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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="description" content="This document describes the INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Natural Risk Zones">
<meta name="keywords" content="INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Natural Risk Zones">
<meta name="author" content="Temporary MIWP 2021-2024 sub-group 2.3.1">
<meta name="copyright" content="Public">
<title>D2.8.III.12 Data Specification on Natural Risk Zones – Technical Guidelines</title>
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<div class="paragraph">
<p><span class="image"><img src="./media/image2.png" alt="image" width="93" height="93"></span> <strong>INSPIRE</strong> <strong>Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe</strong></p>
</div>
<h1 id="_d2_8_iii_12_data_specification_on_natural_risk_zones_technical_guidelines" class="discrete">D2.8.III.12 Data Specification on <em>Natural Risk Zones</em> – Technical Guidelines</h1>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%;">
<col style="width: 83%;">
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Title</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">D2.8.III.12 Data Specification on Natural Risk Zones – Technical Guidelines</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Creator</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Temporary MIWP 2021-2024 sub-group 2.3.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Date of publication</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2024-01-31</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Subject</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Natural Risk Zones</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Publisher</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INSPIRE Maintenance and Implementation Group (MIG)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Type</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Text</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Description</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This document describes the INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Natural Risk Zones</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Format</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">AsciiDoc</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Licence</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">Creative Commons Attribution (cc-by) 4.0</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Rights</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Public</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Identifier</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://inspire.ec.europa.eu/id/document/tg/nz">D2.8.III.12_v3.1.0</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Changelog</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://github.com/INSPIRE-MIF/technical-guidelines/releases/tag/v2024.1" class="bare">https://github.com/INSPIRE-MIF/technical-guidelines/releases/tag/v2024.1</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Language</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">en</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Relation</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_foreword" class="discrete">Foreword</h2>
<h2 id="_how_to_read_the_document" class="discrete">How to read the document?</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document describes the <em>"INSPIRE data specification on Natural Risk Zones – Technical Guidelines"</em> version 3.0 as developed by the Thematic Working Group (TWG) <em>Natural Risk Zones</em> using both natural and a conceptual schema language.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The data specification is based on a common template<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_1" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_1" title="View footnote.">1</a>]</sup> used for all data specifications, which has been harmonised using the experience from the development of the Annex I, II and III data specifications.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document provides guidelines for the implementation of the provisions laid down in the Implementing Rule for spatial data sets and services of the INSPIRE Directive. It also includes additional requirements and recommendations that, although not included in the Implementing Rule, are relevant to guarantee or to increase data interoperability.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Two executive summaries provide a quick overview of the INSPIRE data specification process in general, and the content of the data specification on <em>Natural Risk Zones</em> in particular. We highly recommend that managers, decision makers, and all those new to the INSPIRE process and/or information modelling should read these executive summaries first.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The UML diagrams (in Chapter 5) offer a rapid way to see the main elements of the specifications and their relationships. The definition of the spatial object types, attributes, and relationships are included in the Feature Catalogue (also in Chapter 5). People having thematic expertise but not familiar with UML can fully understand the content of the data model focusing on the Feature Catalogue. Users might also find the Feature Catalogue especially useful to check if it contains the data necessary for the applications that they run. The technical details are expected to be of prime interest to those organisations that are responsible for implementing INSPIRE within the field of <em>Natural Risk Zones</em>, but also to other stakeholders and users of the spatial data infrastructure.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The technical provisions and the underlying concepts are often illustrated by examples. Smaller examples are within the text of the specification, while longer explanatory examples and descriptions of selected use cases are attached in the annexes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to distinguish the INSPIRE spatial data themes from the spatial object types, the INSPIRE spatial data themes are written in <em>italics.</em></p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The document will be publicly available as a 'non-paper'. It does not represent an official position of the European Commission, and as such cannot be invoked in the context of legal procedures.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Legal Notice</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_interoperability_of_spatial_data_sets_and_services_general_executive_summary" class="discrete">Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services – General Executive Summary</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The challenges regarding the lack of availability, quality, organisation, accessibility, and sharing of spatial information are common to a large number of policies and activities and are experienced across the various levels of public authority in Europe. In order to solve these problems it is necessary to take measures of coordination between the users and providers of spatial information. The Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council adopted on 14 March 2007 aims at establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) for environmental policies, or policies and activities that have an impact on the environment.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE is based on the infrastructures for spatial information that are created and maintained by the Member States. To support the establishment of a European infrastructure, Implementing Rules addressing the following components of the infrastructure have been specified: metadata, interoperability of spatial data sets (as described in Annexes I, II, III of the Directive) and spatial data services, network services, data and service sharing, and monitoring and reporting procedures.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE does not require collection of new data. However, after the period specified in the Directive<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_2" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_2" title="View footnote.">2</a>]</sup> Member States have to make their data available according to the Implementing Rules.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Interoperability in INSPIRE means the possibility to combine spatial data and services from different sources across the European Community in a consistent way without involving specific efforts of humans or machines. It is important to note that "interoperability" is understood as providing access to spatial data sets through network services, typically via Internet. Interoperability may be achieved by either changing (harmonising) and storing existing data sets or transforming them via services for publication in the INSPIRE infrastructure. It is expected that users will spend less time and efforts on understanding and integrating data when they build their applications based on data delivered in accordance with INSPIRE.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to benefit from the endeavours of international standardisation bodies and organisations established under international law their standards and technical means have been utilised and referenced, whenever possible.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To facilitate the implementation of INSPIRE, it is important that all stakeholders have the opportunity to participate in specification and development. For this reason, the Commission has put in place a consensus building process involving data users, and providers together with representatives of industry, research and government. These stakeholders, organised through Spatial Data Interest Communities (SDIC) and Legally Mandated Organisations (LMO)<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_3" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_3" title="View footnote.">3</a>]</sup>, have provided reference materials, participated in the user requirement and technical<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_4" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_4" title="View footnote.">4</a>]</sup> surveys, proposed experts for the Data Specification Drafting Team<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_5" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_5" title="View footnote.">5</a>]</sup>, the Thematic Working Groups<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_6" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_6" title="View footnote.">6</a>]</sup> and other ad-hoc cross-thematic technical groups and participated in the public stakeholder consultations on draft versions of the data specifications. These consultations covered expert reviews as well as feasibility and fitness-for-purpose testing of the data specifications<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_7" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_7" title="View footnote.">7</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This open and participatory approach was successfully used during the development of the data specifications on Annex I, II and III data themes as well as during the preparation of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_8" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_8" title="View footnote.">8</a>]</sup> for Annex I spatial data themes and of its amendment regarding the themes of Annex II and III.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The development framework elaborated by the Data Specification Drafting Team aims at keeping the data specifications of the different themes coherent. It summarises the methodology to be used for the development of the data specifications, providing a coherent set of requirements and recommendations to achieve interoperability. The pillars of the framework are the following technical documents<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_9" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_9" title="View footnote.">9</a>]</sup>:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <em>Definition of Annex Themes and Scope</em> describes in greater detail the spatial data themes defined in the Directive, and thus provides a sound starting point for the thematic aspects of the data specification development.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Generic Conceptual Model</em> defines the elements necessary for interoperability and data harmonisation including cross-theme issues. It specifies requirements and recommendations with regard to data specification elements of common use, like the spatial and temporal schema, unique identifier management, object referencing, some common code lists, etc. Those requirements of the Generic Conceptual Model that are directly implementable are included in the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Methodology for the Development of Data Specifications</em> defines a repeatable methodology. It describes how to arrive from user requirements to a data specification through a number of steps including use-case development, initial specification development and analysis of analogies and gaps for further specification refinement.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Guidelines for the Encoding of Spatial Data</em> defines how geographic information can be encoded to enable transfer processes between the systems of the data providers in the Member States. Even though it does not specify a mandatory encoding rule it sets GML (ISO 19136) as the default encoding for INSPIRE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Guidelines for the use of Observations & Measurements and Sensor Web Enablement-related standards in INSPIRE Annex II and III data specification development</em> provides guidelines on how the "Observations and Measurements" standard (ISO 19156) is to be used within INSPIRE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Common data models</em> are a set of documents that specify data models that are referenced by a number of different data specifications. These documents include generic data models for networks, coverages and activity complexes.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The structure of the data specifications is based on the "ISO 19131 Geographic information - Data product specifications" standard. They include the technical documentation of the application schema, the spatial object types with their properties, and other specifics of the spatial data themes using natural language as well as a formal conceptual schema language<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_10" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_10" title="View footnote.">10</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A consolidated model repository, feature concept dictionary, and glossary are being maintained to support the consistent specification development and potential further reuse of specification elements. The consolidated model consists of the harmonised models of the relevant standards from the ISO 19100 series, the INSPIRE Generic Conceptual Model, and the application schemas<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_11" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_11" title="View footnote.">11</a>]</sup> developed for each spatial data theme. The multilingual INSPIRE Feature Concept Dictionary contains the definition and description of the INSPIRE themes together with the definition of the spatial object types present in the specification. The INSPIRE Glossary defines all the terms (beyond the spatial object types) necessary for understanding the INSPIRE documentation including the terminology of other components (metadata, network services, data sharing, and monitoring).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By listing a number of requirements and making the necessary recommendations, the data specifications enable full system interoperability across the Member States, within the scope of the application areas targeted by the Directive. The data specifications (in their version 3.0) are published as technical guidelines and provide the basis for the content of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_12" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_12" title="View footnote.">12</a>]</sup>. The content of the Implementing Rule is extracted from the data specifications, considering short- and medium-term feasibility as well as cost-benefit considerations. The requirements included in the Implementing Rule are legally binding for the Member States according to the timeline specified in the INSPIRE Directive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In addition to providing a basis for the interoperability of spatial data in INSPIRE, the data specification development framework and the thematic data specifications can be reused in other environments at local, regional, national and global level contributing to improvements in the coherence and interoperability of data in spatial data infrastructures.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_natural_risk_zones_executive_summary" class="discrete">Natural Risk Zones – Executive Summary</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document contains the data specification on INSPIRE Annex III spatial data theme 12, <em>Natural Risk Zones</em>. This specification is the work of the <em>Natural Risk Zones</em> thematic working group (TWG-NZ)- a multinational team of experts volunteered from the community of SDICs (Spatial Data Interest Communities) and LMOs (Legally Mandated Organisations) of INSPIRE.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Using the latest research and experience available, TWG-NZ has defined <em>Natural Risk Zones</em> as areas where natural hazards are coincident with populated areas and/or areas of particular environmental/ cultural or economic value. Risk in this context is defined as:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph text-center">
<p><span class="big"><strong>Risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability</strong></span></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>of human health, the environmental, cultural and economic assets in the zone considered.</em></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Precise definitions of these widely used terms (see Chapter 2.1) as well as a clear distinction between "hazard" and "risk" is essential for understanding of this data specification.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The domain of the <em>Natural Risk Zones</em> data specification is potentially very large, it encompasses hazards from floods to geomagnetic storms, and exposed elements from buildings to designated environmental features this is described further in Chapter 2 of this report.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The data and information that is included in this data specification take as a starting point the existence of the delineation of a hazard area. For some hazards, for example meteorological hazards it is not straight forward to delineate concrete hazard areas as occurrence depends on complex, respectively chaotic meteorological conditions. Source data for each hazard are mostly in the domain of other INSPIRE Annex I, II and III themes for example fault lines as a source for earthquakes, in the Geology theme. As a consequence, this data specification does not include the modelling of the processes and scientific methods that were used in the delineation of hazard areas.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The approach taken to model <em>Natural Risk Zones</em> is generic in its treatment of each of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk, but five use cases have been created to demonstrate the fit of the model with specific examples for different types of hazard:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Floods (calculation of flood impact, reporting and flood hazard/risk mapping)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Risk Management Scenario (an example from a national perspective)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Landslides (hazard mapping, vulnerability assessment and risk assessment)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Forest fires (danger, vulnerability and risk mapping)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Earthquake insurance</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>These use cases are listed in Annex B.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The case of flood hazard has also been used to demonstrate the capacity for extension of the model where a requirement to be more specific exists (see Annex D). Flood risk is significantly more precisely defined than other hazards, due in part to the development of the Floods Directive (2007/60/EC - FD) and collaboration with the relevant (FD) expert group.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The data specification includes modelling of risk zones caused by natural phenomena – primarily. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that the core of the model may be valid for the modelling of other types of hazards beyond the immediate domain of the <em>Natural Risk Zones</em> specification.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In the real world, hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. There are complexities in adequately modelling these circumstances that complicate the communication of good practice in modelling more simple hazard and risk relationships. At this time the <em>Natural Risk Zones</em> data model has not been designed so that it could also operate in multi-risk circumstances.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The model includes measured past events and modelled future events. It does not deal with real-time data and respectively events as they are happening. This is the domain of monitoring and emergency response which is largely out of the domain of <em>Natural Risk Zones</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>Natural Risk Zones</em> also involve significant engagement with other thematic areas from INSPIRE. This involvement stems from the nature of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk as defined in this document. Several other thematic areas will input attributes vital to understanding the nature of hazard, yet others are vital in the understanding of exposure while others model the monitoring of hazard areas.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The concepts included in the model are abstract and can be specialised using either vector or coverage spatial representation. This is done in order to create a framework which enables exchange of data that are either vector or coverage, considering that any of the spatial objects can be modelled in either way.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There are 4 key spatial object types that are modelled;</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Hazard area</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Observed event</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Risk zone</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Exposed element</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>While preparing the data specification, three primary categories of natural risk zone data provider have been identified:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Natural hazards data providers (past event registers and/or modelled hazards)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Vulnerability data providers (including exposure information)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Risk data providers</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is important for all potential users of natural risk zones information to know which hazard is causing a particular risk zone. It is crucial for the mitigation and management of the risk. For that reason, any provider should identify which type of natural hazard their data is related to; and for vulnerability data providers, which kind of exposed element is at risk.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to facilitate semantic interoperability, this data specification includes a simple, high level classification through two code lists providing type of natural hazards and type of exposed element categorizations. These code lists are not meant to be exhaustive, but can be extended with narrower terms by Member States. Moreover, data providers can add a more specific classification for both concepts.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>One of the main purposes of hazard and risk maps is to inform clearly thus supporting effective communication between modellers, data providers, policy makers and the citizen. We hope that this data specification can play a part in improving this communication.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_acknowledgements" class="discrete">Acknowledgements</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Many individuals and organisations have contributed to the development of these Guidelines.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Building this model has not been a trivial undertaking, Thematic Working Group <em>Natural Risk Zones</em> (TWG-NZ) has received significant contributions from the community of SDICs and LMOs related to the <em>Natural Risk Zones</em> domain. We have also benefited from the expertise of many individuals and the continued support of each of our employers. We would like to thank all of these for their generosity and support in completing this piece of work.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For the final version of the Technical Guidelines document the TWG-NZ included:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Matthew Harrison (TWG Facilitator), Florian Thomas (TWG Editor), José I. Barredo, Venco Bojilov, Raquel Canet Castella, Otakar Cerba, George Exadaktylos, Miguel Llorente Isidro, Manuela Pfeiffer, Robert Tomas (European Commission contact point).</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Cristiano Giovando and Andrea Camia also contributed to earlier drafts.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Other contributors to the INSPIRE data specifications are the Drafting Team Data Specifications, the JRC Data Specifications Team and the INSPIRE stakeholders - Spatial Data Interested Communities (SDICs) and Legally Mandated Organisations (LMOs).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Contact information</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Maria Vanda Nunes de Lima & Michael Lutz<br>
European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC)<br>
Institute for Environment and Sustainability<br>
Unit H06: Digital Earth and Reference Data<br>
<em><a href="http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/2" class="bare">http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/2</a></em></p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_table_of_contents" class="discrete">Table of contents</h2>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle" class="title"></div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_scope">1. Scope</a></li>
<li><a href="#_overview">2. Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_name">2.1. Name</a></li>
<li><a href="#_informal_description">2.2. Informal description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_normative_references">2.3. Normative References</a></li>
<li><a href="#_terms_and_definitions">2.4. Terms and definitions</a></li>
<li><a href="#_symbols_and_abbreviations">2.5. Symbols and abbreviations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_how_the_technical_guidelines_map_to_the_implementing_rules">2.6. How the Technical Guidelines map to the Implementing Rules</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_requirements">2.6.1. Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#_recommendations">2.6.2. Recommendations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_conformance">2.6.3. Conformance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_specification_scopes">3. Specification scopes</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identification_information">4. Identification information</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_content_and_structure">5. Data content and structure</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_application_schemas_overview">5.1. Application schemas – Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_application_schemas_included_in_the_irs">5.1.1. Application schemas included in the IRs</a></li>
<li><a href="#_additional_recommended_application_schemas">5.1.2. Additional recommended application schemas</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_basic_notions">5.2. Basic notions</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_notation">5.2.1. Notation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_unified_modeling_language_uml">5.2.1.1. Unified Modeling Language (UML)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_stereotypes">5.2.1.2. Stereotypes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_voidable_characteristics">5.2.2. Voidable characteristics</a></li>
<li><a href="#_code_lists">5.2.3. Code lists</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_code_list_types">5.2.3.1. Code list types</a></li>
<li><a href="#_obligations_on_data_providers">5.2.3.2. Obligations on data providers</a></li>
<li><a href="#_recommended_code_list_values">5.2.3.3. Recommended code list values</a></li>
<li><a href="#_governance">5.2.3.4. Governance</a></li>
<li><a href="#_vocabulary">5.2.3.5. Vocabulary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_identifier_management">5.2.4. Identifier management</a></li>
<li><a href="#_geometry_representation">5.2.5. Geometry representation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporality_representation">5.2.6. Temporality representation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_validity_of_the_real_world_phenomena">5.2.6.1. Validity of the real-world phenomena</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_coverages">5.2.7. Coverages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_application_schema_naturalriskzones">5.3. Application schema NaturalRiskZones</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_description">5.3.1. Description</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_narrative_description">5.3.1.1. Narrative description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_uml_overview">5.3.1.2. UML Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#_consistency_between_spatial_data_sets">5.3.1.3. Consistency between spatial data sets</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifier_management_2">5.3.1.4. Identifier management</a></li>
<li><a href="#_modelling_of_object_references">5.3.1.5. Modelling of object references</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_feature_catalogue">5.3.2. Feature catalogue</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_spatial_object_types">5.3.2.1. Spatial object types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_abstractexposedelement">5.3.2.1.1. AbstractExposedElement</a></li>
<li><a href="#_abstracthazardarea">5.3.2.1.2. AbstractHazardArea</a></li>
<li><a href="#_abstractobservedevent">5.3.2.1.3. AbstractObservedEvent</a></li>
<li><a href="#_abstractriskzone">5.3.2.1.4. AbstractRiskZone</a></li>
<li><a href="#_exposedelementcoverage">5.3.2.1.5. ExposedElementCoverage</a></li>
<li><a href="#_hazardcoverage">5.3.2.1.6. HazardCoverage</a></li>
<li><a href="#_observedeventcoverage">5.3.2.1.7. ObservedEventCoverage</a></li>
<li><a href="#_riskcoverage">5.3.2.1.8. RiskCoverage</a></li>
<li><a href="#_observedevent">5.3.2.1.9. ObservedEvent</a></li>
<li><a href="#_hazardarea">5.3.2.1.10. HazardArea</a></li>
<li><a href="#_riskzone">5.3.2.1.11. RiskZone</a></li>
<li><a href="#_exposedelement">5.3.2.1.12. ExposedElement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_types">5.3.2.2. Data types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_vulnerabilityassessment">5.3.2.2.1. VulnerabilityAssessment</a></li>
<li><a href="#_naturalhazardclassification">5.3.2.2.2. NaturalHazardClassification</a></li>
<li><a href="#_levelorintensity">5.3.2.2.3. LevelOrIntensity</a></li>
<li><a href="#_likelihoodofoccurrence">5.3.2.2.4. LikelihoodOfOccurrence</a></li>
<li><a href="#_quantitativelikelihood">5.3.2.2.5. QuantitativeLikelihood</a></li>
<li><a href="#_exposedelementclassification">5.3.2.2.6. ExposedElementClassification</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_code_lists_2">5.3.2.3. Code lists</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_specificexposedelementtypevalue">5.3.2.3.1. SpecificExposedElementTypeValue</a></li>
<li><a href="#_specifichazardtypevalue">5.3.2.3.2. SpecificHazardTypeValue</a></li>
<li><a href="#_naturalhazardcategoryvalue">5.3.2.3.3. NaturalHazardCategoryValue</a></li>
<li><a href="#_exposedelementcategoryvalue">5.3.2.3.4. ExposedElementCategoryValue</a></li>
<li><a href="#_determinationmethodvalue">5.3.2.3.5. DeterminationMethodValue</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_imported_types_informative">5.3.2.4. Imported types (informative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_abstractfeature">5.3.2.4.1. AbstractFeature</a></li>
<li><a href="#_characterstring">5.3.2.4.2. CharacterString</a></li>
<li><a href="#_coveragebydomainandrange">5.3.2.4.3. CoverageByDomainAndRange</a></li>
<li><a href="#_datetime">5.3.2.4.4. DateTime</a></li>
<li><a href="#_documentcitation">5.3.2.4.5. DocumentCitation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_environmentalmonitoringprogramme">5.3.2.4.6. EnvironmentalMonitoringProgramme</a></li>
<li><a href="#_gm_object">5.3.2.4.7. GM_Object</a></li>
<li><a href="#_gm_surface">5.3.2.4.8. GM_Surface</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifier">5.3.2.4.9. Identifier</a></li>
<li><a href="#_measure">5.3.2.4.10. Measure</a></li>
<li><a href="#_number">5.3.2.4.11. Number</a></li>
<li><a href="#_probability">5.3.2.4.12. Probability</a></li>
<li><a href="#_tm_period">5.3.2.4.13. TM_Period</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_reference_systems_units_of_measure_and_grids">6. Reference systems, units of measure and grids</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_default_reference_systems_units_of_measure_and_grid">6.1. Default reference systems, units of measure and grid</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_systems">6.1.1. Coordinate reference systems</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_datum">6.1.1.1. Datum</a></li>
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_systems_2">6.1.1.2. Coordinate reference systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#_display">6.1.1.3. Display</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifiers_for_coordinate_reference_systems">6.1.1.4. Identifiers for coordinate reference systems</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_temporal_reference_system">6.1.2. Temporal reference system</a></li>
<li><a href="#_units_of_measure">6.1.3. Units of measure</a></li>
<li><a href="#_grids">6.1.4. Grids</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_theme_specific_requirements_and_recommendations">6.2. Theme-specific requirements and recommendations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality">7. Data quality</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_data_quality_elements">7.1. Data quality elements</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_logical_consistency_conceptual_consistency">7.1.1. Logical consistency – Conceptual consistency</a></li>
<li><a href="#_logical_consistency_domain_consistency">7.1.2. Logical consistency – Domain consistency</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_minimum_data_quality_requirements">7.2. Minimum data quality requirements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_dataset_level_metadata">8. Dataset-level metadata</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_metadata_elements_defined_in_inspire_metadata_regulation">8.1. Metadata elements defined in INSPIRE Metadata Regulation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_conformity">8.1.1. Conformity</a></li>
<li><a href="#_lineage">8.1.2. Lineage</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporal_reference">8.1.3. Temporal reference</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_metadata_elements_for_interoperability">8.2. Metadata elements for interoperability</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_system">8.2.1. Coordinate Reference System</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporal_reference_system_2">8.2.2. Temporal Reference System</a></li>
<li><a href="#_encoding">8.2.3. Encoding</a></li>
<li><a href="#_character_encoding">8.2.4. Character Encoding</a></li>
<li><a href="#_spatial_representation_type">8.2.5. Spatial representation type</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality_logical_consistency_topological_consistency">8.2.6. Data Quality – Logical Consistency – Topological Consistency</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_recommended_theme_specific_metadata_elements">8.3. Recommended theme-specific metadata elements</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_maintenance_information">8.3.1. Maintenance Information</a></li>
<li><a href="#_metadata_elements_for_reporting_data_quality">8.3.2. Metadata elements for reporting data quality</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_guidelines_for_reporting_quantitative_results_of_the_data_quality_evaluation">8.3.2.1. Guidelines for reporting quantitative results of the data quality evaluation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_guidelines_for_reporting_descriptive_results_of_the_data_quality_evaluation">8.3.2.2. Guidelines for reporting descriptive results of the Data Quality evaluation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_delivery">9. Delivery</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_updates">9.1. Updates</a></li>
<li><a href="#_delivery_medium">9.2. Delivery medium</a></li>
<li><a href="#_encodings">9.3. Encodings</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_default_encodings">9.3.1. Default Encoding(s)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_specific_requirements_for_gml_encoding">9.3.1.1. Specific requirements for GML encoding</a></li>
<li><a href="#_default_encodings_for_application_schema_naturalriskzones">9.3.1.2. Default encoding(s) for application schema NaturalRiskZones</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_options_for_delivering_coverage_data">9.4. Options for delivering coverage data</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_optional_encoding_for_the_coverage_part_of_the_application_schema_naturalriskzones">9.4.1. Optional encoding for the coverage part of the application schema NaturalRiskZones.</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_capture">10. Data Capture</a></li>
<li><a href="#_portrayal">11. Portrayal</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_layers_to_be_provided_by_inspire_view_services">11.1. Layers to be provided by INSPIRE view services</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_layers_organisation">11.1.1. Layers organisation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_styles_recommended_to_be_supported_by_inspire_view_services">11.2. Styles recommended to be supported by INSPIRE view services</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_styles_for_the_layer_nz_riskzone_and_nz_hazardarea">11.2.1. Styles for the layer NZ.RiskZone and NZ.HazardArea</a></li>
<li><a href="#_styles_for_the_layer_nz_riskzone">11.2.2. Styles for the layer NZ.RiskZone</a></li>
<li><a href="#_styles_for_the_layer_nz_hazardarea">11.2.3. Styles for the layer NZ.HazardArea</a></li>
<li><a href="#_styles_for_the_layer_nz_observedevent_type_of_hazard">11.2.4. Styles for the layer NZ.ObservedEvent - type of hazard</a></li>
<li><a href="#_styles_for_the_layer_nz_exposedelement">11.2.5. Styles for the layer NZ.ExposedElement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_bibliography">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="#_abstract_test_suite_normative">Annex A: Abstract Test Suite - (normative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_application_schema_conformance_class">A.1. Application Schema Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_schema_element_denomination_test">A.1.1. Schema element denomination test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_value_type_test">A.1.2. Value type test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_value_test">A.1.3. Value test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_attributesassociations_completeness_test">A.1.4. Attributes/associations completeness test</a></li>