - name: Create PR message
+        run: |
+          FIRST_LINE=$(git diff-tree -r -c -M -C --no-commit-id HEAD | head -n 1)
+          BLOB_HASH=$(echo $FIRST_LINE | awk '{print $4}')
+          SIZE=$(echo $BLOB_HASH | git cat-file --batch-check | grep "blob" | awk '{ print $3 }')
+          PRINTABLE_SIZE=$(numfmt --to=iec --suffix=B --format="%.1f" "$SIZE")
+
+          cat > /tmp/commit-message <<EOD
+          This PR updates the test runtimes file to incorporate latest statistics for better scheduling.
+          
+          It increases the repository size by $PRINTABLE_SIZE.
+          
+          The commit must be signed by a developer using these steps in the kong repository:
+          \`\`\`
+          git fetch
+          git checkout -b chore/update-runtimes origin/update-runtimes
+          git commit --amend --no-edit --author "\$(git config user.name) <\$(git config user.email)>"
+          git push -f
+          git checkout main
+          git branch -d chore/update-runtimes
+          \`\`\`
+          EOD
+
+      - name: Delete previous branch if it exists
+        run: git push origin :chore/update-runtimes
+
+      - name: Push to branch
+        run: git push -f origin HEAD:chore/update-runtimes
+
+      - name: Create PR
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.PAT }}
+        run: |
+          gh pr create --title "chore(ci): update test runtimes" \
+                       --body-file /tmp/commit-message \
+                       --base master \
+                       --head chore/update-runtimes
diff --git a/spec/01-unit/19-hybrid/03-compat_spec.lua b/spec/01-unit/19-hybrid/03-compat_spec.lua
index 48085ab24ecf..b2a0030aa0f0 100644
--- a/spec/01-unit/19-hybrid/03-compat_spec.lua
+++ b/spec/01-unit/19-hybrid/03-compat_spec.lua
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ describe("kong.clustering.compat", function()
         end
       end)
 
-      it(function()
+      it("has_update", function()
         local config = { config_table = declarative.export_config() }
         local has_update = compat.update_compatible_payload(config, "3.0.0", "test_")
         assert.truthy(has_update)
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ describe("kong.clustering.compat", function()
 
       config = { config_table = declarative.export_config() }
     end)
-    it(function()
+    it("plugin.use_srv_name", function()
       local has_update, result = compat.update_compatible_payload(config, "3.0.0", "test_")
       assert.truthy(has_update)
       result = cjson_decode(inflate_gzip(result)).config_table
diff --git a/spec/01-unit/29-admin_gui/02-admin_gui_template_spec.lua b/spec/01-unit/29-admin_gui/02-admin_gui_template_spec.lua
index 9a3df93ab523..de4c337fda36 100644
--- a/spec/01-unit/29-admin_gui/02-admin_gui_template_spec.lua
+++ b/spec/01-unit/29-admin_gui/02-admin_gui_template_spec.lua
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ describe("admin_gui template", function()
 
     setup(function()
       prefix_handler.prepare_prefixed_interface_dir("/usr/local/kong", "gui", conf)
+      os.execute("mkdir -p " .. mock_prefix)
       assert(pl_path.isdir(mock_prefix))
     end)
 
@@ -138,6 +139,7 @@ describe("admin_gui template", function()
 
     setup(function()
       prefix_handler.prepare_prefixed_interface_dir("/usr/local/kong", "gui", conf)
+      os.execute("mkdir -p " .. mock_prefix)
       assert(pl_path.isdir(mock_prefix))
     end)
 
@@ -183,7 +185,7 @@ describe("admin_gui template", function()
       conf.prefix = mock_prefix
 
       if not pl_path.exists(usr_interface_path) then
-        assert(pl_path.mkdir(usr_interface_path))
+        os.execute("mkdir -p " .. usr_interface_path)
       end
     end)
 
diff --git a/spec/02-integration/17-admin_gui/02-log_spec.lua b/spec/02-integration/17-admin_gui/02-log_spec.lua
index 226ff7d17901..e1b0176129ee 100644
--- a/spec/02-integration/17-admin_gui/02-log_spec.lua
+++ b/spec/02-integration/17-admin_gui/02-log_spec.lua
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ for _, strategy in helpers.each_strategy() do
 
 describe("Admin API - GUI logs - kong_admin #" .. strategy, function ()
   lazy_setup(function ()
+    helpers.get_db_utils(strategy)                          -- clear db
     assert(helpers.start_kong({
       strategy = strategy,
       prefix = "servroot",
diff --git a/spec/03-plugins/37-opentelemetry/05-otelcol_spec.lua b/spec/03-plugins/37-opentelemetry/05-otelcol_spec.lua
index c27f4d3663bc..931eebcb9dda 100644
--- a/spec/03-plugins/37-opentelemetry/05-otelcol_spec.lua
+++ b/spec/03-plugins/37-opentelemetry/05-otelcol_spec.lua
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ for _, strategy in helpers.each_strategy() do
 
       lazy_setup(function()
         -- clear file
+        os.execute("mkdir -p $(dirname " .. OTELCOL_FILE_EXPORTER_PATH .. ")")
         os.execute("cat /dev/null > " .. OTELCOL_FILE_EXPORTER_PATH)
         setup_instrumentations("all")
       end)
diff --git a/spec/busted-ci-helper.lua b/spec/busted-ci-helper.lua
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ff85767086ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/busted-ci-helper.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+-- busted-log-failed.lua
+
+-- Log which test files run by busted had failures or errors in a
+-- file.  The file to use for logging is specified in the
+-- FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE environment variable.  This is used to
+-- reduce test rerun times for flaky tests.
+
+local busted = require 'busted'
+local cjson = require 'cjson'
+local socket_unix = require 'socket.unix'
+
+local busted_event_path = os.getenv("BUSTED_EVENT_PATH")
+
+-- Function to recursively copy a table, skipping keys associated with functions
+local function copyTable(original, copied)
+  copied = copied or {}
+
+  for key, value in pairs(original) do
+    if type(value) == "table" then
+      copied[key] = copyTable(value, {})
+    elseif type(value) ~= "function" then
+      copied[key] = value
+    end
+  end
+
+  return copied
+end
+
+if busted_event_path then
+  local sock = assert(socket_unix())
+  assert(sock:connect(busted_event_path))
+
+  local events = {{ 'suite', 'reset' },
+                  { 'suite', 'start' },
+                  { 'suite', 'end' },
+                  { 'file', 'start' },
+                  { 'file', 'end' },
+                  { 'test', 'start' },
+                  { 'test', 'end' },
+                  { 'pending' },
+                  { 'failure', 'it' },
+                  { 'error', 'it' },
+                  { 'failure' },
+                  { 'error' }}
+  for _, event in ipairs(events) do
+    busted.subscribe(event, function (...)
+      local args = {}
+      for i, original in ipairs{...} do
+        if type(original) == "table" then
+          args[i] = copyTable(original)
+        elseif type(original) ~= "function" then
+          args[i] = original
+        end
+      end
+
+      sock:send(cjson.encode({ event = event[1] .. (event[2] and ":" .. event[2] or ""), args = args }) .. "\n")
+    end)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/busted-log-failed.lua b/spec/busted-log-failed.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index 7bfe6804b83f..000000000000
--- a/spec/busted-log-failed.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
--- busted-log-failed.lua
-
--- Log which test files run by busted had failures or errors in a
--- file.  The file to use for logging is specified in the
--- FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE environment variable.  This is used to
--- reduce test rerun times for flaky tests.
-
-local busted = require 'busted'
-local failed_files_file = assert(os.getenv("FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE"),
-        "FAILED_TEST_FILES_FILE environment variable not set")
-
-local FAILED_FILES = {}
-
-busted.subscribe({ 'failure' }, function(element, parent, message, debug)
-  FAILED_FILES[element.trace.source] = true
-end)
-
-busted.subscribe({ 'error' }, function(element, parent, message, debug)
-  FAILED_FILES[element.trace.source] = true
-end)
-
-busted.subscribe({ 'suite', 'end' }, function(suite, count, total)
-  local output = assert(io.open(failed_files_file, "w"))
-  if next(FAILED_FILES) then
-    for failed_file in pairs(FAILED_FILES) do
-      if failed_file:sub(1, 1) == '@' then
-        failed_file = failed_file:sub(2)
-      end
-      assert(output:write(failed_file .. "\n"))
-    end
-  end
-  output:close()
-end)
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/aws-sam.lua b/spec/fixtures/aws-sam.lua
index 5aa67f972eab..6316f7c574c4 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/aws-sam.lua
+++ b/spec/fixtures/aws-sam.lua
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 --AWS SAM Local Test Helper
+local ngx_pipe = require "ngx.pipe"
 local helpers = require "spec.helpers"
 local utils = require "spec.helpers.perf.utils"
 local fmt = string.format
@@ -26,6 +27,9 @@ function _M.is_sam_installed()
 end
 
 
+local sam_proc
+
+
 function _M.start_local_lambda()
   local port = helpers.get_available_port()
   if not port then
@@ -33,9 +37,16 @@ function _M.start_local_lambda()
   end
 
   -- run in background
-  local _ = ngx.thread.spawn(function()
-    utils.execute("sam local start-lambda --template-file=spec/fixtures/sam-app/template.yaml --port " .. port)
-  end)
+  local err
+  sam_proc, err = ngx_pipe.spawn({"sam",
+        "local",
+        "start-lambda",
+        "--template-file", "spec/fixtures/sam-app/template.yaml",
+        "--port", port
+  })
+  if not sam_proc then
+     return nil, err
+  end
 
   local ret, err = utils.execute("pgrep -f 'sam local'")
   if err then
@@ -47,9 +58,12 @@ end
 
 
 function _M.stop_local_lambda()
-  local ret, err = utils.execute("pkill -f sam")
-  if err then
-    return nil, fmt("Stop SAM CLI failed(code: %s): %s", err, ret)
+  if sam_proc then
+     local ok, err = sam_proc:kill(15)
+     if not ok then
+        return nil, fmt("Stop SAM CLI failed: %s", err)
+     end
+     sam_proc = nil
   end
 
   return true