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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="description" content="This document describes the INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Land Cover">
<meta name="keywords" content="INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Land Cover">
<meta name="author" content="Temporary MIWP 2021-2024 sub-group 2.3.1">
<meta name="copyright" content="Public">
<title>D2.8.II.2 Data Specification on Land Cover – Technical Guidelines</title>
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<div class="paragraph">
<p><span class="image"><img src="./media/image3.png" alt="image" width="93" height="93"></span> <strong>INSPIRE</strong> <strong>Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe</strong></p>
</div>
<h1 id="_d2_8_ii_2_data_specification_on_land_cover_technical_guidelines" class="discrete">D2.8.II.2 Data Specification on <em>Land Cover</em> – Technical Guidelines</h1>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
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<col style="width: 17%;">
<col style="width: 83%;">
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Title</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">D2.8.II.2 Data Specification on Land Cover – Technical Guidelines</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Creator</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Temporary MIWP 2021-2024 sub-group 2.3.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Date of publication</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2024-01-31</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Subject</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Land Cover</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Publisher</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INSPIRE Maintenance and Implementation Group (MIG)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Type</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Text</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Description</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This document describes the INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Land Cover</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Format</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">AsciiDoc</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Licence</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">Creative Commons Attribution (cc-by) 4.0</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Rights</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Public</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Identifier</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://inspire.ec.europa.eu/id/document/tg/lc">D2.8.II.2_v3.1.0</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Changelog</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://github.com/INSPIRE-MIF/technical-guidelines/releases/tag/v2024.1" class="bare">https://github.com/INSPIRE-MIF/technical-guidelines/releases/tag/v2024.1</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Language</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">en</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Relation</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_foreword" class="discrete">Foreword</h2>
<h2 id="_how_to_read_the_document" class="discrete">How to read the document?</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document describes the <em>"INSPIRE data specification on Land Cover – Technical Guidelines"</em> version 3.0 as developed by the Thematic Working Group (TWG) <em>LC</em> using both natural and a conceptual schema language.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The data specification is based on a common template<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_1" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_1" title="View footnote.">1</a>]</sup> used for all data specifications, which has been harmonised using the experience from the development of the Annex I, II and III data specifications.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document provides guidelines for the implementation of the provisions laid down in the draft Implementing Rule for spatial data sets and services of the INSPIRE Directive. It also includes additional requirements and recommendations that, although not included in the Implementing Rule, are relevant to guarantee or to increase data interoperability.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Two executive summaries provide a quick overview of the INSPIRE data specification process in general, and the content of the data specification on <em>Land Cover</em> in particular. We highly recommend that managers, decision makers, and all those new to the INSPIRE process and/or information modelling should read these executive summaries first.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The UML diagrams (in Chapter 5) offer a rapid way to see the main elements of the specifications and their relationships. The definition of the spatial object types, attributes, and relationships are included in the Feature Catalogue (also in Chapter 5). People having thematic expertise but not familiar with UML can fully understand the content of the data model focusing on the Feature Catalogue. Users might also find the Feature Catalogue especially useful to check if it contains the data necessary for the applications that they run. The technical details are expected to be of prime interest to those organisations that are responsible for implementing INSPIRE within the field of <em>Land Cover</em>, but also to other stakeholders and users of the spatial data infrastructure.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The technical provisions and the underlying concepts are often illustrated by examples. Smaller examples are within the text of the specification, while longer explanatory examples and descriptions of selected use cases are attached in the annexes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to distinguish the INSPIRE spatial data themes from the spatial object types, the INSPIRE spatial data themes are written in <em>italics.</em></p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The document will be publicly available as a 'non-paper'. It does not represent an official position of the European Commission, and as such cannot be invoked in the context of legal procedures.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Legal Notice</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_interoperability_of_spatial_data_sets_and_services_general_executive_summary" class="discrete">Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services – General Executive Summary</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The challenges regarding the lack of availability, quality, organisation, accessibility, and sharing of spatial information are common to a large number of policies and activities and are experienced across the various levels of public authority in Europe. In order to solve these problems it is necessary to take measures of coordination between the users and providers of spatial information. The Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council adopted on 14 March 2007 aims at establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) for environmental policies, or policies and activities that have an impact on the environment.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE is based on the infrastructures for spatial information that are created and maintained by the Member States. To support the establishment of a European infrastructure, Implementing Rules addressing the following components of the infrastructure have been specified: metadata, interoperability of spatial data sets (as described in Annexes I, II, III of the Directive) and spatial data services, network services, data and service sharing, and monitoring and reporting procedures.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE does not require collection of new data. However, after the period specified in the Directive<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_2" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_2" title="View footnote.">2</a>]</sup> Member States have to make their data available according to the Implementing Rules.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Interoperability in INSPIRE means the possibility to combine spatial data and services from different sources across the European Community in a consistent way without involving specific efforts of humans or machines. It is important to note that "interoperability" is understood as providing access to spatial data sets through network services, typically via Internet. Interoperability may be achieved by either changing (harmonising) and storing existing data sets or transforming them via services for publication in the INSPIRE infrastructure. It is expected that users will spend less time and efforts on understanding and integrating data when they build their applications based on data delivered in accordance with INSPIRE.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to benefit from the endeavours of international standardisation bodies and organisations established under international law their standards and technical means have been utilised and referenced, whenever possible.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To facilitate the implementation of INSPIRE, it is important that all stakeholders have the opportunity to participate in specification and development. For this reason, the Commission has put in place a consensus building process involving data users, and providers together with representatives of industry, research and government. These stakeholders, organised through Spatial Data Interest Communities (SDIC) and Legally Mandated Organisations (LMO)<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_3" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_3" title="View footnote.">3</a>]</sup>, have provided reference materials, participated in the user requirement and technical<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_4" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_4" title="View footnote.">4</a>]</sup> surveys, proposed experts for the Data Specification Drafting Team<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_5" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_5" title="View footnote.">5</a>]</sup>, the Thematic Working Groups<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_6" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_6" title="View footnote.">6</a>]</sup> and other ad-hoc cross-thematic technical groups and participated in the public stakeholder consultations on draft versions of the data specifications. These consultations covered expert reviews as well as feasibility and fitness-for-purpose testing of the data specifications<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_7" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_7" title="View footnote.">7</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This open and participatory approach was successfully used during the development of the data specifications on Annex I, II and III data themes as well as during the preparation of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_8" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_8" title="View footnote.">8</a>]</sup> for Annex I spatial data themes and of its amendment regarding the themes of Annex II and III.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The development framework elaborated by the Data Specification Drafting Team aims at keeping the data specifications of the different themes coherent. It summarises the methodology to be used for the development of the data specifications, providing a coherent set of requirements and recommendations to achieve interoperability. The pillars of the framework are the following technical documents<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_9" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_9" title="View footnote.">9</a>]</sup>:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <em>Definition of Annex Themes and Scope</em> describes in greater detail the spatial data themes defined in the Directive, and thus provides a sound starting point for the thematic aspects of the data specification development.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Generic Conceptual Model</em> defines the elements necessary for interoperability and data harmonisation including cross-theme issues. It specifies requirements and recommendations with regard to data specification elements of common use, like the spatial and temporal schema, unique identifier management, object referencing, some common code lists, etc. Those requirements of the Generic Conceptual Model that are directly implementable are included in the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Methodology for the Development of Data Specifications</em> defines a repeatable methodology. It describes how to arrive from user requirements to a data specification through a number of steps including use-case development, initial specification development and analysis of analogies and gaps for further specification refinement.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Guidelines for the Encoding of Spatial Data</em> defines how geographic information can be encoded to enable transfer processes between the systems of the data providers in the Member States. Even though it does not specify a mandatory encoding rule it sets GML (ISO 19136) as the default encoding for INSPIRE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Guidelines for the use of Observations & Measurements and Sensor Web Enablement-related standards in INSPIRE Annex II and III data specification development</em> provides guidelines on how the "Observations and Measurements" standard (ISO 19156) is to be used within INSPIRE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Common data models</em> are a set of documents that specify data models that are referenced by a number of different data specifications. These documents include generic data models for networks, coverages and activity complexes.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The structure of the data specifications is based on the "ISO 19131 Geographic information - Data product specifications" standard. They include the technical documentation of the application schema, the spatial object types with their properties, and other specifics of the spatial data themes using natural language as well as a formal conceptual schema language<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_10" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_10" title="View footnote.">10</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A consolidated model repository, feature concept dictionary, and glossary are being maintained to support the consistent specification development and potential further reuse of specification elements. The consolidated model consists of the harmonised models of the relevant standards from the ISO 19100 series, the INSPIRE Generic Conceptual Model, and the application schemas<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_11" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_11" title="View footnote.">11</a>]</sup> developed for each spatial data theme. The multilingual INSPIRE Feature Concept Dictionary contains the definition and description of the INSPIRE themes together with the definition of the spatial object types present in the specification. The INSPIRE Glossary defines all the terms (beyond the spatial object types) necessary for understanding the INSPIRE documentation including the terminology of other components (metadata, network services, data sharing, and monitoring).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By listing a number of requirements and making the necessary recommendations, the data specifications enable full system interoperability across the Member States, within the scope of the application areas targeted by the Directive. The data specifications (in their version 3.0) are published as technical guidelines and provide the basis for the content of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_12" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_12" title="View footnote.">12</a>]</sup>. The content of the Implementing Rule is extracted from the data specifications, considering short- and medium-term feasibility as well as cost-benefit considerations. The requirements included in the Implementing Rule are legally binding for the Member States according to the timeline specified in the INSPIRE Directive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In addition to providing a basis for the interoperability of spatial data in INSPIRE, the data specification development framework and the thematic data specifications can be reused in other environments at local, regional, national and global level contributing to improvements in the coherence and interoperability of data in spatial data infrastructures.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_land_cover_executive_summary" class="discrete">Land Cover – Executive Summary</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This data specification for the theme <em>Land Cover</em> in the framework of Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 (INSPIRE) is separated into two core models and an extended model. The two core models are conceptually similar, but for technical reasons separated into one core model for vector data and one (somewhat simplified) core model for raster data. The two core models are proposed as part of the INSPIRE implementing rules. CORINE Land Cover as well as most regional and national land cover data sets, can be represented using one of the core models. Land cover data involving multiple classifications or land cover parameters other than traditional classifications (such as soil sealing) can be represented using the extended model. Since the two core models are subsets of the extended model, data providers implementing the extended model are also implicitly INSPIRE compliant.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The data specification development was based on the analysis of submitted reference material, use cases submitted by the European Environmental Agency as well as use cases developed by the TWG itself. The latter, found in an Annex to this data specification, were</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Land cover information used in monitoring linked to EU agricultural policy (IACS)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Land cover information used in carbon monitoring (LULUCF)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Land cover information in land and ecosystem accounting based on CORINE Land Cover (LEAC)</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The core models described in this data specification are appropriate for handling data required by these use cases, as well as for the use cases provided by EEA. The Data Specification particularly ensured that the two core models are compatible with the pan-European CORINE Land Cover data because CORINE Land Cover is the pan-European land cover mapping and monitoring program. Other data sources considered during the development of the data specification were the Eurostat LUCAS survey, the Urban Atlas, the GMES High Resolution Layers and a number of national and sub-national land cover classification and measurement systems known to the members of the TWG.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The common, conceptual core model for land cover data has the following structure: A land cover data set consists of a collection of land cover units. These units may be points, polygons or raster cells (resulting in two core models, one for vector data and one for raster data). The land cover data set is also linked to a code list (e.g. the CORINE Land Cover code list). The code list is a nomenclature of land cover classes where each class is represented by a code and a name. At each land cover unit, the land cover has been observed on one or more observation dates. The multiplicity of observation dates is introduced in order to be able to describe land cover change. For each observation date attached to a land cover unit, the observation is represented by one or more codes from the code list (representing land cover classes). Several codes are allowed in order to allow the use of mosaics. It is also possible to add a percentage showing the relative presence of each class within the land cover unit.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The raster version of the core model is simply a subset where the observation date and covered percentage are removed and only one land cover code is allowed for each land cover unit (raster cell).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Land cover is conceptually a <em>partition</em> of the surface of the earth. The appropriate geometrical model of a partition is a <em>coverage</em>. Experience has, however, shown that many European data providers are unable to handle coverages. The data specification does therefore, for purely pragmatic reasons, model land cover using simple feature polygons and point collections in addition to raster. Polygons, points and raster data correspond to the common methods of observation used in both pan-European and national land cover mapping and monitoring, as found in e.g. the EEA CORINE Land Cover program, the Eurostat LUCAS survey and the GMES HRL products.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The data specification does not prescribe or recommend any particular land cover nomenclature for use in INSPIRE. There is a multitude of different ways to describe land cover. This is partly due to the wide range of aspects of the environment embraced by land cover, but also due to the many different uses of land cover data. There is only one "real world" but many different descriptions of this world depending on the aims, methodology and terminology of the observer.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The approach taken by this data specification is instead to allow many different land cover nomenclatures to coexist in the context of INSPIRE. The owners of the various code lists are, however, encouraged to document their code lists by using ISO 19144-2 Standard - Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) and/or by using a feature catalogue and provide access to the feature catalogue through a web link in order to provide a basis for interoperability. This kind of documentation can constitute a basis for harmonization through semantic translation between nomenclatures, and thus induce future harmonization of data sets, provided that the data also are comparable in terms of scale and detail.</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="./media/image4.jpeg" alt="DM-CH0-Fig1" width="627" height="470">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph text-center">
<p><strong>Figure 1 : Land cover conceptual core model (informal representation).</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Grey boxes represent voidable items and are not used in the raster version of the model</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_acknowledgements" class="discrete">Acknowledgements</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Many individuals and organisations have contributed to the development of these Guidelines.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The Thematic Working Group Land Cover (TWG-LC) included:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Geir Harald Strand (TWG Facilitator), Dimitri Sarafinof (TWG Editor), Stephan Arnold, Elzbieta Bielecka, Gergely Maucha, Åsa Sehlstedt, Steffen Kuntz, Nuria Valcarcel Sanz, Marjo Kasanko, Wim Devos and Vanda Lima (European Commission contact point).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Other contributors to the INSPIRE data specifications are the Drafting Team Data Specifications, the JRC Data Specifications Team and the INSPIRE stakeholders - Spatial Data Interested Communities (SDICs) and Legally Mandated Organisations (LMOs).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Contact information</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Maria Vanda Nunes de Lima<br>
European Commission Joint Research Centre<br>
Institute for Environment and Sustainability<br>
Unit H06: Digital Earth and Reference Data<br>
TP262, Via Fermi 2749<br>
I-21027 Ispra (VA)<br>
ITALY<br>
E-mail: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a><br>
Tel.: 39-0332-7865052<br>
Fax: 39-0332-7866325<br>
<a href="http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/" class="bare">http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/</a><br>
<a href="http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/" class="bare">http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/</a><br>
<a href="http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/" class="bare">http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/</a></p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h1 id="_table_of_contents" class="discrete">Table of Contents</h1>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle" class="title"></div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_scope">1. Scope</a></li>
<li><a href="#_overview">2. Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_name">2.1. Name</a></li>
<li><a href="#_informal_description">2.2. Informal description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_normative_references">2.3. Normative References</a></li>
<li><a href="#_terms_and_definitions">2.4. Terms and definitions</a></li>
<li><a href="#_symbols_and_abbreviations">2.5. Symbols and abbreviations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_how_the_technical_guidelines_map_to_the_implementing_rules">2.6. How the Technical Guidelines map to the Implementing Rules</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_requirements">2.6.1. Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#_recommendations">2.6.2. Recommendations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_conformance">2.6.3. Conformance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_specification_scopes">3. Specification scopes</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identification_information">4. Identification information</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_content_and_structure">5. Data content and structure</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_application_schemas_overview">5.1. Application schemas – Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_application_schemas_included_in_the_irs">5.1.1. Application schemas included in the IRs</a></li>
<li><a href="#_additional_recommended_application_schemas">5.1.2. Additional recommended application schemas</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_basic_notions">5.2. Basic notions</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_notation">5.2.1. Notation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_unified_modeling_language_uml">5.2.1.1. Unified Modeling Language (UML)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_stereotypes">5.2.1.2. Stereotypes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_voidable_characteristics">5.2.2. Voidable characteristics</a></li>
<li><a href="#_code_lists">5.2.3. Code lists</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_code_list_types">5.2.3.1. Code list types</a></li>
<li><a href="#_obligations_on_data_providers">5.2.3.2. Obligations on data providers</a></li>
<li><a href="#_recommended_code_list_values">5.2.3.3. Recommended code list values</a></li>
<li><a href="#_governance">5.2.3.4. Governance</a></li>
<li><a href="#_vocabulary">5.2.3.5. Vocabulary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_identifier_management">5.2.4. Identifier management</a></li>
<li><a href="#_geometry_representation">5.2.5. Geometry representation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporality_representation">5.2.6. Temporality representation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_validity_of_the_real_world_phenomena">5.2.6.1. Validity of the real-world phenomena</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_coverages">5.2.7. Coverages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_application_schemas_for_land_cover">5.3. Application schemas for Land Cover</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_description">5.3.1. Description</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_narrative_description">5.3.1.1. Narrative description</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_background">5.3.1.1.1. Background</a></li>
<li><a href="#_mapping_strategies">5.3.1.1.2. Mapping strategies</a></li>
<li><a href="#_land_cover_documentation_and_code_lists">5.3.1.1.3. Land cover documentation and code lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#_geometry">5.3.1.1.4. Geometry</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_uml_overview">5.3.1.2. UML Overview</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_application_schema_landcovernomenclature">5.4. Application schema LandCoverNomenclature</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_description_2">5.4.1. Description</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_narrative_description_2">5.4.1.1. Narrative description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_uml_overview_2">5.4.1.2. UML Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_landcovernomenclature">5.4.1.2.1. LandCoverNomenclature</a></li>
<li><a href="#_landcoverclassvalue">5.4.1.2.2. LandCoverClassValue</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_feature_catalogue">5.4.2. Feature catalogue</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_data_types">5.4.2.1. Data types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_landcovernomenclature_2">5.4.2.1.1. <em>LandCoverNomenclature</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_code_lists_2">5.4.2.2. Code lists</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_corinevalue">5.4.2.2.1. <em>CorineValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_landcoverclassvalue_2">5.4.2.2.2. <em>LandCoverClassValue</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_imported_types_informative">5.4.2.3. Imported types (informative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_documentcitation">5.4.2.3.1. <em>DocumentCitation</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifier">5.4.2.3.2. <em>Identifier</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_lc_landcoverclassificationsystem">5.4.2.3.3. <em>LC_LandCoverClassificationSystem</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_relatedparty">5.4.2.3.4. <em>RelatedParty</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_uri">5.4.2.3.5. <em>URI</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_externally_governed_code_lists">5.4.3. Externally governed code lists</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_governance_availability_and_constraints">5.4.3.1. Governance, availability and constraints</a></li>
<li><a href="#_rules_for_code_list_values">5.4.3.2. Rules for code list values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_application_schema_landcovervector">5.5. Application schema LandCoverVector</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_description_3">5.5.1. Description</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_narrative_description_3">5.5.1.1. Narrative description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_uml_overview_3">5.5.1.2. UML Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_landcoverdata_set">5.5.1.2.1. LandCoverData set</a></li>
<li><a href="#_landcoverunit">5.5.1.2.2. <em>LandCoverUnit</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_landcoverobservation">5.5.1.2.3. <em>LandCoverObservation</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_consistency_between_spatial_data_sets">5.5.1.3. Consistency between spatial data sets</a></li>
<li><a href="#_geometry_representation_2">5.5.1.4. Geometry representation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporality_representation_2">5.5.1.5. Temporality representation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_different_types_of_dates">5.5.1.5.1. Different types of dates</a></li>
<li><a href="#_land_cover_changes">5.5.1.5.2. <em>Land cover changes</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_feature_catalogue_2">5.5.2. Feature catalogue</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_spatial_object_types">5.5.2.1. Spatial object types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_landcoverdataset">5.5.2.1.1. <em>LandCoverDataset</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_landcoverunit_2">5.5.2.1.2. <em>LandCoverUnit</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_types_2">5.5.2.2. Data types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_landcoverobservation_2">5.5.2.2.1. <em>LandCoverObservation</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_landcovervalue">5.5.2.2.2. <em>LandCoverValue</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_imported_types_informative_2">5.5.2.3. Imported types (informative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_characterstring">5.5.2.3.1. <em>CharacterString</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_date">5.5.2.3.2. <em>Date</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_datetime">5.5.2.3.3. <em>DateTime</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_ex_extent">5.5.2.3.4. <em>EX_Extent</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_gm_object">5.5.2.3.5. <em>GM_Object</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifier_2">5.5.2.3.6. <em>Identifier</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_integer">5.5.2.3.7. <em>Integer</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_landcoverclassvalue_3">5.5.2.3.8. <em>LandCoverClassValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_landcovernomenclature_3">5.5.2.3.9. <em>LandCoverNomenclature</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_externally_governed_code_lists_2">5.5.3. Externally governed code lists</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_governance_availability_and_constraints_2">5.5.3.1. Governance, availability and constraints</a></li>
<li><a href="#_rules_for_code_list_values_2">5.5.3.2. Rules for code list values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_application_schema_landcoverraster">5.6. Application schema LandCoverRaster</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_description_4">5.6.1. Description</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_narrative_description_4">5.6.1.1. Narrative description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_uml_overview_4">5.6.1.2. UML Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_landcovergridcoverage">5.6.1.2.1. <em>LandCoverGridCoverage</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_consistency_between_spatial_data_sets_2">5.6.1.3. Consistency between spatial data sets</a></li>
<li><a href="#_geometry_representation_3">5.6.1.4. Geometry representation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporality_representation_3">5.6.1.5. Temporality representation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_different_types_of_dates_2">5.6.1.5.1. Different types of dates</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_feature_catalogue_3">5.6.2. Feature catalogue</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_spatial_object_types_2">5.6.2.1. Spatial object types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_landcovergridcoverage_2">5.6.2.1.1. <em>LandCoverGridCoverage</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_imported_types_informative_3">5.6.2.2. Imported types (informative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_characterstring_2">5.6.2.2.1. <em>CharacterString</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_date_2">5.6.2.2.2. <em>Date</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_datetime_2">5.6.2.2.3. <em>DateTime</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_ex_extent_2">5.6.2.2.4. <em>EX_Extent</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifier_3">5.6.2.2.5. <em>Identifier</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#landcovernomenclature-2">5.6.2.2.6. <em>LandCoverNomenclature</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_rectifiedgridcoverage">5.6.2.2.7. <em>RectifiedGridCoverage</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_externally_governed_code_lists_3">5.6.3. Externally governed code lists</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_governance_availability_and_constraints_3">5.6.3.1. Governance, availability and constraints</a></li>
<li><a href="#_rules_for_code_list_values_3">5.6.3.2. Rules for code list values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_application_schema_landcoverextension">5.7. Application schema LandCoverExtension</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_description_5">5.7.1. Description</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_narrative_description_5">5.7.1.1. Narrative description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_uml_overview_5">5.7.1.2. UML Overview</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_feature_catalogue_4">5.7.2. Feature catalogue</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_spatial_object_types_3">5.7.2.1. Spatial object types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_landcoverdataset_2">5.7.2.1.1. <em>LandCoverDataSet</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#landcoverunit">5.7.2.1.2. <em>LandCoverUnit</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_types_3">5.7.2.2. Data types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_countableparameter">5.7.2.2.1. <em>CountableParameter</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#landcoverobservation">5.7.2.2.2. <em>LandCoverObservation</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_parametertype">5.7.2.2.3. <em>ParameterType</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_percentageparameter">5.7.2.2.4. <em>PercentageParameter</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_presenceparameter">5.7.2.2.5. <em>PresenceParameter</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_imported_types_informative_4">5.7.2.3. Imported types (informative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_boolean">5.7.2.3.1. <em>Boolean</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_characterstring_3">5.7.2.3.2. <em>CharacterString</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_date_3">5.7.2.3.3. <em>Date</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_landcoverdataset_3">5.7.2.3.4. <em>LandCoverDataset</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#landcovernomenclature-3">5.7.2.3.5. <em>LandCoverNomenclature</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_number">5.7.2.3.6. <em>Number</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_reference_systems_units_of_measure_and_grids">6. Reference systems, units of measure and grids</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_default_reference_systems_units_of_measure_and_grid">6.1. Default reference systems, units of measure and grid</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_systems">6.1.1. Coordinate reference systems</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_datum">6.1.1.1. Datum</a></li>
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_systems_2">6.1.1.2. Coordinate reference systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#_display">6.1.1.3. Display</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifiers_for_coordinate_reference_systems">6.1.1.4. Identifiers for coordinate reference systems</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_temporal_reference_system">6.1.2. Temporal reference system</a></li>
<li><a href="#_units_of_measure">6.1.3. Units of measure</a></li>
<li><a href="#_grids">6.1.4. Grids</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_theme_specific_requirements_and_recommendations">6.2. Theme-specific requirements and recommendations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality">7. Data quality</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_data_quality_elements">7.1. Data quality elements</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_completeness_commission">7.1.1. Completeness – Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="#_completeness_omission">7.1.2. Completeness – Omission</a></li>
<li><a href="#_logical_consistency_conceptual_consistency">7.1.3. Logical consistency – Conceptual consistency</a></li>
<li><a href="#_logical_consistency_domain_consistency">7.1.4. Logical consistency – Domain consistency</a></li>
<li><a href="#_logical_consistency_format_consistency">7.1.5. Logical Consistency – Format consistency</a></li>
<li><a href="#_logical_consistency_topological_consistency">7.1.6. Logical Consistency – Topological consistency</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality_positional_accuracy_absolute_or_external_accuracy">7.1.7. Data Quality – Positional accuracy – Absolute or external accuracy</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality_positional_accuracy_relative_or_internal_accuracy">7.1.8. Data Quality – Positional accuracy – Relative or internal accuracy</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality_thematic_accuracy_classification_correctness">7.1.9. Data Quality – Thematic accuracy – Classification correctness</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality_thematic_accuracy_non_quantitative_attribute_accuracy">7.1.10. Data Quality – Thematic accuracy – Non-quantitative attribute accuracy</a></li>