diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/help-v4/en-US/label_ref_valid.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/help-v4/en-US/label_ref_valid.html
index ecbed3f1c..49f858faf 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/help-v4/en-US/label_ref_valid.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/help-v4/en-US/label_ref_valid.html
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ <h3 id="ruleMessage"></h3>
 
 ### Why is this important?
 
-A `<label>` element is attached to a specific `<input>` element through the `for` attribute. 
-When a `<label>` does not reference the corresponding unique `id` in a valid `<input>` element, 
+A `<label>` element is attached to a specific element, such as `<input>` and `<select>`, through the `for` attribute. 
+When a `<label>` does not reference the corresponding unique `id` in a valid element, 
 assistive technologies cannot associate the label with the element.
 
 <!-- This is where the code snippet is injected -->
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ <h3 id="ruleMessage"></h3>
 
 ### What to do
 
-* Set the value of the `for` attribute to the `id` value of the valid `<input>` element to be labeled. Make sure the `id` value is unique. 
+* Set the value of the `for` attribute to the `id` value of the valid element to be labeled. Make sure the `id` value is unique. 
 
 For example:
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/karma.conf.js b/accessibility-checker-engine/karma.conf.js
index 17905f4ef..9ba11327a 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/karma.conf.js
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/karma.conf.js
@@ -46,7 +46,9 @@
                 // { pattern: 'test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/Rpt_Aria_RequiredParent_Native_Host_Sematics_ruleunit/ACT_ff89c9_pass4.html', watched: true },
                 //{ pattern: 'test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/label_name_visible_ruleunit/label_offscreen.html', watched: true },
                 //{ pattern: 'test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_role_valid_ruleunit/td_attribute_invalid_copy.html', watched: true },
-                //{ pattern: 'test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/label_name_visible_ruleunit/label_multiple_offscreen.html', watched: true },
+                //{ pattern: 'test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/text_block_heading_ruleunit/Headings-noneUsedEmphasizedText.html', watched: true },
+                { pattern: 'test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/webComponentPass.html', watched: true },
+                { pattern: 'test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/webComponentPass2.html', watched: true },
     
     
                 { pattern: 'test/**/*_ruleunit/*.html', watched: true },
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/api/IEngine.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/api/IEngine.ts
index ffef698c6..ed9278343 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/api/IEngine.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/api/IEngine.ts
@@ -65,27 +65,27 @@ export { eGuidelineType as eRulesetType } from "../../v4/api/IGuideline";
 /**
  * @deprecated See ../../v4/api/IRule
  */
-export let RulePass = RulePassNew;
+export const RulePass = RulePassNew;
 
 /**
  * @deprecated See ../../v4/api/IRule
  */
-export let RuleRender = RuleRenderNew;
+export const RuleRender = RuleRenderNew;
 
 /**
  * @deprecated See ../../v4/api/IRule
  */
-export let RuleFail = RuleFailNew;
+export const RuleFail = RuleFailNew;
 
 /**
  * @deprecated See ../../v4/api/IRule
  */
-export let RulePotential = RulePotentialNew;
+export const RulePotential = RulePotentialNew;
 
 /**
  * @deprecated See ../../v4/api/IRule
  */
-export let RuleManual = RuleManualNew;
+export const RuleManual = RuleManualNew;
 
 /**
  * @deprecated See ../../v4/api/IRule
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/aria/ARIADefinitions.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/aria/ARIADefinitions.ts
index 7fdcc779d..d9f4e9ac1 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/aria/ARIADefinitions.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/aria/ARIADefinitions.ts
@@ -1079,6 +1079,19 @@ export class ARIADefinitions {
             deprecatedProps: ['aria-disabled', 'aria-errormessage', 'aria-haspopup', 'aria-invalid'] 
         },
 
+        "image": {
+            container: null,
+            props: null,
+            reqProps: null,
+            reqChildren: null,
+            htmlEquiv: "img",
+            roleType: "structure",
+            nameRequired: true,
+            nameFrom: ["author"],
+            presentationalChildren: true,
+            deprecatedProps: ['aria-disabled', 'aria-errormessage', 'aria-haspopup', 'aria-invalid'] 
+        },
+
         "insertion": {
             container: null,
             props: null,
@@ -1801,7 +1814,7 @@ export class ARIADefinitions {
         },
         "button": {
             implicitRole: ["button"],
-            validRoles: ["checkbox", "combobox", "gridcell", "link", "menuitem", "menuitemcheckbox", "menuitemradio", "option", "radio", "slider", "switch", "tab", "treeitem"],
+            validRoles: ["checkbox", "combobox", "gridcell", "link", "menuitem", "menuitemcheckbox", "menuitemradio", "option", "radio","separator", "slider", "switch", "tab", "treeitem"],
             globalAriaAttributesValid: true
         },
         "canvas": {
@@ -1914,7 +1927,7 @@ export class ARIADefinitions {
             globalAriaAttributesValid: false
         },
         "hgroup": {
-            implicitRole: ["generic"],
+            implicitRole: ["group"],
             validRoles: ["any"],
             globalAriaAttributesValid: true
         },
@@ -2839,14 +2852,14 @@ export class ARIADefinitions {
                 htmlAttributeValues: null
             }]
         },
-        "aria-autocomplete": {
+        /** "aria-autocomplete": {
             conflict: [{
                 // conflict occurs if both exists, aria value is only for custom widget, rather than native
                 ariaAttributeValue: null,
                 htmlAttributeNames: ["autocomplete"],
                 htmlAttributeValues: null
             }]
-        }  
+        } */ 
     }
 
     static containers = []
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/aria/ARIAMapper.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/aria/ARIAMapper.ts
index d9cd8a14c..1070f9d1b 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/aria/ARIAMapper.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/aria/ARIAMapper.ts
@@ -17,12 +17,15 @@
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "./ARIADefinitions";
 import { CommonMapper } from "../common/CommonMapper";
 import { DOMUtil } from "../dom/DOMUtil";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../checker/accessibility/util/legacy"
+import { CommonUtil } from "../../v4/util/CommonUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../../v4/util/AriaUtil";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
 import { IMapResult } from "../../v4/api/IMapper";
 import { ARIAWalker } from "./ARIAWalker";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../../v4/util/CacheUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../../v4/util/CacheUtil";
 import { DOMWalker } from "../dom/DOMWalker";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../../v4/util/AccNameUtil";
+
 type ElemCalc = (elem: Element) => string;
 type NodeCalc = (node: Node) => string;
 
@@ -84,7 +87,7 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
 
     static getAriaOwnedBy(elem: HTMLElement) : HTMLElement | null {
         const doc = FragmentUtil.getOwnerFragment(elem);
-        if (!getCache(doc, "ARIAMapper::precalcOwned", false)) {
+        if (!CacheUtil.getCache(doc, "ARIAMapper::precalcOwned", false)) {
             const owners = doc.querySelectorAll("[aria-owns]");
             for (let iOwner = 0; iOwner < owners.length; ++iOwner) {
                 const owner = owners[iOwner];
@@ -93,13 +96,13 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
                     const owned = doc.getElementById(ownIds[iId]);
                     //ignore if the aria-owns point to the element itself
                     if (owned && !DOMUtil.sameNode(owner, owned)) {
-                        setCache(owned, "aria-owned", owner);
+                        CacheUtil.setCache(owned, "aria-owned", owner);
                     }
                 }
             }
-            setCache(doc, "ARIAMapper::precalcOwned", true);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(doc, "ARIAMapper::precalcOwned", true);
         }
-        return getCache(elem, "aria-owned", null);
+        return CacheUtil.getCache(elem, "aria-owned", null);
     }
 
     private getNodeHierarchy(node: Node) {
@@ -137,7 +140,7 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
                     [role: string]: number
                 }
                 childrenCanHaveRole: boolean
-            }> = getCache(elem, "ARIAMapper::getNodeHierarchy", null);
+            }> = CacheUtil.getCache(elem, "ARIAMapper::getNodeHierarchy", null);
             if (!nodeHierarchy) {
                 // This element hasn't been processed yet - but ::reset processes them all in the right order
 
@@ -145,8 +148,8 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
                 let parent = ARIAMapper.getAriaOwnedBy(elem);
                 if (!parent) {
                     parent = DOMWalker.parentElement(elem) as HTMLElement;
-                }
-                while (parent && parent.nodeType !== 1) {
+                } 
+                while (parent && parent.nodeType !== 1) { 
                     parent = DOMWalker.parentElement(elem) as HTMLElement;
                 }
                 let parentHierarchy = parent ? this.getNodeHierarchy(parent) : [];
@@ -210,7 +213,7 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
                     nodeHierarchy.push(item);
                 }
                 nodeHierarchy.push(nodeInfo);
-                setCache(elem, "ARIAMapper::getNodeHierarchy", nodeHierarchy);
+                CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "ARIAMapper::getNodeHierarchy", nodeHierarchy);
             }
             return nodeHierarchy;
         }
@@ -279,7 +282,7 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
         if (retVal.length > 0) {
             retVal[retVal.length-1].role = "/"+retVal[retVal.length-1].role
             let parent = DOMWalker.parentElement(node);
-            this.hierarchyResults = parent ? getCache(parent as HTMLElement, "ARIAMapper::getNodeInfo", []) : [];
+            this.hierarchyResults = parent ? CacheUtil.getCache(parent as HTMLElement, "ARIAMapper::getNodeInfo", []) : [];
         }
         return retVal;
     }
@@ -291,7 +294,7 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
     // https://www.w3.org/TR/html-aam-1.0/#mapping-html-to-accessibility-apis
     public static elemAttrValueCalculators: { [nodeName:string]: { [attr:string]: string | ElemCalc }} = {
         "global": {
-            "name": ARIAMapper.computeName
+            "name": AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName  //ARIAMapper.computeName
         }
         , "datalist": {
             // set to "true" if the datalist's selection model allows multiple option elements to be
@@ -397,28 +400,28 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
     }
 
     private static nameComputationId = 0;
-    public static computeName(cur: Node) : string {
+    /**public static computeName(cur: Node) : string {
         ++ARIAMapper.nameComputationId;
         return ARIAMapper.computeNameHelp(ARIAMapper.nameComputationId, cur, false, false);
     }
 
     public static computeNameHelp(walkId: number, cur: Node, labelledbyTraverse: boolean, walkTraverse: boolean) : string {
         // 2g. None of the other content applies to text nodes, so just do this first
-        if (cur.nodeType === 3 /* Node.TEXT_NODE */) return cur.nodeValue;
+        if (cur.nodeType === 3 ) return cur.nodeValue;
         if (cur.nodeType === 11) return "";
-        if (cur.nodeType !== 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
+        if (cur.nodeType !== 1 ) {
             if (walkTraverse || labelledbyTraverse) return "";
             throw new Error ("Can only compute name on Element and Text " + cur.nodeType);
         }
 
         const elem = cur as Element;
         // We've been here before - prevent recursion
-        if (getCache(elem, "data-namewalk", null) === ""+walkId) return "";
-        setCache(elem, "data-namewalk", ""+walkId);
+        if (CacheUtil.getCache(elem, "data-namewalk", null) === ""+walkId) return "";
+        CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "data-namewalk", ""+walkId);
         // See https://www.w3.org/TR/html-aam-1.0/#input-type-text-input-type-password-input-type-search-input-type-tel-input-type-url-and-textarea-element
 
         // 2a. Only show hidden content if it's referenced by a labelledby
-        if (!labelledbyTraverse && !DOMWalker.isNodeVisible(cur)) {
+        if (!labelledbyTraverse && !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(cur)) {
             return "";
         }
 
@@ -477,7 +480,7 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
             if (cur.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && elem.hasAttribute("id") && elem.getAttribute("id").length > 0) {
                 let label = elem.ownerDocument.querySelector("label[for='"+elem.getAttribute("id")+"']");
                 if (label) {
-                    if (label.hasAttribute("aria-label") || (label.hasAttribute("aria-labelledby") && !RPTUtil.isIdReferToSelf(cur, label.getAttribute("aria-labelledby")))) {
+                    if (label.hasAttribute("aria-label") || (label.hasAttribute("aria-labelledby") && !CommonUtil.isIdReferToSelf(cur, label.getAttribute("aria-labelledby")))) {
                         return this.computeNameHelp(walkId, label, false, false);
                     } else {
                         return label.textContent;
@@ -567,7 +570,7 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
             if (elem.nodeName.toUpperCase() === "SLOT") {
                 //if no assignedNode, check its own text 
                 if (!(elem as HTMLSlotElement).assignedNodes() || (elem as HTMLSlotElement).assignedNodes().length === 0) {
-                    let innerText = RPTUtil.getInnerText(elem);
+                    let innerText = CommonUtil.getInnerText(elem);
                     if (innerText && innerText !== null && innerText.trim().length > 0)
                         accumulated +=  " " + innerText;
                 } else {    
@@ -615,7 +618,7 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
 
         return "";
     }
-
+    */
 /*        if (role in ARIADefinitions.designPatterns
             && ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[role].nameFrom 
             && ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[role].nameFrom.includes("contents")) 
@@ -649,13 +652,18 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
         if (!elem || elem.nodeType !== 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
             return null;
         }
+
+        // TO DO: use AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(elem) to replace the code following, which uses only the valid roles for the element based on the aria fallback rule
+        //const role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(elem);
+        //return role === "presentation" || role === "none" ? null : role;
+        
         if (elem.hasAttribute("role") && elem.getAttribute("role").trim().length > 0) {
             let roleStr = elem.getAttribute("role").trim();
             let roles = roleStr.split(" ");
             for (const role of roles) {
                 if (role === "presentation" || role === "none") {
                     // If element is focusable, then presentation roles are to be ignored
-                    if (!RPTUtil.isFocusable(elem)) {
+                    if (!CommonUtil.isFocusable(elem)) {
                         return null;
                     }
                 } else if (role in ARIADefinitions.designPatterns) {
@@ -664,274 +672,11 @@ export class ARIAMapper extends CommonMapper {
             }
         }
         //return this.elemToImplicitRole(elem);
-        const roles = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(elem);
-        return !roles || roles.length ===0 ? null : roles[0];
-    }
-    /**
-    public static elemToImplicitRole(elem : Element) {
-        let nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-
-        if (!(nodeName in ARIAMapper.elemToRoleMap)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        let role = ARIAMapper.elemToRoleMap[nodeName];
-        if (typeof role === "string") {
-            return role;
-        } else if (typeof role === "function") {
-            return role(elem);
-        } else {
-            return null;
-        }
-    }
-    
-    public static hasParentRole(element, role) : boolean {
-        let parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(element);
-        // If link is in a menu, it's a menuitem
-        while (parent) {
-            if (ARIAMapper.nodeToRole(parent) === role)
-                return true;
-            parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(parent);
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-    
-    private static inputToRoleMap = (function() {
-        let hasList = function(element) {
-            if (element.hasAttribute("list")) {
-                let id = element.getAttribute("list");
-                let idRef = FragmentUtil.getById(element, id);
-                if (idRef && idRef.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "datalist") {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-            return false;
-        };
-        let textSuggestions = function(element) {
-            return hasList(element) ? "combobox" : "textbox";
-        }
-        return {
-            "button": "button",
-            "image": "button",
-            "checkbox": "checkbox",
-            "radio": "radio",
-            "email": textSuggestions,
-            "search": function(element) {
-                return hasList(element) ? "combobox" : "searchbox";
-            },
-            "tel": textSuggestions,
-            "text": textSuggestions,
-            "url": textSuggestions,
-            "number": "spinbutton",
-            "range": "slider",
-            "reset": "button",
-            "submit": "button"
-        }
-    })();
-
-    private static inputToRole(element) {
-        if (!element) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        let eType = "text";
-        if (element.hasAttribute("type") && element.getAttribute("type").toLowerCase().trim().length > 0) {
-            eType = element.getAttribute("type").toLowerCase().trim();
-        }
-
-        if (!(eType in ARIAMapper.inputToRoleMap)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        let role = ARIAMapper.inputToRoleMap[eType];
-        if (typeof role === "string") {
-            return role;
-        } else if (typeof role === "function") {
-            return role(element);
-        } else {
-            return null;
-        }
+        const roles = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(elem);
+        //console.log("node=" + node.nodeName +", role= " + (roles ? roles[0] : null) +", resolved=" + AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(elem));
+        const role = !roles || roles.length ===0 ? null : roles[0];
+        return role === "presentation" || role === "none" ? null : role;
+        //return AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(elem);
+        
     }
-   
-    private static elemToRoleMap = (function() {
-        let sectioningRoots = {
-            "blockquote": true,
-            "body": true,
-            "details": true,
-            "dialog": true,
-            "fieldset": true,
-            "figure": true,
-            "td": true
-        };
-        let sectioningContent = {
-            "article": true,
-            "aside": true,
-            "nav": true,
-            "section": true,
-            "main": true
-        };
-        let sectioningRole = {
-            "article": true,
-            "complementary": true,
-            "navigation": true,
-            "region": true,
-            "main": true
-        };
-        let inputToRole = function(element) {
-            return ARIAMapper.inputToRole(element);
-        }
-        return {
-            "a": function(element) {
-                // If it doesn't represent a hyperlink, 'generic' role
-                if (!element.hasAttribute("href")) return null;
-                return "link";
-            },
-            "area": function(element) {
-                // If it doesn't represent a hyperlink, no corresponding role
-                if (!element.hasAttribute("href")) return null;
-                return "link";
-            },
-            "article": "article",
-            "aside": "complementary",
-            "button": "button",
-            "datalist": "listbox",
-            "dd": "definition",
-            "details": "group",
-            "dfn": "term",
-            "dialog": "dialog",
-            "dt": "term",
-            "fieldset": "group",
-            "figure": "figure",
-            "footer": function(element) {
-                let parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(element);
-                // If nearest sectioningRoot or sectioningContent is body
-                while (parent && parent.nodeType === 1) {
-                    let role = (parent.nodeType === 1 && (parent as HTMLElement).getAttribute("role")) || ""
-                    let nodeName = parent.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-                    if (sectioningRoots[nodeName] || sectioningContent[nodeName] || sectioningRole[role]) {
-                        return (nodeName === "body") ? "contentinfo" : null;
-                    }
-                    parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(parent);
-                }
-                return null;
-            },
-            "form": function(element) {
-                let name = ARIAMapper.computeName(element);
-                return (name && name.trim().length > 0) ? "form" : null;
-            },
-            // TODO "form-associated custom element"
-            "h1": "heading",
-            "h2": "heading",
-            "h3": "heading",
-            "h4": "heading",
-            "h5": "heading",
-            "h6": "heading",
-            "header": function(element) {
-                let parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(element);
-                // If nearest sectioningRoot or sectioningContent is body
-                while (parent && parent.nodeType === 1) {
-                    let nodeName = parent.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-                    let role = (parent.nodeType === 1 && (parent as HTMLElement).getAttribute("role")) || ""
-                    if (sectioningRoots[nodeName] || sectioningContent[nodeName] || sectioningRole[role]) {
-                        return (nodeName === "body") ? "banner" : null;
-                    }
-                    parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(parent);
-                }
-                return null;
-            },
-            "hr": "separator",
-            "html": "document",
-            "img": function(element) {
-                if (element.hasAttribute("alt") && element.getAttribute("alt").length === 0) {
-                    return "presentation";
-                } else {
-                    return "img";
-                }
-            },
-            "input": inputToRole,
-            "keygen": "listbox", // deprecated, but keep for backward compat
-            "li": "listitem",
-            "main": "main",
-            "math": "math",
-            "menu": "list",
-            "nav": "navigation",
-            "ol": "list",
-            "optgroup": "group",
-            "option": "option",
-            "output": "status",
-            "progress": "progressbar",
-            "section": function(element) {
-                let name = ARIAMapper.computeName(element);
-                return (name && name.trim().length > 0) ? "region" : null;
-            },
-            "select": function(element) {
-                if (element.hasAttribute("multiple") || (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "size") && parseInt(element.getAttribute("size")) > 1)) {
-                    return "listbox";
-                } else {
-                    return "combobox";
-                }
-            },
-            "summary": "button",
-            "svg": "graphics-document",
-            "table": "table",
-            "tbody": function(element) {
-                let parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(element);
-                while (parent) {
-                    let role = ARIAMapper.nodeToRole(parent);
-                    if (role === "table" || role === "grid" || role === "treegrid") return "rowgroup";
-                    parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(parent);
-                }
-                return null;
-            },
-            "textarea": "textbox",
-            "td": function(element) {
-                let parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(element);
-                while (parent) {
-                    let role = ARIAMapper.nodeToRole(parent);
-                    if (role === "table") return "cell";
-                    if (role === "grid" || role === "treegrid") return "gridcell";
-                    parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(parent);
-                }
-                return null;
-            },
-            "th": function(element) {
-                
-                let parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(element);
-                while (parent) {
-                    let role = ARIAMapper.nodeToRole(parent);
-                    
-                    if (role !== "table" && role !== "grid" && role !== "treegrid") {
-                         parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(parent);
-                         continue; 
-                    }     
-                    // Easiest answer is if scope is specified
-                    if (element.hasAttribute("scope")) {
-                        let scope = element.getAttribute("scope").toLowerCase();
-                        if (scope === "row" || scope === 'rowgroup') return "rowheader";
-                        if (scope === "col" || scope === 'colgroup') return "columnheader";
-                    }
-                    
-                    // scope is auto, default (without a scope) or invalid value.
-                    // if all the sibling elements are th, then return "columnheader" 
-                    var siblings = element => [...element.parentElement.children].filter(node=>node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName != "TH");
-                    if (siblings === null || siblings.length === 0)
-                        return "columnheader"; 
-                    else return "rowheader";
-                    
-                }
-                return null;
-            },
-            "tfoot": "rowgroup",
-            "thead": "rowgroup",
-            "tr": function(element) {
-                let parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(element);
-                while (parent) {
-                    let role = ARIAMapper.nodeToRole(parent);
-                    if (role === "table" || role === "grid" || role === "treegrid") return "row";
-                    parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(parent);
-                }
-                return null;
-            },
-            "ul": "list"
-        }
-    })()
-   */
 } 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/aria/ARIAWalker.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/aria/ARIAWalker.ts
index eb748ac2c..e7fef57d2 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/aria/ARIAWalker.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/aria/ARIAWalker.ts
@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@
  *****************************************************************************/
 
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { DOMWalker } from "../dom/DOMWalker";
 import { ARIAMapper } from "./ARIAMapper";
+import { VisUtil } from "../../v4/util/VisUtil";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../dom/DOMWalker";
 
 /**
  * Walks in an ARIA order
@@ -30,7 +31,13 @@ export class ARIAWalker {
 
     constructor(element : Node, bEnd? : boolean, root? : Node) {
         this.root = root || element;
+        if (this.root.nodeType === 9) {
+            this.root = (this.root as Document).documentElement
+        }
         this.node = element;
+        // if (this.node.nodeType === 9) {
+        //     this.node = (this.node as Document).documentElement
+        // }
         this.bEndTag = (bEnd == undefined ? false : bEnd == true);
     }
 
@@ -59,7 +66,7 @@ export class ARIAWalker {
                 let slotElement = (this.node as HTMLSlotElement)
                 if (this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ 
                     && this.node.nodeName.toUpperCase() === "IFRAME"
-                    && DOMWalker.isNodeVisible(iframeNode)
+                    && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(iframeNode)
                     && iframeNode.contentDocument
                     && iframeNode.contentDocument.documentElement)
                 {
@@ -67,24 +74,22 @@ export class ARIAWalker {
                     this.node = iframeNode.contentDocument.documentElement;
                     (this.node as any).ownerElement = ownerElement;
                 } else if (this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ 
-                    && DOMWalker.isNodeVisible(elementNode)
+                    && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(elementNode)
                     && elementNode.shadowRoot
                     && elementNode.shadowRoot.firstChild)
                 {
                     let ownerElement = this.node;
                     this.node = elementNode.shadowRoot;
                     (this.node as any).ownerElement = ownerElement;
+                    DOMWalker.assignSlots(this.node as ShadowRoot);
                 } else if (this.node.nodeType === 1 
                     && elementNode.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "slot"
                     && slotElement.assignedNodes().length > 0) 
                 {
-                    //TODO: need to conside its own content, a slot may have its own content or assigned content
-                    let slotOwner = this.node;
                     this.node = slotElement.assignedNodes()[0];
-                    (this.node as any).slotOwner = slotOwner;
-                    (this.node as any).slotIndex = 0;
-                } else if ((this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ || this.node.nodeType === 11) /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ && this.node.firstChild) {
-                    this.node = this.node.firstChild;
+                } else if ((this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ || this.node.nodeType === 11 /* Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE */) 
+                    && DOMWalker.firstChildNotOwnedBySlot(this.node)) {
+                    this.node = DOMWalker.firstChildNotOwnedBySlot(this.node);
                 } else {
                     this.bEndTag = true;
                 }
@@ -94,12 +99,10 @@ export class ARIAWalker {
                 } else if ((this.node as any).slotOwner) {
                     let slotOwner = (this.node as any).slotOwner;
                     let nextSlotIndex = (this.node as any).slotIndex+1;
-                    delete (this.node as any).slotOwner;
-                    delete (this.node as any).slotIndex;
+                    // delete (this.node as any).slotOwner;
+                    // delete (this.node as any).slotIndex;
                     if (nextSlotIndex < slotOwner.assignedNodes().length) {
                         this.node = slotOwner.assignedNodes()[nextSlotIndex];
-                        (this.node as any).slotOwner = slotOwner;
-                        (this.node as any).slotIndex = nextSlotIndex;    
                         this.bEndTag = false;
                     } else {
                         this.node = slotOwner;
@@ -108,8 +111,8 @@ export class ARIAWalker {
                 } else if ((this.node as any).ownerElement) {
                     this.node = (this.node as any).ownerElement;
                     this.bEndTag = true;
-                } else if (this.node.nextSibling) {
-                    this.node = this.node.nextSibling;
+                } else if (DOMWalker.nextSiblingNotOwnedBySlot(this.node)) {
+                    this.node = DOMWalker.nextSiblingNotOwnedBySlot(this.node);
                     this.bEndTag = false;
                     skipOwned = true;
                 } else if (this.node.parentNode) {
@@ -146,13 +149,15 @@ export class ARIAWalker {
     }
 
     prevNode() : boolean {
+        let skipOwned = false;
         do {
+            skipOwned = false;
             if (this.bEndTag) {
                 let iframeNode = (this.node as HTMLIFrameElement);
                 let elementNode = (this.node as HTMLElement);
                 if (this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ 
                     && this.node.nodeName.toUpperCase() === "IFRAME"
-                    && DOMWalker.isNodeVisible(iframeNode)
+                    && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(iframeNode)
                     && iframeNode.contentDocument
                     && iframeNode.contentDocument.documentElement) 
                 {
@@ -160,28 +165,49 @@ export class ARIAWalker {
                     this.node = iframeNode.contentDocument.documentElement;
                     (this.node as any).ownerElement = ownerElement;
                 } else if (this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ 
-                    && DOMWalker.isNodeVisible(elementNode)
+                    && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(elementNode)
                     && elementNode.shadowRoot
                     && elementNode.shadowRoot.lastChild) 
                 {
                     let ownerElement = this.node;
                     this.node = elementNode.shadowRoot;
                     (this.node as any).ownerElement = ownerElement;
-                } else if ((this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ || this.node.nodeType === 11) && this.node.lastChild) {
-                    this.node = this.node.lastChild;
+                    DOMWalker.assignSlots(this.node as ShadowRoot);
+                } else if ((this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ || this.node.nodeType === 11) 
+                    && DOMWalker.lastChildNotOwnedBySlot(this.node)) {
+                    this.node = DOMWalker.lastChildNotOwnedBySlot(this.node);
                 } else {
                     this.bEndTag = false;
                 }
             } else {
                 if (this.atRoot()) {
                     return false;
-                } else if (this.node.previousSibling) {
-                    this.node = this.node.previousSibling;
+                } else if (DOMWalker.previousSiblingNotOwnedBySlot(this.node)) {
+                    this.node = DOMWalker.previousSiblingNotOwnedBySlot(this.node);
                     this.bEndTag = true;
                 } else if ((this.node as any).ownerElement) {
                     this.node = (this.node as any).ownerElement;
                     this.bEndTag = false;
+                    skipOwned = true;
                 } else if (this.node.parentNode) {
+                    if (this.node.parentNode.nodeType === 1 && (this.node.parentNode as HTMLElement).hasAttribute("aria-owns")) {
+                        let ownIds = (this.node.parentNode as HTMLElement).getAttribute("aria-owns").split(/ +/g);
+                        if (this.node.nodeType !== 1 || !(this.node as HTMLElement).hasAttribute("id")) {
+                            this.node = FragmentUtil.getOwnerFragment(this.node).getElementById(ownIds[0]);
+                            this.bEndTag = false;
+                        } else {
+                            let idx = ownIds.indexOf((this.node as HTMLElement).getAttribute("id"));
+                            if (idx === ownIds.length - 1) {
+                                // last one
+                                this.node = this.node.parentNode;
+                                this.bEndTag = true;            
+                            } else {
+                                // grab next
+                                this.node = FragmentUtil.getOwnerFragment(this.node).getElementById(ownIds[idx+1]);
+                                this.bEndTag = false;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
                     this.node = this.node.parentNode;
                     this.bEndTag = false;
                 } else {
@@ -191,6 +217,7 @@ export class ARIAWalker {
         } while (
             (this.node.nodeType !== 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ && this.node.nodeType !== 11)
             || (this.node.nodeType === 1 && (this.node as Element).getAttribute("aChecker") === "ACE")
+            || (skipOwned && this.node.nodeType === 1 && !!ARIAMapper.getAriaOwnedBy(this.node as HTMLElement))
         );
         return true;
     }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a56ec659c..000000000
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3768 +0,0 @@
-/******************************************************************************
-     Copyright:: 2020- IBM, Inc
-
-    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-    You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-    limitations under the License.
- *****************************************************************************/
-
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../../../../v4/util/CacheUtil";
-import { ARIADefinitions, IDocumentConformanceRequirement } from "../../../aria/ARIADefinitions";
-import { ARIAMapper } from "../../../aria/ARIAMapper";
-import { DOMWalker } from "../../../dom/DOMWalker";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../../dom/VisUtil";
-import { FragmentUtil } from "./fragment";
-import { getDefinedStyles, getComputedStyle } from "../../../../v4/util/CSSUtil";
-import { DOMUtil } from "../../../dom/DOMUtil";
-import { DOMMapper } from "../../../dom/DOMMapper";
-
-export class RPTUtil {
-
-
-    // This list contains a list of elements tags which have display: none by default, since we have rules triggering
-    public static navLinkKeywords = ['start', 'next', 'prev', 'previous', 'contents', 'index']
-
-    // This list contains a list of rule ids for the rules that have to check for hidden content regardless of the Check Hidden
-    // Content Setting. This means that when the engine is actually determine which elements to mass to the rules, it will always
-    // pass theses rules no matter what the Check Hidden Content Setting is.
-    public static rulesThatHaveToCheckHidden = ['RPT_Elem_UniqueId']
-
-    public static isDefinedAriaAttributeAtIndex(ele, index) {
-        let attrName = ele.attributes[index].name;
-        return RPTUtil.isDefinedAriaAttribute(ele, attrName);
-    }
-
-    // https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/#introstates
-    public static ariaAttributeRoleDefaults = {
-        "alert": {
-            "aria-live": "assertive",
-            "aria-atomic": "true"
-        },
-        "combobox": {
-            "aria-haspopup": "listbox"
-        },
-        "listbox": {
-            "aria-orientation": "vertical"
-        },
-        "log": {
-            "aria-live": "polite"
-        },
-        "menu": {
-            "aria-orientation": "vertical"
-        },
-        "menubar": {
-            "aria-orientation": "horizontal"
-        },
-        "meter": {
-            "aria-valuemin": "0",
-            "aria-valuemax": "100"
-        },
-        "option": {
-            "aria-selected": "false"
-        },
-        "progressbar": {
-            "aria-valuemin": "0",
-            "aria-valuemax": "100"
-        },
-        "scrollbar": {
-            "aria-orientation": "vertical",
-            "aria-valuemin": "0",
-            "aria-valuemax": "100"
-        },
-        "separator": {
-            "aria-orientation": "horizontal",
-            "aria-valuemin": "0",
-            "aria-valuemax": "100"
-        },
-        "slider": {
-            "aria-orientation": "horizontal",
-            "aria-valuemin": "0",
-            "aria-valuemax": "100"
-        },
-        "spinbutton": {
-            // Not sure how to encode min/max (or now in 1.2 - "has no value")
-            //"aria-valuenow": "0" TODO: at risk: maybe delete after ARIA 1.2 reaches proposed rec
-            // Probably just delete spinbutton from this list completely and let user agents handle "defaults"
-        },
-        "status": {
-            "aria-live": "polite",
-            "aria-atomic": "true"
-        },
-        "tab": {
-            "aria-selected": "false"
-        },
-        "tablist": {
-            "aria-orientation": "horizontal"
-        },
-        "toolbar": {
-            "aria-orientation": "horizontal"
-        },
-        "tree": {
-            "aria-orientation": "vertical"
-        }
-    }
-
-    // https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/#aria-atomic
-    public static ariaAttributeGlobalDefaults = {
-        "aria-atomic": "false",
-        "aria-autocomplete": "none",
-        "aria-busy": "false",
-        "aria-checked": undefined,
-        "aria-current": "false",
-        "aria-disabled": "false",
-        "aria-dropeffect": "none",
-        "aria-expanded": undefined,
-        "aria-grabbed": undefined,
-        "aria-haspopup": "false",
-        "aria-hidden": undefined,
-        "aria-invalid": "false",
-        "aria-live": "off",
-        "aria-modal": "false",
-        "aria-multiline": "false",
-        "aria-multiselectable": "false",
-        "aria-orientation": undefined,
-        "aria-pressed": undefined,
-        "aria-readonly": "false",
-        //"aria-relevant": "additions text", TODO: are multiple values supported?
-        "aria-required": "false",
-        "aria-selected": undefined,
-        "aria-sort": "none"
-    }
-
-    // https://www.w3.org/TR/html-aam-1.0/#html-attribute-state-and-property-mappings
-    public static ariaAttributeImplicitMappings = {
-        "aria-autocomplete": {
-            "form": function (e) {
-                return "off" === e.getAttribute("autocomplete") ? "none" : "both";
-            },
-            "input": function (e) {
-                return "off" === e.getAttribute("autocomplete") ? "none" : "both";
-            },
-            "select": function (e) {
-                return "off" === e.getAttribute("autocomplete") ? "none" : "both";
-            },
-            "textarea": function (e) {
-                return "off" === e.getAttribute("autocomplete") ? "none" : "both";
-            }
-        },
-        "aria-checked": {
-            "input": function (e) {
-                if (e.hasAttribute("indeterminate")) return "mixed";
-                return "" + e.hasAttribute("checked");
-            },
-            "menuitem": function (e) {
-                if (e.hasAttribute("indeterminate")) return "mixed";
-                return "" + e.hasAttribute("checked");
-            },
-            "*": function (e) {
-                if (e.hasAttribute("indeterminate")) return "mixed";
-            },
-        },
-        "aria-disabled": {
-            "button": function (e) {
-                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
-            },
-            "fieldset": function (e) {
-                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
-            },
-            "input": function (e) {
-                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
-            },
-            "optgroup": function (e) {
-                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
-            },
-            "option": function (e) {
-                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
-            },
-            "select": function (e) {
-                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
-            },
-            "textarea": function (e) {
-                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
-            }
-        },
-        "aria-expanded": {
-            "details": function (e) {
-                return e.getAttribute("open")
-            },
-            "dialog": function (e) {
-                return e.getAttribute("open")
-            }
-        },
-        "aria-multiselectable": {
-            "select": function (e) {
-                if (e.hasAttribute("multiple")) return "true";
-                return;
-            }
-        },
-        "aria-placeholder": {
-            "input": function (e) {
-                return e.getAttribute("placeholder")
-            },
-            "textarea": function (e) {
-                return e.getAttribute("placeholder")
-            }
-        },
-        "aria-required": {
-            "input": function (e) {
-                return e.getAttribute("required")
-            },
-            "select": function (e) {
-                return e.getAttribute("required")
-            },
-            "textarea": function (e) {
-                return e.getAttribute("required")
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * this method returns user-defined aria attribute name from dom
-     * @param ele  element
-     * @returns user defined aria attributes
-     */
-    public static getUserDefinedAriaAttributes(elem) {
-        let ariaAttributes = [];
-        let domAttributes = elem.attributes;
-        if (domAttributes) {
-            for (let i = 0; i < domAttributes.length; i++) {
-                let attrName = domAttributes[i].name.trim().toLowerCase(); 
-                let isAria = attrName.substring(0, 5) === 'aria-';
-                if (isAria)
-                    ariaAttributes.push(attrName);
-            }
-        }
-        return ariaAttributes;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * this method returns user-defined html attribute name from dom
-     * @param ele  element
-     * @returns user defined html attributes
-     */
-    public static getUserDefinedHtmlAttributes(elem) {
-        let htmlAttributes = [];
-        let domAttributes = elem.attributes;
-        if (domAttributes) {
-            for (let i = 0; i < domAttributes.length; i++) {
-                let attrName = domAttributes[i].name.trim().toLowerCase(); 
-                let isAria = attrName.substring(0, 5) === 'aria-';
-                if (!isAria)
-                    htmlAttributes.push(attrName);
-            }
-        }
-        return htmlAttributes;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * this method returns user-defined aria attribute name-value pair from dom
-     * @param ele  element
-     * @returns user defined aria attributes
-     */
-    public static getUserDefinedAriaAttributeNameValuePairs(elem) {
-        let ariaAttributes = [];
-        let domAttributes = elem.attributes;
-        if (domAttributes) {
-            for (let i = 0; i < domAttributes.length; i++) {
-                let attrName = domAttributes[i].name.trim().toLowerCase();
-                let attrValue = elem.getAttribute(attrName);
-                if (attrValue === '') attrValue = null;
-                let isAria = attrName.substring(0, 5) === 'aria-';
-                if (isAria)
-                    ariaAttributes.push({name: attrName, value: attrValue});
-            }
-        }
-        return ariaAttributes;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * this method returns user-defined html attribute name-value pair from dom
-     * @param ele  element
-     * @returns user defined html attributes
-     */
-    public static getUserDefinedHtmlAttributeNameValuePairs(elem) {
-        let htmlAttributes = [];
-        let domAttributes = elem.attributes;
-        if (domAttributes) {
-            for (let i = 0; i < domAttributes.length; i++) {
-                let attrName = domAttributes[i].name.trim().toLowerCase(); 
-                let attrValue = elem.getAttribute(attrName);
-                if (attrValue === '') attrValue = null;
-                let isAria = attrName.substring(0, 5) === 'aria-';
-                if (!isAria)
-                    htmlAttributes.push({name: attrName, value: attrValue});
-            }
-        }
-        return htmlAttributes;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This method handles implicit aria definitions, for example, an input with checked is equivalent to aria-checked="true"
-     */
-    public static getAriaAttribute(ele, attributeName) {
-        // If the attribute is defined, it takes precedence
-        let retVal = ele.getAttribute(attributeName);
-
-        if (ele.hasAttribute(attributeName) && retVal.trim() === "") { //"" is treated as false, so we need return it before the below check
-            return retVal;
-        }
-        // Then determine implicit values from other attributes
-        if (!retVal) {
-            let tag = ele.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-            if (attributeName in RPTUtil.ariaAttributeImplicitMappings) {
-                if (tag in RPTUtil.ariaAttributeImplicitMappings[attributeName]) {
-                    retVal = RPTUtil.ariaAttributeImplicitMappings[attributeName][tag];
-                    if (typeof (retVal) === "function") {
-                        retVal = retVal(ele);
-                    }
-                } else if ("*" in RPTUtil.ariaAttributeImplicitMappings[attributeName]) {
-                    retVal = RPTUtil.ariaAttributeImplicitMappings[attributeName]["*"];
-                    if (typeof (retVal) === "function") {
-                        retVal = retVal(ele);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Check role-based defaults
-        if (!retVal) {
-            let role = ARIAMapper.nodeToRole(ele);
-            if (role in RPTUtil.ariaAttributeRoleDefaults && attributeName in RPTUtil.ariaAttributeRoleDefaults[role]) {
-                retVal = RPTUtil.ariaAttributeRoleDefaults[role][attributeName];
-                if (typeof (retVal) === "function") {
-                    retVal = retVal(ele);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Still not defined? Check global defaults
-        if (!retVal && attributeName in RPTUtil.ariaAttributeGlobalDefaults) {
-            retVal = RPTUtil.ariaAttributeGlobalDefaults[attributeName];
-        }
-        return retVal;
-    }
-
-    public static tabTagMap = {
-        "button": function (element): boolean {
-            return !element.hasAttribute("disabled");
-        },
-        "iframe": true,
-        "input": function (element): boolean {
-            return element.getAttribute("type") !== "hidden" && !element.hasAttribute("disabled");
-        },
-        "select": function (element): boolean {
-            return !element.hasAttribute("disabled");
-        },
-        "textarea": true,
-        "div": function (element) {
-            return element.hasAttribute("contenteditable");
-        },
-        "a": function (element) {
-            // xlink:href?? see svg
-            return element.hasAttribute("href");
-        },
-        "area": function (element) {
-            return element.hasAttribute("href");
-        },
-        "audio": function (element) {
-            return element.hasAttribute("controls");
-        },
-        "video": function (element) {
-            return element.hasAttribute("controls");
-        },
-        "summary": function (element) {
-            // first summary child of a details element is automatically focusable 
-            return element.parentElement && element.parentElement.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'details' 
-                   && DOMUtil.sameNode([...element.parentElement.children].filter(elem=>elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'summary')[0], element);
-        },
-        "details": function (element) {
-            //details element without a direct summary child is automatically focusable
-            return element.children && [...element.children].filter(elem=>elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'summary').length === 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static wordCount(str) : number {
-        str = str.trim();
-        if (str.length === 0) return 0;
-        return str.split(/\s+/g).length;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Note that this only detects if the element itself is in the tab order.
-     * However, this element may delegate focus to another element via aria-activedescendant.
-     * Also, focus varies by browser... sticking to things that are focusable on Chrome and Firefox.
-     */
-    public static isTabbable(element) {
-        // Using https://allyjs.io/data-tables/focusable.html
-        // Handle the explicit cases first
-        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(element)) return false;
-        if (element.hasAttribute("tabindex")) {
-            return parseInt(element.getAttribute("tabindex")) >= 0;
-        }
-        // Explicit cases handled - now the implicit
-        let nodeName = element.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-        if (nodeName in RPTUtil.tabTagMap) {
-            let retVal = RPTUtil.tabTagMap[nodeName];
-            if (typeof (retVal) === "function") {
-                retVal = retVal(element);
-            }
-            return retVal;
-        } else {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * a target is en element that accept a pointer action (click or touch)
-     * 
-     */
-    public static isTarget(element) {
-        if (!element) return false;
-        
-        if (element.hasAttribute("tabindex") || RPTUtil.isTabbable(element)) return true;
-        
-        const roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(element, true); 
-        if (!roles && roles.length === 0)
-            return false;
-
-        let tagProperty = RPTUtil.getElementAriaProperty(element);
-        let allowedRoles = RPTUtil.getAllowedAriaRoles(element, tagProperty);
-        if (!allowedRoles || allowedRoles.length === 0)
-            return false;
-    
-        let parent = element.parentElement;
-        // datalist, fieldset, optgroup, etc. may be just used for grouping purpose, so go up to the parent
-        while (parent && roles.some(role => role === 'group'))
-            parent = parent.parentElement;
-         
-        if (parent && (parent.hasAttribute("tabindex") || RPTUtil.isTabbable(parent))) {
-            const target_roles =["listitem", "menuitem", "menuitemcheckbox", "menuitemradio", "option", "radio", "switch", "treeitem"];
-            if (allowedRoles.includes('any') || roles.some(role => target_roles.includes(role)))
-                return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * a target is en element that accept a pointer action (click or touch)
-     * a target is a browser default if it's a native widget (no user defined role) without user style  
-     */
-    public static isTargetBrowserDefault(element) {
-        if (!element) return false;
-        
-        // user defained widget
-        const roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(element, false); 
-        if (roles && roles.length > 0)
-            return false;
-
-        // no user style to space control size, including use of font    
-        const styles = getDefinedStyles(element);
-        if (styles['line-height'] || styles['height'] || styles['width'] || styles['min-height'] || styles['min-width'] 
-           || styles['font-size'] || styles['margin-top'] || styles['margin-bottom'] || styles['margin-left'] || styles['margin-right']) 
-            return false;
-            
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * an "inline" CSS display property tells the element to fit itself on the same line. An 'inline' element's width and height are ignored. 
-     * some element has default inline property, such as <span>, <a>
-     * most formatting elements inherent inline property, such as <em>, <strong>, <i>, <small> 
-     * other inline elements: <abbr> <acronym> <b> <bdo> <big> <br> <cite> <code> <dfn> <em> <i> <input> <kbd> <label> 
-     * <map> <object> <output> <q> <samp> <script> <select> <small> <span> <strong> <sub> <sup> <textarea> <time> <tt> <var>
-     * an "inline-block" element still place element in the same line without breaking the line, but the element's width and height are applied.
-     * inline-block elements: img, button, select, meter, progress, marguee, also in Chrome: textarea, input 
-     * A block-level element always starts on a new line, and the browsers automatically add some space (a margin) before and after the element.
-     * block-level elements: <address> <article> <aside> <blockquote> <canvas> <dd> <div> <dl> <dt> <fieldset> <figcaption> <figure> <footer> <form>
-     * <h1>-<h6> <header> <hr> <li> <main> <nav> <noscript> <ol> <p> <pre> <section> <table> <tfoot> <ul> <video>
-     * 
-     * return: if it's inline element and { inline: true | false, text: true | false, violation: null | {node} } 
-     */
-    public static getInlineStatus(element) {
-        if (!element) return null;
-        
-        const style =  getComputedStyle(element);
-        if (!style) return null;
-
-        let status = { "inline": false, "text": false, "violation": null }; 
-        const udisplay = style.getPropertyValue("display");  
-        // inline element only
-        if (udisplay !== 'inline')
-            return status;
-
-        status.inline = true;    
-        const parent = element.parentElement;
-        if (parent) {
-            const mapper : DOMMapper = new DOMMapper();
-            const bounds = mapper.getUnadjustedBounds(element);
-            const style = getComputedStyle(parent);
-            const display = style.getPropertyValue("display");    
-            // an inline element is inside a block. note <body> is a block element too
-            if (display === 'block' || display === 'inline-block') {
-                let containText = false;
-                // one or more inline elements with text in the same line: <target>, text<target>, <target>text, <inline>+text<target>, <target><inline>+text, text<target><inline>+
-                let walkNode = element.nextSibling;
-                let last = true;
-                while (walkNode) {
-                    // note browsers insert Text nodes to represent whitespaces.
-                    if (!containText && walkNode.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && walkNode.nodeValue && walkNode.nodeValue.trim().length > 0) {
-                        containText = true;
-                    } else if (walkNode.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
-                        // special case: <br> is styled 'inline' by default, but change the line
-                        if (status.violation === null && walkNode.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== 'br') {
-                            const cStyle = getComputedStyle(walkNode);
-                            const cDisplay = cStyle.getPropertyValue("display");
-                            if (cDisplay === 'inline')  { 
-                                last = false;
-                                if (RPTUtil.isTarget(walkNode) && bounds.width < 24) {
-                                    // check if the horizontal spacing is sufficient
-                                    const bnds = mapper.getUnadjustedBounds(walkNode);
-                                    if (Math.round(bounds.width/2) + bnds.left - (bounds.left + bounds.width) < 24)
-                                        status.violation = walkNode.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-                                }
-                            } else
-                                break;
-                        }   
-                    }
-                    walkNode = walkNode.nextSibling;    
-                }
-                
-                walkNode = element.previousSibling;
-                let first = true;
-                let checked = false;
-                while (walkNode) {
-                    // note browsers insert Text nodes to represent whitespaces.
-                    if (!containText && walkNode.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && walkNode.nodeValue && walkNode.nodeValue.trim().length > 0) {
-                        containText = true;
-                    } else if (walkNode.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
-                        // special case: <br> is styled 'inline' by default, but change the line
-                        if (!checked && walkNode.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== 'br') {
-                            const cStyle = getComputedStyle(walkNode);
-                            const cDisplay = cStyle.getPropertyValue("display");    
-                            if (cDisplay === 'inline')  {
-                                first = false;
-                                checked = true;
-                                if (RPTUtil.isTarget(walkNode) && bounds.width < 24) {
-                                    // check if the horizontal spacing is sufficient
-                                    const bnds = mapper.getUnadjustedBounds(walkNode);
-                                    if (Math.round(bounds.width/2) + bounds.left - (bnds.left + bnds.width)  < 24) {
-                                        status.violation = status.violation === null ? walkNode.nodeName.toLowerCase() : status.violation + ", " + walkNode.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-                                    }    
-                                }
-                            } else
-                                break;
-                        }    
-                    }
-                    walkNode = walkNode.previousSibling;    
-                }
-                
-                // one or more inline elements are in the same line with text 
-                if (containText)
-                    status.text = true;
-                
-                return status;
-            } else {
-                //parent is inline element
-                if (!RPTUtil.isInnerTextOnlyEmpty(parent))
-                    status.text = true;
-            }
-        }
-        // all other cases    
-        return status;
-    }
-
-    public static tabIndexLEZero(elem) {
-        if (RPTUtil.hasAttribute(elem, "tabindex")) {
-            if (elem.getAttribute("tabindex").match(/^-?\d+$/)) {
-                let tabindexValue = parseInt(elem.getAttribute("tabindex"));
-                return tabindexValue === 0 || tabindexValue === -1;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * get number of tabbable children
-     * @param element 
-     */
-    public static getTabbableChildren(element) {
-        let count = 0;
-        // If node has children, look for tab stops in the children
-        if (element.firstChild || element.nodeName.toUpperCase() === "IFRAME") {
-            let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
-            while (nw.nextNode() && nw.node != element) {
-                if (nw.node.nodeType == 1 && !nw.bEndTag && RPTUtil.isTabbable(nw.node)) {
-                    ++count;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return count;
-    }
-
-    //TODO: function does not handle equivalents for roles: row, link, header, button
-    // But it may not have to. Bug reports have been about radio buttons and checkboxes.
-    public static isHtmlEquiv(node, htmlEquiv) {
-        let retVal = false;
-        if (node) {
-            let nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-            if (nodeName === "input") {
-                let type = node.getAttribute("type").toLowerCase();
-                if (type) {
-                    if (htmlEquiv.indexOf("checkbox") != -1) {
-                        retVal = type === "checkbox";
-                    } else if (htmlEquiv.indexOf("radio") != -1) {
-                        retVal = type === "radio";
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return retVal;
-    }
-
-    public static isDefinedAriaAttribute(ele, attrName) {
-        let isDefinedAriaAttribute = false;
-        if (attrName.substring(0, 5) === 'aria-') {
-            // User agents SHOULD treat state and property attributes with a value of "" the same as they treat an absent attribute.
-            isDefinedAriaAttribute = ele.hasAttribute && ele.hasAttribute(attrName) && ele.getAttribute(attrName).length > 0;
-        }
-        return isDefinedAriaAttribute;
-    }
-
-    public static normalizeSpacing(s) {
-        if (!s) return '';
-        return s.trim().replace(/\s+/g, ' ');
-    };
-
-    public static nonExistantIDs(node, targetids) {
-        let returnnotfoundids = '';
-        if (RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(targetids).length < 1) return returnnotfoundids;
-
-        let targetArray = targetids.split(" ");
-        let doc = node.ownerDocument;
-        for (let i = 0; i < targetArray.length; i++) {
-            let xp = "//*[@id='" + targetArray[i] + "']";
-            let xpathResult = doc.evaluate(xp, node, doc.defaultNSResolver, 0 /* XPathResult.ANY_TYPE */, null);
-            let r = xpathResult.iterateNext();
-            if (!r) returnnotfoundids += targetArray[i] + ', ';
-        }
-        if (RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(returnnotfoundids).length >= 2)
-            returnnotfoundids = returnnotfoundids.substring(0, returnnotfoundids.length - 2);
-        else
-            returnnotfoundids = '';
-        return returnnotfoundids;
-    }
-
-    public static getDocElementsByTag(elem, tagName) {
-        let doc = FragmentUtil.getOwnerFragment(elem) as any;
-        tagName = tagName.toLowerCase();
-        let cache = getCache(doc, "RPT_DOCELEMSBYTAG", {});
-        if (!(tagName in cache)) {
-            cache[tagName] = doc.querySelectorAll(tagName);
-            setCache(doc, "RPT_DOCELEMSBYTAG", cache);
-        }
-        return cache[tagName];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for get a list of all the child elemnts which match the tag
-     * name provided.
-     *
-     * Note: This is a wrapper function to: RPTUtil.getChildByTagHidden
-     *
-     * @parm {element} parentElem - The parent element
-     * @parm {string} tagName - The tag to search for under the parent element
-     * @parm {boolean} ignoreHidden - true if hidden elements with the tag should ignored from the list
-     *                                false if the hidden elements should be added
-     *
-     * @return {List} retVal - list of all the elements which matched the tag under the parent that were provided.
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getChildByTag(parentElem, tagName) {
-        return RPTUtil.getChildByTagHidden(parentElem, tagName, false, false);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for get a list of all the child elemnts which match the tag
-     * name provided.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} parentElem - The parent element
-     * @parm {string} tagName - The tag to search for under the parent element
-     * @parm {boolean} ignoreHidden - true if hidden elements with the tag should ignored from the list
-     *                                false if the hidden elements should be added
-     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
-     *
-     * @return {List} retVal - list of all the elements which matched the tag under the parent that were provided.
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getChildByTagHidden(parentElem, tagName, ignoreHidden, considerHiddenSetting) {
-        // Variable Decleration
-        let retVal = [];
-        let child = parentElem.firstChild;
-
-        // Loop over all the child elements of the parent to build a list of all the elements that
-        // match the tagName provided
-        while (child != null) {
-
-            // Only include the children into the return array if they match with tagname.
-            if (child.nodeName.toLowerCase() === tagName) {
-
-                // In the case that ignorehidden was set to true, then perform a isNodeVisible check
-                // and in the case the node is not visilble we more to theses then move to the next node.
-                // Perform a couple of checks to determine if hidden elements should be ignored or not.
-                //  1. When ignoreHidden is set to true upfront, then perform a isNodeVisible
-                //  2. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
-                //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
-                //  2.1. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
-                //       be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
-                //       add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
-                if ((ignoreHidden || (considerHiddenSetting && !RPTUtil.shouldCheckHiddenContent(child))) && !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(child)) {
-                    // Move on to the next element
-                    child = child.nextSibling;
-
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                // Push the element
-                retVal.push(child);
-            }
-
-            // Move to the next sibling element
-            child = child.nextSibling;
-        }
-        return retVal;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for finding a list of elements that match given roles(s).
-     * This function by defauly will not consider Check Hidden Setting at all.
-     * This function by defauly will not consider implicit roles.
-     * Note: This is a wrapper function to: RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden
-     *
-     * @parm {document} doc - The document node
-     * @parm {list or string} roles - List or single role for which to return elements based on.
-     *
-     * @return {List} retVal - list of all the elements which matched the role(s) that were provided.
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getElementsByRole(doc, roles) {
-        return RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(doc, roles, false, false);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for finding a list of elements that match given roles(s).
-     * This function aslo finds elements with implicit roles.
-     * This function will also consider elements that are hidden based on the if the Check
-     * Hidden Content settings should be considered or not.
-     *
-     * @parm {document} doc - The document node
-     * @parm {list or string} roles - List or single role for which to return elements based on.
-     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
-     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
-     *
-     * @return {List} retVal - list of all the elements which matched the role(s) that were provided.
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getElementsByRoleHidden(doc, roles, considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRoles?) {
-        
-        // In the case that the role to element assoication is already made, and available in the global hasAttribute
-        // we can just use that one instead of building a new one.
-        let roleToElems = null;
-        if (considerImplicitRoles) {
-            roleToElems = getCache(doc, "RPTUtil_GETELEMENTSBY_ROLE_IMPLICIT", null);
-        } else {
-            roleToElems = getCache(doc, "RPTUtil_GETELEMENTSBY_ROLE", null);
-        }
-
-
-        // Build the new role to element, this is where we loop through all the elements and extract all the
-        // elements bsaed on roles.
-        if (roleToElems === null) {
-            // Re-initialize the roleToElems hash
-            roleToElems = {};
-
-            // Get the body of the doc
-            let root = doc.body;
-
-            // Keep looping until we are at the very parent node of the entire page, so that we can loop through
-            // all the nodes.
-            while (DOMWalker.parentNode(root) !== null) {
-                // Get the parentNode
-                root = DOMWalker.parentNode(root);
-            }
-            // Build a nodewalter based of the root node, this node walter will be use loop over all the nodes
-            // and build the roles to Element coralation
-            let nw = new NodeWalker(root);
-
-            // Loop over the entire doc/list of nodes to build the role to element map
-            // Note: This will build an roleToElems hash which is in the following format.
-            // roleToElems = {
-            //    document: [{div},{abbr},{var}],
-            //    main: [{div}],
-            //    navigation: [{div}]
-            // }
-            while (nw.nextNode()) {
-                if (!nw.elem()) continue;                
-                // Only check the elements which have the role attribute assiciated to them
-                if (!nw.bEndTag) {
-
-                    let wRoles = [];
-                    //check if the node has role attributes
-                    if (nw.elem() && nw.elem().hasAttribute("role")) {
-                        // Extract all the roles that are assigned to this element, can have multiple roles on one
-                        // element split by space, so we need to extract all of them into an array.
-                        wRoles = nw.elem().getAttribute("role").split(" ");
-                    }
-
-                    if (nw.elem() && wRoles.length === 0 && considerImplicitRoles) {
-                        //check if there are any implicit roles for this element.
-                        let implicitRole = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(nw.node);
-                        if (implicitRole !== null && implicitRole.length > 0)
-                            wRoles = implicitRole;
-                    }
-
-                    if (wRoles.length === 0) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
-                    // or not.
-                    //  1. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
-                    //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
-                    //  2. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
-                    //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
-                    //     add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
-                    //
-                    // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
-                    //       so on and so forth.
-                    if (considerHiddenSetting && RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(nw.node)) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    // Loop through all the roles and assigned this node to all thes roles
-                    for (let i = 0; i < wRoles.length; ++i) {
-                        // In the case that the role key is not already in the roleToElems hash, construct the
-                        // add the key and assign empty array.
-                        if (!(wRoles[i] in roleToElems)) {
-                            roleToElems[wRoles[i]] = [];
-                        }
-
-                        // Add the node to the array for the role
-                        roleToElems[wRoles[i]].push(nw.node);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Set the roleToElems hash map as a global variable
-            if (considerImplicitRoles) {
-                setCache(doc, "RPTUtil_GETELEMENTSBY_ROLE_IMPLICIT", roleToElems);
-            } else {
-                setCache(doc, "RPTUtil_GETELEMENTSBY_ROLE", roleToElems);
-            }
-
-        }
-
-        // Initilize the return value
-        let retVal = [];
-
-        // Handle the cases where the provided role is a string and not an array,
-        // for this case we take the string and put it into an array
-        if (typeof (roles) === "string") {
-            let role = roles;
-            roles = [];
-            roles.push(role);
-        }
-
-        // Loop through the roles that were provided and find the list of elements for this roles
-        // and add them to the return value.
-        if (roles.length) {
-            // loop over all the roles
-            for (let i = 0; i < roles.length; ++i) {
-                // Extract the role from the array
-                let nextRole = roles[i];
-                // Fetch the list of all the elements for this role
-                let copyRoles = roleToElems[nextRole];
-
-                // If there are elements to copy to another array, then perform the copy
-                if (copyRoles) {
-                    // Loop over all the elements which are to be copied
-                    for (let j = 0; j < copyRoles.length; ++j) {
-                        // Add this element to the return val
-                        retVal.push(copyRoles[j]);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return retVal;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * WAI-ARIA’s role attribute may have a list of values, but only the first valid and supported WAI-ARIA role is used
-     * https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-implementation/#mapping_role_table
-     * This function is responsible for retrieving the resoled role for an element.
-     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
-     *
-     * @return string - resolved role for the element:
-     *       explicit role: resoled from the list of values
-     *       implicit role: if not explicitely specified, or none of the specified role values is allowed for the element
-     *       null: if none of the specified role values is allowed for the element, neither implicit role exists
-     *       
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getResolvedRole(elem: Element, considerImplicitRoles: boolean = true) : string {
-        if (!elem) return null;
-        let role = getCache(elem, "RPTUTIL_ELEMENT_RESOLVED_ROLE", null);
-        if (role === null) {
-            const roles = RPTUtil.getUserDefinedRoles(elem);
-            let tagProperty = RPTUtil.getElementAriaProperty(elem);
-            let allowedRoles = RPTUtil.getAllowedAriaRoles(elem, tagProperty);
-            if (roles && roles.length > 0 && allowedRoles && allowedRoles.length > 0) {
-                for (let i=0; i < roles.length; i++) {
-                    if (allowedRoles.includes(roles[i])) {
-                        role = roles[i];
-                        break;
-                    }    
-                } 
-            }
-            
-            if (role === null && considerImplicitRoles) {
-                const implicitRole = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(elem);
-                role = implicitRole && implicitRole.length > 0 ? implicitRole[0] : undefined;
-            }
-            setCache(elem, "RPTUTIL_ELEMENT_RESOLVED_ROLE", role);
-        }   
-        return role !== undefined ? role : null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for retrieving user defined element's roles from dom.
-     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
-     *
-     * @return {List} roles - list of user defined roles in the element role attribute.
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getUserDefinedRoles(ele: Element) : string[] {
-        return RPTUtil.getRoles(ele, false);
-    }
-    
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for retrieving element's roles.
-     * This function also finds implicit roles.
-     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
-     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
-     *
-     * @return {List} roles - list of attribute roles and implicit roles.
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getRoles(ele: Element, considerImplicitRoles: boolean) : string[] {
-        let roles : string[] = [];
-        if (ele && ele.hasAttribute && ele.hasAttribute("role")) {
-            let attrRoles = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(ele.getAttribute("role").trim()).split(" ");
-            for (let i = 0; i < attrRoles.length; ++i) {
-                roles.push(attrRoles[i]);
-            }
-        }
-
-        //check if implicit roles exist.
-        //Note: element can have multiple implicit roles
-        if (considerImplicitRoles) {
-            let implicitRole = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(ele);
-            if (implicitRole !== null && implicitRole.length > 0) {
-                //add implicit roles to the attributes roles.
-                RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(implicitRole, roles);
-            }
-        }
-        return roles;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the implicit role of the elemement
-     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
-     *
-     * @return the implicit role or [] if doesn't exist
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getImplicitRole(ele) : string[] {
-        if (!ele || ele.nodeType !== 1) return [];
-        let implicitRoles : string[] = getCache(ele, "RPTUtil_ImplicitRole", null);
-        if (!implicitRoles) {
-            let tagProperty = RPTUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ele);
-            // check if there are any implicit roles for this element.
-            if (tagProperty && tagProperty.implicitRole) {
-                if (tagProperty.implicitRole.includes("generic")) {
-                    // the 'generic' role is only allowed if a valid aria attribute exists.
-                    let domAriaAttributes = RPTUtil.getUserDefinedAriaAttributes(ele);
-                    if (domAriaAttributes.length === 0) {
-                        setCache(ele, "RPTUtil_ImplicitRole", []);
-                        return [];
-                    }    
-                    let roleAttributes = [];
-                    let pattern = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns['generic'];
-                    if (pattern.reqProps && pattern.reqProps.length > 0)
-                        RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(pattern.reqProps, roleAttributes);
-                    
-                    if (tagProperty.globalAriaAttributesValid)
-                        RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(ARIADefinitions.globalProperties, roleAttributes);
-                    
-                    if (pattern.deprecatedProps && pattern.deprecatedProps.length > 0)
-                        RPTUtil.reduceArrayItemList(pattern.deprecatedProps, roleAttributes); 
-
-                    // remove 'generic' role if roleAttributes doesn't contain any of domAriaAttributes 
-                    if (roleAttributes.length > 0 && !roleAttributes.some(attr=> domAriaAttributes.includes(attr))) {
-                        let implicit = RPTUtil.reduceArrayItemList(['generic'], tagProperty.implicitRole);
-                        setCache(ele, "RPTUtil_ImplicitRole", implicit);
-                        return implicit;
-                    }    
-                }
-                setCache(ele, "RPTUtil_ImplicitRole", tagProperty.implicitRole);
-                return tagProperty.implicitRole;   
-            }
-            setCache(ele, "RPTUtil_ImplicitRole", []);
-            return [];
-        }    
-        return implicitRoles;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the required properties of the role
-     * @parm {string} role - the role
-     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
-     *
-     * @return {List} properties - list of properties that are required by the role
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getRoleRequiredProperties(role, ele) {
-        if (role === null) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        if (ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[role]) {
-            let requiredAttributes = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[role].reqProps;
-            // handle special case of separator
-            if (role.toLowerCase() === "separator" && ele && RPTUtil.isFocusable(ele)) {
-                requiredAttributes = RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(["aria-valuenow"], requiredAttributes || []);
-            }
-            return requiredAttributes;
-        } else {
-            return null;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Test if the ele node is focusable
-     */
-    public static isFocusable(ele) {
-        if (ele === "undefined" || ele === null) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        return RPTUtil.isTabbable(ele);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for finding if a element has given role.
-     * This function aslo finds if element has given roles as implicit role.
-     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
-     * @parm {list or string} roles - List or single role for which to find if element has these roles.
-     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
-     *
-     * @return {List} retVal - true or false based on if th element has the specified role.
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     *
-     * Consider to use hasRoleInSemantics() instead.
-     */
-    public static hasRole(ele, role, considerImplicitRoles?) {  //Consider to use hasRoleInSemantics() instead.
-        let retVal = false;
-        if (ele && ele.hasAttribute && ele.hasAttribute("role")) {
-            if (typeof (role) != typeof ("")) {
-                let roles = ele.getAttribute("role").trim().split(" ");
-                for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < roles.length; ++i) {
-                    retVal = roles[i] in role;
-                }
-            } else {
-                let roles = ele.getAttribute("role").trim().split(" ");
-                for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < roles.length; ++i) {
-                    retVal = roles[i] === role;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        //if none of the the attribute roles matched with given role
-        //check if implicit roles matches.
-        //Note: element can have multiple implicit roles
-        if (!retVal && considerImplicitRoles) {
-            let wRoles = [];
-            //check if there are any implicit roles for this element.
-            let implicitRole = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(ele);
-            if (implicitRole !== null && implicitRole.length > 0) {
-                RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(implicitRole, wRoles);
-                //if role is array loop thru and see if any  of the implicit role present in the array
-                if (typeof (role) != typeof ("")) {
-                    for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < wRoles.length; ++i) {
-                        retVal = wRoles[i] in role;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < wRoles.length; ++i) {
-                        retVal = wRoles[i] === role;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return retVal;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Checks if the element has the role, including the implied role if role is not explicitly specified.
-     *
-     * This function is replacing the hasRole function
-     *
-     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
-     * @parm {list or string} roles - List or single role for which to find if element has these roles.
-     *
-     * @return {List} retVal - true or false based on if the element has the specified role.
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static hasRoleInSemantics(ele, role) {
-        let retVal = false;
-        let roleSpecified = false;
-        if (ele && ele.hasAttribute && ele.hasAttribute("role")) {
-            if (typeof (role) != typeof ("")) {
-                let roles = ele.getAttribute("role").trim().toLowerCase().split(/\s+/);
-                for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < roles.length; ++i) {
-                    roleSpecified = true;
-                    retVal = roles[i] in role;
-                }
-            } else {
-                let roles = ele.getAttribute("role").trim().toLowerCase().split(/\s+/);
-                for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < roles.length; ++i) {
-                    roleSpecified = true;
-                    retVal = roles[i] === role;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (roleSpecified) {
-            return retVal;
-        }
-
-        //check if implicit roles matches.
-        //Note: element can have multiple implicit roles
-        //check if there are any implicit roles for this element.
-        let impRoles = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(ele);
-        if (impRoles !== null && impRoles.length > 0) {
-            //if role is array loop thru and see if any  of the implicit role present in the array
-            if (typeof (role) != typeof ("")) {
-                for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < impRoles.length; ++i) {
-                    retVal = impRoles[i] in role;
-                }
-            } else {
-                for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < impRoles.length; ++i) {
-                    retVal = impRoles[i] === role;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return retVal;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for finding if a element has given role.
-     * This function also checks if element has given roles as implicit roles.
-     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
-     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
-     *
-     * @return {bool} retVal - true or false based on if the element has the specified role.
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static hasAnyRole(ele, considerImplicitRoles) {
-        let retVal = false;
-        if (ele && ele.hasAttribute && ele.hasAttribute("role")) {
-            retVal = true;
-        }
-
-        //check if implicit roles exist.
-        //Note: element can have multiple implicit roles
-        if (!retVal && considerImplicitRoles) {
-            //check if there are any implicit roles for this element.
-            let impRoles = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(ele);
-            if (impRoles !== null && impRoles.length > 0)
-                retVal = true;
-        }
-        return retVal;
-    }
-
-    public static isDataTable(tableNode) {
-        return !(RPTUtil.hasRole(tableNode, "none") || RPTUtil.hasRole(tableNode, "presentation"));
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * A complex data table is a data table with any of the following characteristics:
-     *
-     * a thead element that contains two or more tr elements
-     * a table with more than one thead element
-     * a table with two or more tr elements that contain only th elements
-     * a th or td element with a rowspan or colspan attribute
-     * a tr element that contains at least one td element and two or more th elements
-     * a table with headers not located in the first row or first column
-     * a td element with a headers attribute value that contains more than two IDREFs
-     */
-    public static isComplexDataTable(table) {
-
-        if ("RPTUtil_isComplexDataTable" in table) {
-            return !!table.RPTUtil_isComplexDataTable;
-        }
-
-        let isComplexTable = false;
-
-        if (table && RPTUtil.isDataTable(table)) {
-
-            let thNodes = null,
-                tdNodes = null;
-            let trNodes = table.getElementsByTagName("tr");
-            let trNodeCount = trNodes.length;
-            let tdNodeCount = 0,
-                thNodeCount = 0,
-                trNodesHavingOnlyThNodes = 0;
-
-            for (let i = 0; !isComplexTable && i < trNodeCount; ++i) {
-
-                thNodes = trNodes[i].getElementsByTagName("th");
-                tdNodes = trNodes[i].getElementsByTagName("td");
-                thNodeCount = thNodes.length;
-                tdNodeCount = tdNodes.length;
-
-                if (tdNodeCount !== 0) {
-
-                    // a tr element that contains at least one td element and two or more th elements;
-                    isComplexTable = thNodeCount > 1;
-
-                    // a th element with a rowspan or colspan attribute
-                    for (let j = 0; !isComplexTable && j < thNodeCount; ++j) {
-                        isComplexTable = ((thNodes[j].hasAttribute("rowspan") ||
-                            thNodes[j].hasAttribute("colspan")) &&
-                            RPTUtil.getAncestor(thNodes[j], "table") === table);
-                    }
-
-                    // a td element with a rowspan or colspan attribute
-                    // a td element with a headers attribute value that contains more than two IDREFs
-                    for (let k = 0; !isComplexTable && k < tdNodeCount; ++k) {
-                        isComplexTable = ((tdNodes[k].hasAttribute("rowspan") ||
-                            tdNodes[k].hasAttribute("colspan") ||
-                            (tdNodes[k].hasAttribute("headers") && RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(tdNodes[k].getAttribute("headers")).split(" ").length > 2)) &&
-                            RPTUtil.getAncestor(tdNodes[k], "table") === table);
-                    }
-
-                } else {
-
-                    // two or more tr elements that contain only th elements
-                    if (thNodeCount > 0) {
-                        ++trNodesHavingOnlyThNodes;
-                    }
-                    isComplexTable = trNodesHavingOnlyThNodes === 2;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (!isComplexTable) {
-
-                let theadNodes = table.getElementsByTagName("thead");
-                let theadNodesLength = theadNodes.length;
-
-                if (theadNodesLength > 0) {
-
-                    // table has more than one thead element
-                    isComplexTable = theadNodesLength > 1;
-
-                    // a thead element that contains two or more tr elements
-                    if (!isComplexTable) {
-                        isComplexTable = theadNodes[0].getElementsByTagName("tr").length > 1;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if (!isComplexTable && trNodeCount !== 0) {
-                // a table with headers not located in the first row or first column
-                isComplexTable = thNodeCount > 0 && !RPTUtil.tableHeaderExists(table);
-            }
-        }
-        table.RPTUtil_isComplexDataTable = isComplexTable;
-
-        return isComplexTable;
-    }
-
-    // Return true if a table cell is hidden or contain no data: <td></td>
-    public static isTableCellEmpty(cell) {
-        if (!cell || !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(cell) || cell.innerHTML.replace(/&nbsp;/g,' ').trim().length === 0)
-            return true;
-           
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Return true if a table row is hidden or contain no data: <tr /> or <tr><td></td><td></td></tr> 
-    public static isTableRowEmpty(row) {
-        if (!row || !row.cells || row.cells.length === 0 || !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(row))
-            return true;
-           
-        let passed = true; //empty
-        for (let c=0; passed && c < row.cells.length; c++) {
-            let cell = row.cells[c];
-            passed = RPTUtil.isTableCellEmpty(cell);          
-        }
-        
-        return passed;
-    }
-
-    // Return true if a table's header is in the first row or column
-    public static tableHeaderExists(ruleContext) {
-
-        let rows = ruleContext.rows;
-        if (!rows || rows.length === 0)
-            return null;
-
-        // note that table.rows return all all the rows in the table, 
-        // including the rows contained within <thead>, <tfoot>, and <tbody> elements. 
-        
-        //case 1: headers are in the very first row with data in tbody or thead, but not in tfoot   
-        //get the first row with data, ignoring the rows with no data
-        let passed = true;
-        let firstRow = rows[0];
-        for (let r=0; passed && r < rows.length; r++) {
-            firstRow = rows[r];
-            // ignore the rows from tfoot
-            if (firstRow.parentNode && firstRow.parentNode.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'tfoot') continue;
-            
-            passed = RPTUtil.isTableRowEmpty(firstRow);          
-        }
-        
-        //table contain no data:  <table><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></table> 
-        if (passed)
-            return null;
-        
-        // Check if the cells with data in the first data row are all TH's
-        passed = true;
-        for (let r=0; passed && r < firstRow.cells.length; r++) {
-            let cell = firstRow.cells[r];
-            passed = RPTUtil.isTableCellEmpty(cell) || cell.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'th';          
-        }
-        
-        if (passed)
-            return true;
-
-        // Case 2: headers are in the first column with data
-        // Assume that the first column has all TH's or a TD without data in the first column.
-        passed = true;
-        for (let i = 0; passed && i < rows.length; ++i) {
-            // ignore the rows from tfoot
-            if (rows[i].parentNode && rows[i].parentNode.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'tfoot') continue;
-
-            // If no cells in this row, or no data at all, that's okay too.
-            passed = !rows[i].cells ||
-                rows[i].cells.length === 0 ||
-                rows[i].cells[0].innerHTML.trim().length === 0 ||
-                rows[i].cells[0].nodeName.toLowerCase() != "td";
-        }
-        
-        if (passed)
-            return true;
-            
-        //case 3: all td data cells have headers attributes that point to the id of a th element in the same table. 
-        // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/tables.html#attributes-common-to-td-and-th-elements
-        passed = true; 
-        let thIds = [];
-        let tdHeaders = [];
-        for (let r=0; passed && r < rows.length; r++) {
-            let row = rows[r]; 
-            // Check if the cells with data in the last data row are all TH's
-            for (let c=0; c < row.cells.length; c++) {
-                let cell = row.cells[c];
-                if (RPTUtil.isTableCellEmpty(cell)) continue; 
-                if (cell.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'td') {
-                    if (!cell.getAttribute('headers') || cell.getAttribute('headers').trim().length === 0)
-                        passed = false;
-                    else
-                        RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(cell.getAttribute('headers').trim().split(" "), tdHeaders);
-                } else if (cell.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'th' && cell.getAttribute('id') && cell.getAttribute('id').trim().length > 0)
-                        RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItem(cell.getAttribute('id').trim(), thIds);    
-            }      
-        }
-        
-        if (passed) { // all td elements have headers, to exam if the headers point to a th id
-            if (thIds.length > 0 && tdHeaders.every(header => thIds.includes(header)))
-                return true; 
-        }
-        
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public static isNodeInGrid(node) {
-        return RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(node, "grid") != null;
-    }
-    public static isLayoutTable(tableNode) {
-        return RPTUtil.hasRole(tableNode, "presentation") || RPTUtil.hasRole(tableNode, "none");
-    }
-    public static getFileExt(url) {
-        let m = url.match(/\.(([^;?#\.]|^$)+)([;?#]|$)/);
-        if (m != null && m.length >= 2) {
-            return "." + m[1];
-        }
-        return "";
-    }
-    public static getFileAnchor(url) {
-        let m = url.match(/#(([^;?\.]|^$)+)([;?]|$)/);
-        if (m != null && m.length >= 2) {
-            return m[1];
-        }
-        return "";
-    }
-    public static checkObjEmbed(node, extTest, mimeTest) {
-        let nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-
-        if (nodeName != "object" && nodeName != "embed" &&
-            nodeName != "a" && nodeName != "area") return false;
-        let retVal = false;
-        // Check mime type
-        if (!retVal && node.hasAttribute("type")) {
-            let mime = node.getAttribute("type").toLowerCase();
-            retVal = mimeTest(mime);
-        }
-        if (!retVal && node.hasAttribute("codetype")) {
-            let mime = node.getAttribute("codetype");
-            retVal = mimeTest(mime);
-        }
-
-        // Check the filename
-        if (!retVal) {
-            let filename = "";
-            if (nodeName === "embed") {
-                filename = node.getAttribute("src");
-            } else if (nodeName === "a" || nodeName === "area") {
-                filename = node.getAttribute("href");
-            } else if (node.hasAttribute("data")) {
-                filename = node.getAttribute("data");
-            }
-            if (filename === null) filename = "";
-            let ext = RPTUtil.getFileExt(filename);
-            retVal = extTest(ext);
-        }
-
-        // Check for filenames in the params
-        if (!retVal && nodeName === "object") {
-            // In the case that Check Hidden Option is set then comply with that setting
-            let params = RPTUtil.getChildByTagHidden(node, "param", false, true);
-            for (let i = 0; !retVal && params != null && i < params.length; ++i) {
-                retVal = params[i].hasAttribute("value") &&
-                    extTest(RPTUtil.getFileExt(params[i].getAttribute("value")));
-            }
-        }
-        return retVal;
-    }
-    public static isAudioObjEmbedLink(node) {
-        return RPTUtil.checkObjEmbed(node, RPTUtil.isAudioExt, function (mime) {
-            return mime.startsWith("audio")
-        });
-    }
-    public static isAudioExt(ext) {
-        let audio_extensions = [".aif", ".aifc", ".aiff", ".air", ".asf", ".au", ".cda",
-            ".dsm", ".dss", ".dwd", ".iff", ".kar", ".m1a", ".med",
-            ".mp2", ".mp3", ".mpa", ".pcm", ".ra", ".ram", ".rm",
-            ".sam", ".sf", ".sf2", ".smp", ".snd", ".svx", ".ul",
-            ".voc", ".wav", ".wma", ".wve"
-        ];
-        return RPTUtil.valInArray(ext.toLowerCase(), audio_extensions);
-    }
-    public static isVideoObjEmbedLink(node) {
-        return RPTUtil.checkObjEmbed(node, RPTUtil.isVideoExt, function (mime) {
-            return mime.startsWith("video") ||
-                mime.startsWith("application/x-shockwave-flash");
-        });
-    }
-    public static isVideoExt(ext) {
-        let video_extensions = [".asf", ".avi", ".divx", ".dv", ".m1v", ".m2p", ".m2v", ".moov",
-            ".mov", ".mp4", ".mpeg", ".mpg", ".mpv", ".ogm", ".omf", ".qt",
-            ".rm", ".rv", ".smi", ".smil", ".swf", ".vob", ".wmv", ".rmvb",
-            ".mvb"
-        ];
-        return RPTUtil.valInArray(ext.toLowerCase(), video_extensions);
-    }
-    public static isImageObjEmbedLink(node) {
-        return RPTUtil.checkObjEmbed(node, RPTUtil.isImgExt, function (mime) {
-            return mime.startsWith("image");
-        });
-    }
-    public static isImgExt(ext) {
-        let image_extensions = [".bmp", ".gif", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".pcx", ".png"];
-        return RPTUtil.valInArray(ext.toLowerCase(), image_extensions);
-    }
-    public static isHtmlExt(ext) {
-        let html_extensions = [".asp", ".aspx", ".cfm", ".cfml", ".cgi", ".htm", ".html", ".shtm",
-            ".shtml", ".php", ".pl", ".py", ".shtm", ".shtml", ".xhtml"
-        ];
-        return RPTUtil.valInArray(ext.toLowerCase(), html_extensions);
-    }
-    public static isPresentationalElement(node) {
-        // Elements extracted from https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/HTML/Element#Inline_text_semantics,
-        // http://dev.w3.org/html5/html-author/#text-level-semantics and https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Presentational_elements_and_attributes
-        let presentationalElements = ["abbr", "b", "bdi", "bdo", "br", "cite", "code", "data", "dfn",
-            "em", "i", "kbd", "mark", "q", "rp", "rt", "rtc", "ruby", "s",
-            "samp", "small", "span", "strong", "sub", "sup", "time", "u",
-            "var", "wbr", "a", "progress", "meter", "basefont", "big", "center",
-            "strike", "tt", "font", "blink", "h1", "h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6",
-            "hr", "blockquote", "p"
-        ];
-        return RPTUtil.valInArray(node.nodeName.toLowerCase(), presentationalElements);
-    }
-    public static hasTriggered(doc, id) {
-        return getCache(doc, id, false);
-    }
-    public static triggerOnce(doc, id, passed) {
-        if (passed) return true;
-        let triggered = getCache(doc, id, false);
-        setCache(doc, id, true);
-        return triggered;
-    }
-
-    /* determine if the given value exists in the given array */
-    public static valInArray(value, arr) {
-        for (let idx in arr) {
-            if (arr[idx] === value) return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * return the ancestor of the given element
-     * @param tagNames string, array, or dictionary containing the tags to search for
-     */
-    public static getAncestor(element, tagNames) {
-        let walkNode = element;
-        while (walkNode !== null) {
-            let thisTag = walkNode.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-            if (typeof (tagNames) === "string") {
-                if (thisTag === tagNames.toLowerCase()) {
-                    break;
-                }
-            } else if (tagNames.length) {
-                for (let idx in tagNames) {
-                    if (tagNames[idx] === thisTag)
-                        return walkNode;
-                }
-            } else if (thisTag in tagNames) {
-                break;
-            }
-            walkNode = DOMWalker.parentNode(walkNode);
-        }
-        return walkNode;
-    }
-
-    // return true if element1 and element2 are siblings
-    public static isSibling(element1, element2) {
-        if (element1 && element2) {
-            let node = null;
-            if (DOMWalker.parentNode(element1) && DOMWalker.parentNode(element1).firstChild) {
-                node = DOMWalker.parentNode(element1).firstChild;
-            }
-            
-            while (node) {
-                if (node === element2) return true;
-                node = node.nextSibling;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * return the ancestor of the given element and role.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find parent node
-     * @parm {string} role - The role to search for on an element under the provided element
-     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
-     *
-     * @return {node} walkNode - A parent node of the element passed in, which has the provided role
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getAncestorWithRole(element, roleName, considerImplicitRoles?) {
-        let walkNode = DOMWalker.parentNode(element);
-        while (walkNode !== null) {
-            if (considerImplicitRoles) {
-                if (RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(walkNode, roleName)) {
-                    break;
-                }
-            } else {
-                if (RPTUtil.hasRole(walkNode, roleName, false)) {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            walkNode = DOMWalker.parentNode(walkNode);
-        }
-        return walkNode;
-    } 
-    
-    /**
-     * return the ancestor of the given element and roles.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find parent node
-     * @parm {array} roles - the role names to search for
-     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
-     *
-     * @return {node} walkNode - A parent node of the element passed in, which has the provided role
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getAncestorWithRoles(element, roleNames) {
-        if (!element || !roleNames || !roleNames.length || roleNames.length === 0) return null;
-        let walkNode = element;
-        while (walkNode !== null) {
-            let role = RPTUtil.getResolvedRole(walkNode);
-            if (role !== null && roleNames.includes(role))
-                return walkNode;
-            walkNode = DOMWalker.parentNode(walkNode);
-        }
-        return null;
-    } 
-
-    /**
-     * return the roles with given role type.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find parent node
-     * @parm {array} roleTyples - role types, such as 'widget', 'structure' etc.
-     *
-     * @return {array} roles - A parent node of the element passed in, which has the provided role
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getRolesWithTypes(element, types: string[]) {
-        if (!element || !types || !types.length || types.length ===0) return null;
-        
-        let roles = getCache(element.ownerDocument, "roles_with_given_types", null);
-        if (!roles || roles.length === 0) {
-            roles = [];
-            Object.entries(ARIADefinitions.designPatterns).forEach(([key, value]) => {
-                if (types.includes(value.roleType))
-                    roles.push(key);   
-            });
-            setCache(element.ownerDocument, "roles_with_given_types", roles);
-        } 
-        return roles;
-    } 
-
-    /**
-     * return the ancestor with the given style properties.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find parent node
-     * @parm {[string]} styleProps - The style properties and values of the parent to search for.
-     *         such as {"overflow":['auto', 'scroll'], "overflow-x":['auto', 'scroll']}
-     *          or {"overflow":['*'], "overflow-x":['*']}, The '*' for any value to check the existence of the style prop.
-     * @parm {bool} excludedValues - style values that should be ignored.
-     * @return {node} walkNode - A parent node of the element, which has the style properties
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-     public static getAncestorWithStyles(elem, styleProps, excludedValues =[]) {
-        let walkNode = elem;
-        while (walkNode !== null) {
-            const node = getCache(walkNode, "RPTUtil_AncestorWithStyles", null);
-            if (node !== null) return node;
-
-            const styles = getDefinedStyles(walkNode);
-            for (const style in styleProps) {
-                let value = styles[style];
-                if (value) {
-                    value = value.split(" ")[0]; //get rid of !important
-                    if (!excludedValues.includes(value)) {
-                        if (styleProps[style].includes('*')) {
-                            setCache(walkNode, "RPTUtil_AncestorWithStyles", walkNode);
-                            return walkNode;
-                        } else if (styleProps[style].includes(value)) {
-                            setCache(walkNode, "RPTUtil_AncestorWithStyles", walkNode);
-                            return walkNode;
-                        }    
-                    }    
-                }  
-            }
-            walkNode = DOMWalker.parentElement(walkNode);
-        }
-        setCache(elem, "RPTUtil_AncestorWithStyles", undefined);
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for finding a node which matches the role and is a sibling of the
-     * provided element.
-     *
-     * This function by default will not consider Check Hidden Setting at all.
-     *
-     * Note: This is a wrapper function to: RPTUtil.getSiblingWithRoleHidden
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find sibling node
-     * @parm {string} role - The role to search for on an element under the provided element
-     *
-     * @return {node} walkNode - A sibling node of the element passed in, which has the provided role
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getSiblingWithRole(element, role) {
-        return RPTUtil.getSiblingWithRoleHidden(element, role, false);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for finding a node which matches the role and is a sibling of the
-     * provided element.
-     *
-     * This function also considers implicit roles for the elements.
-     *
-     * This function will also consider elements that are hidden based on the if the Check
-     * Hidden Content settings should be considered or not.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find sibling node
-     * @parm {string} role - The role to search for on an element under the provided element
-     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
-     * @parm {bool} considerImplicit - true or false based on if Implicit roles should be considered.
-     *
-     * @return {node} walkNode - A sibling node of the element passed in, which has the provided role
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getSiblingWithRoleHidden(element, role, considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRole?) {
-
-        // Variable Declaration
-        let walkNode = null;
-        let hasRole = false;
-
-        // Only perform the check if element and role are both provided
-        if (element && role) {
-            // Fetch the next sibling element
-            walkNode = element.nextSibling;
-
-            // Keep looping over the next siblings to find element which matches
-            // the provided role.
-            while (walkNode !== null && !hasRole) {
-
-                // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
-                // or not.
-                //  1. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
-                //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
-                //  2. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
-                //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
-                //     add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
-                //
-                // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
-                //       so on and so forth.
-                if (considerHiddenSetting && RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(walkNode)) {
-                    // Move on to the next node
-                    walkNode = walkNode.nextSibling;
-
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                // Check if this node has the role that we need to check exists
-                if (considerImplicitRole) {
-                    hasRole = RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(walkNode, role);
-                } else {
-                    hasRole = RPTUtil.hasRole(walkNode, role, false);
-                }
-
-                // Move on to the next node
-                walkNode = walkNode.nextSibling;
-            }
-
-            // If we still have not found a node that matches the role, start a reverse look up
-            if (!walkNode) {
-                // Fetch the previous Sibling of this element
-                walkNode = element.previousSibling;
-
-                // Keep looping over all the previous siblings to search for an element which
-                // matches the provided role.
-                while (walkNode !== null && !hasRole) {
-
-                    // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
-                    // or not.
-                    //  1. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
-                    //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
-                    //  2. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
-                    //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
-                    //     add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
-                    //
-                    // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
-                    //       so on and so forth.
-                    if (considerHiddenSetting && RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(walkNode)) {
-                        // Move on to the next node
-                        walkNode = walkNode.previousSibling;
-
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    // Check if this node has the role that we need to check exists
-                    hasRole = RPTUtil.hasRole(walkNode, role, considerImplicitRole);
-
-                    // Move on to the next node
-                    walkNode = walkNode.previousSibling;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return walkNode;
-    }
-
-    public static isDescendant(parent, child) {
-        let node = DOMWalker.parentNode(child);
-        while (node != null) {
-            if (node === parent) {
-                return true;
-            }
-            node = DOMWalker.parentNode(node);
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    //check if the first form control child is disabled
-    public static isDisabledByFirstChildFormElement(element) {
-        let formElements = ["input", "textarea", "select", "keygen", "progress", "meter", "output"];
-        if (element.firstChild != null) {
-            let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
-            while (nw.nextNode()) {
-                if (formElements.includes(nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase())) {
-                    if (RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(nw.node))
-                        return true;
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public static isDisabledByReferringElement(element) {
-        let id = element.getAttribute("id");
-        let doc = element.ownerDocument;
-        let root = doc.body;
-        while (DOMWalker.parentNode(root) !== null) {
-            // Get the parentNode
-            root = DOMWalker.parentNode(root);
-        }
-        let nw = new NodeWalker(root);
-        while (nw.nextNode()) {
-            // check the element whose 'aria-describedby' equals to the id
-            if (nw.node && nw.node.nodeType === 1 && nw.elem()) {
-                let AriaDescribedbyIDArray = (nw.elem().getAttribute("aria-describedby") || "").split(" ");
-                if (AriaDescribedbyIDArray.includes(id) && RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(nw.node)) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for getting a descendant element with the specified role, under
-     * the element that was provided.
-     *
-     * Note by default this function will not consider the Check Hidden Content Setting.
-     *
-     * Note: This is a wrapper function to: RPTUtil.getDescendantWithRoleHidden
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - parent element for which we will be checking descendants for
-     * @parm {string} roleName - The role to look for on the descendant's elements
-     *
-     * @return {node} - The descendant element that matches the role specified (only one)
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getDescendantWithRole(element, roleName) {
-        return RPTUtil.getDescendantWithRoleHidden(element, roleName, false);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for getting a descendant element with the specified role, under
-     * the element that was provided. This function aslo finds elements with implicit roles.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - parent element for which we will be checking descendants for
-     * @parm {string} roleName - The role to look for on the descendant's elements
-     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
-     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
-     *
-     * @return {node} - The descendant element that matches the role specified (only one)
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getDescendantWithRoleHidden(element, roleName, considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRoles?) {
-        // Variable Decleration
-        let descendant = null;
-        let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
-
-        // Loop over all the childrens of the element provided and check if the rolename provided exists
-        while (nw.nextNode() && nw.node != element && nw.node != element.nextSibling) {
-
-            // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
-            // or not.
-            //  1. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
-            //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
-            //  2. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
-            //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
-            //     add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
-            //
-            // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
-            //       so on and so forth.
-            if (considerHiddenSetting && RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(nw.node)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // Check if this node has the role specified, if it does then set this as the descendant and stop checking the rest of the
-            // nodes.
-            // Check if this node has the implicit roles, if it does then set this as the descendant and stop checking the rest of the
-            // nodes.
-            if (considerImplicitRoles ? RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(nw.node, roleName) : RPTUtil.hasRole(nw.node, roleName, false)) {
-                descendant = nw.node;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return descendant;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for getting All descendant elements with the specified roles, under
-     * the element that was provided. This function aslo finds elements with implicit roles.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - parent element for which we will be checking descendants for
-     * @parm {string[]} roleNames - The roles to look for on the descendant's elements
-     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
-     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
-     *
-     * @return {node[]} - all descendant elements that match the roles specified
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getAllDescendantsWithRoles(element, roleNames:string[], considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRoles) {
-        if (!roleNames || roleNames.length ===0) return;
-        // Variable Decleration
-        let descendants = [];
-
-        roleNames.forEach(roleName => {
-            let kids = RPTUtil.getAllDescendantsWithRoleHidden(element, roleName, considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRoles);
-            if (kids && kids.length > 0)
-                descendants = descendants.concat(kids);    
-        });
-        return descendants;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for getting All descendant elements with the specified role, under
-     * the element that was provided. This function aslo finds elements with implicit roles.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - parent element for which we will be checking descendants for
-     * @parm {string} roleName - The role to look for on the descendant's elements
-     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
-     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
-     *
-     * @return {node[]} - The descendant elements that match the role specified
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getAllDescendantsWithRoleHidden(element, roleName:string, considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRoles) {
-        // Variable Decleration
-        let descendants = [];
-        let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
-
-        // Loop over all the childrens of the element provided and check if the rolename provided exists
-        while (nw.nextNode() && nw.node != element && nw.node != element.nextSibling) {
-            if (nw.bEndTag) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
-            // or not.
-            //  1. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
-            //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
-            //  2. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
-            //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
-            //     add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
-            //
-            // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
-            //       so on and so forth.
-            if (considerHiddenSetting && RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(nw.node)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // Check if this node has the role specified, if it does then set this as the descendant and stop checking the rest of the
-            // nodes.
-            // Check if this node has the implicit roles, if it does then set this as the descendant and stop checking the rest of the
-            // nodes.
-            if (RPTUtil.hasRole(nw.node, roleName, considerImplicitRoles)) {
-                descendants.push(nw.node);
-            }
-        }
-
-        return descendants;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for getting All direct children in AT tree with a role (exclude none and presentation)
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - parent element for which we will be checking children for
-     * @return {node} - The direct child elements in AT tree that has a role
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-     public static getDirectATChildren(element) {
-        let requiredChildRoles = RPTUtil.getRequiredChildRoles(element, true);
-        let direct: Array<HTMLElement> = [];
-        RPTUtil.retrieveDirectATChildren(element, requiredChildRoles, direct);
-        return direct;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for recursively any child path till either no child or a child with a role is found (exclude none and presentation)
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - parent element for which we will be checking children for
-     * @return {node} - The direct child elements in AT tree
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-     public static retrieveDirectATChildren(element, requiredChildRoles, direct: Array<HTMLElement>) {
-        let children : HTMLElement[] = [];
-        if (element.children !== null && element.children.length > 0) {
-            for (let i=0; i < element.children.length; i++) {
-                children.push(element.children[i]);
-            }
-        }
-        // if the element contains "aria-own" attribute, then the aria-owned children need to be included too
-        let owned = element.getAttribute("aria-owns");
-        if (owned) {
-            let doc = element.ownerDocument;
-            if (doc) {
-                let ownedIds = owned.split(" ");
-                for (let i=0; i < ownedIds.length; i++) {
-                    let ownedElem = doc.getElementById(ownedIds[i]);
-                    if (ownedElem) {
-                        children.push(ownedElem);
-                    }
-                }    
-            }
-        }
-        if (children.length > 0) {
-            for (let i=0; i < children.length; i++) {
-                //ignore hidden and invisible child
-                if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(children[i]) || !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(children[i])) continue;
-                let roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(children[i], false);
-                if (roles === null || roles.length === 0) {
-                    roles = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(children[i]);
-                }
-
-                if (roles && roles !== null && roles.length > 0) {
-                    //remove 'none' and 'presentation'
-                    roles = roles.filter(function(role) {
-                        return role !== "none" && role !== "presentation";
-                    })
-
-                    // a 'group' role is allowed but not required for some elements so remove it if exists
-                    if (roles.includes("group") && requiredChildRoles && requiredChildRoles.includes('group')) {
-                        roles = roles.filter(function(role) {
-                            return role !== 'group';
-                        })
-                    }
-                } 
-                if (roles && roles !== null && roles.length > 0) {
-                    direct.push(children[i]);
-                } else {
-                    // recursive until get a return value, 
-                    RPTUtil.retrieveDirectATChildren(children[i], requiredChildRoles, direct);
-                }
-            } 
-            return null;
-        } else
-            return null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * this function returns null or required child roles for a given element with one more roles,
-     * return null if the role is 'none' or 'presentation'
-     * @param element 
-     * @param includeImplicit include implicit roles if no role is explicitly provided
-     * @returns 
-     */
-    public static getRequiredChildRoles(element, includeImplicit: boolean) : string[] {
-        let roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(element, false);
-        // if explicit role doesn't exist, get the implicit one
-        if ((!roles || roles.length === 0) && includeImplicit) {
-            roles = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(element);
-        }
-        
-        /**  
-         * ignore if the element doesn't have any explicit or implicit role
-        */
-        if (!roles || roles.length === 0) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        
-        /**  
-         * ignore if the element contains none or presentation role
-        */
-        let presentationRoles = ["none", "presentation"];
-        const found = roles.some(r => presentationRoles.includes(r));
-        if (found) return null;
-
-        let designPatterns = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns;
-        let requiredChildRoles: string[] = new Array();
-        for (let j = 0; j < roles.length; ++j) {
-            if (designPatterns[roles[j]] && designPatterns[roles[j]].reqChildren !== null) {
-                requiredChildRoles = RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(designPatterns[roles[j]].reqChildren, requiredChildRoles);
-            }
-        }
-        return requiredChildRoles;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for getting an element referenced by aria-owns and has the
-     * role that was specified.
-     *
-     * Note by default this function will not consider the Check Hidden Content Setting.
-     *
-     * Note: This is a wrapper function to: RPTUtil.getAriaOwnsWithRoleHidden
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - Element to check for aria-owns
-     * @parm {string} roleName - The role to look for on the aria-owns element
-     *
-     * @return {node} - The element that is referenced by aria-owns and has role specified.
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getAriaOwnsWithRole(element, roleName) {
-        return RPTUtil.getAriaOwnsWithRoleHidden(element, roleName, false);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for getting an element referenced by aria-owns and has the
-     * role that was specified. This function aslo finds elements with implicit roles.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - Element to check for aria-owns
-     * @parm {string} roleName - The role to look for on the aria-owns element
-     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
-     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
-     *
-     * @return {node} - The element that is referenced by aria-owns and has role specified.
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getAriaOwnsWithRoleHidden(element, roleName, considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRoles?) {
-        // Variable Decleration
-        let referencedElement = null;
-        let referencedElemHasRole = false;
-
-        // In the case aria-owns is not on the element just break out of this function with null
-        if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "aria-owns")) {
-
-            // Get the reference ID
-            let referenceID = element.getAttribute("aria-owns");
-
-            // Get the element for the reference ID
-            referencedElement = FragmentUtil.getById(element, referenceID);
-            //ignore if the aria-owns point to the element itself
-            if (DOMUtil.sameNode(element, referencedElement))
-                return null;
-
-            // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
-            // or not.
-            //  1. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
-            //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
-            //  2. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
-            //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
-            //     add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
-            if (considerHiddenSetting && referencedElement != null && RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(referencedElement)) {
-                referencedElemHasRole = null;
-            } else {
-                referencedElemHasRole = RPTUtil.hasRole(referencedElement, roleName, considerImplicitRoles);
-            }
-        }
-        return referencedElemHasRole ? referencedElement : null;
-    }
-
-    /** get element containing label for the given element
-     * @deprecated Deprecated because the function name is misleading. Use getLabelForElement(element) instead
-     */
-    public static getInputLabel(element) {
-        return RPTUtil.getLabelForElement(element);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for getting the element containing the label for the given element.
-     *
-     * Note: This is a wrapper function to: RPTUtil.getLabelForElementHidden
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - The element for which to get the label element for.
-     *
-     * @return {element} element - return the element for the label, otherwise null
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getLabelForElement(element) {
-        return RPTUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(element, false);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for getting the element containing the label for the given element.
-     *
-     * This function will return null if the containing lable element is hidden, when the ignoreHidden option
-     * is set to true.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} element - The element for which to get the label element for.
-     * @parm {boolean} ignoreHidden - true if hidden elements with label should be ignored from the list
-     *                                false if the hidden elements should be added
-     *
-     * @return {element} element - return the element for the label, otherwise null
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getLabelForElementHidden(element: Element, ignoreHidden) {
-        // Check if the global RPTUtil_LABELS hash is available, as this will contain the label nodes based on
-        // for attribute.
-        //if (!getCache(element.ownerDocument,"RPTUtil_LABELS", null)) {
-        let root = element.getRootNode();
-        if (!getCache((root.nodeType === 11)? <ShadowRoot>root : <Document>root, "RPTUtil_LABELS", null)) {
-            // Variable Decleration
-            let idToLabel = {}
-
-            // Get all the label elements in the entire doc
-            let labelNodes = RPTUtil.getDocElementsByTag(element, "label");
-            // Loop over all the label nodes, in the case the label node has a for attribute,
-            // extract that attribute and add this node to the hash if it is visible.
-            for (let i = 0; i < labelNodes.length; ++i) {
-
-                if (labelNodes[i].hasAttribute("for")) {
-                    // If ignore hidden is specified and the node is not visible we do not add it to the
-                    // labelNodes hash.
-                    if (ignoreHidden && !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(labelNodes[i])) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    idToLabel[labelNodes[i].getAttribute("for")] = labelNodes[i];
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Add the built hash to the ownerDocument (document), to be used later to fast retrival
-            //setCache(element.ownerDocument, "RPTUtil_LABELS", idToLabel);
-            setCache((root.nodeType === 11)? <ShadowRoot>root : <Document>root, "RPTUtil_LABELS", idToLabel);
-        }
-
-        // If this element has an id attribute, get the corosponding label element
-        if (element.hasAttribute("id")) {
-            // Fetch the id attribute
-            let ctrlId = element.getAttribute("id");
-            // Return the corosponding label element.
-            // Note: in the case that the the id is not found in the hash that means, it does not exists or is hidden
-            if (ctrlId.trim().length > 0) {
-                //return getCache(element.getRootNode().ownerDocument,"RPTUtil_LABELS",{})[ctrlId];
-                return getCache((root.nodeType === 11)? <ShadowRoot>root : <Document>root, "RPTUtil_LABELS",{})[ctrlId];
-            } 
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    /* Return specified element attribute if present else return null */
-    public static getElementAttribute(element, attr) {
-        //return (element && element.hasAttribute && element.hasAttribute(attr)) ? element.getAttribute(attr) : null;
-        if (!attr || !element || !element.hasAttribute || !element.hasAttribute(attr)) return null;
-        const atrValue = element.getAttribute(attr)
-        if (!ARIADefinitions.referenceProperties.includes(attr))
-            return atrValue;
-        
-        //attr is a reference to other elements(s)
-        const values = atrValue.split(/ +/g);
-        //ignore if none of the referred element(s) exist or all point to the element itself
-        let exist = false;
-        for (let id=0; values < values.length; ++id) {
-            const referred = document.getElementById(values[id]);
-            if (referred && !DOMUtil.sameNode(referred, element)) {
-                exist = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        return exist ? atrValue : null;   
-    }
-
-    // Return true if the element has an ARIA label
-    public static hasAriaLabel(element) {
-
-        // Rpt_Aria_ValidIdRef determines if the aria-labelledby id points to a valid element
-        return RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "aria-label") || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "aria-labelledby");
-    }
-
-    // Return true if element has valid implicit label
-    public static hasImplicitLabel(element) {
-        let parentNode = RPTUtil.getAncestor(element, "label");
-        // Test  a) if the parent is a label which is the implicit label
-        //       b) if the form element is the first child of the label
-        //       c) if the form element requires an implicit or explicit label : "input",  "textarea", "select", "keygen", "progress", "meter", "output"
-        //       d) form elements which may have a label: button
-        // form elements that do not require implicit or explicit label element are:
-        // "optgroup", "option", "datalist"(added later). These were handled differently in the main rule, might need to refactor the code later
-
-        if (parentNode && parentNode.tagName.toLowerCase() === "label" && RPTUtil.isFirstFormElement(parentNode, element)) {
-            let parentClone = parentNode.cloneNode(true);
-            // exclude all form elements from the label since they might also have inner content
-            parentClone = RPTUtil.removeAllFormElementsFromLabel(parentClone);
-            return RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(parentClone);
-        } else {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static isFirstFormElement(parentNode, element) {
-        let formElementsRequiringLabel = ["input", "textarea", "select", "keygen", "progress", "meter", "output"];
-        if (parentNode.firstChild != null) {
-            let nw = new NodeWalker(parentNode);
-            while (nw.nextNode()) {
-                if (formElementsRequiringLabel.indexOf(nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase()) !== -1) {
-                    return nw.node === element;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // check if the element is a shadow host or descendant of a shadow host, but not a descedant of the shadow root of the host (to be assigned to shadow slot or ignored)  
-    public static isShadowHostElement(element: Element) {
-        if (RPTUtil.isShadowElement(element)) 
-            return false;
-        let walkNode : Element = element;
-        while (walkNode) {
-            if (walkNode.shadowRoot) return true;
-            walkNode = DOMWalker.parentElement(walkNode);
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    //check if an element is in a shadow tree
-    public static isShadowElement(element: Element) {
-        let root  = element.getRootNode();
-        if (root.toString() === "[object ShadowRoot]")
-            return true;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public static removeAllFormElementsFromLabel(element) {
-        let formElements = ["input", "textarea", "select", "button", "datalist", "optgroup", "option", "keygen", "output", "progress", "meter"];
-        let childNodes = element.childNodes;
-        for (let i = 0; i < childNodes.length; i++) {
-            if (formElements.indexOf(childNodes[i].nodeName.toLowerCase()) > -1) {
-                element.removeChild(childNodes[i]);
-            }
-        }
-        return element;
-    }
-
-    // Given an array of elements, return true if the elements have unique ARIA labels
-    public static hasUniqueAriaLabelsLocally(elements, isGlobal) {
-        if (elements.length === 0) return false;
-        let doc = elements[0].ownerDocument;
-        let hasDuplicateLabels = false;
-        let uniqueAriaLabels = null;
-
-        if (isGlobal) {
-            uniqueAriaLabels = getCache(doc, "RPTUtil_HAS_UNIQUE_ARIA_LABELS", null);
-        }
-        if (uniqueAriaLabels === null) {
-            uniqueAriaLabels = {};
-        }
-
-        for (let i = 0; !hasDuplicateLabels && i < elements.length; ++i) {
-
-            if (elements[i].hasAttribute) {
-
-                if (elements[i].hasAttribute("aria-label")) {
-
-                    let ariaLabel = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(elements[i].getAttribute("aria-label")).toLowerCase();
-                    hasDuplicateLabels = ariaLabel in uniqueAriaLabels;
-                    uniqueAriaLabels[ariaLabel] = true;
-
-                } else if (elements[i].hasAttribute("aria-labelledby")) {
-
-                    let labelID = elements[i].getAttribute("aria-labelledby");
-                    let labelNode = FragmentUtil.getById(elements[i], labelID);
-                    let label = labelNode && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelNode, elements[i]) ? RPTUtil.getInnerText(labelNode) : "";
-                    let normalizedLabel = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(label).toLowerCase();
-                    hasDuplicateLabels = normalizedLabel in uniqueAriaLabels;
-                    uniqueAriaLabels[normalizedLabel] = true;
-
-                } else {
-                    // Has no label at all
-                    hasDuplicateLabels = true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (isGlobal) {
-            setCache(doc, "RPTUtil_HAS_UNIQUE_ARIA_LABELS", uniqueAriaLabels);
-        }
-        return !hasDuplicateLabels;
-    }
-
-    public static getAriaLabel(ele) {
-        if (ele.hasAttribute) {
-            if (ele.hasAttribute("aria-labelledby")) {
-                let labelIDs = ele.getAttribute("aria-labelledby").trim().split(" ");
-                let normalizedLabel = "";
-                for (let j = 0, length = labelIDs.length; j < length; ++j) {
-                    let labelID = labelIDs[j];
-                    let labelNode = FragmentUtil.getById(ele, labelID);
-                    let label = labelNode && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelNode, ele) ? RPTUtil.getInnerText(labelNode) : "";
-                    normalizedLabel += RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(label).toLowerCase();
-                }
-                return normalizedLabel.trim();
-            } else if (ele.hasAttribute("aria-label")) {
-                return RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(ele.getAttribute("aria-label")).toLowerCase().trim();
-            }
-        }
-        if (ele.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input") {
-            //const label = RPTUtil.getLabelForElement(ele);
-            const label = RPTUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(ele, true);
-            if (!label) return "";
-            return (RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(label) || label.innerText || "").trim();
-        }
-        return "";
-    }
-
-    public static getAriaDescription(ele) {
-        if (!ele) return "";
-        let normalizedLabel = "";
-        if (ele.hasAttribute("aria-describedby")) {
-            let labelIDs = ele.getAttribute("aria-labelledby").trim().split(" ");    
-            for (let j = 0, length = labelIDs.length; j < length; ++j) {
-                let labelID = labelIDs[j];
-                let labelNode = FragmentUtil.getById(ele, labelID);
-                let label = labelNode && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelNode, ele) ? RPTUtil.getInnerText(labelNode) : "";
-                normalizedLabel += RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(label).toLowerCase();
-            }
-            if (normalizedLabel.trim().length > 0)
-                return normalizedLabel.trim();
-        }
-        if (ele.hasAttribute("aria-description")) {
-            normalizedLabel = ele.getAttribute("aria-description");
-            if (normalizedLabel.trim().length > 0)
-                return normalizedLabel.trim().toLowerCase();
-        }
-        return "";
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param element 
-     * @param idStr 
-     * @returns true if any one (if multiple Ids) id points to itself
-     */
-    public static isIdReferToSelf(element, idStr:String) {
-        if (!idStr || idStr.trim() === '') return false;
-        let ids = idStr.trim().split(" ");
-        for (let j = 0, length = ids.length; j < length; ++j) {
-            let referredNode = FragmentUtil.getById(element, ids[j]);
-            if (referredNode && DOMUtil.sameNode(referredNode, element)) return true;
-        }
-        return false;   
-    }
-
-    public static findAriaLabelDupes(elements) {
-        let dupeMap = {}
-        elements.forEach(function (ele) {
-            dupeMap[RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ele)] = (dupeMap[RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ele)] || 0) + 1;
-        })
-        return dupeMap;
-    }
-
-    // Given an array of elements, return true if the elements have unique ARIA labels globally
-    public static hasUniqueAriaLabels(elements) {
-        return RPTUtil.hasUniqueAriaLabelsLocally(elements, true);
-    }
-
-    // Given an array of elements, return true if the elements have unique ARIA labels
-    public static hasDuplicateAriaLabelsLocally(elements, isGlobal) {
-        if (elements.length === 0) return false;
-        let doc = elements[0].ownerDocument;
-
-        let hasDuplicateLabels = false;
-        let uniqueAriaLabels: { [key: string]: boolean } = null;
-        let duplicateLabelNameArray = new Array();
-
-        if (isGlobal) {
-            uniqueAriaLabels = getCache(doc, "RPTUtil_HAS_UNIQUE_ARIA_LABELS", null);
-        }
-        if (uniqueAriaLabels === null) {
-            uniqueAriaLabels = {};
-        }
-
-        for (let i = 0; i < elements.length; ++i) {
-
-            if (elements[i].hasAttribute) {
-
-                if (elements[i].hasAttribute("aria-label")) {
-
-                    let ariaLabel = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(elements[i].getAttribute("aria-label")).toLowerCase();
-                    hasDuplicateLabels = ariaLabel in uniqueAriaLabels;
-                    uniqueAriaLabels[ariaLabel] = true;
-                    if (!(ariaLabel in duplicateLabelNameArray)) {
-                        duplicateLabelNameArray[ariaLabel] = new Array();
-                    }
-                    duplicateLabelNameArray[ariaLabel].push(elements[i].nodeName.toLowerCase());
-
-                } else if (elements[i].hasAttribute("aria-labelledby")) {
-
-                    let labelIDs = elements[i].getAttribute("aria-labelledby").trim().split(" ");
-                    let normalizedLabel = "";
-                    for (let j = 0, length = labelIDs.length; j < length; ++j) {
-                        let labelID = labelIDs[j];
-                        let labelNode = FragmentUtil.getById(elements[i], labelID);
-                        let label = labelNode && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelNode, elements[i]) ? RPTUtil.getInnerText(labelNode) : "";
-                        normalizedLabel += RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(label).toLowerCase();
-                    }
-                    hasDuplicateLabels = normalizedLabel in uniqueAriaLabels;
-                    uniqueAriaLabels[normalizedLabel] = true;
-                    if (!(normalizedLabel in duplicateLabelNameArray)) {
-                        duplicateLabelNameArray[normalizedLabel] = new Array();
-                    }
-                    duplicateLabelNameArray[normalizedLabel].push(elements[i].nodeName.toLowerCase());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (isGlobal) {
-            setCache(doc, "RPTUtil_HAS_UNIQUE_ARIA_LABELS", uniqueAriaLabels);
-        }
-        return duplicateLabelNameArray;
-    }
-
-    // Given an array of elements, return true if the elements have unique ARIA labels globally
-    public static hasDuplicateAriaLabels(elements) {
-        return RPTUtil.hasDuplicateAriaLabelsLocally(elements, true);
-    }
-
-    // Given an array of elements, return true if the elements have unique aria-labelledby attributes
-    public static hasUniqueAriaLabelledby(elements) {
-
-        let hasDuplicateLabels = false;
-        let labelRefs = {};
-
-        for (let i = 0; !hasDuplicateLabels && i < elements.length; ++i) {
-
-            if (elements[i].hasAttribute && elements[i].hasAttribute("aria-labelledby") && !RPTUtil.isIdReferToSelf(elements[i],elements[i].getAttribute("aria-labelledby"))) {
-                let labelRef = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(elements[i].getAttribute("aria-labelledby"));
-                hasDuplicateLabels = labelRef in labelRefs;
-                labelRefs[labelRef] = true;
-            } else {
-                hasDuplicateLabels = true;
-            }
-        }
-        return !hasDuplicateLabels;
-    }
-
-    /* Determine the node depth of the given element */
-    public static nodeDepth(element) {
-        let depth = 0;
-        let walkNode = element;
-        while (walkNode !== null) {
-            walkNode = DOMWalker.parentNode(walkNode);
-            depth = depth + 1;
-        }
-        return depth;
-    }
-
-    /* compare node order of the 2 given nodes */
-    /* returns
-     *   0 if the nodes are equal
-     *   1 if node b is before node a
-     *  -1 if node a is before node b
-     *   2 if node a is nested in node b
-     *  -2 if node b is nested in node a
-     *   null if either node is null or their parent nodes are not equal
-     */
-    public static compareNodeOrder(nodeA, nodeB) {
-        if (nodeA === nodeB) return 0;
-
-        let aDepth = RPTUtil.nodeDepth(nodeA);
-        let bDepth = RPTUtil.nodeDepth(nodeB);
-        if (bDepth > aDepth) {
-            for (let i = 0; i < bDepth - aDepth; ++i)
-                nodeB = DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeB);
-            if (nodeA === nodeB) // Node B nested in Node A
-                return -2;
-        } else if (aDepth > bDepth) {
-            for (let i = 0; i < aDepth - bDepth; ++i)
-                nodeA = DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeA);
-            if (nodeA === nodeB) // Node A nested in Node B
-                return 2;
-        }
-        while (nodeA != null && nodeB != null && DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeA) != DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeB)) {
-            nodeA = DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeA);
-            nodeB = DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeB);
-        }
-        if (nodeA === null || nodeB === null || DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeA) != DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeB)) return null;
-        while (nodeB != null && nodeB != nodeA)
-            nodeB = nodeB.previousSibling;
-        if (nodeB === null) // nodeB before nodeA
-            return 1;
-        else return -1;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     *  Determine if the given attribute of the given element is not empty
-     *  @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static attributeNonEmpty(element, attrStr) {
-        return element.hasAttribute(attrStr) && element.getAttribute(attrStr).trim().length > 0;
-    }
-
-    /* Return a pointer to the given frame, null if not found */
-    public static getFrameByName(ruleContext,frameName) {
-        let window = ruleContext.ownerDocument.defaultView;
-        let frameList = [window];
-        let idx = 0;
-        while (idx < frameList.length) {
-            try {
-                if (frameList[idx].name === frameName) return frameList[idx];
-                for (let i = 0; i < frameList[idx].frames.length; ++i) {
-                    try {
-                        // Ensure it's a real frame and avoid recursion
-                        if (frameList[idx].frames[i] && !frameList.includes(frameList[idx].frames[i])) {
-                            frameList.push(frameList[idx].frames[i]);
-                        }
-                    } catch (e) {}
-                }
-            } catch (e) {}
-            ++idx;
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public static defaultNSResolver(prefix){
-        let uri;
-        switch (prefix) {
-            case 'html':
-                uri = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml';
-            case 'x2':
-                uri = 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml2';
-            case 'x':
-                uri = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml';
-            case 'xhtml':
-                uri = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml';
-            default:
-                uri = null;
-        }
-        return uri;
-    }
-
-    //checking if only the inner text is empty or not
-    public static isInnerTextOnlyEmpty(element) {
-        // Get the innerText of the element
-        let text = element.innerText;
-        
-        if ((text === undefined || text === null || text.trim().length === 0) && element.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== 'slot' && element.textContent !== undefined) {
-            //ignore slot because its text will be filled by the corresponding content in the light DOM 
-            // innerText is sometimes 'undefined' in headless mode, or null if the element is invisible or not erxpanded 
-            // so we try textContent as a workaround
-            text = element.textContent
-        }
-        
-        let retVal = !(text !== null && text.trim().length > 0);
-        if (element.nodeType === 1 && element.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "slot") {
-            //TODO: need to conside its own content, a slot may have its own content or assigned content
-            for (const slotElem of element.assignedNodes()) {
-                retVal = retVal && RPTUtil.isInnerTextEmpty(slotElem);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Trim the inner text and verify that it is not empty.
-        return retVal;
-    }
-
-    /* Return the inner text of the given element */
-    public static getInnerText(element) {
-        let retVal = element.innerText;
-        if (retVal === undefined || retVal === null || retVal.trim() === "")
-            retVal = element.textContent;
-        return retVal;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * return onscreen innerText.
-     * This function should return the same result as innerText if no offscreen content exists
-     *
-     * @parm {element} node The node which should be checked it has inner text or not.
-     * @return {null | string} null if element has empty inner text, text otherwise
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static getOnScreenInnerText(element) {
-        if (!element) return null;
-        if (element.nodeType === 3) return element.nodeValue();
-
-        let text = "";
-        let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
-
-        // Loop over all the childrens of the element to get the text
-        while (nw.nextNode() && nw.node !== element && nw.node !== element.parentNode) {
-            if ((nw.node.nodeType === 1 && (VisUtil.hiddenByDefaultElements.includes(nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase())) || !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(nw.node) || VisUtil.isElementOffscreen(nw.node))) {
-                if (nw.node.nextSibling) {
-                    if (nw.node.nextSibling.nodeType === 3 && nw.node.nextSibling.nodeValue !== null)
-                        text += nw.node.nextSibling.nodeValue; 
-                    nw.node = nw.node.nextSibling;
-                    continue;
-                } else
-                    break;
-            }
-            if (nw.node.nodeType === 3 && nw.node.nodeValue !== null)
-                text += nw.node.nodeValue; 
-        }
-        return text.trim();
-    }
-
-    /** Return the text content of the given node 
-     *  this is different than innerText or textContent that return text content of a node and its descendants
-    */
-    public static getNodeText(element) {
-        if (!element) return "";
-        let text = "";
-        let childNodes = element.childNodes;
-        for (let i = 0; i < childNodes.length; ++i) {
-            if (childNodes[i].nodeType == 3) {
-                text += childNodes[i].nodeValue;
-            }
-        }
-        return text;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for checking if elements inner text is empty or not.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} node The node which should be checked it has inner text or not.
-     * @return {bool} true if element has empty inner text, false otherwise
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static isInnerTextEmpty(element) {
-        // Get the innerText of the element
-        let text = RPTUtil.getInnerText(element);
-
-        // Trim the inner text and verify that it is not empty.
-        return !(text != null && text.trim().length > 0);
-    }
-
-    public static hasInnerContent(element) {
-        let text = RPTUtil.getInnerText(element);
-        let hasContent = (text != null && text.trim().length > 0);
-
-        if (element.firstChild != null) {
-            let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
-            while (!hasContent && nw.nextNode()) {
-                hasContent = (nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "img" &&
-                    RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(nw.node, "alt"));
-            }
-        }
-        return hasContent;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for determine if an element has inner content.
-     * This function also considers cases where inner text is hidden, which now will
-     * be classified as does not have hidden content.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} node The node which should be checked it has inner text or not.
-     * @return {bool} true if element has empty inner text, false otherwise
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static hasInnerContentHidden(element) {
-        return RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHiddenHyperLink(element, false);
-    }
-
-    public static svgHasName(element: SVGElement) {
-        return RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "aria-label")
-            || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "aria-labelledby")
-            || !!element.querySelector(":scope > title");
-    }
-
-    public static hasInnerContentHiddenHyperLink(element, hyperlink_flag) {
-        if (!element) return false;
-        // Variable Decleration
-        let childElement = element.firstElementChild;
-        let hasContent = false;
-
-        // In the case that the childElement is not null then we need to check each of the elements
-        // to make sure that the elements are not all hidden.
-        if (childElement != null) {
-            // Get the nodewalter of the element node, so that we can loop over it and verify
-            // that the elements under the element are not completly hidden.
-            let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
-
-            // Loop over all the nodes until there are no more nodes or we have determine that there is content under
-            // this parent element.
-            while (!hasContent && nw.nextNode() && nw.node != element) {
-                // Get the next node
-                let node = nw.node;
-
-                // In the case an img element is present with alt then we can mark this as pass
-                // otherwise keep checking all the other elements. Make sure that this image element is not hidden.
-                hasContent = (
-                    node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "img"
-                    && (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "alt") || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "title"))
-                    && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(node)
-                ) || (
-                    node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "svg"
-                    && RPTUtil.svgHasName(node as any)
-                );
-                
-                // Now we check if this node is of type element, visible
-                if (!hasContent && node.nodeType === 1 && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(node)) {
-                    // Check if the innerText of the element is empty or not
-                    hasContent = !RPTUtil.isInnerTextOnlyEmpty(node);
-                    if (!hasContent && hyperlink_flag === true) {
-                        hasContent = RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "aria-label") || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "aria-labelledby");
-                        let doc = node.ownerDocument;
-                        if (doc) {
-                            let win = doc.defaultView;
-                            if (win) {
-                                let cStyle = win.getComputedStyle(node as any);
-                                if (!hasContent && cStyle != null) {
-                                    //                                       console.log(cStyle.backgroundImage);
-                                    //                                       console.log(cStyle.content)
-                                    hasContent = ((cStyle.backgroundImage && cStyle.backgroundImage.indexOf) || cStyle.content) && RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "alt");
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // Check for cases where there is text node after an element under the parent
-                // In the case we detect nodetype as text node and the patent of the text node is
-                // the same element we are checking has Inner content for then get the inner content of this
-                // text node.
-                if (node.nodeType === 3 && DOMWalker.parentElement(node) === element) {
-                    // Check if the innerText of the element is empty or not
-                    hasContent = !RPTUtil.isInnerTextEmpty(node);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // In the case there are no child elements then we can simply perform the check for only innertext
-        // the img with alt case will be covered in the above if, as img is considers as an element.
-        else {
-            // Check if the innerText of the element is empty or not
-            hasContent = !RPTUtil.isInnerTextEmpty(element);
-        }
-
-        return hasContent;
-    }
-
-    public static hasInnerContentOrAlt(element) {
-        let text = RPTUtil.getInnerText(element);
-        let hasContent = (text != null && text.trim().length > 0) || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "alt");
-
-        if (element.firstChild != null) {
-            let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
-            while (!hasContent && nw.nextNode() && nw.node != element) {
-                hasContent = (nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "img" &&
-                    RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(nw.node, "alt"));
-                if (!hasContent
-                    && (RPTUtil.hasRole(nw.node, "button", true) || RPTUtil.hasRole(nw.node, "textbox"))
-                    && (RPTUtil.hasAriaLabel(nw.node) || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(nw.node, "title") || RPTUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(nw.elem(), true)))
-                {
-                    hasContent = true;
-                }
-
-            }
-        }
-        return hasContent;
-    }
-
-    public static concatUniqueArrayItem(item: string, arr: string[]) : string[] {
-        arr.indexOf(item) === -1 && item !== null ? arr.push(item) : false;
-        return arr;
-    }
-
-    public static concatUniqueArrayItemList(itemList: string[], arr: string[]) : string[] {
-        for (let i = 0; itemList !== null && i < itemList.length; i++) {
-            arr = RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItem(itemList[i], arr);
-        }
-        return arr;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * remove array items from a given array
-     * @param itemList items to be removed from arr
-     * @param arr the array
-     * @returns 
-     */
-    public static reduceArrayItemList(itemList: string[], arr: string[]) : string[] {
-        if (arr && arr.length > 0 && itemList && itemList.length > 0) {
-            let result = arr.filter((value) =>  {
-                return !itemList.includes(value);
-            });
-            return result;
-        }
-        return arr;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * this function is responsible for resolving ARIA requirements for an HTML element per ARIA in HTML
-     * @param ruleContext the HTML element to be examined
-     * @returns 
-     */
-    public static getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext) {
-        let tagProperty : IDocumentConformanceRequirement = getCache(ruleContext, "RPTUtil_ElementAriaProperty", null);
-        if (!tagProperty) {
-            let tagName = null;
-            let name = null;
-
-            if (ruleContext.tagName) {
-                tagName = ruleContext.tagName.toLowerCase();
-            } else if (ruleContext.nodeName) {
-                tagName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-            }
-            
-            // check if the tagProperty exists in the documentConformanceRequirement hash.
-            tagProperty = ARIADefinitions.documentConformanceRequirement[tagName];
-            
-            // The tag needs to check some special attributes
-            if (tagProperty === null || tagProperty === undefined) {
-                let specialTagProperties = ARIADefinitions.documentConformanceRequirementSpecialTags[tagName];
-                switch (tagName) { // special cases
-                    case "a":
-                        RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "href") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["with-href"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["without-href"];
-                        break;
-                    case "area":
-                        RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "href") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["with-href"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["without-href"];
-                        break;
-                    case "figure": {
-                        let fcs = RPTUtil.getChildByTag(ruleContext, "figcaption");
-                        fcs !== null && fcs.length > 0 ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["child-figcaption"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["no-child-figcaption"];
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    case "footer": 
-                    case "header":
-                        if (RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "article", true) !== null || RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "complementary", true) !== null
-                        || RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "navigation", true) !== null || RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "region", true) !== null
-                        || RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["article", "aside", "main", "nav", "section"]) !== null)
-                        tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-section-article-aside-main-nav"];
-                        else
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["other"];   
-                        break;
-                    case "img":
-                        let alt = ruleContext.hasAttribute("alt") ? ruleContext.getAttribute("alt") : null;
-                        let title = ruleContext.hasAttribute("title") ? ruleContext.getAttribute("title") : null;
-                        if ( RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).trim().length !== 0 || (alt !== null && alt.length > 0) || (title !== null && title.length > 0)) {
-                            // If the img has non-empty alt (alt="some text" or alt="  ") or an accessible name is provided
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["img-with-accname"];
-                        } else {
-                            if (alt !== null) {
-                                // If the img has an empty alt (alt="") 
-                                tagProperty = specialTagProperties["img-without-accname-empty-alt"];
-                            } else {
-                                // If the img lacks an alt attribute 
-                                tagProperty = specialTagProperties["img-without-accname-no-alt"];
-                            }  
-                        }    
-                        break;
-                    case "input":
-                        if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "type")) {
-                            let type = ruleContext.getAttribute("type").trim().toLowerCase();
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties[type];
-                            if (tagProperty === null || tagProperty === undefined) {
-                                switch (type) {
-                                    case "checkbox":
-                                        RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "aria-pressed") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["checkbox-with-aria-pressed"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["checkbox-without-aria-pressed"];
-                                        break;
-                                    case "email":
-                                        RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["email-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["email-no-list"];
-                                        break;
-                                    case "search":
-                                        RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["search-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["search-no-list"];
-                                        break;
-                                    case "tel":
-                                        RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["tel-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["tel-no-list"];
-                                        break;
-                                    case "text":
-                                        RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["text-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["text-no-list"];
-                                        break;
-                                    case "url":
-                                        RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["url-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["url-no-list"];
-                                        break;
-                                    default:
-                                        // default
-                                        RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["default-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["default-no-list"];
-                                        break;
-                                }
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            // default type is the same as type=text
-                            RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["text-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["text-no-list"];
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    case "li":
-                        specialTagProperties = ARIADefinitions.documentConformanceRequirementSpecialTags["li"];
-                        if (ruleContext.parentElement && RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext.parentElement, "list"))
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["child-of-list-role"];
-                        else
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["no-child-of-list-role"];
-                        break;
-                    case "section":
-                        name = ARIAMapper.computeName(ruleContext);
-                        if (name && name.trim().length > 0) {
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["with-name"];
-                        } else {
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["without-name"];
-                        }
-                        break;    
-                    case "select":
-                        specialTagProperties = ARIADefinitions.documentConformanceRequirementSpecialTags["select"];
-                        if (ruleContext.hasAttribute("multiple") ||
-                            RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "size") && ruleContext.getAttribute("size") > 1)
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["multiple-attr-size-gt1"];
-                        else
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["no-multiple-attr-size-gt1"];
-                        break;
-                    case "summary":
-                        specialTagProperties = ARIADefinitions.documentConformanceRequirementSpecialTags["summary"];
-                        if (ruleContext.parentElement && ruleContext.parentElement.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'details' 
-                            && DOMUtil.sameNode([...ruleContext.parentElement.children].filter(elem=>elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'summary')[0], ruleContext))
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["first-summary-of-detail"];
-                        else
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["no-first-summary-of-detail"];
-                        break;
-                    case "tbody":
-                    case "td":
-                    case "tr":
-                        if (RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "table", true) !== null) {
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-table"];
-                        } else {
-                            RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "grid", true) || RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "treegrid", true) ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-grid"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-other"];
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    case "th":
-                        if (RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "table", true) !== null || RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "grid", true) !== null || RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "treegrid", true) !== null) {
-                            const scope = RPTUtil.getScopeForTh(ruleContext);
-                            if (scope === 'column') tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-table-grid-treegrid-column-scope"];
-                            else tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-table-grid-treegrid-row-scope"];
-                        } else {
-                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-other"];
-                        }
-                        break;    
-                    case "div":
-                        let prt = ruleContext.parentElement;
-                        prt !== null && prt.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'dl' ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["child-dl"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["no-child-dl"];
-                        break;
-                    default:
-                        tagProperty = ARIADefinitions.documentConformanceRequirementSpecialTags["default"] as IDocumentConformanceRequirement;
-                } //switch
-            }
-        }
-        setCache(ruleContext, "RPTUtil_ElementAriaProperty", tagProperty);
-        return tagProperty || null;
-    }
-
-    public static getScopeForTh(element) {
-        /** https://www.w3.org/TR/html5/tabular-data.html#header-and-data-cell-semantics
-         * A header cell anchored at the slot with coordinate (x, y) with width width and height height is 
-         * said to be a column header if any of the following conditions are true:
-         * * The cell's scope attribute is in the column state, or
-         * * The cell's scope attribute is in the auto state, and there are no data cells in any of 
-         *   the cells covering slots with y-coordinates y .. y+height-1.
-         * A header cell anchored at the slot with coordinate (x, y) with width width and height height is
-         * said to be a row header if any of the following conditions are true:
-         * * The cell's scope attribute is in the row state, or
-         * * The cell's scope attribute is in the auto state, the cell is not a column header, and there are
-         *   no data cells in any of the cells covering slots with x-coordinates x .. x+width-1.
-         */
-        // Note: auto is default scope
-        
-        // Easiest answer is if scope is specified
-        if (element.hasAttribute("scope")) {
-            let scope = element.getAttribute("scope").toLowerCase();
-            if (scope === "row" || scope === 'rowgroup') return "row";
-            if (scope === "col" || scope === 'colgroup') return "column";
-        }
-        
-        // scope is auto, default (without a scope) or invalid value.
-        // if all the sibling elements are th, then return "columnheader" 
-        var siblings = element => [...element.parentElement.children].filter(node=>node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName != "TH");
-        if (siblings === null || siblings.length === 0)
-            return "column"; 
-        else return "row";
-    }
-
-    public static getAllowedAriaRoles(ruleContext, properties: IDocumentConformanceRequirement) {
-        let allowedRoles : string[] = getCache(ruleContext, "RPTUtil_AllowedAriaRoles", null);
-        if (!allowedRoles) {
-            allowedRoles = [];
-            let tagProperty : IDocumentConformanceRequirement = null;
-            if (properties !== null && properties !== undefined) {
-                tagProperty = properties;
-            } else {
-                tagProperty = RPTUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext);
-            }
-
-            if (tagProperty !== null && tagProperty !== undefined) {
-                if (tagProperty.implicitRole !== null) {
-                    RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(tagProperty.implicitRole, allowedRoles);
-                }
-                if (tagProperty.validRoles !== null) {
-                    RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(tagProperty.validRoles, allowedRoles);
-                }
-                let implicitRoles = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
-                if (implicitRoles && implicitRoles.length > 0) {
-                    RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(tagProperty.validRoles, allowedRoles);
-                }
-            }
-            setCache(ruleContext, "RPTUtil_AllowedAriaRoles", allowedRoles);
-        }
-        return allowedRoles;
-    }
-
-    public static getAllowedAriaAttributes(ruleContext, roles, properties) {
-        let allowedAttributes : string[] = getCache(ruleContext, "RPTUtil_AllowedAriaAttributes", null);
-        if (!allowedAttributes) {
-            allowedAttributes = [];
-            let permittedRoles = [...roles];
-            let tagName = ruleContext.tagName.toLowerCase();
-            
-            let prohibitedAttributes = [];
-            // Element with a disabled attribute  https://www.w3.org/TR/html5/disabled-elements.html
-            if (ARIADefinitions.elementsAllowedDisabled.indexOf(tagName) > -1) {
-                // Use the aria-disabled attribute on any element that is allowed the disabled attribute in HTML5.
-                allowedAttributes = RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItem("aria-disabled", allowedAttributes);
-            }
-            // Element with a required attribute http://www.the-art-of-web.com/html/html5-form-validation/
-            if (ARIADefinitions.elementsAllowedRequired.indexOf(tagName) > -1) {
-                // Use the aria-required attribute on any element that is allowed the required attribute in HTML5.
-                allowedAttributes = RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItem("aria-required", allowedAttributes);
-            }
-
-            if (ARIADefinitions.elementsAllowedReadOnly.indexOf(tagName) > -1) {
-                // Use the aria-readonly attribute on any element that is allowed the readonly attribute in HTML5.
-                allowedAttributes = RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItem("aria-readonly", allowedAttributes);
-            }
-            
-            let tagProperty = null;
-            if (properties != null && properties !== undefined)
-                tagProperty = properties;
-            else
-                tagProperty = RPTUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext);
-
-            if (tagProperty !== null && tagProperty !== undefined) {
-                // add the implicit role allowed attributes to the allowed role list if there is no specified role
-                // ignore if the element doesn't allow the attributes from the implicit roles
-                if (tagProperty.implicitRole !== null &&
-                    (permittedRoles === null || permittedRoles === undefined || permittedRoles.length === 0)
-                    && tagProperty.allowAttributesFromImplicitRole === undefined) {
-                    for (let i = 0; i < tagProperty.implicitRole.length; i++) {
-                        let roleProperty = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[tagProperty.implicitRole[i]];
-                        if (roleProperty !== null && roleProperty !== undefined) {
-                            let properties = roleProperty.props;
-                            RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(properties, allowedAttributes);
-                            properties = RPTUtil.getRoleRequiredProperties(tagProperty.implicitRole[i], ruleContext);
-                            RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(properties, allowedAttributes);
-                            let prohibitedProps = roleProperty.prohibitedProps;
-                            if (prohibitedProps && prohibitedProps.length > 0) 
-                                RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(prohibitedProps, prohibitedAttributes);
-                            
-                            // special case of separator
-                            if (tagProperty.implicitRole[i] === "separator" && RPTUtil.isFocusable(ruleContext)) {
-                                RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(["aria-disabled", "aria-valuenow", "aria-valuemax", "aria-valuemin", "aria-valuetext"], allowedAttributes);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                // Adding the global properties to the valid attribute list
-                if (tagProperty.globalAriaAttributesValid) {
-                    let properties = ARIADefinitions.globalProperties; // global properties
-                    RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(properties, allowedAttributes);
-                } 
-            }
-            // adding the other role to the allowed roles for the attributes
-            if (tagProperty && tagProperty.otherRolesForAttributes && tagProperty.otherRolesForAttributes.length > 0)
-                RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(tagProperty.otherRolesForAttributes, permittedRoles);       
-            // adding the specified role properties to the allowed attribute list
-            for (let i = 0; permittedRoles !== null && i < permittedRoles.length; i++) {
-                let roleProperties = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[permittedRoles[i]];
-                if (roleProperties !== null && roleProperties !== undefined) {
-                    // ignore the properties if the element doesn't allow attributes from the implicit role
-                    if (!tagProperty || tagProperty.implicitRole === null || !tagProperty.implicitRole.includes(permittedRoles[i]) || (tagProperty.implicitRole.includes(permittedRoles[i]) && tagProperty.allowAttributesFromImplicitRole === undefined)) {
-                        let properties = roleProperties.props; // allowed properties
-                        RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(properties, allowedAttributes);
-                        properties = RPTUtil.getRoleRequiredProperties(permittedRoles[i], ruleContext); // required properties
-                        RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(properties, allowedAttributes);
-                    }
-                    let prohibitedProps = roleProperties.prohibitedProps;
-                    if (prohibitedProps && prohibitedProps.length>0)
-                        RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(prohibitedProps, prohibitedAttributes);
-                    // special case for separator
-                    if (permittedRoles[i] === "separator" && RPTUtil.isFocusable(ruleContext)) {
-                        RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(["aria-disabled", "aria-valuemax", "aria-valuemin", "aria-valuetext"], allowedAttributes);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            
-            // ignore aria-level, aria-setsize or aria-posinset if "row" is not in treegrid
-            if (permittedRoles.includes("row") && RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "treegrid", true) == null ) {
-                let index = -1;
-                if ((index = allowedAttributes.indexOf("aria-level")) > -1)
-                    allowedAttributes.splice(index, 1);
-
-                if ((index = allowedAttributes.indexOf("aria-setsize")) > -1)
-                    allowedAttributes.splice(index, 1);
-
-                if ((index = allowedAttributes.indexOf("aria-posinset")) > -1)
-                    allowedAttributes.splice(index, 1);
-
-            }
-
-            // add the other allowed attributes for the element
-            if (tagProperty && tagProperty.otherAllowedAriaAttributes && tagProperty.otherAllowedAriaAttributes.length > 0) {
-                // check attribute-value pair if exists
-                let allowed = [];
-                for (let p=0; p < tagProperty.otherAllowedAriaAttributes.length; p++) {
-                    const attr = tagProperty.otherAllowedAriaAttributes[p];
-                    if (attr.includes("=")) {
-                        const pair = attr.split("=");
-                        if (ruleContext.getAttribute(pair[0]) === pair[1])
-                            allowed.push(pair[0]);
-                    } else
-                        allowed.push(attr);
-                } 
-                if (allowed.length > 0)    
-                    RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(allowed, allowedAttributes);
-            }
-            // add the other prohibitted attributes for the element
-            if (tagProperty && tagProperty.otherDisallowedAriaAttributes && tagProperty.otherDisallowedAriaAttributes.length > 0) {
-                // check attribute-value pair if exists
-                let disallowed = [];
-                for (let p=0; p < tagProperty.otherDisallowedAriaAttributes.length; p++) {
-                    const attr = tagProperty.otherDisallowedAriaAttributes[p];
-                    if (attr.includes("=")) {
-                        const pair = attr.split("="); 
-                        if (ruleContext.getAttribute(pair[0]) === pair[1])
-                            disallowed.push(pair[0]);
-                    } else
-                        disallowed.push(attr);
-                }
-                if (disallowed.length > 0)
-                    RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(disallowed, prohibitedAttributes);
-            }
-            //exclude the prohibitedAttributes from the allowedAttributes
-            allowedAttributes = RPTUtil.reduceArrayItemList(prohibitedAttributes, allowedAttributes);
-
-            //exclude aria attribute for elements without implicit role and with 'Naming Prohibited'
-            if ((!roles || roles.length === 0) && tagProperty.implicitRole === null && tagProperty.prohibitedAriaAttributesWhenNoImplicitRole)
-                allowedAttributes = RPTUtil.reduceArrayItemList(tagProperty.prohibitedAriaAttributesWhenNoImplicitRole, allowedAttributes);
-            
-            setCache(ruleContext, "RPTUtil_AllowedAriaAttributes", allowedAttributes);
-        }
-        return allowedAttributes;
-    }
-    /**
-     * 
-     * @param ariaAttr 
-     * @param htmlAttrs 
-     * @type: conflict or overlapping
-     * @returns htmlAttrName, 'Pass' or null
-     *         htmlAttrName that conflicts with the ariaAttr, 
-     *         'Pass' with no conflict with the ariaAttr, 
-     *         or null where ariaAttr won't cause conflict
-     */
-    public static getConflictOrOverlappingHtmlAttribute(ariaAttr, htmlAttrs, type): any[] | null {
-        let exist = ARIADefinitions.relatedAriaHtmlAttributes[ariaAttr['name']]; 
-        if (exist) { 
-            if (!ariaAttr || ariaAttr.length ==0 || !htmlAttrs || htmlAttrs.length == 0) return [];
-
-            let examinedHtmlAtrNames = [];
-            let concernTypes = null;
-            if (type === 'conflict') {
-                if (!exist.conflict || Object.keys(exist.conflict).length === 0) return null;
-                concernTypes = exist.conflict;
-            } else if (type === 'overlapping')  {
-                if (!exist.overlapping || Object.keys(exist.overlapping).length === 0) return null;
-                concernTypes = exist.overlapping; 
-            } else
-                return null;
-            
-            let applicable = false;
-            let fail = false;
-            for (let k=0; k < concernTypes.length; k++) {    
-                let concernAriaValue = concernTypes[k].ariaAttributeValue;
-                let concernHtmlNames = concernTypes[k].htmlAttributeNames;
-                let concernHtmlValues = concernTypes[k].htmlAttributeValues;
-                
-                for (let i = 0; i < htmlAttrs.length; i++) { 
-                    let index = concernHtmlNames.indexOf(htmlAttrs[i]['name']); 
-                    if (index !== -1) { 
-                        applicable = true;
-                        let htmlValuesInConcern = (concernHtmlValues===null || concernHtmlValues[index]===null) ? null : concernHtmlValues[index].split(",");
-                        
-                        if (concernAriaValue === null) {
-                            if (htmlValuesInConcern === null) {
-                                examinedHtmlAtrNames.push({result: 'Failed', 'attr': htmlAttrs[i]['name']});
-                                fail = true; 
-                            } else if (htmlValuesInConcern.includes(htmlAttrs[i]['value'])) {
-                                examinedHtmlAtrNames.push({result: 'Failed', 'attr': htmlAttrs[i]['name']});
-                                fail = true;
-                            }    
-                        } else if (htmlValuesInConcern === null) {
-                            if (concernAriaValue === ariaAttr['value']) {
-                                examinedHtmlAtrNames.push({result: 'Failed', 'attr': htmlAttrs[i]['name']});
-                                fail = true;
-                            }    
-                        } else if (concernAriaValue === 'VALUE' && htmlValuesInConcern.includes('VALUE') && htmlValuesInConcern[0] !== ariaAttr['value']) {
-                            examinedHtmlAtrNames.push({result: 'Failed', 'attr': htmlAttrs[i]['name']});
-                            fail = true;
-                        } else if (concernAriaValue === ariaAttr['value'] && htmlValuesInConcern.includes(htmlAttrs[i]['value'])) {
-                            examinedHtmlAtrNames.push({result: 'Failed', 'attr': htmlAttrs[i]['name']});
-                            fail = true;
-                        }    
-                    }
-                }   
-            }
-            
-            if (applicable && !fail)
-                examinedHtmlAtrNames.push({result: 'Pass', 'attr': ''});
-
-            return examinedHtmlAtrNames;
-        } else
-            return null;
-    }
-
-    public static containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(elem : HTMLElement) : boolean {
-        let roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(elem, false);
-        // if explicit role doesn't exist, get the implicit one
-        if (!roles || roles.length === 0) 
-            roles =  RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(elem);
-        
-        //ignore if the element doesn't have any explicit or implicit role, shouldn't happen
-        if (!roles || roles.length === 0) 
-            return false;
-        
-        for (let i = 0; roles !== null && i < roles.length; i++) {
-            let roleProperties = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[roles[i]];
-            if (roleProperties !== null && roleProperties !== undefined) {
-                let presentional = roleProperties.presentationalChildren;
-                if (presentional === true) 
-                    return true;
-            }
-        }                    
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public static shouldBePresentationalChild(element : HTMLElement) : boolean {
-        let walkNode : Element = DOMWalker.parentElement(element);
-        while (walkNode) {
-            if (RPTUtil.containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(walkNode as HTMLElement)) return true;
-
-            //aria-own case: if the element is referred by an aria-won
-            walkNode = ARIAMapper.getAriaOwnedBy(walkNode as HTMLElement) || DOMWalker.parentElement(walkNode);    
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-    
-    /** moved to CSSUtil
-    public static CSS(element) {
-        let styleText = "";
-        if (element === null) return [];
-        if (element.IBM_CSS_THB) return element.IBM_CSS_THB;
-        let nodeName = element.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-        if (nodeName === "style") {
-            styleText = RPTUtil.getInnerText(element);
-        } else if (element.hasAttribute("style")) {
-            styleText = element.getAttribute("style");
-        } else return [];
-        if (styleText === null || styleText.trim().length === 0) return [];
-        //remove comment blocks
-        let re = /(\/\*+(?:(?:(?:[^\*])+)|(?:[\*]+(?!\/)))[*]+\/)|\/\/.* /g;
-        let subst = ' ';
-        styleText = styleText.replace(re, subst);
-        // Find all "key : val;" pairs with various whitespace inbetween
-        let rKeyVals = /\s*([^:\s]+)\s*:\s*([^;$}]+)\s*(;|$)/g;
-        // Find all "selector { csskeyvals } with various whitespace inbetween
-        let rSelectors = /\s*([^{]*){([^}]*)}/g;
-        if (styleText.indexOf("{") === -1) {
-
-            let keyVals = {};
-            let m;
-            while ((m = rKeyVals.exec(styleText)) != null) {
-                keyVals[m[1]] = m[2].trim().toLowerCase();
-            }
-            let retVal = [{
-                selector: null,
-                values: keyVals
-            }];
-            element.IBM_CSS_THB = retVal;
-            return retVal;
-        } else {
-            let retVal = [];
-            let m;
-            let m2;
-            while ((m = rSelectors.exec(styleText)) != null) {
-                let keyVals = {}
-                let selKey = m[1];
-                let selVal = m[2];
-
-                while ((m2 = rKeyVals.exec(selVal)) != null) {
-                    keyVals[m2[1]] = m2[2].trim().toLowerCase();
-                }
-                retVal.push({
-                    selector: selKey,
-                    values: keyVals
-                });
-            }
-            element.IBM_CSS_THB = retVal;
-            return retVal;
-        }
-    }
-    */
-    
-    public static getControlOfLabel(node: Node) {
-        // Handle the easy case of label -> for
-        let labelAncestor = RPTUtil.getAncestor(node, "label");
-        if (labelAncestor) {
-            if (labelAncestor.hasAttribute("for")) {
-                return FragmentUtil.getById(node, labelAncestor.getAttribute("for"));
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Create a dictionary containing ids of parent nodes
-        let idDict = {};
-        let parentWalk = node;
-        while (parentWalk) {
-            if (parentWalk.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
-                const ancestor = parentWalk as Element;
-                if (ancestor.hasAttribute("id")) {
-                    idDict[ancestor.getAttribute("id")] = true;
-                }
-            }
-            parentWalk = DOMWalker.parentNode(parentWalk);
-        }
-
-        // Iterate through controls that use aria-labelledby and see if any of them reference one of my ancestor ids
-        const inputsUsingLabelledBy = node.ownerDocument.querySelectorAll("*[aria-labelledby]");
-        for (let idx=0; idx<inputsUsingLabelledBy.length; ++idx) {
-            const inputUsingLabelledBy = inputsUsingLabelledBy[idx];
-            const ariaLabelledBy = inputUsingLabelledBy.getAttribute("aria-labelledby");
-            const sp = ariaLabelledBy.split(" ");
-            for (const id of sp) {
-                if (id in idDict && !RPTUtil.isIdReferToSelf(node, (node as Element).getAttribute("aria-labelledby"))) {
-                    return inputUsingLabelledBy;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Find the cases where we're within an aria labelledby
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for checking if the node that is provied is
-     * disabled or not. Following is how the check is performed:
-     *    1. Check if the current node is disabled with the following options:
-     *       attribute --> disabled
-     *         Also needs to be "button", "input", "select", "textarea", "optgroup", "option",
-     *         "menuitem", "fieldset" nodes (in array elementsAllowedDisabled)
-     *       attribute --> aria-disabled="true"
-     *    2. Check if any of the current nodes parents are disabled with the same
-     *       options listed in 1.
-     *
-     *    Note: If either current node or any of the parent nodes are disabled then this
-     *          function will return true (node is disabled).
-     *
-     * @parm {HTMLElement} node - The node which should be checked if it is disabled or not.
-     * @return {bool} true if the node is disabled, false otherwise
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static isNodeDisabled(node) {
-
-        // Set PT_NODE_DISABLED to false for all the nodes, before the check and this will be changed to
-        // true when we detect that the node is disabled. We have to set it to false so that we know
-        // the node has already been checked. Only set it to false if the setting is undefined or null
-        // as if it is defined we do not wnat to reset it. As if it is true then we should make use of it
-        // to speed up the check.
-        let PT_NODE_DISABLED = getCache(node, "PT_NODE_DISABLED", false);
-
-        // Check the nodeType of this node, if this node is a text node then
-        // we get the parentnode and set that as the node as a text nodes,
-        // disabled is directly related to the parent node.
-        if (node.nodeType === 3) {
-            node = DOMWalker.parentNode(node);
-        }
-
-        // Variable Declaration
-        let nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-
-        // Get the disabled element property, disabled and aria-disabled attribute and check that it is true
-        let disabledAttribute = node.hasAttribute("disabled");
-        let disabledPropertyCustom = PT_NODE_DISABLED;
-        let ariaDisabledAttribute = node.hasAttribute('aria-disabled') && node.getAttribute("aria-disabled") === 'true';
-
-        // If this node has disabled attribute and the node allows disabled attribute, then return true.
-        // Disabled attribute is only allowed on "button", "input", "select", "textarea", "optgroup", "option", "menuitem", "fieldset"
-        // In the case aria-disabled is set to true, then also return true
-        if (disabledPropertyCustom || (disabledAttribute && ARIADefinitions.elementsAllowedDisabled.indexOf(nodeName) > -1) || ariaDisabledAttribute) {
-            PT_NODE_DISABLED = true;
-            setCache(node, "PT_NODE_DISABLED", PT_NODE_DISABLED);
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        // Get the parentNode for this node, becuase we have to check all parents to make sure they do not have
-        // disabled attribute. Only keep checking until we are all the way back to the parentNode
-        // element.
-        let parentElement = DOMWalker.parentNode(node);
-
-        // If the parent node exists and the nodetype is element (1), then run recursive call to perform the check
-        // all the way up to the very parent node. Use recursive call here instead of a while loop so that we do not
-        // have to duplicate the logic for checking if the node is disabled or not for all the parents starting with
-        // child node.
-        if (parentElement != null && parentElement.nodeType === 1) {
-            // Check upwards recursively, and save the results in an variable
-            let nodeDisabled = RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(parentElement);
-
-            // If the node is found to be disabled then add the custom PT_NODE_DISABLED to true.
-            // so that we can use this next time, to quickly determine if node is disabled or not.
-            // This is extra percaution, the isNodeDisabled function already sets this.
-            if (nodeDisabled) {
-                PT_NODE_DISABLED = true;
-            }
-
-            // Check upwards recursively
-            setCache(node, "PT_NODE_DISABLED", PT_NODE_DISABLED);
-            return nodeDisabled;
-        }
-
-        // Return false (node is not disabled)
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for determine if hidden content should be checked
-     * in rules.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} node - A node so that the document can be accessed to check for the
-     *                        option. Can be document element or a simple node element.
-     * @return {bool} true if hidden content should be checked, false otherwise
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static shouldCheckHiddenContent(node) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function is responsible for determining if node should be skipped from checking or not, based
-     * on the Check Hidden Content settings and if the node is visible or not.
-     *
-     * @parm {element} node - Node to check if it is visible or not based on the Check Hidden Content
-     *                        setting.
-     *
-     * @return {bool} true if node should be skipped, false otherwise
-     *
-     * @memberOf RPTUtil
-     */
-    public static shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(node) {
-        // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
-        // or not.
-        //  1. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
-        //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we
-        //     return true to identify that the node should not be scanned/added to any hash/array.
-        //
-        // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
-        //       so on and so forth.
-        if (!RPTUtil.shouldCheckHiddenContent(node) && !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(node)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public static isfocusableByDefault(node) {
-        var focusableElements = ['input', 'select', 'button', 'textarea', 'option', 'area'];
-        if (node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "a" && RPTUtil.hasAttribute(node, 'href')) return true;
-        if (node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "area" && RPTUtil.hasAttribute(node, 'href')) return true;
-        if (focusableElements.indexOf(node.nodeName.toLowerCase()) != -1) return true;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This function check if a non-tabable node has valid tabable content.
-     * If it is tabable (the tabindex is not speicified or is not -1), returns false;
-     * If it is non-tabable, but a child is tabable and does not have element content, returns false;
-     * Otherwise, returns true.
-     */
-    public static nonTabableChildCheck(element : Element): boolean {
-        if (!element.hasAttribute("tabindex") ||
-            (parseInt(element.getAttribute("tabindex")) != -1)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
-        while (nw.nextNode()) {
-            let child = nw.elem();
-            if (child === null) { // Text node. usually is a cartridge return.
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (child.hasAttribute("tabindex") &&
-                (parseInt(child.getAttribute("tabindex")) != -1) &&
-                !RPTUtil.hasInnerContent(child)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    public static hasAttribute(element, attributeName) {
-        var hasAttribute = false;
-        if (element.hasAttribute) {
-            hasAttribute = element.hasAttribute(attributeName);
-        } else if (element.attributes && element.attributes.getNamedItem) {
-            var attr = element.attributes.getNamedItem(attributeName);
-            hasAttribute = attr && attr.specified;
-        }
-        return hasAttribute;
-    }
-}
-/** moved to CSSUtil
-export class RPTUtilStyle {
-    public static getWeightNumber(styleVal) {
-        let map = {
-            "light": 100,
-            "bold": 700
-        };
-        let retVal = parseInt(styleVal);
-        if (retVal) return retVal;
-        if (styleVal in map)
-            return map[styleVal];
-        return 400;
-    }
-
-    public static getFontInPixels = function (styleVal) {
-        let map = {
-            "xx-small": 16,
-            "x-small": 10,
-            "small": 13,
-            "medium": 16,
-            "large": 18,
-            "x-large": 24,
-            "xx-large": 32
-        };
-        let value = parseFloat(styleVal);
-        if (!value) {
-            return map[styleVal];
-        }
-        let units = styleVal.substring(("" + value).length);
-        if (units === "" || units === "px") return value;
-        if (units === "em") return value * 16;
-        if (units === "%") return value / 100 * 16;
-        if (units === "pt") return value * 4 / 3;
-        return Math.round(value);
-    }
-}
-*/
-/* Return a node walker for the given element.
- * bEnd is optional and defaults to false
- * but if true, indicates the node is the end node*/
-export class NodeWalker {
-    node : Node;
-    bEndTag : boolean;
-    constructor(node: Node, bEnd?: boolean) {
-        this.node = node;
-        this.bEndTag = (bEnd === undefined ? false : bEnd === true);
-    }
-
-    elem() : HTMLElement | null {
-        return this.node.nodeType === 1 && this.node as HTMLElement || null;
-    }
-
-    nextNode() {
-        if (!this.node) {
-            this.bEndTag = false;
-            return false;
-        }    
-        if (!this.bEndTag) {
-            let iframeNode = (this.node as HTMLIFrameElement);
-            let elementNode = (this.node as HTMLElement);
-            let slotElement = (this.node as HTMLSlotElement)
-            if (this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */
-                && this.node.nodeName.toUpperCase() === "IFRAME"
-                && iframeNode.contentDocument
-                && iframeNode.contentDocument.documentElement)
-            {
-                let ownerElement = this.node;
-                this.node = iframeNode.contentDocument.documentElement;
-                (this.node as any).nwOwnerElement = ownerElement;
-            } else if (this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */
-                && elementNode.shadowRoot
-                && elementNode.shadowRoot.firstChild)
-            {
-                let ownerElement = this.node;
-                this.node = elementNode.shadowRoot;
-                (this.node as any).nwOwnerElement = ownerElement;
-            } else if (this.node.nodeType === 1
-                && elementNode.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "slot"
-                && slotElement.assignedNodes().length > 0)
-            {
-                let slotOwner = this.node;
-                this.node = slotElement.assignedNodes()[0];
-                (this.node as any).nwSlotOwner = slotOwner;
-                (this.node as any).nwSlotIndex = 0;
-            } else if (this.node.firstChild) {
-                this.node = this.node.firstChild;
-            } else {
-                this.bEndTag = true;
-                return this.nextNode();
-            }
-        } else {
-            if ((this.node as any).nwSlotOwner) {
-                let slotOwner = (this.node as any).nwSlotOwner;
-                let nextSlotIndex = (this.node as any).nwSlotIndex+1;
-                delete (this.node as any).nwSlotOwner;
-                delete (this.node as any).nwSlotIndex;
-                if (nextSlotIndex < slotOwner.assignedNodes().length) {
-                    this.node = slotOwner.assignedNodes()[nextSlotIndex];
-                    (this.node as any).nwSlotOwner = slotOwner;
-                    (this.node as any).nwSlotIndex = nextSlotIndex;    
-                    this.bEndTag = false;
-                } else {
-                    this.node = slotOwner;
-                    this.bEndTag = true;
-                }
-            } else if ((this.node as any).nwOwnerElement) {
-                this.node = (this.node as any).nwOwnerElement;
-                this.bEndTag = true;
-            } else if (this.node.nextSibling) {
-                this.node = this.node.nextSibling;
-                this.bEndTag = false;
-            } else if (this.node.parentNode) {
-                this.node = this.node.parentNode;
-                this.bEndTag = true;
-            } else {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    prevNode() {
-        if (this.bEndTag && this.node.lastChild) {
-            this.node = this.node.lastChild;
-            this.bEndTag = true;
-        } else if (this.node.previousSibling) {
-            this.node = this.node.previousSibling;
-            this.bEndTag = true;
-        } else if (this.node.parentNode) {
-            this.node = this.node.parentNode;
-            this.bEndTag = false;
-        } else {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (this.bEndTag && (this.node.firstChild === null || typeof (this.node.firstChild) === 'undefined'))
-            this.bEndTag = false;
-        return true;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/common/Engine.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/common/Engine.ts
index 2cdd35996..03e25f7ec 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/common/Engine.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/common/Engine.ts
@@ -15,15 +15,16 @@
  *****************************************************************************/
 
 import { DOMWalker } from "../dom/DOMWalker";
-import { Context, PartInfo, AttrInfo } from "./Context";
+import { Context } from "./Context";
 import { Config } from "../config/Config";
 import { DOMMapper } from "../dom/DOMMapper";
 import { DOMUtil } from "../dom/DOMUtil";
-import { clearCaches } from "../../v4/util/CacheUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../../v4/util/CacheUtil";
 import { Issue, Rule, RuleContext, RuleContextHierarchy, RuleResult, eRuleConfidence } from "../../v4/api/IRule";
 import { HelpMap, IEngine, NlsMap } from "../../v4/api/IEngine";
 import { IMapper } from "../../v4/api/IMapper";
 import { Report } from "../../v4/api/IReport";
+import { VisUtil } from "../../v4/util/VisUtil";
 
 class WrappedRule {
     ns: string;
@@ -161,8 +162,8 @@ export class Engine implements IEngine {
             root = (root as Document).documentElement;
         }
         root.ownerDocument && ((root.ownerDocument as any).PT_CHECK_HIDDEN_CONTENT = false);
-        clearCaches(root);
-        const walker = new DOMWalker(root);
+        CacheUtil.clearCaches(root);
+        const walker = new DOMWalker(root, false, root, true);
         const retVal : Report = {
             results: [],
             numExecuted: 0,
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ export class Engine implements IEngine {
         // Initialize the context detector
         do {
             // Get the context information from the rule mappers
-            const contextHierarchies : RuleContextHierarchy = {}
+            const contextHierarchies : RuleContextHierarchy = {};
             for (const namespace in this.mappers) {
                 if (!walker.bEndTag) {
                     contextHierarchies[namespace] = this.mappers[namespace].openScope(walker.node);
@@ -195,9 +196,9 @@ export class Engine implements IEngine {
                     contextHierarchies[namespace] = this.mappers[namespace].closeScope(walker.node);
                 }
             }
-
+            
             if (walker.node.nodeType !== 11 
-                && (DOMWalker.isNodeVisible(walker.node)
+                && (VisUtil.isNodeVisible(walker.node)
                     // || walker.node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "head"
                     || walker.node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "meta"
                     || walker.node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "style"
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ export class Engine implements IEngine {
                 }
             }
         } while (walker.nextNode());
-        clearCaches(root);
+        CacheUtil.clearCaches(root);
         retVal.totalTime = new Date().getTime()-start;
         return Promise.resolve(retVal);
     }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/DOMMapper.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/DOMMapper.ts
index bfb8bf41f..4ffa6264a 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/DOMMapper.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/DOMMapper.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 import { CommonMapper } from "../common/CommonMapper";
 import { Bounds } from "../api/IMapper";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../../v4/util/CacheUtil";
 
 export class DOMMapper extends CommonMapper {
     getRole(node: Node) : string {
@@ -42,7 +43,10 @@ export class DOMMapper extends CommonMapper {
      * @returns 
      */
     getBounds(node: Node) : Bounds {
-        if (node.nodeType === 1 /*Node.ELEMENT_NODE*/) {
+        if (node.nodeType !== 1 /*Node.ELEMENT_NODE*/) return null;
+
+        const bunds = CacheUtil.getCache(node as Element, "DOMMapper_Bounds", undefined);
+        if (bunds === undefined) {
             let adjustment = 1;
             if (node.ownerDocument && node.ownerDocument.defaultView && node.ownerDocument.defaultView.devicePixelRatio) {
                 adjustment = node.ownerDocument.defaultView.devicePixelRatio;
@@ -53,16 +57,18 @@ export class DOMMapper extends CommonMapper {
             if (bounds) {
                 let scrollX = node && node.ownerDocument && node.ownerDocument.defaultView && node.ownerDocument.defaultView.scrollX || 0;
                 let scrollY = node && node.ownerDocument && node.ownerDocument.defaultView && node.ownerDocument.defaultView.scrollY || 0;
-                return {
+                const ret = {
                     "left": Math.ceil((bounds.left + scrollX) * adjustment),
                     "top": Math.ceil((bounds.top + scrollY) * adjustment),
                     "height": Math.ceil(bounds.height * adjustment),
                     "width": Math.ceil(bounds.width * adjustment)
                 };
+                CacheUtil.setCache(node as Element, "DOMMapper_Bounds", ret);
+                return ret;
             }
+            return null;
         }
-
-        return null;
+        return bunds;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -71,21 +77,26 @@ export class DOMMapper extends CommonMapper {
      * @returns 
      */
     getUnadjustedBounds(node: Node) : Bounds {
-        if (node.nodeType === 1 /*Node.ELEMENT_NODE*/) {
+        if (node.nodeType !== 1 /*Node.ELEMENT_NODE*/) return null;
+
+        const bunds = CacheUtil.getCache(node as Element, "DOMMapper_UnadjustedBounds", undefined);
+        if (bunds === undefined) {
             const bounds = (node as Element).getBoundingClientRect();
             // adjusted for scroll if any
             if (bounds) {
                 let scrollX = node && node.ownerDocument && node.ownerDocument.defaultView && node.ownerDocument.defaultView.scrollX || 0;
                 let scrollY = node && node.ownerDocument && node.ownerDocument.defaultView && node.ownerDocument.defaultView.scrollY || 0;
-                return {
+                const ret = {
                     "left": Math.ceil(bounds.left + scrollX),
                     "top": Math.ceil(bounds.top + scrollY),
                     "height": Math.ceil(bounds.height),
                     "width": Math.ceil(bounds.width)
                 };
+                CacheUtil.setCache(node as Element, "DOMMapper_UnadjustedBounds", ret);
+                return ret;
             }
+            return null;
         }
-
-        return null;
+        return bunds;
     }
 }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/DOMWalker.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/DOMWalker.ts
index 8771025ee..696815ac1 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/DOMWalker.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/DOMWalker.ts
@@ -14,22 +14,41 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
+import { VisUtil } from "../../v4/util/VisUtil";
 /**
  * Walks in a DOM order
  * 
+ * Assumption that nodes of shadow DOMs call assignSlots on the shadow root before 
+ * doing other processing in that tree. If you walk into a shadow root, the DOMWalker
+ * will do it automatically.
+ * 
  * See also ../aria/ARIAWalker
  */
 export class DOMWalker {
     root : Node;
     node : Node;
     bEndTag: boolean;
+    considerHidden: boolean;
+    DEBUG: boolean;
 
-    constructor(element : Node, bEnd? : boolean, root? : Node) {
-        this.root = root || element;
+    constructor(element : Node, bEnd? : boolean, root? : Node, considerHidden? : boolean, DEBUG?: boolean) {
+        this.DEBUG = !!DEBUG;
+        this.root = root || ((element && element.ownerDocument) ? element.ownerDocument.documentElement: element);
+        if (this.root.nodeType === 9) {
+            this.root = (this.root as Document).documentElement
+        }
         this.node = element;
+        if (this.node.nodeType === 9) {
+            this.node = (this.node as Document).documentElement
+        }
         this.bEndTag = (bEnd == undefined ? false : bEnd == true);
+        this.considerHidden = considerHidden || false;
     }
 
+    elem() : HTMLElement | null {
+        return this.node.nodeType === 1 && this.node as HTMLElement || null;
+    }
+    
     static parentNode(node: Node) : Node | null {
         if (node === null) return null;
         let p : Node = node.parentNode;
@@ -49,36 +68,56 @@ export class DOMWalker {
 
     static parentElement(node: Node) : Element | null {
         let elem : Element = node as Element;
-        do {
+        do { 
             elem = DOMWalker.parentNode(elem) as Element;
         } while (elem && elem.nodeType !== 1);
         return elem;
     }
-    
-    static isNodeVisible(node: Node) {
-        if (node === null) return false;
-        try {
-            let vis = null;
-            while (node && node.nodeType !== 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
-                node = DOMWalker.parentElement(node);
+
+    static assignSlots(root: ShadowRoot) {
+        let slots = root.querySelectorAll("slot");
+        for (let iSlot=0; iSlot<slots.length; ++iSlot) {
+            let processSlot = slots[iSlot];
+            let assignedNodes = processSlot.assignedNodes();
+            for (let iAssigned=0; iAssigned<assignedNodes.length; ++iAssigned) {
+                (assignedNodes[iAssigned] as any).slotOwner = processSlot;
+                (assignedNodes[iAssigned] as any).slotIndex = iAssigned;
             }
-            let elem = node as Element;
-            let w = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView;
-            do {
-                let cs = w.getComputedStyle(elem);
-                if (cs.display === "none") return false;
-                if (vis === null && cs.visibility) {
-                    vis = cs.visibility;
-                    if (vis === "hidden") return false;
-                }
-                elem = DOMWalker.parentElement(elem);
-            } while (elem);
-            return true;
-        } catch (err) {
-            return false;
         }
     }
 
+    static firstChildNotOwnedBySlot(node: Node) {
+        let retVal = node.firstChild;
+        while (retVal && (retVal as any).slotOwner) {
+            retVal = retVal.nextSibling;
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    static lastChildNotOwnedBySlot(node: Node) {
+        let retVal = node.lastChild;
+        while (retVal && (retVal as any).slotOwner) {
+            retVal = retVal.previousSibling;
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    static nextSiblingNotOwnedBySlot(node:Node) {
+        let retVal = node.nextSibling;
+        while (retVal && (retVal as any).slotOwner) {
+            retVal = retVal.nextSibling;
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    static previousSiblingNotOwnedBySlot(node:Node) {
+        let retVal = node.previousSibling;
+        while (retVal && (retVal as any).slotOwner) {
+            retVal = retVal.previousSibling;
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
     atRoot() : boolean {
         if ((this as any).ownerElement) return false;
         if (this.root === this.node) {
@@ -93,77 +132,114 @@ export class DOMWalker {
         }
     }
 
+    DEBUGIDX = 0;
+    indent = 0;
     nextNode() : boolean {
+        const indent = () => {
+            let s = "";
+            for (let idx=0; idx<this.indent; ++idx) {
+                s += " ";
+            }
+            return s;
+        }
+        let DBG = false;//this.DEBUGIDX >= 7 && this.DEBUGIDX <= 10;
+        let startName = this.node.nodeName;
+        if (!this.node) {
+            this.bEndTag = false;
+            return false;
+        }
         do {
-            // console.log(this.node.nodeName, this.bEndTag?"END":"START", this.node.nodeType === 1 && (this.node as any).getAttribute("id"));
+            //console.log(this.node.nodeName, this.bEndTag?"END":"START", this.node.nodeType === 1 && (this.node as any).getAttribute("id"));
             if (!this.bEndTag) {
                 let iframeNode = (this.node as HTMLIFrameElement);
                 let elementNode = (this.node as HTMLElement);
                 let slotElement = (this.node as HTMLSlotElement)
                 if (this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ 
                     && this.node.nodeName.toUpperCase() === "IFRAME"
-                    && DOMWalker.isNodeVisible(iframeNode)
+                    && (this.considerHidden ? VisUtil.isNodeVisible(iframeNode) : true)
                     && iframeNode.contentDocument
                     && iframeNode.contentDocument.documentElement)
                 {
+                    DBG && console.log("!!!Into Frame");
                     let ownerElement = this.node;
                     this.node = iframeNode.contentDocument.documentElement;
                     (this.node as any).ownerElement = ownerElement;
                 } else if (this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ 
-                    && DOMWalker.isNodeVisible(elementNode)
+                    && (this.considerHidden ? VisUtil.isNodeVisible(elementNode) : true)
                     && elementNode.shadowRoot
                     && elementNode.shadowRoot.firstChild)
                 {
+                    DBG && console.log("!!!Into shadow root");
                     let ownerElement = this.node;
                     this.node = elementNode.shadowRoot;
                     (this.node as any).ownerElement = ownerElement;
+                    DOMWalker.assignSlots(this.node as ShadowRoot);
                 } else if (this.node.nodeType === 1 
                     && elementNode.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "slot"
                     && slotElement.assignedNodes().length > 0) 
                 {
-                    let slotOwner = this.node;
+                    DBG && console.log("!!!Into slot");
                     this.node = slotElement.assignedNodes()[0];
-                    (this.node as any).slotOwner = slotOwner;
-                    (this.node as any).slotIndex = 0;
-                } else if ((this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ || this.node.nodeType === 11) /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ && this.node.firstChild) {
-                    this.node = this.node.firstChild;
+                } else if ((this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ || this.node.nodeType === 11 /* Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE */) 
+                    && DOMWalker.firstChildNotOwnedBySlot(this.node)) {
+                    DBG && console.log("!!!First child");
+                    this.node = DOMWalker.firstChildNotOwnedBySlot(this.node);
                 } else {
+                    DBG && console.log("!!!Flip to end tag");
                     this.bEndTag = true;
                 }
             } else {
+                DBG && console.log("!!!1");
                 if (this.atRoot()) {
+                    DBG && console.log("!!!Done at root");
                     return false;
                 } else if ((this.node as any).slotOwner) {
                     let slotOwner = (this.node as any).slotOwner;
                     let nextSlotIndex = (this.node as any).slotIndex+1;
-                    delete (this.node as any).slotOwner;
-                    delete (this.node as any).slotIndex;
+                    // delete (this.node as any).slotOwner;
+                    // delete (this.node as any).slotIndex;
                     if (nextSlotIndex < slotOwner.assignedNodes().length) {
+                        DBG && console.log("!!!Next slot child");
                         this.node = slotOwner.assignedNodes()[nextSlotIndex];
-                        (this.node as any).slotOwner = slotOwner;
-                        (this.node as any).slotIndex = nextSlotIndex;    
                         this.bEndTag = false;
                     } else {
+                        DBG && console.log("!!!Back up to slot owner");
                         this.node = slotOwner;
                         this.bEndTag = true;
                     }
                 } else if ((this.node as any).ownerElement) {
+                    DBG && console.log("!!!Up to frame owner");
                     this.node = (this.node as any).ownerElement;
                     this.bEndTag = true;
-                } else if (this.node.nextSibling) {
-                    this.node = this.node.nextSibling;
+                } else if (DOMWalker.nextSiblingNotOwnedBySlot(this.node)) {
+                    DBG && console.log("!!!Next sibling");
+                    this.node = DOMWalker.nextSiblingNotOwnedBySlot(this.node);
                     this.bEndTag = false;
                 } else if (this.node.parentNode) {
+                    DBG && console.log("!!!Parent");
                     this.node = this.node.parentNode;
                     this.bEndTag = true;
                 } else {
+                    DBG && console.log("!!!Done with walk");
                     return false;
                 }
             }
+            if (DBG && (
+                (this.node.nodeType !== 1 && this.node.nodeType !== 11 && this.node.nodeType !== 3 )
+                || (this.node.nodeType === 1 && (this.node as Element).getAttribute("aChecker") === "ACE")
+            )) {
+                this.DEBUG && console.log(indent()+`<${this.bEndTag?"/":""}${this.node.nodeName}> (from ${startName}) ${this.DEBUGIDX++} SKIPPED`);
+            }
         } while (
-            (this.node.nodeType !== 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ && this.node.nodeType !== 11 && this.node.nodeType !== 3 /* Node.TEXT_NODE */)
+            (this.node.nodeType !== 1 && this.node.nodeType !== 11 && this.node.nodeType !== 3 )
             || (this.node.nodeType === 1 && (this.node as Element).getAttribute("aChecker") === "ACE")
         );
+        if (this.bEndTag) this.indent -= 2;
+        this.DEBUG && console.log(indent()+`<${this.bEndTag?"/":""}${this.node.nodeName}> (from ${startName}) ${this.DEBUGIDX++}`);
+        this.DEBUG && (this.node as any).slotOwner && console.log(indent()+`slotOwner: ${(this.node as any).slotOwner.nodeName}`);
+        this.DEBUG && (this.node as any).slotIndex && console.log(indent()+`slotIndex: ${(this.node as any).slotIndex}`);
+        this.DEBUG && (this.node as any).ownerElement && console.log(indent()+`ownerElement: ${(this.node as any).ownerElement.nodeName}`);
+        if (!this.bEndTag) this.indent += 2;
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -174,7 +250,7 @@ export class DOMWalker {
                 let elementNode = (this.node as HTMLElement);
                 if (this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ 
                     && this.node.nodeName.toUpperCase() === "IFRAME"
-                    && DOMWalker.isNodeVisible(iframeNode)
+                    && (this.considerHidden ? VisUtil.isNodeVisible(iframeNode) : true)
                     && iframeNode.contentDocument
                     && iframeNode.contentDocument.documentElement) 
                 {
@@ -182,23 +258,25 @@ export class DOMWalker {
                     this.node = iframeNode.contentDocument.documentElement;
                     (this.node as any).ownerElement = ownerElement;
                 } else if (this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ 
-                    && DOMWalker.isNodeVisible(elementNode)
+                    && (this.considerHidden ? VisUtil.isNodeVisible(elementNode) : true)
                     && elementNode.shadowRoot
                     && elementNode.shadowRoot.lastChild) 
                 {
                     let ownerElement = this.node;
                     this.node = elementNode.shadowRoot;
                     (this.node as any).ownerElement = ownerElement;
-                } else if ((this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ || this.node.nodeType === 11) && this.node.lastChild) {
-                    this.node = this.node.lastChild;
+                    DOMWalker.assignSlots(this.node as ShadowRoot);
+                } else if ((this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ || this.node.nodeType === 11) 
+                    && DOMWalker.lastChildNotOwnedBySlot(this.node)) {
+                    this.node = DOMWalker.lastChildNotOwnedBySlot(this.node);
                 } else {
                     this.bEndTag = false;
                 }
             } else {
                 if (this.atRoot()) {
                     return false;
-                } else if (this.node.previousSibling) {
-                    this.node = this.node.previousSibling;
+                } else if (DOMWalker.previousSiblingNotOwnedBySlot(this.node)) {
+                    this.node = DOMWalker.previousSiblingNotOwnedBySlot(this.node);
                     this.bEndTag = true;
                 } else if ((this.node as any).ownerElement) {
                     this.node = (this.node as any).ownerElement;
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/NodeWalker.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/NodeWalker.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2cb67fbc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/NodeWalker.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/******************************************************************************
+     Copyright:: 2020- IBM, Inc
+
+    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+    limitations under the License.
+ *****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Return a node walker for the given element.
+ * bEnd is optional and defaults to false
+ * but if true, indicates the node is the end node
+ * 
+ * TO be removed, replaced by DOMWalker.ts
+ */
+export class NodeWalker {
+    node : Node;
+    bEndTag : boolean;
+    constructor(node: Node, bEnd?: boolean) {
+        this.node = node;
+        this.bEndTag = (bEnd === undefined ? false : bEnd === true);
+    }
+
+    elem() : HTMLElement | null {
+        return this.node.nodeType === 1 && this.node as HTMLElement || null;
+    }
+
+    nextNode() {
+        if (!this.node) {
+            this.bEndTag = false;
+            return false;
+        }    
+        if (!this.bEndTag) {
+            let iframeNode = (this.node as HTMLIFrameElement);
+            let elementNode = (this.node as HTMLElement);
+            let slotElement = (this.node as HTMLSlotElement)
+            if (this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */
+                && this.node.nodeName.toUpperCase() === "IFRAME"
+                && iframeNode.contentDocument
+                && iframeNode.contentDocument.documentElement)
+            {
+                let ownerElement = this.node;
+                this.node = iframeNode.contentDocument.documentElement;
+                (this.node as any).nwOwnerElement = ownerElement;
+            } else if (this.node.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */
+                && elementNode.shadowRoot
+                && elementNode.shadowRoot.firstChild)
+            {
+                let ownerElement = this.node;
+                this.node = elementNode.shadowRoot;
+                (this.node as any).nwOwnerElement = ownerElement;
+            } else if (this.node.nodeType === 1
+                && elementNode.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "slot"
+                && slotElement.assignedNodes().length > 0)
+            {
+                let slotOwner = this.node;
+                this.node = slotElement.assignedNodes()[0];
+                (this.node as any).nwSlotOwner = slotOwner;
+                (this.node as any).nwSlotIndex = 0;
+            } else if (this.node.firstChild) {
+                this.node = this.node.firstChild;
+            } else {
+                this.bEndTag = true;
+                return this.nextNode();
+            }
+        } else {
+            if ((this.node as any).nwSlotOwner) {
+                let slotOwner = (this.node as any).nwSlotOwner;
+                let nextSlotIndex = (this.node as any).nwSlotIndex+1;
+                delete (this.node as any).nwSlotOwner;
+                delete (this.node as any).nwSlotIndex;
+                if (nextSlotIndex < slotOwner.assignedNodes().length) {
+                    this.node = slotOwner.assignedNodes()[nextSlotIndex];
+                    (this.node as any).nwSlotOwner = slotOwner;
+                    (this.node as any).nwSlotIndex = nextSlotIndex;    
+                    this.bEndTag = false;
+                } else {
+                    this.node = slotOwner;
+                    this.bEndTag = true;
+                }
+            } else if ((this.node as any).nwOwnerElement) {
+                this.node = (this.node as any).nwOwnerElement;
+                this.bEndTag = true;
+            } else if (this.node.nextSibling) {
+                this.node = this.node.nextSibling;
+                this.bEndTag = false;
+            } else if (this.node.parentNode) {
+                this.node = this.node.parentNode;
+                this.bEndTag = true;
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    prevNode() {
+        if (this.bEndTag && this.node.lastChild) {
+            this.node = this.node.lastChild;
+            this.bEndTag = true;
+        } else if (this.node.previousSibling) {
+            this.node = this.node.previousSibling;
+            this.bEndTag = true;
+        } else if (this.node.parentNode) {
+            this.node = this.node.parentNode;
+            this.bEndTag = false;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (this.bEndTag && (this.node.firstChild === null || typeof (this.node.firstChild) === 'undefined'))
+            this.bEndTag = false;
+        return true;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/a_target_warning.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/a_target_warning.ts
index 2571e52eb..2a87fe041 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/a_target_warning.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/a_target_warning.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let a_target_warning: Rule = {
+export const a_target_warning: Rule = {
     id: "a_target_warning",
     context: "dom:a[target],dom:area[target],dom:base[target]",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ export let a_target_warning: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // skip the rule if it's AT hidden and not tabbable
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) && !RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) return null;
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) && !CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) return null;
         const params = {
             paramWinText: {
                 value: ["new window", "new tab"],
@@ -58,11 +59,11 @@ export let a_target_warning: Rule = {
         }
 
         let tStr = ruleContext.getAttribute("target");
-        let passed = tStr == "_parent" || tStr == "_self" || tStr == "_top" || RPTUtil.getFrameByName(ruleContext,tStr) != null;
+        let passed = tStr == "_parent" || tStr == "_self" || tStr == "_top" || CommonUtil.getFrameByName(ruleContext,tStr) != null;
         if (!passed) {
             // Name is not part of this frameset – must have potential to create new window?
             // See if a new window is mentioned
-            let textStr = RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext);
+            let textStr = CommonUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext);
             if (ruleContext.hasAttribute("title"))
                 textStr += " " + ruleContext.getAttribute("title");
             for (let i = 0; !passed && i < params.paramWinText.value.length; ++i)
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/a_text_purpose.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/a_text_purpose.ts
index 95fee11e9..a9e4a27fb 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/a_text_purpose.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/a_text_purpose.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { ARIAMapper } from "../../v2/aria/ARIAMapper";
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
 
-export let a_text_purpose: Rule = {
+export const a_text_purpose: Rule = {
     id: "a_text_purpose",
     // doc-biblioref is a link
     context: "aria:link,aria:doc-biblioref",
@@ -52,15 +52,17 @@ export let a_text_purpose: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
 
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext)) {
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext)) {
             return null;
         }
         
         // Rule only passes if an element has inner content,
         // in the case that there is only hidden content under the the element it is a violation
+        const accName_pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(ruleContext);
         let passed =
-            ARIAMapper.computeName(ruleContext).trim().length > 0
-            || RPTUtil.nonTabableChildCheck(ruleContext);
+            (accName_pair && accName_pair.name && accName_pair.name.trim().length > 0) 
+            /**ARIAMapper.computeName(ruleContext).trim().length > 0*/
+            || CommonUtil.nonTabableChildCheck(ruleContext);
         if (!passed) {
             return RuleFail("fail_acc_name");
         } else {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/applet_alt_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/applet_alt_exists.ts
index 4aad2cb3b..3429d8400 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/applet_alt_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/applet_alt_exists.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let applet_alt_exists: Rule = {
+export const applet_alt_exists: Rule = {
     id: "applet_alt_exists",
     context: "dom:applet",
     refactor: {
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ export let applet_alt_exists: Rule = {
         //skip the rule
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
         // JCH - NO OUT OF SCOPE hidden in context
-        if (!RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "alt")) {
+        if (!CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "alt")) {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
         } else {
             let alt = ruleContext.getAttribute("alt").trim();
             if (ruleContext.hasAttribute("code") && alt == ruleContext.getAttribute("code").trim()) {
                 return RuleFail("Fail_2");
-            } else if (!RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext)) {
+            } else if (!CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext)) {
                 return RuleFail("Fail_3");
             } else {
                 return RulePass("Pass_0");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/application_content_accessible.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/application_content_accessible.ts
index 2df7ed075..803beb817 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/application_content_accessible.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/application_content_accessible.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let application_content_accessible: Rule = {
+export const application_content_accessible: Rule = {
     id: "application_content_accessible",
     context: "aria:application",
     refactor: {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ export let application_content_accessible: Rule = {
         for (let i = 0; passed && i < children.length; i++) {
             if (children[i].nodeType === 1) {
                 if (VisUtil.isNodeVisible(children[i])) {
-                    passed = RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(children[i], "document") || RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(children[i], "article");
+                    passed = AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(children[i], "document") || AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(children[i], "article");
                 }
             } else if (children[i].nodeType === 3) {
                 passed = children[i].nodeValue.trim().length === 0;
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/area_alt_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/area_alt_exists.ts
index bd0928f50..aefdfe499 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/area_alt_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/area_alt_exists.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let area_alt_exists: Rule = {
+export const area_alt_exists: Rule = {
     id: "area_alt_exists",
     context: "dom:area",
     refactor: {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ export let area_alt_exists: Rule = {
         //skip the rule
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
         // JCH - NO OUT OF SCOPE hidden in context
-        if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "alt")) {
+        if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "alt")) {
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
         } else {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_accessiblename_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_accessiblename_exists.ts
index 97c9dc7c2..3bf34c013 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_accessiblename_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_accessiblename_exists.ts
@@ -13,14 +13,15 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
-import { getDeprecatedAriaRoles, getDeprecatedAriaAttributes, getRolesUndefinedByAria} from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
 
 export const aria_accessiblename_exists: Rule = {
     id: "aria_accessiblename_exists",
-    context: "aria:columnheader, aria:form, aria:heading, aria:rowheader, aria:table, aria:graphics-document,aria:graphics-symbol, doc-backlink, doc-biblioentry, doc-biblioref, doc-glossref, doc-noteref, doc-pagebreak",
+    context: "aria:columnheader, aria:form, aria:heading, aria:rowheader, aria:table, aria:graphics-document,aria:graphics-symbol, aria:img,aria:image, doc-backlink, doc-biblioentry, doc-biblioref, doc-glossref, doc-noteref, doc-pagebreak, doc-example",
     help: {
         "en-US": {
             "pass": "aria_accessiblename_exists.html",
@@ -58,24 +59,19 @@ export const aria_accessiblename_exists: Rule = {
             && ruleContext.firstElementChild.textContent && ruleContext.firstElementChild.textContent.trim().length > 0)
             return RulePass("pass");
 
-        const invalidRoles = getRolesUndefinedByAria(ruleContext);
+        const invalidRoles = AriaUtil.getRolesUndefinedByAria(ruleContext);
         if (invalidRoles && invalidRoles.length > 0) return null;
-        const deprecatedRoles = getDeprecatedAriaRoles(ruleContext);
+        const deprecatedRoles = AriaUtil.getDeprecatedAriaRoles(ruleContext);
         if (deprecatedRoles && deprecatedRoles.length > 0) return null;
-        const deprecatedAttributes = getDeprecatedAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
+        const deprecatedAttributes = AriaUtil.getDeprecatedAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
         if (deprecatedAttributes && deprecatedAttributes.length > 0) return null;
 
-        if ( RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).trim().length === 0 && !RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title")) {
-            let roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, true);
-            //when multiple roles specified, only the first valid role is applied, and the others just as fallbacks
-            if (roles && roles.length > 0 && ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[roles[0]] && ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[roles[0]].nameFrom && ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[roles[0]].nameFrom.includes("contents")) {
-                //if (!RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext).trim().length === 0)
-                //exclude the hidden text?
-                if (!RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext))
-                    return RuleFail("fail_no_accessible_name", [ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase(), roles[0]]);  
-            } else 
-                return RuleFail("fail_no_accessible_name", [ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase(), roles[0]]);   
-        }
+        let role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(ruleContext);
+        
+        const name_pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(ruleContext);
+        if (!name_pair || !name_pair.name || name_pair.name.trim().length === 0)
+            return RuleFail("fail_no_accessible_name", [ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase(), role]);
+
         return RulePass("pass");
     }
 }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_activedescendant_tabindex_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_activedescendant_tabindex_valid.ts
index 6d2acc5e0..ef3239c52 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_activedescendant_tabindex_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_activedescendant_tabindex_valid.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let aria_activedescendant_tabindex_valid: Rule = {
+export const aria_activedescendant_tabindex_valid: Rule = {
     id: "aria_activedescendant_tabindex_valid",
     context: "dom:*[aria-activedescendant]",
     refactor: {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export let aria_activedescendant_tabindex_valid: Rule = {
         //  1. In the case that this element has a disabled attribute and the element supports it, we mark this rule as passed.
         //  2. In the case that this element has an aria-disabled attribute then, we mark this rule as passed.
         // For both of the cases above we do not need to perform any further checks, as the element is disabled in some form or another.
-        if (RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext)) {
+        if (CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext)) {
             return null;
         }
 
@@ -67,11 +67,11 @@ export let aria_activedescendant_tabindex_valid: Rule = {
             return;
 
         // If the tabindex attribute is provided then verify that it is 0 or -1
-        passed = RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext);
+        passed = CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext);
 
         // pass if one of the children is tabbable. in this case, the tab will stop on the first tabbable element
         if (!passed) 
-            passed = RPTUtil.getTabbableChildren(ruleContext) > 0;
+            passed = CommonUtil.getTabbableChildren(ruleContext) > 0;
 
         // Build array for node token
         let retToken1 = new Array();
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_activedescendant_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_activedescendant_valid.ts
index e13b21e91..49c2535cd 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_activedescendant_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_activedescendant_valid.ts
@@ -11,14 +11,15 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
 
-export let aria_activedescendant_valid: Rule = {
+export const aria_activedescendant_valid: Rule = {
     id: "aria_activedescendant_valid",
     context: "dom:*[aria-activedescendant]",
     refactor: {
@@ -60,11 +61,11 @@ export let aria_activedescendant_valid: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // combobox active descendants handled by 'combobox_active_descendant'
-        if (RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "combobox")) {
+        if (AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "combobox")) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let descendant_id = RPTUtil.getAriaAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-activedescendant");
+        let descendant_id = AriaUtil.getAriaAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-activedescendant");
         // POF1: The attribute is empty
         if (!descendant_id || descendant_id.trim() === "") {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ export let aria_activedescendant_valid: Rule = {
 
         // or is a logical descendant as indicated by the aria-owns attribute.
         if (ruleContext.hasAttribute("aria-owns")) {
-            let owned_ids = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-owns").trim()).split(" ");
+            let owned_ids = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-owns").trim()).split(" ");
             for (let i = 0; i < owned_ids.length; i++) {
                 let owned_ele = FragmentUtil.getById(ruleContext, owned_ids[i]);
                 if (owned_ele && !DOMUtil.sameNode(owned_ele, ruleContext) && owned_ele.contains(descendant)) {
@@ -105,16 +106,16 @@ export let aria_activedescendant_valid: Rule = {
         //  textbox refers to either a descendant of the element controlled by the textbox or is a logical 
         //  descendant of that controlled element as indicated by the aria-owns attribute.
         //
-        if (RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "textbox") && ruleContext.hasAttribute("aria-controls")) {
+        if (AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "textbox") && ruleContext.hasAttribute("aria-controls")) {
             pofId = 3;
-            let controlled_ids = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-controls").trim()).split(" ");
+            let controlled_ids = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-controls").trim()).split(" ");
             for (let i = 0; i < controlled_ids.length; i++) {
                 let controlled_ele = FragmentUtil.getById(ruleContext, controlled_ids[i]);
                 if (controlled_ele && !DOMUtil.sameNode(controlled_ele, ruleContext) && controlled_ele.contains(descendant)) {
                     return RulePass("Pass_0");
                 }
                 if (controlled_ele.hasAttribute("aria-owns")) {
-                    let owns_ids = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(controlled_ele.getAttribute("aria-owns").trim()).split(" ");
+                    let owns_ids = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(controlled_ele.getAttribute("aria-owns").trim()).split(" ");
                     for (let j = 0; j < owns_ids.length; j++) {
                         let owned_ele = FragmentUtil.getById(ruleContext, owns_ids[j]);
                         if (owned_ele && !DOMUtil.sameNode(owned_ele, ruleContext) && owned_ele.contains(descendant)) {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_application_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_application_label_unique.ts
index a0cb935c2..c9f21ef9b 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_application_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_application_label_unique.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let aria_application_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_application_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_application_label_unique",
     context: "aria:application",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ export let aria_application_label_unique: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
         // Also, consider Implicit role checking.
-        let landmarks = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+        let landmarks = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "application",
             true,
@@ -59,20 +60,20 @@ export let aria_application_label_unique: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let dupes = getCache(
+        let dupes = CacheUtil.getCache(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "aria_application_label_unique",
             null
         );
         if (!dupes) {
-            dupes = RPTUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
-            setCache(
+            dupes = AriaUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "aria_application_label_unique",
                 dupes
             );
         }
-        let myLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+        let myLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
         let passed =
             myLabel !== "" && (!(myLabel in dupes) || dupes[myLabel] <= 1);
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_application_labelled.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_application_labelled.ts
index 4bdc379a2..759a89b7b 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_application_labelled.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_application_labelled.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,12 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let aria_application_labelled: Rule = {
+export const aria_application_labelled: Rule = {
     id: "aria_application_labelled",
     context: "aria:application",
     refactor: {
@@ -48,9 +50,9 @@ export let aria_application_labelled: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
-        let passed = RPTUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
-        // return new ValidationResult(passed, [ruleContext], 'role', '', []);
-        if (!passed) {
+        
+        const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(ruleContext);
+        if (!pair) {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
         } else {
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_article_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_article_label_unique.ts
index 7af4f9135..49a925455 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_article_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_article_label_unique.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let aria_article_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_article_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_article_label_unique",
     context: "aria:article",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ export let aria_article_label_unique: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
         // Also, consider Implicit role checking.
-        let landmarks = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+        let landmarks = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "article",
             true,
@@ -59,20 +60,20 @@ export let aria_article_label_unique: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let dupes = getCache(
+        let dupes = CacheUtil.getCache(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "aria_article_label_unique",
             null
         );
         if (!dupes) {
-            dupes = RPTUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
-            setCache(
+            dupes = AriaUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "aria_article_label_unique",
                 dupes
             );
         }
-        let myLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+        let myLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
         let passed =
             myLabel === "" || !(myLabel in dupes) || dupes[myLabel] <= 1;
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_allowed.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_allowed.ts
index 60c81f01e..95a08568e 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_allowed.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_allowed.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
 
-export let aria_attribute_allowed: Rule = {
+export const aria_attribute_allowed: Rule = {
     id: "aria_attribute_allowed",
     context: "dom:*",
     refactor: {
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ export let aria_attribute_allowed: Rule = {
             let testedProperties = 0;
             for (let i = 0, length = contextAttributes.length; i < length; i++) {
                 let attrName = contextAttributes[i].name;
-                if (RPTUtil.isDefinedAriaAttribute(ruleContext, attrName)) {
+                if (AriaUtil.isDefinedAriaAttribute(ruleContext, attrName)) {
                     testedProperties++;
                     // Now we just have aria attributes which can
                     // pass or fail based on whether there property is valid
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_conflict.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_conflict.ts
index 27c7b3d11..23e732fd9 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_conflict.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_conflict.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getInvalidAriaAttributes, getConflictAriaAndHtmlAttributes } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let aria_attribute_conflict: Rule = {
+export const aria_attribute_conflict: Rule = {
     id: "aria_attribute_conflict",
     context: "dom:*[aria-required], dom:*[aria-autocomplete], dom:*[aria-readonly], dom:*[aria-disabled], dom:*[aria-placeholder]" 
             + ", dom:*[aria-checked], dom:*[aria-hidden], dom:*[aria-valuemax], dom:*[aria-valuemin], dom:*[aria-colspan]"
@@ -46,25 +46,22 @@ export let aria_attribute_conflict: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         
         // dependency check: if the ARIA attribute is completely invalid, skip this check
-        let invalidAttributes = getInvalidAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
+        let invalidAttributes = AriaUtil.getInvalidAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
         if (invalidAttributes && invalidAttributes.length > 0)
             return null;
         
         let ret = [];
-        let ariaAttributes = RPTUtil.getUserDefinedAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
+        let ariaAttributes = AriaUtil.getUserDefinedAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
         if (!ariaAttributes || ariaAttributes.length ===0)
             return null;
 
-        let conflictAttributes = getConflictAriaAndHtmlAttributes(ruleContext);
+        let conflictAttributes = AriaUtil.getConflictAriaAndHtmlAttributes(ruleContext);
         for (let i = 0; i < conflictAttributes.length; i++) {
             ret.push(RuleFail("fail_conflict", [conflictAttributes[i]['ariaAttr'], conflictAttributes[i]['htmlAttr']]));
             if (ariaAttributes.includes(conflictAttributes[i]['ariaAttr']))
-                RPTUtil.reduceArrayItemList([conflictAttributes[i]['ariaAttr']], ariaAttributes);
+                CommonUtil.reduceArrayItemList([conflictAttributes[i]['ariaAttr']], ariaAttributes);
         }
 
-        //for (let i = 0; i < ariaAttributes.length; i++)
-        //    ret.push(RulePass("pass"));
-        
         if (ret.length > 0) 
             return ret;
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_deprecated.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_deprecated.ts
index e72a9b87d..25a96101f 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_deprecated.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_deprecated.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { getDeprecatedAriaRoles, getDeprecatedAriaAttributes } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
 
-export let aria_attribute_deprecated: Rule = {
+export const aria_attribute_deprecated: Rule = {
     id: "aria_attribute_deprecated",
     context: "dom:*",
     help: {
@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ export let aria_attribute_deprecated: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         
         let ret = [];
-        const deprecatedRoles = getDeprecatedAriaRoles(ruleContext);
+        const deprecatedRoles = AriaUtil.getDeprecatedAriaRoles(ruleContext);
         if (deprecatedRoles && deprecatedRoles.length > 0) {
             for (let i = 0; i < deprecatedRoles.length; i++)
                 ret.push(RuleFail('fail_aria_role', [deprecatedRoles[i]]));     
         }
 
-        const deprecatedAttributes = getDeprecatedAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
+        const deprecatedAttributes = AriaUtil.getDeprecatedAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
         if (deprecatedAttributes && deprecatedAttributes.length > 0) {
             for (let i = 0; i < deprecatedAttributes.length; i++) {
                 // "role":"any", "attribute":ariaAttrs[i]}
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_exists.ts
index b4e17c280..fe5d4ab6a 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_exists.ts
@@ -13,11 +13,12 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let aria_attribute_exists: Rule = {
+export const aria_attribute_exists: Rule = {
     id: "aria_attribute_exists",
     context: "dom:*[role]",
     dependencies: ["aria_role_allowed"],
@@ -57,55 +58,56 @@ export let aria_attribute_exists: Rule = {
 
         let attrNameArr = new Array();
         let designPatterns = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns;
-        let hasAttribute = RPTUtil.hasAttribute;
+        let hasAttribute = CommonUtil.hasAttribute;
         let testedProperties = 0;
 
-        let roles = ruleContext.getAttribute("role").trim().toLowerCase().split(/\s+/);
-        for (let j = 0; j < roles.length; ++j) {
-            if (designPatterns[roles[j]] && RPTUtil.getRoleRequiredProperties(roles[j], ruleContext) != null) {
-                let requiredRoleProps = RPTUtil.getRoleRequiredProperties(roles[j], ruleContext);
-                for (let i = 0, length = requiredRoleProps.length; i < length; i++) {
-                    let attribute = requiredRoleProps[i];
-                    if (hasAttribute(ruleContext, attribute)) {
+        let role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(ruleContext);
+        if (!role) return;
+        if (designPatterns[role] && AriaUtil.getRoleRequiredProperties(role, ruleContext) != null) {
+            let requiredRoleProps = AriaUtil.getRoleRequiredProperties(role, ruleContext);
+            for (let i = 0, length = requiredRoleProps.length; i < length; i++) {
+                let attribute = requiredRoleProps[i];
+                if (hasAttribute(ruleContext, attribute)) {
+                    testedProperties++;
+                    let nodeValue = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(ruleContext.getAttribute(requiredRoleProps[i]));
+                    if (nodeValue.length == 0) attrNameArr.push(requiredRoleProps[i]);
+                } else if (requiredRoleProps[i] == "aria-labelledby") {
+                    if ((role == "radiogroup") && (hasAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-label"))) {
                         testedProperties++;
-                        let nodeValue = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(ruleContext.getAttribute(requiredRoleProps[i]));
-                        if (nodeValue.length == 0) attrNameArr.push(requiredRoleProps[i]);
-                    } else if (requiredRoleProps[i] == "aria-labelledby") {
-                        if ((roles[i] == "radiogroup") && (hasAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-label"))) {
-                            testedProperties++;
-                            let nodeValue = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-label"));
-                            if (nodeValue.length == 0) attrNameArr.push("aria-label");
-                        }
-                    } else if (requiredRoleProps[i] == "aria-valuenow") {
-                        if ((roles[i] == "progressbar") && (hasAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-valuetext"))) {
-                            testedProperties++;
-                            let nodeValue = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-valuetext"));
-                            if (nodeValue.length == 0) attrNameArr.push("aria-valuetext");
-                        }
+                        let nodeValue = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-label"));
+                        if (nodeValue.length == 0) attrNameArr.push("aria-label");
+                    }
+                } else if (requiredRoleProps[i] == "aria-valuenow") {
+                    if ((role == "progressbar") && (hasAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-valuetext"))) {
+                        testedProperties++;
+                        let nodeValue = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-valuetext"));
+                        if (nodeValue.length == 0) attrNameArr.push("aria-valuetext");
                     }
                 }
             }
-            if (designPatterns[roles[j]]) {
-                let tagProperty = RPTUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext);
-                let permittedRoles = [];
-                permittedRoles.push(roles[j]);
-                let allowedAttributes = RPTUtil.getAllowedAriaAttributes(ruleContext, permittedRoles, tagProperty);
-                for (let i = 0, length = allowedAttributes.length; i < length; i++) {
-                    let attribute = allowedAttributes[i];
-                    if (attribute == "aria-checked" || attribute == "aria-selected" ||
-                        attribute == "aria-expanded" || attribute == "aria-orientation" ||
-                        attribute == "aria-level") {
-                        if (hasAttribute(ruleContext, attribute)) {
-                            testedProperties++;
-                            let nodeValue = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(ruleContext.getAttribute(attribute));
-                            if (nodeValue.length == 0 && !attrNameArr.includes(attribute)) {
-                                attrNameArr.push(attribute);
-                            }
+        }
+        
+        if (designPatterns[role]) {
+            let tagProperty = AriaUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext);
+            let permittedRoles = [];
+            permittedRoles.push(role);
+            let allowedAttributes = AriaUtil.getAllowedAriaAttributes(ruleContext, permittedRoles, tagProperty);
+            for (let i = 0, length = allowedAttributes.length; i < length; i++) {
+                let attribute = allowedAttributes[i];
+                if (attribute == "aria-checked" || attribute == "aria-selected" ||
+                    attribute == "aria-expanded" || attribute == "aria-orientation" ||
+                    attribute == "aria-level") {
+                    if (hasAttribute(ruleContext, attribute)) {
+                        testedProperties++;
+                        let nodeValue = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(ruleContext.getAttribute(attribute));
+                        if (nodeValue.length == 0 && !attrNameArr.includes(attribute)) {
+                            attrNameArr.push(attribute);
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
+
         let retMsg = new Array();
         let passed = attrNameArr.length == 0;
         retMsg.push(attrNameArr.join(", "));
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_redundant.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_redundant.ts
index cfd8ca0d3..d69ffd4af 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_redundant.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_redundant.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getInvalidAriaAttributes, getConflictAriaAndHtmlAttributes } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
 
-export let aria_attribute_redundant: Rule = {
+export const aria_attribute_redundant: Rule = {
     id: "aria_attribute_redundant",
     context: "dom:*[aria-required], dom:*[aria-autocomplete], dom:*[aria-readonly], dom:*[aria-disabled], dom:*[aria-placeholder]" 
             + ", dom:*[aria-checked], dom:*[aria-hidden], dom:*[aria-valuemax], dom:*[aria-valuemin], dom:*[aria-colspan]"
@@ -46,12 +45,12 @@ export let aria_attribute_redundant: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         
         // dependency check: if the ARIA attribute is completely invalid, skip this check
-        let invalidAttributes = getInvalidAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
+        let invalidAttributes = AriaUtil.getInvalidAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
         if (invalidAttributes && invalidAttributes.length > 0)
             return null;
 
         // if conflict already reported, ignore reporting overlap
-        let conflictAttributes = getConflictAriaAndHtmlAttributes(ruleContext);
+        let conflictAttributes = AriaUtil.getConflictAriaAndHtmlAttributes(ruleContext);
         if (conflictAttributes && conflictAttributes.length > 0)
             return null;
 
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ export let aria_attribute_redundant: Rule = {
         }
         let ret = [];
         for (let i = 0; i < ariaAttrs.length; i++) {
-            const examinedHtmlAtrNames = RPTUtil.getConflictOrOverlappingHtmlAttribute(ariaAttrs[i], htmlAttrs, 'overlapping');
+            const examinedHtmlAtrNames = AriaUtil.getConflictOrOverlappingHtmlAttribute(ariaAttrs[i], htmlAttrs, 'overlapping');
             if (examinedHtmlAtrNames === null) continue;
             examinedHtmlAtrNames.forEach(item => {
                 if (item['result'] === 'Pass') { //pass
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_required.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_required.ts
index cd6f62443..b8e4ab17f 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_required.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_required.ts
@@ -12,11 +12,12 @@
  *****************************************************************************/
 
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let aria_attribute_required: Rule = {
+export const aria_attribute_required: Rule = {
     id: "aria_attribute_required",
     context: "dom:*[role]",
     dependencies: ["aria_role_allowed"],
@@ -52,55 +53,51 @@ export let aria_attribute_required: Rule = {
         let attrNameArr = new Array();
         let roleNameArr = new Array();
         let designPatterns = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns;
-        let roles = ruleContext.getAttribute("role").trim().toLowerCase().split(/\s+/);
         //let implicitRole = ARIAMapper.elemToImplicitRole(ruleContext);
-        let implicitRole = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
-        let hasAttribute = RPTUtil.hasAttribute;
+        //let implicitRole = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
+        let hasAttribute = CommonUtil.hasAttribute;
         let testedRoles = 0;
 
-        let tagProperty = RPTUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext);
-        for (let j = 0, rolesLength = roles.length; j < rolesLength; ++j) {
-            if (implicitRole.length > 0 && implicitRole.includes(roles[j])) continue;
-            if (designPatterns[roles[j]] && RPTUtil.getRoleRequiredProperties(roles[j], ruleContext) != null) {
-                let requiredRoleProps = RPTUtil.getRoleRequiredProperties(roles[j], ruleContext);
-                let allowedRoleProps = RPTUtil.getAllowedAriaAttributes(ruleContext, roles[j], tagProperty);
-                let roleMissingReqProp = false;
-                testedRoles++;
-                for (let i = 0, propertiesLength = requiredRoleProps.length; i < propertiesLength; i++) {
-                    if (!allowedRoleProps.includes(requiredRoleProps[i])) continue;
-                    if (!hasAttribute(ruleContext, requiredRoleProps[i])) {
-                        // If an aria-labelledby isn't present, an aria-label will meet the requirement.
-                        if (requiredRoleProps[i] == "aria-labelledby") {
-                            if ((!hasAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-label")) || (roles[i] != "radiogroup")) {
-                                attrNameArr.push(requiredRoleProps[i]);
-                                roleMissingReqProp = true;
-                            }
-                        } else if (requiredRoleProps[i] == "aria-valuenow") {
-                            if ((!hasAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-valuetext")) || (roles[i] != "progressbar")) {
-                                attrNameArr.push(requiredRoleProps[i]);
-                                roleMissingReqProp = true;
-                            }
-                        } else if (requiredRoleProps[i] == "aria-controls" && roles[j] == "combobox") {
-                            // Skip this check since aria-controls in the textbox of a combobox is already handled in rule HAAC_Combobox_Must_have_Text_Input
-                        } else {
+        let tagProperty = AriaUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext);
+        let role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(ruleContext);
+        if (!role) return;
+        
+        let requiredRoleProps = AriaUtil.getRoleRequiredProperties(role, ruleContext);
+        if (designPatterns[role] && requiredRoleProps !== null) {
+            let allowedRoleProps = AriaUtil.getAllowedAriaAttributes(ruleContext, role, tagProperty);
+            let roleMissingReqProp = false;
+            for (let i = 0, propertiesLength = requiredRoleProps.length; i < propertiesLength; i++) {
+                if (!allowedRoleProps.includes(requiredRoleProps[i])) continue;
+                if (!hasAttribute(ruleContext, requiredRoleProps[i])) {
+                    // If an aria-labelledby isn't present, an aria-label will meet the requirement.
+                    if (requiredRoleProps[i] == "aria-labelledby") {
+                        if ((!hasAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-label")) || (role != "radiogroup")) {
                             attrNameArr.push(requiredRoleProps[i]);
                             roleMissingReqProp = true;
                         }
+                    } else if (requiredRoleProps[i] == "aria-valuenow") {
+                        if ((!hasAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-valuetext")) || (role != "progressbar")) {
+                            attrNameArr.push(requiredRoleProps[i]);
+                            roleMissingReqProp = true;
+                        }
+                    } else if (requiredRoleProps[i] == "aria-controls" && role == "combobox") {
+                        // Skip this check since aria-controls in the textbox of a combobox is already handled in rule HAAC_Combobox_Must_have_Text_Input
+                    } else {
+                        attrNameArr.push(requiredRoleProps[i]);
+                        roleMissingReqProp = true;
                     }
                 }
-                if (roleMissingReqProp == true) {
-                    roleNameArr.push(roles[j]);
-                }
+            }
+            if (roleMissingReqProp == true) {
+                roleNameArr.push(role);
             }
         }
-        let retToken = new Array();
-        let passed = attrNameArr.length == 0; // only aria attributes so NO OUT OF SCOPE
-        retToken.push(roleNameArr.join(", "));
-        retToken.push(attrNameArr.join(", "));
-        //return new ValidationResult(passed, [ruleContext], attrNameArr, '', passed == true ? [] : retToken);
-        if (testedRoles === 0) {
-            return null;
-        } else if (!passed) {
+        
+        let passed = roleNameArr.length == 0 || attrNameArr.length == 0; // only aria attributes so NO OUT OF SCOPE
+        if (!passed) {
+            let retToken = new Array();
+            retToken.push(roleNameArr.join(", "));
+            retToken.push(attrNameArr.join(", "));
             return RuleFail("fail_missing", retToken);
         } else {
             return RulePass("pass");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_value_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_value_valid.ts
index 1595668d2..0c0fb5209 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_value_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_attribute_value_valid.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
 
-export let aria_attribute_value_valid: Rule = {
+export const aria_attribute_value_valid: Rule = {
     id: "aria_attribute_value_valid",
     context: "dom:*",
     dependencies: ["aria_attribute_allowed"],
@@ -59,9 +60,9 @@ export let aria_attribute_value_valid: Rule = {
         if (contextAttributes) {
             for (let i = 0, length = contextAttributes.length; i < length; i++) {
                 let attrName = contextAttributes[i].name;
-                if (RPTUtil.isDefinedAriaAttribute(ruleContext, attrName)) {
+                if (AriaUtil.isDefinedAriaAttribute(ruleContext, attrName)) {
                     let dataTypes = propertyDataTypes[attrName];
-                    let nodeValue = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(contextAttributes[i].nodeValue);
+                    let nodeValue = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(contextAttributes[i].nodeValue);
                     testedPropertyValues++;
                     if (dataTypes && dataTypes.values) {
                         if (dataTypes.values.indexOf(nodeValue) == -1) {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_banner_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_banner_label_unique.ts
index 8db62258e..32ca8ef6f 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_banner_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_banner_label_unique.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let aria_banner_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_banner_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_banner_label_unique",
     context: "aria:banner",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ export let aria_banner_label_unique: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
         // Also, consider Implicit role checking.
-        let landmarks = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+        let landmarks = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "banner",
             true,
@@ -59,20 +60,20 @@ export let aria_banner_label_unique: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let dupes = getCache(
+        let dupes = CacheUtil.getCache(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "aria_banner_label_unique",
             null
         );
         if (!dupes) {
-            dupes = RPTUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
-            setCache(
+            dupes = AriaUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "aria_banner_label_unique",
                 dupes
             );
         }
-        let myLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+        let myLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
         let passed =
             myLabel !== "" && (!(myLabel in dupes) || dupes[myLabel] <= 1);
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_banner_single.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_banner_single.ts
index 8f1f26ade..667aae991 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_banner_single.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_banner_single.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
 
-export let aria_banner_single: Rule = {
+export const aria_banner_single: Rule = {
     id: "aria_banner_single",
     context: "dom:*[role], dom:header",
     refactor: {
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ export let aria_banner_single: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        if (!RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "banner")) {
+        if (!AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "banner")) {
             return null;
         }
 
         let passed =
-            RPTUtil.getSiblingWithRoleHidden(
+            AriaUtil.getSiblingWithRoleHidden(
                 ruleContext,
                 "banner",
                 true,
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_child_tabbable.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_child_tabbable.ts
index 78ac0b58d..46bf9c59b 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_child_tabbable.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_child_tabbable.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let aria_child_tabbable: Rule = {
+export const aria_child_tabbable: Rule = {
     id: "aria_child_tabbable",
     context: "dom:*[role]",
     dependencies: ["aria_role_allowed"],
@@ -51,15 +52,15 @@ export let aria_child_tabbable: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
 
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return;
         
         //skip the check if the element requires presentational children only
-        if (RPTUtil.containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.shouldBePresentationalChild(ruleContext))
+        if (AriaUtil.containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(ruleContext) || AriaUtil.shouldBePresentationalChild(ruleContext))
             return;
 
         // An ARIA list is not interactive
-        if (RPTUtil.hasRole(ruleContext, { "list": true, "row": true, "rowgroup": true, "table": true, "grid": true })) {
+        if (AriaUtil.hasRole(ruleContext, { "list": true, "row": true, "rowgroup": true, "table": true, "grid": true })) {
             return null;
         }
 
@@ -83,13 +84,13 @@ export let aria_child_tabbable: Rule = {
             */
             const elem = ruleContext.ownerDocument.querySelector(`*[aria-controls='${id}'][aria-haspopup='true'], *[aria-controls='${id}'][aria-expanded='true']`);
             const containers = ['combobox', 'listbox', 'menu', 'menubar', 'radiogroup', 'tree', 'treegrid'];
-            if (elem && RPTUtil.isTabbable(elem) && roles && roles.length >0 && roles.some(r=>containers.includes(r)))
+            if (elem && CommonUtil.isTabbable(elem) && roles && roles.length >0 && roles.some(r=>containers.includes(r)))
                 return null;
         }
 
         let passed = true;
         let doc = ruleContext.ownerDocument;
-        let hasAttribute = RPTUtil.hasAttribute;
+        let hasAttribute = CommonUtil.hasAttribute;
         let roleNameArr = new Array();
         let nodeName = "";
         let inScope = false;
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ export let aria_child_tabbable: Rule = {
         for (let j = 0; j < roles.length; ++j) {
             if (ARIADefinitions.containers.includes(roles[j])) {
                 let disabled = hasAttribute(ruleContext, 'aria-disabled') ? ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-disabled") : '';
-                if (disabled != 'true' && !hasAttribute(ruleContext, 'aria-activedescendant') && !RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) {
+                if (disabled != 'true' && !hasAttribute(ruleContext, 'aria-activedescendant') && !CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) {
                     let reqChildren = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[roles[j]].reqChildren;
                     if (reqChildren) {
                         inScope = true;
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ export let aria_child_tabbable: Rule = {
                             xp += "@role='" + reqChildren[i] + "' or ";
                         }
                         xp = xp.substring(0, xp.length - 4) + ']';
-                        let xpathResult = doc.evaluate(xp, ruleContext, RPTUtil.defaultNSResolver, 0 /* XPathResult.ANY_TYPE */, null);
+                        let xpathResult = doc.evaluate(xp, ruleContext, CommonUtil.defaultNSResolver, 0 /* XPathResult.ANY_TYPE */, null);
                         let r: Element = xpathResult.iterateNext() as Element;
                         while (r && !passed) {
                             // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
@@ -118,17 +119,17 @@ export let aria_child_tabbable: Rule = {
                             //
                             // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
                             //       so on and so forth.
-                            if (RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(r)) {
+                            if (CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(r)) {
                                 r = xpathResult.iterateNext() as Element;
                                 continue;
                             }
 
-                            passed = RPTUtil.isTabbable(r);
+                            passed = CommonUtil.isTabbable(r);
                            
                             // Required child is not focusable via tabindex. See if there is a grandchild that is focusable by default or by tabindex.
                             if (!passed) {
                                 let xp2 = "descendant::*";
-                                let xpathResult2 = doc.evaluate(xp2, r, RPTUtil.defaultNSResolver, 0 /* XPathResult.ANY_TYPE */, null);
+                                let xpathResult2 = doc.evaluate(xp2, r, CommonUtil.defaultNSResolver, 0 /* XPathResult.ANY_TYPE */, null);
                                 let r2 = xpathResult2.iterateNext();
                                 while (r2 && !passed) {
                                     // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
@@ -139,11 +140,11 @@ export let aria_child_tabbable: Rule = {
                                     //
                                     // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
                                     //       so on and so forth.
-                                    if (RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(r2)) {
+                                    if (CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(r2)) {
                                         r2 = xpathResult2.iterateNext();
                                         continue;
                                     }
-                                    passed = RPTUtil.isTabbable(r);
+                                    passed = CommonUtil.isTabbable(r);
                                     r2 = xpathResult2.iterateNext();
                                 }
                             }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_child_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_child_valid.ts
index 9b2617614..4c9902b8e 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_child_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_child_valid.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let aria_child_valid: Rule = {
+export const aria_child_valid: Rule = {
     id: "aria_child_valid",
     //context: "dom:*[role]",
     //dependencies: ["Rpt_Aria_ValidRole"],
@@ -50,17 +51,17 @@ export let aria_child_valid: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
         
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return;
         
         //skip the check if the element requires presentational children only
-        if (RPTUtil.containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(ruleContext))
+        if (AriaUtil.containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(ruleContext))
             return;
         
-        let roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, false);
+        let roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, false);
         // if explicit role doesn't exist, get the implicit one
         if (!roles || roles.length === 0) 
-            roles =  RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
+            roles =  AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
         
         //ignore if the element doesn't have any explicit or implicit role, shouldn't happen
         if (!roles || roles.length === 0) 
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ export let aria_child_valid: Rule = {
         if (roles.includes("combobox"))
             return null;
         
-        let requiredChildRoles = RPTUtil.getRequiredChildRoles(ruleContext, true);
+        let requiredChildRoles = AriaUtil.getRequiredChildRoles(ruleContext, true);
         // a 'group' role is allowed but not required for some elements so remove it if exists
         if (requiredChildRoles.includes('group')) {
             let index = requiredChildRoles.indexOf('group');
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ export let aria_child_valid: Rule = {
 
         // get all the children from accessibility tree, 
         // including ones with aria-owns    
-        let directATChildren = RPTUtil.getDirectATChildren(ruleContext);
+        let directATChildren = AriaUtil.getDirectATChildren(ruleContext);
         
         if (!directATChildren || directATChildren.length == 0) {
             // the element with at least one required role dosen't contain any accessible child
@@ -114,10 +115,10 @@ export let aria_child_valid: Rule = {
         
         let violateElemRoles = new Array();
         for (let j=0; j < directATChildren.length; j++) {
-            let childRoles = RPTUtil.getRoles(directATChildren[j], false);
+            let childRoles = AriaUtil.getRoles(directATChildren[j], false);
             // if explicit role doesn't exist, get the implicit one
             if (!childRoles || childRoles.length == 0) 
-                childRoles =  RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(directATChildren[j]);
+                childRoles =  AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(directATChildren[j]);
             
             if (childRoles && childRoles.length > 0) {
                 /**
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_complementary_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_complementary_label_unique.ts
index 39f357221..90a93cae2 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_complementary_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_complementary_label_unique.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let aria_complementary_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_complementary_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_complementary_label_unique",
     context: "aria:complementary",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ export let aria_complementary_label_unique: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
         // Also, consider Implicit role checking.
-        let landmarks = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+        let landmarks = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "complementary",
             true,
@@ -59,20 +60,20 @@ export let aria_complementary_label_unique: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let dupes = getCache(
+        let dupes = CacheUtil.getCache(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "aria_complementary_label_unique",
             null
         );
         if (!dupes) {
-            dupes = RPTUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
-            setCache(
+            dupes = AriaUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "aria_complementary_label_unique",
                 dupes
             );
         }
-        let myLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+        let myLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
         let passed =
             myLabel !== "" && (!(myLabel in dupes) || dupes[myLabel] <= 1);
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_complementary_label_visible.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_complementary_label_visible.ts
index 82110443c..24a081940 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_complementary_label_visible.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_complementary_label_visible.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let aria_complementary_label_visible: Rule = {
+export const aria_complementary_label_visible: Rule = {
     id: "aria_complementary_label_visible",
     context: "dom:*[role], dom:aside",
     dependencies: ["aria_complementary_labelled"],
@@ -47,11 +48,11 @@ export let aria_complementary_label_visible: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        if (!RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "complementary")) {
+        if (!AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "complementary")) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let passed = RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(
+        let passed = CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(
             ruleContext,
             "aria-labelledby"
         );
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_complementary_labelled.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_complementary_labelled.ts
index 2138e2689..4efeab70f 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_complementary_labelled.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_complementary_labelled.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,14 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let aria_complementary_labelled: Rule = {
+export const aria_complementary_labelled: Rule = {
     id: "aria_complementary_labelled",
     context: "aria:complementary",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,9 +51,8 @@ export let aria_complementary_labelled: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
         
-        let passed = RPTUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
-        //return new ValidationResult(passed, [ruleContext], 'role', '', []);
-        if (passed) {
+        const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(ruleContext);
+        if (pair) {
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
         } else {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_content_in_landmark.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_content_in_landmark.ts
index 57a404e30..a8cb8e3b3 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_content_in_landmark.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_content_in_landmark.ts
@@ -11,14 +11,16 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { TableUtil } from "../util/TableUtil";
 
-export let aria_content_in_landmark: Rule = {
+export const aria_content_in_landmark: Rule = {
     id: "aria_content_in_landmark",
     context: "dom:*",
     refactor: {
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ export let aria_content_in_landmark: Rule = {
     }],
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
-        let params = getCache(context.dom.node.ownerDocument, "aria_content_in_landmark", null);
+        let params = CacheUtil.getCache(context.dom.node.ownerDocument, "aria_content_in_landmark", null);
         if (!params) {
             params = {
                 landmarks: {
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ export let aria_content_in_landmark: Rule = {
                 params.mapNoLandmarkedRoles[params.noLandmarkedRoles.value[i]] = true;
             }
 
-            setCache(context.dom.node.ownerDocument, "aria_content_in_landmark", params);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(context.dom.node.ownerDocument, "aria_content_in_landmark", params);
         }
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         let nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
@@ -117,19 +119,19 @@ export let aria_content_in_landmark: Rule = {
         }
 
         let elemsWithoutContent = ["area", "input", "embed", "button", "textarea", "select"];
-        if (!RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext) && //only trigger the rule on elements that have content
+        if (!CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext) && //only trigger the rule on elements that have content
             elemsWithoutContent.indexOf(nodeName) === -1) { // a few elems wihout content should not be skipped
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
         }
 
         // Short circuit for layout tables
-        if (nodeName == "table" && RPTUtil.isLayoutTable(ruleContext)) {
+        if (nodeName == "table" && TableUtil.isLayoutTable(ruleContext)) {
             return null;
         }
 
         // Check if it is a possible orphan
         let passed = true;
-        let isPossibleOrphanedWidget = RPTUtil.hasRole(ruleContext, params.mapPossibleOrphanedWidgets, true);
+        let isPossibleOrphanedWidget = AriaUtil.hasRole(ruleContext, params.mapPossibleOrphanedWidgets, true);
         //exclude <link rel="stylesheet" href="xyz.css"> in the <head> and <body>(#608)
         //having link in the head could cause lot of violaions                    
         if (nodeName === 'link') {
@@ -145,29 +147,29 @@ export let aria_content_in_landmark: Rule = {
                 // Don't fail elements when a parent or sibling has failed - causes too many messages.
                 let walkElement = DOMWalker.parentElement(ruleContext);
                 while (!passed && walkElement != null) {
-                    passed = getCache(walkElement, "Rpt_Aria_OrphanedContent", false);
+                    passed = CacheUtil.getCache(walkElement, "Rpt_Aria_OrphanedContent", false);
                     walkElement = DOMWalker.parentElement(walkElement);
                 }
                 walkElement = ruleContext.nextElementSibling;
                 while (!passed && walkElement != null) {
-                    passed = getCache(walkElement, "Rpt_Aria_OrphanedContent", false);
+                    passed = CacheUtil.getCache(walkElement, "Rpt_Aria_OrphanedContent", false);
                     walkElement = walkElement.nextElementSibling;
                 }
                 walkElement = ruleContext.previousElementSibling;
                 while (!passed && walkElement != null) {
-                    passed = getCache(walkElement, "Rpt_Aria_OrphanedContent", false);
+                    passed = CacheUtil.getCache(walkElement, "Rpt_Aria_OrphanedContent", false);
                     walkElement = walkElement.previousElementSibling;
                 }
                 if (!passed) {
-                    setCache(ruleContext, "Rpt_Aria_OrphanedContent", true);
+                    CacheUtil.setCache(ruleContext, "Rpt_Aria_OrphanedContent", true);
 
                     // Don't trigger rule if element is a stand-alone widget
-                    passed = getCache(ruleContext, "Rpt_Aria_OrphanedContent_NoTrigger", false) ||
-                        RPTUtil.hasRole(ruleContext, params.mapNoLandmarkedRoles, true) ||
-                        RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, params.mapNoLandmarkedRoles, true);
+                    passed = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext, "Rpt_Aria_OrphanedContent_NoTrigger", false) ||
+                        AriaUtil.hasRole(ruleContext, params.mapNoLandmarkedRoles, true) ||
+                        AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, params.mapNoLandmarkedRoles, true);
 
                     if (passed) {
-                        setCache(ruleContext, "Rpt_Aria_OrphanedContent_NoTrigger", true);
+                        CacheUtil.setCache(ruleContext, "Rpt_Aria_OrphanedContent_NoTrigger", true);
                         return null;
                     }
                 } else {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_contentinfo_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_contentinfo_label_unique.ts
index aeefd8f23..7dfc16776 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_contentinfo_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_contentinfo_label_unique.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let aria_contentinfo_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_contentinfo_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_contentinfo_label_unique",
     context: "aria:contentinfo",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ export let aria_contentinfo_label_unique: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
         // Also, consider Implicit role checking.
-        let landmarks = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+        let landmarks = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "contentinfo",
             true,
@@ -59,20 +60,20 @@ export let aria_contentinfo_label_unique: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let dupes = getCache(
+        let dupes = CacheUtil.getCache(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "aria_contentinfo_label_unique",
             null
         );
         if (!dupes) {
-            dupes = RPTUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
-            setCache(
+            dupes = AriaUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "aria_contentinfo_label_unique",
                 dupes
             );
         }
-        let myLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+        let myLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
         let passed =
             myLabel !== "" && (!(myLabel in dupes) || dupes[myLabel] <= 1);
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_contentinfo_misuse.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_contentinfo_misuse.ts
index 432a3049f..4a9d6a18d 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_contentinfo_misuse.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_contentinfo_misuse.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let aria_contentinfo_misuse: Rule = {
+export const aria_contentinfo_misuse: Rule = {
     id: "aria_contentinfo_misuse",
     context: "dom:*[role], dom:footer, dom:address",
     refactor: {
@@ -48,13 +49,13 @@ export let aria_contentinfo_misuse: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         //consider implicit role
-        if (!RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "contentinfo")) {
+        if (!AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "contentinfo")) {
             return null;
         }
 
         // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
         let passed =
-            RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+            CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "main",
                 true,
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_contentinfo_single.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_contentinfo_single.ts
index 946fca5fd..f03e28de4 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_contentinfo_single.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_contentinfo_single.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
 
-export let aria_contentinfo_single: Rule = {
+export const aria_contentinfo_single: Rule = {
     id: "aria_contentinfo_single",
     context: "dom:*[role], dom:footer, dom:address",
     refactor: {
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ export let aria_contentinfo_single: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         //find out if <footer> element has siblings as <footer> has implicit contentinfo role
-        if (!RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "contentinfo")) {
+        if (!AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "contentinfo")) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let passed = !RPTUtil.getSiblingWithRoleHidden(
+        let passed = !AriaUtil.getSiblingWithRoleHidden(
             ruleContext,
             "contentinfo",
             true,
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_descendant_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_descendant_valid.ts
index 188bebad6..73304da90 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_descendant_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_descendant_valid.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let aria_descendant_valid: Rule = {
+export const aria_descendant_valid: Rule = {
     id: "aria_descendant_valid",
     context: "dom:*",
     dependencies: ["aria_role_valid"],
@@ -48,17 +49,17 @@ export let aria_descendant_valid: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
         
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return;
         
         //skip the check if the element doesn't require presentational children only
-        if (!RPTUtil.containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(ruleContext))
+        if (!AriaUtil.containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(ruleContext))
             return;
         
-        let roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, false);
+        let roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, false);
         // if explicit role doesn't exist, get the implicit one
         if (!roles || roles.length === 0) 
-            roles =  RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
+            roles =  AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
         
         //ignore if the element doesn't have any explicit or implicit role, shouldn't happen
         if (!roles || roles.length === 0) 
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ export let aria_descendant_valid: Rule = {
         let tagName = ruleContext.tagName.toLowerCase();
         // get all the children from accessibility tree, 
         // including ones with aria-owns    
-        let directATChildren = RPTUtil.getDirectATChildren(ruleContext);
+        let directATChildren = AriaUtil.getDirectATChildren(ruleContext);
         if (directATChildren && directATChildren.length > 0) {
             // the element with at least one non-presentational children
             let explicitRoles = new Array();
@@ -78,12 +79,12 @@ export let aria_descendant_valid: Rule = {
                 if (tag === 'img' || tag === 'svg') continue;
                 
                 // get explicit role if exists
-                let childRoles = RPTUtil.getRoles(directATChildren[j], false);
+                let childRoles = AriaUtil.getRoles(directATChildren[j], false);
                 if (childRoles && childRoles.length > 0) {
                     explicitRoles.push(childRoles.join(", "));
                 } else {
                     // get implicit role if exists
-                    childRoles =  RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(directATChildren[j]);
+                    childRoles =  AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(directATChildren[j]);
                     if (childRoles && childRoles.length > 0)
                         implicitRoles.push(childRoles.join(", "));
                 }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_document_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_document_label_unique.ts
index ae002c332..2c5b0e65b 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_document_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_document_label_unique.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let aria_document_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_document_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_document_label_unique",
     context: "aria:document",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ export let aria_document_label_unique: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
         // Also, consider Implicit role checking.
-        let landmarks = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+        let landmarks = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "document",
             true,
@@ -59,20 +60,20 @@ export let aria_document_label_unique: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let dupes = getCache(
+        let dupes = CacheUtil.getCache(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "aria_document_label_unique",
             null
         );
         if (!dupes) {
-            dupes = RPTUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
-            setCache(
+            dupes = AriaUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "aria_document_label_unique",
                 dupes
             );
         }
-        let myLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+        let myLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
         let passed =
             myLabel === "" || !(myLabel in dupes) || dupes[myLabel] <= 1;
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_eventhandler_role_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_eventhandler_role_valid.ts
index aca1604e5..e728d858f 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_eventhandler_role_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_eventhandler_role_valid.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let aria_eventhandler_role_valid: Rule = {
+export const aria_eventhandler_role_valid: Rule = {
     id: "aria_eventhandler_role_valid",
     context: "dom:*[onclick],dom:*[onblur], dom:*[ondblclick], dom:*[onfocus], dom:*[onkeydown],dom:*[onkeypress], dom:*[onkeyup], dom:*[onmousedown], dom:*[onmouseup], dom:*[onmousemove], dom:*[onmouseout], dom:*[onmouseover], dom:*[onresize], dom:*[onchange]",
     refactor: {
@@ -48,18 +49,18 @@ export let aria_eventhandler_role_valid: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // Don't trigger this for SVG element for now until a determination is made (by Rich)
         // to support SVG at a point when the SVG a11y spec is ready.
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "svg")) {
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "svg")) {
             return null;
         }
 
         //this rule is passed if a element has attribut role 
         //also, passed of element has any implicit roles. 
-        if (RPTUtil.hasAnyRole(ruleContext, true)) {
+        if (AriaUtil.hasAnyRole(ruleContext, true)) {
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
         }
 
         //pass if this element is received focus by default
-        if (RPTUtil.isfocusableByDefault(ruleContext)) {
+        if (CommonUtil.isfocusableByDefault(ruleContext)) {
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
         }
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_form_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_form_label_unique.ts
index 0de43ee8b..e81dbf84a 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_form_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_form_label_unique.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let aria_form_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_form_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_form_label_unique",
     context: "aria:form",
     refactor: {
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ export let aria_form_label_unique: Rule = {
         ) {
             // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
             // Also, consider Implicit role checking.
-            let landmarks = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+            let landmarks = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "form",
                 true,
@@ -68,20 +69,20 @@ export let aria_form_label_unique: Rule = {
                 return null;
             }
 
-            let dupes = getCache(
+            let dupes = CacheUtil.getCache(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "aria_form_label_unique",
                 null
             );
             if (!dupes) {
-                dupes = RPTUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
-                setCache(
+                dupes = AriaUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
+                CacheUtil.setCache(
                     ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                     "aria_form_label_unique",
                     dupes
                 );
             }
-            let myLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+            let myLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
             let passed =
                 myLabel !== "" &&
                 (!(myLabel in dupes) || dupes[myLabel] <= 1);
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_graphic_labelled.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_graphic_labelled.ts
index 3c67e362d..91ebd3df2 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_graphic_labelled.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_graphic_labelled.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
-import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let aria_graphic_labelled: Rule = {
+export const aria_graphic_labelled: Rule = {
     id: "aria_graphic_labelled",
     context: "aria:graphics-document,aria:graphics-symbol",
     refactor: {
@@ -69,16 +69,16 @@ export let aria_graphic_labelled: Rule = {
 
         // If role === img, you must use an aria label
         //check attributes aria-label and aria-labelledby for other tags (e.g., <div>, <span>, etc)
-        let passed = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).length > 0;
+        let passed = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).length > 0;
 
         if (!passed && ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "svg") {
             let svgTitle = ruleContext.querySelector("title");
-            passed = svgTitle && RPTUtil.hasInnerContent(svgTitle);
+            passed = svgTitle && CommonUtil.hasInnerContent(svgTitle);
         }
 
         if (!passed) {
             //check title attribute
-            passed = RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
+            passed = CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
             // We should guide people to use alt or label - this is just a secondary approach to silence the rule.
             // So, we should keep the POF from above.
             // if (!passed) POF = "Fail_3";
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_hidden_nontabbable.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_hidden_nontabbable.ts
index d3c3e86a2..40673b581 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_hidden_nontabbable.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_hidden_nontabbable.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let aria_hidden_nontabbable: Rule = {
+export const aria_hidden_nontabbable: Rule = {
     id: "aria_hidden_nontabbable",
     context: "dom:*[aria-hidden=true], dom:*[aria-hidden=true] dom:*",
     refactor: {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ export let aria_hidden_nontabbable: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
             
         let nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-        if (RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) {
+        if (CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1", [nodeName]);
         }
         
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_id_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_id_unique.ts
index 389970751..65c24e7b7 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_id_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_id_unique.ts
@@ -11,14 +11,15 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let aria_id_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_id_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_id_unique",
     context: "dom:*",
     refactor: {
@@ -64,14 +65,14 @@ export let aria_id_unique: Rule = {
             for (let i = 0, attrLength = contextAttributes.length; i < attrLength; i++) {
                 pass = true;
                 let attrName = contextAttributes[i].name;
-                if (RPTUtil.isDefinedAriaAttribute(ruleContext, attrName)) {
+                if (AriaUtil.isDefinedAriaAttribute(ruleContext, attrName)) {
                     let dataTypes = ARIADefinitions.propertyDataTypes[attrName];
                     if (dataTypes && dataTypes.type) {
                         let supportsOneIDRef = (dataTypes.type == "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#idref") ? true : false;
                         //If the data type supports one or more id refs do error checking
                         if (supportsOneIDRef || (dataTypes.type == "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#idrefs")) {
                             testedReferences++;
-                            let nodeValueLength = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(contextAttributes[i].nodeValue).length;
+                            let nodeValueLength = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(contextAttributes[i].nodeValue).length;
                             let idArray = contextAttributes[i].nodeValue.split(" ");
 
                             // Check for an empty ID Ref
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_img_labelled.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_img_labelled.ts
index d23f98c2e..50d4adc30 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_img_labelled.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_img_labelled.ts
@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@
 *****************************************************************************/
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let aria_img_labelled: Rule = {
+export const aria_img_labelled: Rule = {
     id: "aria_img_labelled",
     context: "aria:img, aria:image",
     refactor: {
@@ -79,16 +80,16 @@ export let aria_img_labelled: Rule = {
         
         // If role === img, you must use an aria label
         //check attributes aria-label and aria-labelledby for other tags (e.g., <div>, <span>, etc)
-        let passed = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).length > 0;
+        let passed = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).length > 0;
 
         if (!passed && ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "svg") {
             let svgTitle = ruleContext.querySelector("title");
-            passed = svgTitle && RPTUtil.hasInnerContent(svgTitle);
+            passed = svgTitle && CommonUtil.hasInnerContent(svgTitle);
         }
 
         if (!passed) {
             //check title attribute
-            passed = RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
+            passed = CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
             // We should guide people to use alt or label - this is just a secondary approach to silence the rule.
             // So, we should keep the POF from above.
             // if (!passed) POF = "Fail_3";
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_keyboard_handler_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_keyboard_handler_exists.ts
index 6655d0fe1..32397ed54 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_keyboard_handler_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_keyboard_handler_exists.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let aria_keyboard_handler_exists: Rule = {
+export const aria_keyboard_handler_exists: Rule = {
     id: "aria_keyboard_handler_exists",
     context: "dom:*[role]",
     dependencies: ["aria_role_allowed"],
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ export let aria_keyboard_handler_exists: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
 
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return;
 
         let passed = true;
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ export let aria_keyboard_handler_exists: Rule = {
         let designPatterns = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns;
         //let roles = ruleContext.getAttribute("role").trim().toLowerCase().split(/\s+/);
         //only consider user specified role(s), rather than native containers
-        let roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, false);
+        let roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, false);
         
         let nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
         //if an explicit role is specified, the 'aria_role_redundant' rule should be triggered and addressed first,
@@ -71,12 +72,12 @@ export let aria_keyboard_handler_exists: Rule = {
         // Composite user interface widget roles. They act as containers that manage other, contained widgets.
         let roleContainers = ["combobox", "grid", "listbox", "menu", "menubar", "radiogroup", "tablist", "tree", "treegrid"];
         for (const role of roleContainers) {
-            if (RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, role, true) != null) 
+            if (AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, role, true) != null) 
                 // it's a descendant of a composite widget already examined
                 return null;
         }
         
-        let hasAttribute = RPTUtil.hasAttribute;
+        let hasAttribute = CommonUtil.hasAttribute;
         
         let roleNameArr = new Array();
 
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ export let aria_keyboard_handler_exists: Rule = {
                             if (reqChildren) { /* SMF TODO menubar does not have any reqChildren */
                                 for (let i = 0, requiredChildrenLength = reqChildren.length; i < requiredChildrenLength; i++) {
                                     let xp = "*[contains(@role,'" + reqChildren[i] + "')]";
-                                    let xpathResult = doc.evaluate(xp, ruleContext, RPTUtil.defaultNSResolver, 0 /* XPathResult.ANY_TYPE */, null);
+                                    let xpathResult = doc.evaluate(xp, ruleContext, CommonUtil.defaultNSResolver, 0 /* XPathResult.ANY_TYPE */, null);
                                     let r = xpathResult.iterateNext() as Element;
                                     while (r) {
 
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ export let aria_keyboard_handler_exists: Rule = {
 
                                             // Child did not have a key handler. See if any of the grandchildren do.
                                             let xp2 = "descendant::*";
-                                            let xpathResult2 = doc.evaluate(xp2, r, RPTUtil.defaultNSResolver, 0 /* XPathResult.ANY_TYPE */, null);
+                                            let xpathResult2 = doc.evaluate(xp2, r, CommonUtil.defaultNSResolver, 0 /* XPathResult.ANY_TYPE */, null);
                                             let r2: Element = xpathResult2.iterateNext() as Element;
                                             while (r2 && !passed) {
                                                 // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
@@ -116,12 +117,12 @@ export let aria_keyboard_handler_exists: Rule = {
                                                 //
                                                 // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
                                                 //       so on and so forth.
-                                                if (RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(r2)) {
+                                                if (CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(r2)) {
                                                     r2 = xpathResult2.iterateNext() as Element;
                                                     continue;
                                                 }
 
-                                                passed = RPTUtil.isTabbable(r2) &&
+                                                passed = CommonUtil.isTabbable(r2) &&
                                                     (r2.hasAttribute("onkeydown") || r2.hasAttribute("onkeypress"));
 
                                                 if (!passed) {
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ export let aria_keyboard_handler_exists: Rule = {
                                 // The current element failed the keydown/keypress, and it does not have required children, such as menubar.
                                 // Let's check its descendants.
                                 let xp2 = "descendant::*";
-                                let xpathResult2 = doc.evaluate(xp2, ruleContext, RPTUtil.defaultNSResolver, 0 /* XPathResult.ANY_TYPE */, null);
+                                let xpathResult2 = doc.evaluate(xp2, ruleContext, CommonUtil.defaultNSResolver, 0 /* XPathResult.ANY_TYPE */, null);
                                 let r2 = xpathResult2.iterateNext() as Element;
                                 while (r2 && !passed) {
                                     // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
@@ -160,12 +161,12 @@ export let aria_keyboard_handler_exists: Rule = {
                                     //
                                     // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
                                     //       so on and so forth.
-                                    if (RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(r2)) {
+                                    if (CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(r2)) {
                                         r2 = xpathResult2.iterateNext() as Element;
                                         continue;
                                     }
 
-                                    passed = RPTUtil.isTabbable(r2) &&
+                                    passed = CommonUtil.isTabbable(r2) &&
                                         (r2.hasAttribute("onkeydown") || r2.hasAttribute("onkeypress"));
 
                                     if (!passed) {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_landmark_name_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_landmark_name_unique.ts
index f684ab3ef..68932becd 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_landmark_name_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_landmark_name_unique.ts
@@ -11,14 +11,15 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 import { ARIAMapper } from "../../v2/aria/ARIAMapper";
 import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
 
-export let aria_landmark_name_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_landmark_name_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_landmark_name_unique",
     context: "aria:complementary, aria:banner, aria:contentinfo, aria:main, aria:navigation, aria:region, aria:search, aria:form",
     refactor: {
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ export let aria_landmark_name_unique: Rule = {
             navigationNodesComputedLabels: string[],
             navigationNodesParents: any[],
             navigationNodesMatchFound: string[]
-        } = getCache(
+        } = CacheUtil.getCache(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "aria_landmark_name_unique",
             null
@@ -168,9 +169,11 @@ export let aria_landmark_name_unique: Rule = {
 
             let navigationNodesComputedLabels = [];
             for (let i = 0; i < navigationNodes.length; i++) {
+                const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(navigationNodes[i]);
                 // Loop over all the landmark nodes
                 navigationNodesComputedLabels.push(
-                    ARIAMapper.computeName(navigationNodes[i])
+                    /**ARIAMapper.computeName(navigationNodes[i])*/
+                    pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0 ? pair.name.trim() : ""
                 );
             }
             for (let i = 0; i < navigationNodesParents.length; i++) {
@@ -268,7 +271,7 @@ export let aria_landmark_name_unique: Rule = {
             formCache.navigationNodes = navigationNodes;
             formCache.navigationNodesParents = navigationNodesParents;
             formCache.navigationNodesMatchFound = navigationNodesMatchFound;
-            setCache(
+            CacheUtil.setCache(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "aria_landmark_name_unique",
                 formCache
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_main_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_main_label_unique.ts
index dd7b9b5b0..64bd713b2 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_main_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_main_label_unique.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let aria_main_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_main_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_main_label_unique",
     context: "aria:main",
     refactor: {
@@ -46,14 +47,14 @@ export let aria_main_label_unique: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let contextLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+        let contextLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
 
-        let parentDocRole = RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(
+        let parentDocRole = AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(
             ruleContext,
             "document",
             true
         );
-        let mains = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+        let mains = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "main",
             true,
@@ -63,13 +64,13 @@ export let aria_main_label_unique: Rule = {
         for (let i = 0; i < mains.length; ++i) {
             if (mains[i] === ruleContext) continue;
             result = RulePass("Pass_0");
-            let thisParentDocRole = RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(
+            let thisParentDocRole = AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(
                 mains[i],
                 "document",
                 true
             );
             if (thisParentDocRole === parentDocRole) {
-                if (RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(mains[i]) === contextLabel) {
+                if (AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(mains[i]) === contextLabel) {
                     result = RuleFail("Fail_1");
                     break;
                 }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_main_label_visible.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_main_label_visible.ts
index 738e44bb0..57fda710c 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_main_label_visible.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_main_label_visible.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let aria_main_label_visible: Rule = {
+export const aria_main_label_visible: Rule = {
     id: "aria_main_label_visible",
     context: "dom:body",
     refactor: {
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ export let aria_main_label_visible: Rule = {
         // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
         //call getElementsByRoleHidden with considerImplicit flag as true
         //so that the method returs <main> elements
-        let landmarks = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+        let landmarks = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "main",
             true,
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ export let aria_main_label_visible: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let passed = RPTUtil.hasUniqueAriaLabelledby(landmarks);
+        let passed = AriaUtil.hasUniqueAriaLabelledby(landmarks);
 
         if (!passed) {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_navigation_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_navigation_label_unique.ts
index 38be0fef4..f66a6e15d 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_navigation_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_navigation_label_unique.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let aria_navigation_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_navigation_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_navigation_label_unique",
     context: "aria:navigation",
     refactor: {
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ export let aria_navigation_label_unique: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
-        let landmarks = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+        let landmarks = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "navigation",
             true,
@@ -58,20 +59,20 @@ export let aria_navigation_label_unique: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let dupes = getCache(
+        let dupes = CacheUtil.getCache(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "aria_navigation_label_unique",
             null
         );
         if (!dupes) {
-            dupes = RPTUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
-            setCache(
+            dupes = AriaUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "aria_navigation_label_unique",
                 dupes
             );
         }
-        let myLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+        let myLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
         let passed =
             myLabel !== "" && (!(myLabel in dupes) || dupes[myLabel] <= 1);
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_parent_required.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_parent_required.ts
index 6f1539b86..fc3997c25 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_parent_required.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_parent_required.ts
@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let aria_parent_required: Rule = {
+export const aria_parent_required: Rule = {
     id: "aria_parent_required",
     context: "dom:*[role]",
     dependencies: ["aria_role_allowed"],
@@ -51,22 +52,15 @@ export let aria_parent_required: Rule = {
     act: "ff89c9",
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
-
+        
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return;
         
         //skip the check if the element should be a presentational child of an element
-        if (RPTUtil.shouldBePresentationalChild(ruleContext))
+        if (AriaUtil.shouldBePresentationalChild(ruleContext) || VisUtil.isNodePresentational(ruleContext))
             return;
         
-        let roles = ruleContext.getAttribute("role").trim().toLowerCase().split(/\s+/);
-        
-        // ignore if the element contains none or presentation role
-        let presentationRoles = ["none", "presentation"];
-        const found = roles.some(r=> presentationRoles.includes(r));
-        if (found) return null;
-
         let passed = true;
         let designPatterns = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns;
         let roleNameArr = new Array();
@@ -81,7 +75,8 @@ export let aria_parent_required: Rule = {
             parentRole = ancestorRoles[ancestorRoles.length - count];
 
         }
-        for (let j = 0, length = roles.length; j < length; ++j) {
+        
+        /**for (let j = 0, length = roles.length; j < length; ++j) {
             if (designPatterns[roles[j]] && designPatterns[roles[j]].container != null) {
                 testedContainer++;
                 passed = false;
@@ -94,7 +89,22 @@ export let aria_parent_required: Rule = {
                     roleNameArr.push(roles[j]);
                 }
             }
+        } 
+        */
+        const role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(ruleContext);
+        if (designPatterns[role] && designPatterns[role].container != null) {
+            testedContainer++;
+            passed = false;
+            containerRoles = designPatterns[role].container;
+            for (let i = 0, containersLength = containerRoles.length; !passed && i < containersLength; i++) {
+                passed = parentRole === containerRoles[i];
+                if (passed) break;
+            }
+            if (passed == false) {
+                roleNameArr.push(role);
+            }
         }
+
         let retToken1 = new Array();
         retToken1.push(roleNameArr.join(", "));
         let retToken2 = new Array();
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_region_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_region_label_unique.ts
index ae667a198..7d330968c 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_region_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_region_label_unique.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let aria_region_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_region_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_region_label_unique",
     context: "aria:region",
     refactor: {
@@ -52,12 +53,12 @@ export let aria_region_label_unique: Rule = {
         if (
             ruleContext.getAttribute("role") === "region" ||
             ruleContext.hasAttribute("aria-label") ||
-            (ruleContext.hasAttribute("aria-labelledby") && !RPTUtil.isIdReferToSelf(ruleContext, ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-labelledby"))) ||
+            (ruleContext.hasAttribute("aria-labelledby") && !CommonUtil.isIdReferToSelf(ruleContext, ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-labelledby"))) ||
             ruleContext.hasAttribute("title")
         ) {
             // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
             // Also, consider Implicit role checking.
-            let landmarks = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+            let landmarks = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "region",
                 true,
@@ -67,20 +68,20 @@ export let aria_region_label_unique: Rule = {
                 return null;
             }
 
-            let dupes = getCache(
+            let dupes = CacheUtil.getCache(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "aria_region_label_unique",
                 null
             );
             if (!dupes) {
-                dupes = RPTUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
-                setCache(
+                dupes = AriaUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
+                CacheUtil.setCache(
                     ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                     "aria_region_label_unique",
                     dupes
                 );
             }
-            let myLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+            let myLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
             let passed =
                 myLabel !== "" &&
                 (!(myLabel in dupes) || dupes[myLabel] <= 1);
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_region_labelled.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_region_labelled.ts
index 03a861209..632df0f38 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_region_labelled.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_region_labelled.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let aria_region_labelled: Rule = {
+export const aria_region_labelled: Rule = {
     id: "aria_region_labelled",
     context: "aria:region",
     refactor: {
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ export let aria_region_labelled: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
         
-        let passed = RPTUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
+        let passed = AriaUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
         if (passed) {
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
         } else {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_role_allowed.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_role_allowed.ts
index 083262ce8..890ebf984 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_role_allowed.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_role_allowed.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,11 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { getRolesUndefinedByAria } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
 
-export let aria_role_allowed: Rule = {
+export const aria_role_allowed: Rule = {
     id: "aria_role_allowed",
     context: "dom:*[role]",
     refactor: {
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ export let aria_role_allowed: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let invalidRoles = getRolesUndefinedByAria(ruleContext);
+        let invalidRoles = AriaUtil.getRolesUndefinedByAria(ruleContext);
 
         if (!invalidRoles || invalidRoles.length === 0)
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_role_redundant.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_role_redundant.ts
index 3510550a4..c764f47f0 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_role_redundant.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_role_redundant.ts
@@ -13,11 +13,10 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { isTableDescendant, areRolesDefined } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { TableUtil } from "../util/TableUtil";
 
-export let aria_role_redundant: Rule = {
+export const aria_role_redundant: Rule = {
     id: "aria_role_redundant",
     context: "dom:*[role]",
     help: {
@@ -45,22 +44,22 @@ export let aria_role_redundant: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         let elemName = ruleContext.tagName.toLowerCase();
         
-        let ariaRoles = RPTUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, false);
+        let ariaRoles = AriaUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, false);
         if (!ariaRoles || ariaRoles.length === 0) return;
 
         // the invalid role case: handled by Rpt_Aria_ValidRole. Ignore to avoid duplicated report
-        let role_defined = areRolesDefined(ariaRoles);
+        let role_defined = AriaUtil.areRolesDefined(ariaRoles);
         if (!role_defined)
             return null;
 
         // dependency check: if it's already failed in the parent relation, then skip this check
         if (["td", "th", "tr"].includes(elemName)) {
-            let parentRole = isTableDescendant(contextHierarchies);
+            let parentRole = TableUtil.isTableDescendant(contextHierarchies);
             if (parentRole !== null && parentRole.length > 0)
                 return null;
         }
 
-        let implicitRoles = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
+        let implicitRoles = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
         if (!implicitRoles || implicitRoles.length === 0)
              return RulePass("pass");
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_search_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_search_label_unique.ts
index caa4574a3..61b4202b3 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_search_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_search_label_unique.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let aria_search_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_search_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_search_label_unique",
     context: "aria:search",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ export let aria_search_label_unique: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
 
         // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
-        let landmarks = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+        let landmarks = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "search",
             true,
@@ -59,20 +60,20 @@ export let aria_search_label_unique: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let dupes = getCache(
+        let dupes = CacheUtil.getCache(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "aria_search_label_unique",
             null
         );
         if (!dupes) {
-            dupes = RPTUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
-            setCache(
+            dupes = AriaUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "aria_search_label_unique",
                 dupes
             );
         }
-        let myLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+        let myLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
         let passed =
             myLabel !== "" && (!(myLabel in dupes) || dupes[myLabel] <= 1);
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_semantics.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_semantics.ts
index 005e050eb..bc837f658 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_semantics.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_semantics.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getInvalidAriaAttributes, areRolesDefined, isTableDescendant, getInvalidRoles, getDeprecatedAriaRoles, getDeprecatedAriaAttributes, getRolesUndefinedByAria } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let aria_role_valid: Rule = {
+export const aria_role_valid: Rule = {
     id: "aria_role_valid",
     context: "dom:*",
     dependencies: ["aria_attribute_allowed"],
@@ -59,21 +59,21 @@ export let aria_role_valid: Rule = {
 
         //skip the rule
         // the invalid role case: handled by aria_role_allowed. Ignore to avoid duplicated report
-        const undefinedRoles = getRolesUndefinedByAria(ruleContext);
+        const undefinedRoles = AriaUtil.getRolesUndefinedByAria(ruleContext);
         if (undefinedRoles && undefinedRoles.length > 0) return null;
-        const deprecatedRoles = getDeprecatedAriaRoles(ruleContext);
+        const deprecatedRoles = AriaUtil.getDeprecatedAriaRoles(ruleContext);
         if (deprecatedRoles && deprecatedRoles.length > 0) return null;
-        const deprecatedAttributes = getDeprecatedAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
+        const deprecatedAttributes = AriaUtil.getDeprecatedAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
         if (deprecatedAttributes && deprecatedAttributes.length > 0) return null;
 
         // dependency check: if it's already failed, then skip
         if (["td", "th", "tr"].includes(tagName)) {
-            let parentRole = isTableDescendant(contextHierarchies);
+            let parentRole = CommonUtil.isTableDescendant(contextHierarchies);
             if (parentRole !== null && parentRole.length > 0)
                 return null;
         }
 
-        let domRoles: string[] = RPTUtil.getUserDefinedRoles(ruleContext);
+        let domRoles: string[] = AriaUtil.getUserDefinedRoles(ruleContext);
         if (!domRoles || domRoles.length ===0)
             return null;
 
@@ -81,11 +81,11 @@ export let aria_role_valid: Rule = {
         if (domRoles.includes('generic'))
             return RuleFail("Fail_1", ["generic", tagName]);
         
-        let invalidRoles = getInvalidRoles(ruleContext);
+        let invalidRoles = AriaUtil.getInvalidRoles(ruleContext);
         if (invalidRoles === null || invalidRoles.length ===0)
             return RulePass("Pass_0", [domRoles.join(", "), tagName]);
 
-        if (invalidRoles.includes("presentation") || invalidRoles.includes("none") && RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext))
+        if (invalidRoles.includes("presentation") || invalidRoles.includes("none") && CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext))
             return RuleFail("Fail_2", [invalidRoles.join(", "), tagName]);
         
         if (invalidRoles.length > 0)
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ export let aria_role_valid: Rule = {
 // This rule is in the same file because there is a dependency that aria_role_valid runs first,
 // and the info is passed by cache, but there isn't a dependency in the Fail_2 scenario, so regular
 // dependency cannot be used
-export let aria_attribute_valid: Rule = {
+export const aria_attribute_valid: Rule = {
     id: "aria_attribute_valid",
     context: "dom:*",
     // The the ARIA role is completely invalid, skip this check
@@ -143,24 +143,24 @@ export let aria_attribute_valid: Rule = {
             return null;
 
         // ignore if no aria attribute
-        let ariaAttributes:string[] = RPTUtil.getUserDefinedAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
+        let ariaAttributes:string[] = AriaUtil.getUserDefinedAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
         if (ariaAttributes === null || ariaAttributes.length === 0)
             return null;
     
-        let roles: string[] = RPTUtil.getUserDefinedRoles(ruleContext);
+        let roles: string[] = AriaUtil.getUserDefinedRoles(ruleContext);
         let explicit = true;
         if (roles && roles.length > 0) {
             // the invalid role case: handled by Rpt_Aria_ValidRole. Ignore to avoid duplicated report
-            if (!areRolesDefined(roles))
+            if (!AriaUtil.areRolesDefined(roles))
                 return null;
         } else {
             //no explicit role defined
-            roles =  RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
+            roles =  AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
             explicit = false;
         }
         
         let tagName = ruleContext.tagName.toLowerCase();
-        let failedAttributes = getInvalidAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
+        let failedAttributes = AriaUtil.getInvalidAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
         if (!failedAttributes || failedAttributes.length === 0)
             return RulePass("Pass", [ariaAttributes.join(", "), tagName, roles.join(", ")]);
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_toolbar_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_toolbar_label_unique.ts
index d602f27b1..ac44e92f3 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_toolbar_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_toolbar_label_unique.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let aria_toolbar_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const aria_toolbar_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "aria_toolbar_label_unique",
     context: "aria:toolbar",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ export let aria_toolbar_label_unique: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // Consider the Check Hidden Content setting that is set by the rules
         // Also, consider Implicit role checking.
-        let landmarks = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+        let landmarks = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "toolbar",
             true,
@@ -59,20 +60,20 @@ export let aria_toolbar_label_unique: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let dupes = getCache(
+        let dupes = CacheUtil.getCache(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "aria_toolbar_label_unique",
             null
         );
         if (!dupes) {
-            dupes = RPTUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
-            setCache(
+            dupes = AriaUtil.findAriaLabelDupes(landmarks);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(
                 ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                 "aria_toolbar_label_unique",
                 dupes
             );
         }
-        let myLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+        let myLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
         let passed =
             myLabel !== "" && (!(myLabel in dupes) || dupes[myLabel] <= 1);
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_widget_labelled.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_widget_labelled.ts
index ef222c91b..88b73ca2d 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_widget_labelled.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/aria_widget_labelled.ts
@@ -13,13 +13,14 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { ARIAMapper } from "../../v2/aria/ARIAMapper";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
 import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
 
-export let aria_widget_labelled: Rule = {
+export const aria_widget_labelled: Rule = {
     id: "aria_widget_labelled",
     context: "dom:*",
     refactor: {
@@ -55,10 +56,10 @@ export let aria_widget_labelled: Rule = {
         if (
             (ruleContext.hasAttribute("type") &&
                 ruleContext.getAttribute("type") === "hidden") ||
-            (RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "combobox") &&
+            (AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "combobox") &&
                 !(
-                    RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "textbox") ||
-                    RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "searchbox")
+                    AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "textbox") ||
+                    AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "searchbox")
                 ))
         ) {
             // we need to diagnose that a combobox input textbox has a label(github issue #1104)
@@ -118,8 +119,8 @@ export let aria_widget_labelled: Rule = {
         // avoid diagnosing the popup list of a combobox.
         let rolesToCheck = ["listbox", "tree", "grid", "dialog"];
         for (let j = 0; j < rolesToCheck.length; j++) {
-            if (RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, rolesToCheck[j])) {
-                let comboboxes = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
+            if (AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, rolesToCheck[j])) {
+                let comboboxes = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(
                     ruleContext.ownerDocument,
                     "combobox",
                     true,
@@ -127,12 +128,12 @@ export let aria_widget_labelled: Rule = {
                 );
                 for (let k = 0; k < comboboxes.length; k++) {
                     let combobox = comboboxes[k];
-                    let aria_owns = RPTUtil.getElementAttribute(
+                    let aria_owns = CommonUtil.getElementAttribute(
                         combobox,
                         "aria-owns"
                     );
                     if (aria_owns) {
-                        let owns = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(
+                        let owns = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(
                             aria_owns.trim()
                         ).split(" ");
                         for (let i = 0; i < owns.length; i++) {
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ export let aria_widget_labelled: Rule = {
         let prohibited = false;
         let designPatterns = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns;
         //get attribute roles as well as implicit roles.
-        let roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, true);
+        let roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, true);
         let numWidgetsTested = 0;
         let interactiveRoleTypes = ["widget", "liveRegion", "window"];
         for (let i = 0, length = roles.length; passed && i < length; ++i) {
@@ -171,9 +172,9 @@ export let aria_widget_labelled: Rule = {
                 // Title is legal, but don't advertise its use in documentation.
                 // Encourage use of aria-label, aria-labelledby or html label element.
                 passed =
-                    RPTUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext) ||
-                    RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title") ||
-                    RPTUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(ruleContext, true);
+                    AriaUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext) ||
+                    CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title") ||
+                    CommonUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(ruleContext, true);
 
                 if (
                     !passed &&
@@ -182,12 +183,12 @@ export let aria_widget_labelled: Rule = {
                 ) {
                     // See if widget's accessible name is supplied by element's inner text
                     // nameFrom: ["author", "contents"]
-                    passed = RPTUtil.hasInnerContentOrAlt(ruleContext);
+                    passed = CommonUtil.hasInnerContentOrAlt(ruleContext);
                 }
 
                 if (!passed) {
                     // check if it has implicit label, like <label><input ....>abc </label>
-                    passed = RPTUtil.hasImplicitLabel(ruleContext);
+                    passed = CommonUtil.hasImplicitLabel(ruleContext);
                 }
 
                 if (
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/asciiart_alt_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/asciiart_alt_exists.ts
index c93930cd1..489a8d2d3 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/asciiart_alt_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/asciiart_alt_exists.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
-import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let asciiart_alt_exists: Rule = {
+export const asciiart_alt_exists: Rule = {
     id: "asciiart_alt_exists",
     context: "dom:pre, dom:listing, dom:xmp, dom:plaintext",
     refactor: {
@@ -58,14 +57,14 @@ export let asciiart_alt_exists: Rule = {
         if (ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase() == "pre") {
             if ((ruleContext.previousSibling && ruleContext.previousSibling.nodeName.toLowerCase() == "code") ||
                 ruleContext.getElementsByTagName("code").length > 0 ||
-                RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "code")) {
+                CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "code")) {
 
                 return RulePass("Pass_0");
             }
         }
 
         let passed = true;
-        let txtValue = RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext);
+        let txtValue = CommonUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext);
         let nonAlphaNumericNorSpaceCount = 0;
         let alphNumSameCharacterCount = 0;
         let lastCharacter = "";
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/blink_css_review.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/blink_css_review.ts
index 1d3ca299e..ea8abe3e5 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/blink_css_review.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/blink_css_review.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let blink_css_review: Rule = {
+export const blink_css_review: Rule = {
     id: "blink_css_review",
     context: "dom:style, dom:*[style]",
     refactor: {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ export let blink_css_review: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let textValue = RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext);
+        let textValue = CommonUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext);
         if (ruleContext.hasAttribute('style')) {
             textValue = ruleContext.getAttribute('style');
         }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/blink_elem_deprecated.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/blink_elem_deprecated.ts
index 21c4d8f5c..1619219c4 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/blink_elem_deprecated.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/blink_elem_deprecated.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let blink_elem_deprecated: Rule = {
+export const blink_elem_deprecated: Rule = {
     id: "blink_elem_deprecated",
     context: "dom:blink",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/blockquote_cite_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/blockquote_cite_exists.ts
index 0ca599975..b30e9f07c 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/blockquote_cite_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/blockquote_cite_exists.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let blockquote_cite_exists: Rule = {
+export const blockquote_cite_exists: Rule = {
     id: "blockquote_cite_exists",
     context: "dom:blockquote",
     refactor: {
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ export let blockquote_cite_exists: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let passed = RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "cite");
+        let passed = CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "cite");
         if (!passed) {
-            let citeElems = RPTUtil.getDocElementsByTag(ruleContext, "cite");
+            let citeElems = CommonUtil.getDocElementsByTag(ruleContext, "cite");
             passed = citeElems != null && citeElems.length > 0;
         }
         if (passed) return RulePass("Pass_0");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/canvas_content_described.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/canvas_content_described.ts
index 6fc320f28..3f448975c 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/canvas_content_described.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/canvas_content_described.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let canvas_content_described: Rule = {
+export const canvas_content_described: Rule = {
     id: "canvas_content_described",
     context: "dom:canvas",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/caption_track_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/caption_track_exists.ts
index 7f3e7918d..510420dd6 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/caption_track_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/caption_track_exists.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let caption_track_exists: Rule = {
+export const caption_track_exists: Rule = {
     id: "caption_track_exists",
     context: "dom:video",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_active_descendant.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_active_descendant.ts
index 3ea18470b..2788c1b15 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_active_descendant.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_active_descendant.ts
@@ -11,14 +11,15 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { NodeWalker, RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { getCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let combobox_active_descendant: Rule = {
+export const combobox_active_descendant: Rule = {
     id: "combobox_active_descendant",
     context: "aria:combobox",
     dependencies: ["combobox_popup_reference"],
@@ -51,7 +52,8 @@ export let combobox_active_descendant: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let cache = getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", {});
+        let cache = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", {});
+        if (!cache) return null;
         let cachedElem = cache[context["dom"].rolePath];
         if (!cachedElem) return null;
         const { popupElement, popupId } = cachedElem;
@@ -74,7 +76,8 @@ export let combobox_active_descendant: Rule = {
 
         // examine the children
         if (popupElement) {
-            let nw = new NodeWalker(popupElement);
+            //let nw = new NodeWalker(popupElement);
+            let nw = new DOMWalker(popupElement);
             while (!found && nw.nextNode() && nw.node != popupElement && nw.node != popupElement.nextSibling) {
                 if (nw.node.nodeType === 1 && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(nw.node)) {
                     found = nw.elem().getAttribute("id") === activeId;
@@ -88,7 +91,7 @@ export let combobox_active_descendant: Rule = {
             retVal.push(RulePass("Fail_not_in_popup", [activeId, popupId]));
         }
 
-        let activeRoles = RPTUtil.getRoles(activeElem, true);
+        let activeRoles = AriaUtil.getRoles(activeElem, true);
         let validRoles = ["option", "gridcell", "row", "treeitem"].filter((validRole) => activeRoles.includes(validRole));
         if (validRoles.length === 0) {
             retVal.push(RuleFail("Fail_active_role_invalid", [activeId, activeRoles.join(",")]));
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_autocomplete_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_autocomplete_valid.ts
index e2afb4f74..fbb6b4ff6 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_autocomplete_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_autocomplete_valid.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { NodeWalker } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let combobox_autocomplete_valid: Rule = {
+export const combobox_autocomplete_valid: Rule = {
     id: "combobox_autocomplete_valid",
     context: "aria:combobox",
     dependencies: ["combobox_popup_reference"],
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ export let combobox_autocomplete_valid: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let cache = getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", {});
+        let cache = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", {});
+        if (!cache) return null;
         let cachedElem = cache[context["dom"].rolePath];
         if (!cachedElem) return null;
         const { popupId, popupElement } = cachedElem;
@@ -68,7 +69,8 @@ export let combobox_autocomplete_valid: Rule = {
             passed = !popupElement.hasAttribute("aria-autocomplete");
             // if any child of popupElement has "aria-autocomplete"
             if (passed && popupElement.children && popupElement.children.length > 0) {
-                let nw = new NodeWalker(popupElement);
+                //let nw = new NodeWalker(popupElement);
+                let nw = new DOMWalker(popupElement);
                 while (passed && nw.nextNode()) {
                     if (nw.node.nodeType === 1 && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(nw.node)) {
                         passed = !nw.elem().hasAttribute("aria-autocomplete");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_design_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_design_valid.ts
index adde5edbb..29517da01 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_design_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_design_valid.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
 function patternDetect(elem: Element): String {
     // check 'explicit' role combobox and that it is not <select>. 
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ function patternDetect(elem: Element): String {
     return "1.2";
 }
 
-export let combobox_design_valid: Rule = {
+export const combobox_design_valid: Rule = {
     id: "combobox_design_valid",
     context: "aria:combobox",
     refactor: {
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ export let combobox_design_valid: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext)) {
+        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext)) {
             return null;
         }
         let pattern = patternDetect(ruleContext);
@@ -80,18 +81,19 @@ export let combobox_design_valid: Rule = {
         }
 
         let tagName = ruleContext.tagName.toLowerCase();
-        let expanded = (RPTUtil.getAriaAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-expanded") || "").trim().toLowerCase() === "true";
+        let expanded = (AriaUtil.getAriaAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-expanded") || "").trim().toLowerCase() === "true";
         let editable = tagName === "input" && (!ruleContext.hasAttribute("type") || ruleContext.getAttribute("type").toLowerCase() === "text");
 
         let key = context["dom"].rolePath;
         if (key) {
-            let cache = getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", {});
+            let cache = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", {});
+            if (!cache) return null;
             cache[key] = {
                 "inputElement": editable ? ruleContext : null,
                 "pattern": pattern,
                 "expanded": expanded
             };
-            setCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", cache);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", cache);
         } else {
             // No xpath?
             return null;
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_focusable_elements.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_focusable_elements.ts
index aee7933c4..c4384206f 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_focusable_elements.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_focusable_elements.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,15 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { NodeWalker, RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let combobox_focusable_elements: Rule = {
+export const combobox_focusable_elements: Rule = {
     id: "combobox_focusable_elements",
     context: "aria:combobox",
     dependencies: ["combobox_popup_reference"],
@@ -46,7 +48,8 @@ export let combobox_focusable_elements: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let cache = getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", {});
+        let cache = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", {});
+        if (!cache) return null;
         let cachedElem = cache[context["dom"].rolePath];
         if (!cachedElem) return null;
         const { popupElement, expanded } = cachedElem;
@@ -54,10 +57,10 @@ export let combobox_focusable_elements: Rule = {
         // detected in combobox_popup_reference
         if (!popupElement) return null;
 
-        const popupRole = RPTUtil.getRoles(popupElement, true)[0];
+        const popupRole = AriaUtil.getRoles(popupElement, true)[0];
 
         let retVal = []
-        if (!RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) {
+        if (!CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) {
             retVal.push(RuleFail("Fail_not_tabbable"));
         }
 
@@ -72,14 +75,15 @@ export let combobox_focusable_elements: Rule = {
         // examine the children
         if (popupElement  && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(popupElement)) {
             // if popupElement itself has "aria-activedescendant"
-            passed = !RPTUtil.isTabbable(popupElement) && !RPTUtil.getAriaAttribute(popupElement, "aria-activedescendant");;
+            passed = !CommonUtil.isTabbable(popupElement) && !AriaUtil.getAriaAttribute(popupElement, "aria-activedescendant");;
             // if any child of popupElement has "aria-autocomplete"
             if (passed && popupElement.children && popupElement.children.length > 0) {
-                let nw = new NodeWalker(popupElement);
+                //let nw = new NodeWalker(popupElement);
+                let nw = new DOMWalker(popupElement);
                 while (passed && nw.nextNode()) {
                     if (nw.node.nodeType === 1 && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(nw.node)) {
-                        passed = !RPTUtil.isTabbable(nw.node) &&
-                            !RPTUtil.getAriaAttribute(nw.node, "aria-activedescendant");
+                        passed = !CommonUtil.isTabbable(nw.node) &&
+                            !AriaUtil.getAriaAttribute(nw.node, "aria-activedescendant");
                         if (nw.bEndTag && nw.node === popupElement.lastElementChild) break;    
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_haspopup_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_haspopup_valid.ts
index c90ae199e..a90469cfa 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_haspopup_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_haspopup_valid.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let combobox_haspopup_valid: Rule = {
+export const combobox_haspopup_valid: Rule = {
     id: "combobox_haspopup_valid",
     context: "aria:combobox",
     dependencies: ["combobox_popup_reference"],
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ export let combobox_haspopup_valid: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        const cache = getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", {});
+        const cache = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", {});
+        if (!cache) return null;
         const cacheKey = context["dom"].rolePath;
         const cachedElem = cache[cacheKey];
         if (!cachedElem) return null;
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ export let combobox_haspopup_valid: Rule = {
         // detected in combobox_popup_reference
         if (!popupElement) return null;
         // Check that popup role is listbox, grid, tree, or dialog and that it matches the combobox
-        let popupRoles = RPTUtil.getRoles(popupElement, true);
+        let popupRoles = AriaUtil.getRoles(popupElement, true);
         let validRoles = ["listbox", "grid", "tree", "dialog"].filter((validRole) => popupRoles.includes(validRole));
         if (validRoles.length === 0) {
             return RuleFail("Fail_popup_role_invalid", [popupRoles.join(","), popupId]);
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_popup_reference.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_popup_reference.ts
index f20e79e57..9214c8d72 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_popup_reference.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/combobox_popup_reference.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { getCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let combobox_popup_reference: Rule = {
+export const combobox_popup_reference: Rule = {
     id: "combobox_popup_reference",
     context: "aria:combobox",
     dependencies: ["combobox_design_valid"],
@@ -73,7 +73,8 @@ export let combobox_popup_reference: Rule = {
     }],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        const cache = getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", {});
+        const cache = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", {});
+        if (!cache) return null;
         const cacheKey = context["dom"].rolePath;
         const cachedElem = cache[cacheKey];
         if (!cachedElem) return null;
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/debug_paths.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/debug_paths.ts
index d8cb7924c..39a60576d 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/debug_paths.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/debug_paths.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let debug_paths: Rule = {
+export const debug_paths: Rule = {
     id: "debug_paths",
     context: "dom:*",
     help: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/detector_tabbable.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/detector_tabbable.ts
index e14eeae1c..db0ede72c 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/detector_tabbable.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/detector_tabbable.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let detector_tabbable: Rule = {
+export const detector_tabbable: Rule = {
     id: "detector_tabbable",
     context: "dom:*",
     help: {
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ export let detector_tabbable: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        if (!RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) {
+        if (!CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) {
             return null;
         }
         let hierContext = contextHierarchies.aria[contextHierarchies.aria.length - 1];
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/dir_attribute_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/dir_attribute_valid.ts
index 319aa8131..798255c8c 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/dir_attribute_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/dir_attribute_valid.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
 
-export let dir_attribute_valid: Rule = {
+export const dir_attribute_valid: Rule = {
     id: "dir_attribute_valid",
     context: "dom:*[dir]",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/download_keyboard_controllable.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/download_keyboard_controllable.ts
index 8b27756f3..4b3fe12c9 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/download_keyboard_controllable.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/download_keyboard_controllable.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RuleManual, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let download_keyboard_controllable: Rule = {
+export const download_keyboard_controllable: Rule = {
     id: "download_keyboard_controllable",
     context: "dom:a[href],dom:area[href]",
     refactor: {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ export let download_keyboard_controllable: Rule = {
         //skip the rule
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
         let href = ruleContext.getAttribute("href");
-        let ext = RPTUtil.getFileExt(href);
+        let ext = CommonUtil.getFileExt(href);
         let passed = ![".docx", ".doc", ".pdf", ".odt"].includes(ext);
         if (passed) return null;
         if (!passed) return RuleManual("Manual_1");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/draggable_alternative_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/draggable_alternative_exists.ts
index 828d6c531..fd0c5273b 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/draggable_alternative_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/draggable_alternative_exists.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy, RulePotential } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let draggable_alternative_exists: Rule = {
+export const draggable_alternative_exists: Rule = {
     id: "draggable_alternative_exists",
     context: "dom:*[draggable]",
     dependencies: [],
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ export let draggable_alternative_exists: Rule = {
         const nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLocaleLowerCase(); 
           
         //ignore certain elements
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["pre", "code", "script", "meta"]) !== null 
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["pre", "code", "script", "meta"]) !== null 
             || nodeName === "body" || nodeName === "html" )
             return null;
         
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_accesskey_labelled.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_accesskey_labelled.ts
index 4537f6df4..da43f16ae 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_accesskey_labelled.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_accesskey_labelled.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
 import { ARIAMapper } from "../../v2/aria/ARIAMapper";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
 
-export let element_accesskey_labelled: Rule = {
+export const element_accesskey_labelled: Rule = {
     id: "element_accesskey_labelled",
     context: "dom:*[accesskey]",
     refactor: {
@@ -50,14 +52,14 @@ export let element_accesskey_labelled: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return;
 
         //skip if the element is tabbable, it's covered by other rules
-        if (RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext))
+        if (CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext))
             return;
 
-        let roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, true);
+        let roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, true);
         //skip the native element, mostly text elements
         if (!roles || roles.length === 0) return;
 
@@ -74,7 +76,9 @@ export let element_accesskey_labelled: Rule = {
             return;
 
         // check if accessible name exists
-        if (ARIAMapper.computeName(ruleContext).trim().length > 0)
+        const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(ruleContext);
+        if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0)
+        //if (ARIAMapper.computeName(ruleContext).trim().length > 0)
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
         return RulePotential("Potential_1");
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_accesskey_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_accesskey_unique.ts
index 17db39a79..802727719 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_accesskey_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_accesskey_unique.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { getCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let element_accesskey_unique: Rule = {
+export const element_accesskey_unique: Rule = {
     id: "element_accesskey_unique",
     context: "dom:*[accesskey]",
     refactor: {
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ export let element_accesskey_unique: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let map = getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "element_accesskey_unique", {});
-
+        let map = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "element_accesskey_unique", {});
+  
         let key = ruleContext.getAttribute("accesskey");
 
         let passed = !(key in map);
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_attribute_deprecated.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_attribute_deprecated.ts
index 108b882fd..54d799623 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_attribute_deprecated.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_attribute_deprecated.ts
@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
 
 const DEPRECATED_ELEMENTS = [
     /** original */
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ function objToContextStr(obj, type: string) {
     return str;
 }
 
-export let element_attribute_deprecated: Rule = {
+export const element_attribute_deprecated: Rule = {
     id: "element_attribute_deprecated",
     context: "dom:applet, dom:basefont, dom:center, dom:dir, dom:font, dom:isindex, dom:listing, dom:menu, dom:plaintext, dom:spacer, dom:s, dom:strike, dom:u, dom:xmp, dom:acronym, dom:frame, dom:frameset, dom:noframes, dom:noembed, dom:big, dom:blink, dom:marquee, dom:ttNaNdom:*[align], dom:*[link], dom:*[archive], dom:*[background], dom:*[bgcolor], dom:*[clear], dom:*[code], dom:*[color], dom:*[compact], dom:*[face], dom:*[hspace], dom:*[language], dom:*[link], dom:*[noshade], dom:*[nowrap], dom:*[object], dom:*[prompt], dom:*[start], dom:*[text], dom:*[version], dom:*[vlink], dom:*[vspace]NaNdom:td[height], dom:td[width], dom:td[abbr], dom:td[axis], dom:td[char], dom:td[charoff], dom:td[height], dom:td[nowrap], dom:td[valign], dom:td[width], dom:td[align], dom:td[bgcolor], dom:th[height], dom:th[width], dom:th[abbr], dom:th[axis], dom:th[charoff], dom:th[height], dom:th[bgcolor], dom:th[align], dom:th[nowrap], dom:th[char], dom:th[valign], dom:th[width], dom:li[type], dom:li[value], dom:li[type], dom:ul[type], dom:ul[compact], dom:pre[width], dom:meta[http-equiv], dom:a[charset], dom:a[coords], dom:a[shape], dom:a[rev], dom:a[scheme], dom:link[rev], dom:link[charset], dom:link[target], dom:img[name], dom:img[longdesc], dom:img[align], dom:img[hspace], dom:img[vspace], dom:img[border], dom:area[nohref], dom:head[profile], dom:html[version], dom:iframe[longdesc], dom:iframe[align], dom:iframe[frameborder], dom:iframe[marginheight], dom:iframe[marginwidth], dom:iframe[scrolling], dom:object[archive], dom:object[code], dom:object[codebase], dom:object[codetype], dom:object[declare], dom:object[standby], dom:object[align], dom:object[hspace], dom:object[vspace], dom:object[border], dom:param[type], dom:param[valuetype], dom:script[language], dom:body[alink], dom:body[background], dom:body[bgcolor], dom:body[link], dom:body[text], dom:body[vlink], dom:br[clear], dom:caption[align], dom:col[align], dom:col[char], dom:col[charoff], dom:col[valign], dom:col[width], dom:div[align], dom:dl[compact], dom:hr[align], dom:hr[noshade], dom:hr[size], dom:hr[width], dom:hr[align], dom:h2[align], dom:h3[align], dom:h4[align], dom:h5[align], dom:h6[align], dom:input[align], dom:input[usemap], dom:legend[align], dom:menu[compact], dom:ol[compact], dom:ol[type], dom:ol[type], dom:p[align], dom:table[bgcolor], dom:table[cellpadding], dom:table[cellspacing], dom:table[frame], dom:table[rules], dom:table[width], dom:table[align], dom:tbody[align], dom:tbody[char], dom:tbody[valign], dom:tbody[charoff], dom:tfoot[align], dom:tfoot[charoff], dom:tfoot[char], dom:tfoot[valign], dom:thead[char], dom:thead[charoff], dom:thead[valign], dom:thead[align], dom:tr[align], dom:tr[bgcolor], dom:tr[char], dom:tr[charoff], dom:tr[valign]",
     help: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_id_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_id_unique.ts
index 89cb5f14a..bb5d2a4e1 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_id_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_id_unique.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
 
-export let element_id_unique: Rule = {
+export const element_id_unique: Rule = {
     id: "element_id_unique",
     context: "dom:*[id]",
     refactor: {
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ export let element_id_unique: Rule = {
     }],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        // JCH - NO OUT OF SCOPE hidden in context
+        
         let id = ruleContext.getAttribute("id");
 
         // In the case that id is empty we should trigger a violation right away with out checking 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_lang_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_lang_valid.ts
index f528e2a42..a0d3dd07d 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_lang_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_lang_valid.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy, eRuleConfidence } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy, eRuleConfidence } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 import { LangUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/lang";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
 import { ARIAMapper } from "../../v2/aria/ARIAMapper";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
 
 const validateLang = (context: RuleContext): number => {
     const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ const validateLang = (context: RuleContext): number => {
     return 0;
 }
 
-export let html_lang_valid: Rule = {
+export const html_lang_valid: Rule = {
     id: "html_lang_valid",
     context: "dom:html[lang], dom:html[xml:lang]",
     help: {
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ export let html_lang_valid: Rule = {
     }
 }
 
-export let element_lang_valid: Rule = {
+export const element_lang_valid: Rule = {
     id: "element_lang_valid",
     context: "dom:*[lang], dom:*[xml:lang]",
     help: {
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ export let element_lang_valid: Rule = {
             // Ensure that there's actually content of this element - skip subtrees that have other lang attributes
             let hasContent = false;
             if (ruleContext.firstChild !== null) {
-                let nw = new DOMWalker(ruleContext);
+                let nw = new DOMWalker(ruleContext, false, ruleContext, true);
                 while (!hasContent && nw.nextNode()) {
                     // Skip hidden
                     if (nw.node.nodeType === 1) {
@@ -197,8 +198,9 @@ export let element_lang_valid: Rule = {
                         if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(element) || element.hasAttribute("lang")) {
                             nw.bEndTag = true;
                         } else {
+                            const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(element);
                             hasContent = hasContent 
-                                || element.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "img" && ARIAMapper.computeName(element).trim().length > 0;
+                                || element.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "img" && (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0)/**ARIAMapper.computeName(element).trim().length > 0*/;
                         }
                     } else {
                         hasContent = hasContent 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_mouseevent_keyboard.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_mouseevent_keyboard.ts
index 162b7b778..22040a8e7 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_mouseevent_keyboard.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_mouseevent_keyboard.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
 
-export let element_mouseevent_keyboard: Rule = {
+export const element_mouseevent_keyboard: Rule = {
     id: "element_mouseevent_keyboard",
     context: "dom:*[ondblclick], dom:*[onmousemove], dom:*[onmousedown], dom:*[onmouseup], dom:*[onmouseover], dom:*[onmouseout], dom:*[onclick]",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_orientation_unlocked.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_orientation_unlocked.ts
index 2fb395a26..5c1095b41 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_orientation_unlocked.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_orientation_unlocked.ts
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { getDefinedStyles, selectorMatchesElem, getMediaOrientationTransform, getRotationDegree} from "../util/CSSUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { CSSUtil } from "../util/CSSUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
 export const element_orientation_unlocked: Rule = {
     id: "element_orientation_unlocked",
@@ -51,24 +51,24 @@ export const element_orientation_unlocked: Rule = {
             return null;
         
         //skip elements
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["script", "meta", "title"]))
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["script", "meta", "title"]))
             return null;
 
         const nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
         
         // cache the orientation result for all the elements in the page
         let doc = FragmentUtil.getOwnerFragment(ruleContext) as any;
-        let orientationTransforms = getCache(doc, "RPTUtil_MEDIA_ORIENTATION_TRANSFROM", null);
+        let orientationTransforms = CacheUtil.getCache(doc, "RPTUtil_MEDIA_ORIENTATION_TRANSFROM", null);
         if (!orientationTransforms) {
-            orientationTransforms = getMediaOrientationTransform(doc);
-            setCache(doc, "RPTUtil_MEDIA_ORIENTATION_TRANSFROM", orientationTransforms);
+            orientationTransforms = CSSUtil.getMediaOrientationTransform(doc);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(doc, "RPTUtil_MEDIA_ORIENTATION_TRANSFROM", orientationTransforms);
         } 
         
         // find if the element matches orientation selector(s)
         let media_transforms = [];
         Object.keys(orientationTransforms).forEach(key => {
             Object.keys(orientationTransforms[key]).forEach(tag => {
-                if (Object.keys(orientationTransforms[key][tag]).length > 0 && selectorMatchesElem(ruleContext, tag)) {
+                if (Object.keys(orientationTransforms[key][tag]).length > 0 && CSSUtil.selectorMatchesElem(ruleContext, tag)) {
                     if (orientationTransforms[key][tag].transform)
                         media_transforms.push(orientationTransforms[key][tag].transform);
                     else
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ export const element_orientation_unlocked: Rule = {
             // no rotation transform, skip
             if (!containsRotation) continue;
 
-            let degree = getRotationDegree(media_transform);
+            let degree = CSSUtil.getRotationDegree(media_transform);
             
             // no or 360n degree rotation 
             if (degree === 0) { 
@@ -105,13 +105,13 @@ export const element_orientation_unlocked: Rule = {
              * calculate the original page rotation transformation, example
              *  html { transform: rotate(2.5deg); }
             */
-            const definedStyle = getDefinedStyles(ruleContext);
+            const definedStyle = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext);
             
             /** 
              * compensate the media orientation with the page orientation
              */
             if (definedStyle['transform']) {
-                const page_degree = getRotationDegree(definedStyle['transform']);
+                const page_degree = CSSUtil.getRotationDegree(definedStyle['transform']);
                 // rotate is additive
                 degree += page_degree;
             }    
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_scrollable_tabbable.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_scrollable_tabbable.ts
index 4f01a3aec..4d463c1c6 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_scrollable_tabbable.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_scrollable_tabbable.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
-import { getComputedStyle, getPixelsFromStyle } from "..//util/CSSUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { CSSUtil } from "..//util/CSSUtil";
 
-export let element_scrollable_tabbable: Rule = {
+export const element_scrollable_tabbable: Rule = {
     id: "element_scrollable_tabbable",
     context: "dom:*",
     dependencies: [],
@@ -47,15 +48,15 @@ export let element_scrollable_tabbable: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return;
         
         //skip elements
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["iframe", "svg", "script", "meta"]))
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["iframe", "svg", "script", "meta"]))
             return null;
 
         //skip if no visible content
-        if (!RPTUtil.hasInnerContent(ruleContext))
+        if (!CommonUtil.hasInnerContent(ruleContext))
             return null;
             
         const nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
@@ -70,18 +71,18 @@ export let element_scrollable_tabbable: Rule = {
            return null; 
 
         // ignore if both x and y scroll distances < element's horizontal/vertical padding
-        const padding_x = getPixelsFromStyle(styles.paddingLeft, ruleContext) + getPixelsFromStyle(styles.paddingRight, ruleContext);
-        const padding_y = getPixelsFromStyle(styles.paddingTop, ruleContext) + getPixelsFromStyle(styles.paddingBottom, ruleContext);
+        const padding_x = CSSUtil.getPixelsFromStyle(styles.paddingLeft, ruleContext) + CSSUtil.getPixelsFromStyle(styles.paddingRight, ruleContext);
+        const padding_y = CSSUtil.getPixelsFromStyle(styles.paddingTop, ruleContext) + CSSUtil.getPixelsFromStyle(styles.paddingBottom, ruleContext);
         if (ruleContext.scrollWidth -  ruleContext.clientWidth < 1 + padding_x 
             && ruleContext.scrollHeight -  ruleContext.clientHeight < 1+ padding_y)
             return null;
         
         // pass if element is tabbable
-        if (RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext))
+        if (CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext))
             return RulePass("pass_tabbable");
 
         // check if element content is tabbable
-        const count = RPTUtil.getTabbableChildren(ruleContext);
+        const count = CommonUtil.getTabbableChildren(ruleContext);
         if (count > 0)
             return RulePass("pass_interactive");
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_tabbable_role_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_tabbable_role_valid.ts
index c1fcb0960..3056d3c86 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_tabbable_role_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_tabbable_role_valid.ts
@@ -13,19 +13,21 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
-import { getDefinedStyles } from "../util/CSSUtil";
+import { CSSUtil } from "../util/CSSUtil";
 import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let element_tabbable_role_valid: Rule = {
+export const element_tabbable_role_valid: Rule = {
     id: "element_tabbable_role_valid",
     context:"dom:*",
     help: {
         "en-US": {
             "pass": "element_tabbable_role_valid.html",
             "fail_invalid_role": "element_tabbable_role_valid.html",
+            "fail_no_valid_role": "element_tabbable_role_valid.html",
             "group": "element_tabbable_role_valid.html"
         }
     },
@@ -33,6 +35,7 @@ export let element_tabbable_role_valid: Rule = {
         "en-US": {
             "pass": "The tabbable element has a widget role",
             "fail_invalid_role": "The tabbable element's role '{0}' is not a widget role",
+            "fail_no_valid_role": "The tabbable element does not have a valid widget role",
             "group": "A tabbable element must have a valid widget role"
         }
     },
@@ -52,12 +55,12 @@ export let element_tabbable_role_valid: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
         
-        if (RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext) || VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
+        if (CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext) || VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
         
         const nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
         // if the element is tabbable by default with or without tabindex, let the other rules (such as widget_tabbable_single) to handle it
-        if (nodeName in RPTUtil.tabTagMap ) {
-            let value = RPTUtil.tabTagMap[nodeName];
+        if (nodeName in CommonUtil.tabTagMap ) {
+            let value = CommonUtil.tabTagMap[nodeName];
             if (typeof (value) === "function") {
                 value = value(ruleContext);
             } 
@@ -69,46 +72,39 @@ export let element_tabbable_role_valid: Rule = {
             return null;
         
         // ignore elements with CSS overflow: scroll or auto
-        let styles = getDefinedStyles(ruleContext);
+        let styles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext);
         if (styles['overflow-x'] === 'scroll' || styles['overflow-y'] === 'scroll' 
             || styles['overflow-x'] === 'auto' || styles['overflow-y'] === 'auto')
             return null;
 
-        let roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, false);
-        // ignore 'application' role that contains one or more focusable elements that do not follow a standard interaction pattern supported by a widget role:https://www.w3.org/TR/2023/PR-WAI-ARIA-1.2-20230328/#application 
-        if (roles && roles.includes("application"))
-            return null;
-        
         // elements whose roles allow no descendants that are interactive or with a tabindex >= 0 
         // this case should be handled in widget_tabbable_single and aria_child_tabbable
         const roles_no_interactive_child =["button", "checkbox", "img", "link", "menuitem", "menuitemcheckbox", "menuitemradio", 
                                "option", "radio", "switch", "tab"];
 
-        if (!roles || roles.length === 0) {
-            roles = RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
-        }
         const parent = DOMWalker.parentNode(ruleContext);
-        const parent_roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(parent as Element, true);
         
-        // ignore if one of the parent roles is in roles_no_interactive_child
-        for (let i=0; i < parent_roles.length; i++) {
-            if (roles_no_interactive_child.includes(parent_roles[i]))
+        const parent_role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(parent as Element);
+        
+        // ignore if the parent role is in roles_no_interactive_child
+        if (roles_no_interactive_child.includes(parent_role))
                  return null;
-        }
+        
+        let role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(ruleContext);
+        if (!role) 
+            return RuleFail("fail_no_valid_role"); 
+        // ignore 'application' role that contains one or more focusable elements that do not follow a standard interaction pattern supported by a widget role:https://www.w3.org/TR/2023/PR-WAI-ARIA-1.2-20230328/#application 
+        if (role === "application")
+            return null;
 
         // handle the case: tabindex >= 0 to examine whether a widget role is setup or not 
         // pass if one of the roles is a widget type
-        for (let i=0; i < roles.length; i++) {
-            // Row is weird. It's structure, but can also be widget
-            if (roles[i] === "row" || ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[roles[i]].roleType === 'widget') {
-                 return RulePass("pass");
-            }
-            // Focusable separators are widgets
-            if (roles[i] === "separator") {
+        // Row is weird. It's structure, but can also be widget
+        // Focusable separators are widgets
+        if (role === "row" || role === "separator" || ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[role].roleType === 'widget') {
                 return RulePass("pass");
-            }
         }
             
-        return RuleFail("fail_invalid_role", [roles.length === 0 ? 'none' : roles.join(', ')]);
+        return RuleFail("fail_invalid_role", [role]);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_tabbable_unobscured.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_tabbable_unobscured.ts
index 6c76cb1bc..00fee6602 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_tabbable_unobscured.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_tabbable_unobscured.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy, RulePotential } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 import { DOMMapper } from "../../v2/dom/DOMMapper";
 
-export let element_tabbable_unobscured: Rule = {
+export const element_tabbable_unobscured: Rule = {
     id: "element_tabbable_unobscured",
     context: "dom:*",
     dependencies: [],
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ export let element_tabbable_unobscured: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
 
-        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || !RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext))
+        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || !CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext))
             return null;
         
         const nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLocaleLowerCase(); 
           
         //ignore certain elements
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["pre", "code", "script", "meta"]) !== null 
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["pre", "code", "script", "meta"]) !== null 
             || nodeName === "body" || nodeName === "html" )
             return null;
         
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_tabbable_visible.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_tabbable_visible.ts
index 0c5e02a02..bf7ac0bc1 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_tabbable_visible.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/element_tabbable_visible.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getDefinedStyles, getComputedStyle } from "../util/CSSUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CSSUtil } from "../util/CSSUtil";
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy, RulePotential } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 import { DOMMapper } from "../../v2/dom/DOMMapper";
 
-export let element_tabbable_visible: Rule = {
+export const element_tabbable_visible: Rule = {
     id: "element_tabbable_visible",
     context: "dom:*",
     dependencies: [],
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ export let element_tabbable_visible: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
-        if (!RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext))
+        if (!CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext))
             return null;
         
         const nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLocaleLowerCase(); 
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ export let element_tabbable_visible: Rule = {
         if (!bounds) return null;
         
         // defined styles only give the styles that changed
-        const defined_styles = getDefinedStyles(ruleContext);
-        const onfocus_styles = getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus");
+        const defined_styles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext);
+        const onfocus_styles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus");
                 
         if (bounds['height'] === 0 || bounds['width'] === 0)
             return RulePotential("potential_visible", []);
@@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ export let element_tabbable_visible: Rule = {
              * which likely incurs the changes of the label style.   
              */ 
             if (nodeName === 'input' && (ruleContext.getAttribute('type')==='checkbox' || ruleContext.getAttribute('type')==='radio')) {
-                const label = RPTUtil.getLabelForElement(ruleContext);
-                if (label && !RPTUtil.isInnerTextEmpty(label)) {
-                    const focus_styles = getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus");
-                    const focus_visible_styles = getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus-visible");
-                    const focus_within_styles = getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus-within");
-                    const checked_styles = getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":checked");
+                const label = CommonUtil.getLabelForElement(ruleContext);
+                if (label && !CommonUtil.isInnerTextEmpty(label)) {
+                    const focus_styles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus");
+                    const focus_visible_styles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus-visible");
+                    const focus_within_styles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus-within");
+                    const checked_styles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":checked");
                     
                     if (focus_styles || focus_visible_styles || focus_within_styles || checked_styles)
                         return RulePass("pass");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/embed_alt_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/embed_alt_exists.ts
index c8ff37681..b1d845877 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/embed_alt_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/embed_alt_exists.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let embed_alt_exists: Rule = {
+export const embed_alt_exists: Rule = {
     id: "embed_alt_exists",
     context: "dom:embed",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ export let embed_alt_exists: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         //skip the rule
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
-        let passed = RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "alt");
+        let passed = CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "alt");
         return passed ? RulePass("Pass_0") : RulePotential("Potential_1");
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/embed_noembed_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/embed_noembed_exists.ts
index 4f118c76d..150550580 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/embed_noembed_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/embed_noembed_exists.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
 
-export let embed_noembed_exists: Rule = {
+export const embed_noembed_exists: Rule = {
     id: "embed_noembed_exists",
     context: "dom:embed",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/emoticons_alt_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/emoticons_alt_exists.ts
index 578b097a4..6f3500819 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/emoticons_alt_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/emoticons_alt_exists.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
-import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let emoticons_alt_exists: Rule = {
+export const emoticons_alt_exists: Rule = {
     id: "emoticons_alt_exists",
     context: "dom:*",
     refactor: {
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ export let emoticons_alt_exists: Rule = {
 
         if (!passed) {
             // Don't trigger if we're not in the body or if we're in a script, pre, code
-            let checkAncestor = RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["pre", "code", "script", "body"]);
+            let checkAncestor = CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["pre", "code", "script", "body"]);
             passed = checkAncestor == null || checkAncestor.nodeName.toLowerCase() != "body";
         }
         if (passed) return RulePass("Pass_0");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/error_message_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/error_message_exists.ts
index 7395ea829..b425b50ef 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/error_message_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/error_message_exists.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let error_message_exists: Rule = {
+export const error_message_exists: Rule = {
     id: "error_message_exists",
     context: "dom:*[aria-invalid=true]",
     refactor: {
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ export let error_message_exists: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let aria_errMsgId = RPTUtil.getAriaAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-errormessage");
+        let aria_errMsgId = AriaUtil.getAriaAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-errormessage");
 
         // If aria-errormessage is not provided, then OUT_OF_SCOPE
         if (!aria_errMsgId) {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/fieldset_label_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/fieldset_label_valid.ts
index 892f7f71f..cb65fc571 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/fieldset_label_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/fieldset_label_valid.ts
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { ARIAMapper } from "../../v2/aria/ARIAMapper";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
 
-export let fieldset_label_valid: Rule = {
+export const fieldset_label_valid: Rule = {
     id: "fieldset_label_valid",
     context: "aria:group",
     refactor: {
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ export let fieldset_label_valid: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
 
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return;
 
         let ownerDocument = FragmentUtil.getOwnerFragment(ruleContext);
-        let formCache = getCache(
+        let formCache = CacheUtil.getCache(
             ruleContext.ownerDocument,
             "landmark_group_input",
             null
@@ -83,16 +83,18 @@ export let fieldset_label_valid: Rule = {
             }
             let groupsWithInputsComputedLabels = [];
             for (let i = 0; i < groupsWithInputs.length; i++) {
+                const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(groupsWithInputs[i]);
                 // Loop over all the landmark nodes
                 groupsWithInputsComputedLabels.push(
-                    ARIAMapper.computeName(groupsWithInputs[i])
+                    /**ARIAMapper.computeName(groupsWithInputs[i])*/
+                    pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0 ? pair.name.trim() : ""
                 );
             }
             formCache.groupsWithInputs = groupsWithInputs;
             formCache.groupsWithInputsComputedLabels =
                 groupsWithInputsComputedLabels;
 
-            setCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "landmark_group_input",formCache);    
+            CacheUtil.setCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "landmark_group_input",formCache);    
         }
         // formCache.groupsWithInputs.forEach(element => {
         //     console.log("formCache.groupsWithInputs: " +element.id)
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/fieldset_legend_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/fieldset_legend_valid.ts
index 2c5a4165b..742395555 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/fieldset_legend_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/fieldset_legend_valid.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let fieldset_legend_valid: Rule = {
+export const fieldset_legend_valid: Rule = {
     id: "fieldset_legend_valid",
     context: "dom:fieldset",
     refactor: {
@@ -55,18 +55,18 @@ export let fieldset_legend_valid: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         
       //skip if the fieldset is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return null;
 
         // In the case a legend is hidden, we should still trigger a violations for this
-        let legends = RPTUtil.getChildByTagHidden(ruleContext, "legend", true, false);
+        let legends = CommonUtil.getChildByTagHidden(ruleContext, "legend", true, false);
         if (legends.length === 0) {
             // Fieldset has NO Legend
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
         } else if (legends.length > 1) {
             // Fieldset has more than one legend
             return RuleFail("Fail_2");
-        } else if (RPTUtil.getInnerText(legends[0]).trim().length === 0) {
+        } else if (CommonUtil.getInnerText(legends[0]).trim().length === 0) {
             // Fieldset has legend but legend is empty
             return RuleFail("Fail_3");
         }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/figure_label_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/figure_label_exists.ts
index ae14f25f2..6fc41495b 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/figure_label_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/figure_label_exists.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let figure_label_exists: Rule = {
+export const figure_label_exists: Rule = {
     id: "figure_label_exists",
     context: "dom:figure",
     refactor: {
@@ -56,8 +57,9 @@ export let figure_label_exists: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        let passed = RPTUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
-
+        //let passed = AriaUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
+        const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(ruleContext);
+        const passed = pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0;
         //return new ValidationResult(passed, [ruleContext], '', '', []);
         if (!passed) {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1", []);
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_font_color.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_font_color.ts
index dec5bb70b..e0dfd25fb 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_font_color.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_font_color.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
 
-export let form_font_color: Rule = {
+export const form_font_color: Rule = {
     id: "form_font_color",
     context: "dom:form",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_interaction_review.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_interaction_review.ts
index 070f25c0d..b3cca50be 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_interaction_review.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_interaction_review.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let form_interaction_review: Rule = {
+export const form_interaction_review: Rule = {
     id: "form_interaction_review",
     context: "dom:form[target]",
     refactor: {
@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ export let form_interaction_review: Rule = {
         }
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         let tStr = ruleContext.getAttribute("target");
-        let passed = tStr === "_parent" || tStr === "_self" || tStr === "_top" || RPTUtil.getFrameByName(ruleContext, tStr) != null;
+        let passed = tStr === "_parent" || tStr === "_self" || tStr === "_top" || CommonUtil.getFrameByName(ruleContext, tStr) != null;
         if (!passed) {
             // Name is not part of this frameset – must have potential to create new window?
             // See if a new window is mentioned
-            let textStr = RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext);
+            let textStr = CommonUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext);
             if (ruleContext.hasAttribute("title"))
                 textStr += " " + ruleContext.getAttribute("title");
             for (let i = 0; !passed && i < validateParams.paramWinText.value.length; ++i)
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_label_unique.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_label_unique.ts
index 3f2e00d94..01577b997 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_label_unique.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_label_unique.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { getCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let form_label_unique: Rule = {
+export const form_label_unique: Rule = {
     id: "form_label_unique",
     context: "dom:label[for]",
     refactor: {
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ export let form_label_unique: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // JCH - NO OUT OF SCOPE hidden in context
-        let labelIds = getCache(FragmentUtil.getOwnerFragment(ruleContext), "RPT_Label_Single", {})
+        let labelIds = CacheUtil.getCache(FragmentUtil.getOwnerFragment(ruleContext), "RPT_Label_Single", {})
         let id = ruleContext.getAttribute("for");
         let passed = !(id in labelIds);
         labelIds[id] = true;
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_submit_button_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_submit_button_exists.ts
index 5926532e0..6f845f6c8 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_submit_button_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_submit_button_exists.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { NodeWalker, RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
 
-export let form_submit_button_exists: Rule = {
+export const form_submit_button_exists: Rule = {
     id: "form_submit_button_exists",
     context: "dom:form",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,7 +50,8 @@ export let form_submit_button_exists: Rule = {
         let passed = false;
         if (ruleContext.firstChild) {
             // submit buttons are usually at the bottom - walk backwards
-            let nw = new NodeWalker(ruleContext, true);
+            //let nw = new NodeWalker(ruleContext, true);
+            let nw = new DOMWalker(ruleContext, true);
             while (!passed && nw.prevNode() && nw.node != ruleContext) {
                 if (!nw.bEndTag) {
                     let nodeName = nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ export let form_submit_button_exists: Rule = {
                     } else if (nodeName === "button") {
                         passed = nw.elem().hasAttribute("type") && nw.elem().getAttribute("type").toLowerCase() === "submit";
                     } else if (nw.node.nodeType === 1) {
-                        passed = RPTUtil.hasRole(nw.node, "button");
+                        passed = AriaUtil.hasRole(nw.node, "button");
                     }
                 }
             }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_submit_review.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_submit_review.ts
index b8c830c43..1bca04e71 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_submit_review.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/form_submit_review.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let form_submit_review: Rule = {
+export const form_submit_review: Rule = {
     id: "form_submit_review",
     context: "dom:select[onchange], dom:input[onchange]",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/frame_src_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/frame_src_valid.ts
index e1af961cc..96e2ede73 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/frame_src_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/frame_src_valid.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let frame_src_valid: Rule = {
+export const frame_src_valid: Rule = {
     id: "frame_src_valid",
     context: "dom:frame, dom:iframe",
     refactor: {
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ export let frame_src_valid: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let passed = RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "src") &&
-            RPTUtil.isHtmlExt(RPTUtil.getFileExt(ruleContext.getAttribute("src")));
+        let passed = CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "src") &&
+            CommonUtil.isHtmlExt(CommonUtil.getFileExt(ruleContext.getAttribute("src")));
         if (passed) return RulePass("Pass_0");
         if (!passed) return RulePotential("Potential_1");
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/frame_title_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/frame_title_exists.ts
index 3a202abd8..b9ebfa86e 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/frame_title_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/frame_title_exists.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let frame_title_exists: Rule = {
+export const frame_title_exists: Rule = {
     id: "frame_title_exists",
     context: "dom:frame, dom:iframe",
     refactor: {
@@ -57,7 +58,9 @@ export let frame_title_exists: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
 
-        if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title")) {
+        const name_pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(ruleContext);
+        if (name_pair && name_pair.name && name_pair.name.trim().length > 0) {
+        //if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title")) {
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
         } else {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/heading_content_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/heading_content_exists.ts
index 33138c4a0..e530ae0b8 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/heading_content_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/heading_content_exists.ts
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let heading_content_exists: Rule = {
+export const heading_content_exists: Rule = {
     id: "heading_content_exists",
     context: "dom:h1, dom:h2, dom:h3, dom:h4, dom:h5, dom:h6",
     refactor: {
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ export let heading_content_exists: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let passed = RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext);
+        let passed =CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext);
         if (!passed) {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
         } else {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/heading_markup_misuse.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/heading_markup_misuse.ts
index 201b6d50c..3bd067f88 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/heading_markup_misuse.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/heading_markup_misuse.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let heading_markup_misuse: Rule = {
+export const heading_markup_misuse: Rule = {
     id: "heading_markup_misuse",
     context: "dom:h1, dom:h2, dom:h3, dom:h4, dom:h5, dom:h6",
     dependencies: ["heading_content_exists"],
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ export let heading_markup_misuse: Rule = {
         }
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         let headingLengthThresh = validateParams.headingLengthThresh.value;
-        let passed = RPTUtil.wordCount(RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext)) <= headingLengthThresh;
+        let passed = CommonUtil.wordCount(CommonUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext)) <= headingLengthThresh;
         if (passed) return RulePass("Pass_0");
         if (!passed) return RulePotential("Potential_1");
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/html_lang_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/html_lang_exists.ts
index b375ebeb5..c6c90b001 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/html_lang_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/html_lang_exists.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 import { AncestorUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/ancestor";
 import { LangUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/lang";
 
-export let html_lang_exists: Rule = {
+export const html_lang_exists: Rule = {
     id: "html_lang_exists",
     context: "dom:html",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/html_skipnav_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/html_skipnav_exists.ts
index 6f37ff540..7163ce0e5 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/html_skipnav_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/html_skipnav_exists.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
     
-export let html_skipnav_exists: Rule = {
+export const html_skipnav_exists: Rule = {
     id: "html_skipnav_exists",
     context: "dom:html",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,15 +49,15 @@ export let html_skipnav_exists: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         let passed = false;
-        let frames = RPTUtil.getDocElementsByTag(ruleContext, "frame");
-        let headers = RPTUtil.getDocElementsByTag(ruleContext, "h1");
+        let frames = CommonUtil.getDocElementsByTag(ruleContext, "frame");
+        let headers = CommonUtil.getDocElementsByTag(ruleContext, "h1");
 
         if ((frames != null && frames.length > 0) || (headers != null && headers.length > 0)) {
             // If frames or headings are used, pass
             passed = true;
         } else {
             // Look for skip anchors
-            let anchors = RPTUtil.getDocElementsByTag(ruleContext, "a");
+            let anchors = CommonUtil.getDocElementsByTag(ruleContext, "a");
             let targets = {};
             for (let idx = 0; !passed && idx < anchors.length; ++idx) {
                 if (anchors[idx].hasAttribute("href")) {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ export let html_skipnav_exists: Rule = {
                     if (docHref.startsWith("file:///")) docHref = "file:/" + docHref.substring("file:///".length);
 
                     if (href.charAt(0) == "#" || href.startsWith(docHref + "#")) {
-                        let target = RPTUtil.getFileAnchor(href);
+                        let target = CommonUtil.getFileAnchor(href);
                         if (FragmentUtil.getById(ruleContext, target) != null)
                             passed = true;
                         else
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ export let html_skipnav_exists: Rule = {
                     // Assume forward jumping targets
                     let name = anchors[idx].getAttribute("name");
                     if (name.indexOf("#") != -1)
-                        name = RPTUtil.getFileAnchor(name);
+                        name = CommonUtil.getFileAnchor(name);
                     passed = name in targets;
                 }
             }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/iframe_interactive_tabbable.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/iframe_interactive_tabbable.ts
index 6d1c1e972..1ff0ed0a8 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/iframe_interactive_tabbable.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/iframe_interactive_tabbable.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 import { DOMMapper } from "../../v2/dom/DOMMapper";
 
-export let iframe_interactive_tabbable: Rule = {
+export const iframe_interactive_tabbable: Rule = {
     id: "iframe_interactive_tabbable",
     context: "dom:iframe",
     dependencies: [],
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ export let iframe_interactive_tabbable: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return;
         
         const mapper : DOMMapper = new DOMMapper();
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ export let iframe_interactive_tabbable: Rule = {
         if (!iframElem || !iframElem.contentDocument || !iframElem.contentDocument.documentElement)
             return null;
 
-        const count = RPTUtil.getTabbableChildren(ruleContext);
+        const count = CommonUtil.getTabbableChildren(ruleContext);
         if (count > 0)
             return RuleFail("fail_invalid");
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/imagebutton_alt_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/imagebutton_alt_exists.ts
index 847ecf79b..75cab1d30 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/imagebutton_alt_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/imagebutton_alt_exists.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let imagebutton_alt_exists: Rule = {
+export const imagebutton_alt_exists: Rule = {
     id: "imagebutton_alt_exists",
     context: "dom:input",
     refactor: {
@@ -56,9 +57,9 @@ export let imagebutton_alt_exists: Rule = {
         if (!ruleContext.hasAttribute("type") || ruleContext.getAttribute("type").toLowerCase() != "image") {
             return null;
         }
-        if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "alt")) {
+        if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "alt")) {
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
-        } else if (RPTUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext)) {
+        } else if (AriaUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext)) {
             return RulePass("Pass_1");
         } else if (ruleContext.hasAttribute("title") && ruleContext.getAttribute("title").length > 0) {
             return RulePass("Pass_2");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/imagemap_alt_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/imagemap_alt_exists.ts
index e6066e3e2..da2ad8066 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/imagemap_alt_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/imagemap_alt_exists.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let imagemap_alt_exists: Rule = {
+export const imagemap_alt_exists: Rule = {
     id: "imagemap_alt_exists",
     context: "dom:img[usemap], dom:img[ismap]",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ export let imagemap_alt_exists: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         //skip the rule
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
-        let passed = RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "alt") ||
-            (!ruleContext.hasAttribute("ismap") && !RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "usemap"));
+        let passed = CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "alt") ||
+            (!ruleContext.hasAttribute("ismap") && !CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "usemap"));
         if (!passed) {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
         } else {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_background.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_background.ts
index 80e798982..3dd7eb1e2 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_background.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_background.ts
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let img_alt_background: Rule = {
+export const img_alt_background: Rule = {
     id: "img_alt_background",
     context: "dom:*",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_decorative.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_decorative.ts
index de3060d27..88c33bac3 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_decorative.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_decorative.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let img_alt_decorative: Rule = {
+export const img_alt_decorative: Rule = {
     id: "img_alt_decorative",
     context: "dom:img[alt]",
     refactor: {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ export let img_alt_decorative: Rule = {
         //skip the rule
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
         let passed = true;
-        if (RPTUtil.hasRole(ruleContext, "presentation") || RPTUtil.hasRole(ruleContext, "none")) {
+        if (AriaUtil.hasRole(ruleContext, "presentation") || AriaUtil.hasRole(ruleContext, "none")) {
             passed = ruleContext.getAttribute("alt").length == 0;
         }
         if (!passed) {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_misuse.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_misuse.ts
index 821da0d63..ad5bf4515 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_misuse.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_misuse.ts
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let img_alt_misuse: Rule = {
+export const img_alt_misuse: Rule = {
     id: "img_alt_misuse",
     context: "dom:img, dom:area, dom:input",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_null.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_null.ts
index d3e146e3a..4b108d034 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_null.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_null.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RulePotential, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RulePotential, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let img_alt_null: Rule = {
+export const img_alt_null: Rule = {
     id: "img_alt_null",
     context: "dom:img[alt]",
     refactor: {
@@ -55,9 +56,9 @@ export let img_alt_null: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
         // We have a title, but alt is empty
-        if (RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).length > 0) {
+        if (AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).length > 0) {
             return RulePotential("potential_aria_override");
-        } else if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title")) {
+        } else if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title")) {
             return RuleFail("fail_decorative");
         } else {
             return RulePass("pass");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_redundant.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_redundant.ts
index 4df01e003..d85cf071e 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_redundant.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_redundant.ts
@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { NodeWalker, RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let img_alt_redundant: Rule = {
+export const img_alt_redundant: Rule = {
     id: "img_alt_redundant",
     context: "dom:img[alt]",
     refactor: {
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ export let img_alt_redundant: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let aNode = RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "a");
+        let aNode = CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "a");
         //If not in an anchor, Out of Scope
         if (aNode == null) return null;
 
@@ -77,17 +78,18 @@ export let img_alt_redundant: Rule = {
         } else {
             let passed = true;
             //alt is non-zero, but no link text - ensure adjacent link text isn't redundant
-            let walk = new NodeWalker(aNode);
+            //let walk = new NodeWalker(aNode);
+            let walk = new DOMWalker(aNode);
             while (passed && walk.prevNode()) {
                 // Get the node and nodeName
                 let node = walk.node;
                 let nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
                 if ((nodeName == "#text" && node.nodeValue.length > 0) ||
-                    (nodeName == "img" && RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "alt"))) {
+                    (nodeName == "img" && CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "alt"))) {
                     break;
                 }
                 // Comply with the Check Hidden Content Setting if the a element should be checked or not
-                else if (nodeName === "a" && !RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(node)) {
+                else if (nodeName === "a" && !CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(node)) {
                     // Text before image link
                     passed = ((node as HTMLElement).innerText || node.textContent || "").trim().toLowerCase() != altText;
                 }
@@ -95,18 +97,19 @@ export let img_alt_redundant: Rule = {
             if (!passed) {
                 return RuleFail("Fail_2");
             }
-            walk = new NodeWalker(aNode, true);
+            //walk = new NodeWalker(aNode, true);
+            walk = new DOMWalker(aNode, true);
             while (passed && walk.nextNode()) {
                 // Get the node and nodeName
                 let node = walk.node;
                 let nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
 
                 if ((nodeName == "#text" && node.nodeValue.length > 0) ||
-                    (nodeName == "img" && RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "alt"))) {
+                    (nodeName == "img" && CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "alt"))) {
                     break;
                 }
                 // Comply with the Check Hidden Content Setting if the a element should be checked or not
-                else if (nodeName == "a" && !RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(node)) {
+                else if (nodeName == "a" && !CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(node)) {
                     passed = (node as HTMLElement).innerText.trim().toLowerCase() != altText;
                 }
             }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_valid.ts
index ee76507a9..caeb59295 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_alt_valid.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let img_alt_valid: Rule = {
+export const img_alt_valid: Rule = {
     id: "img_alt_valid",
     context: "dom:img",
     refactor: {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ export let img_alt_valid: Rule = {
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext))
             return null;
         
-        if (RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).trim().length !== 0) {
+        if (AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).trim().length !== 0) {
             // the img has non-empty aria label
             return RulePass("pass");
         }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ export let img_alt_valid: Rule = {
             if (title === null || title.length === 0) {
                 // no title or title is empty, examine alt further
                 if (alt === null) {
-                    let role = RPTUtil.getResolvedRole(ruleContext, false);
+                    let role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(ruleContext, false);
                     if (role === 'presentation' || role === 'none')
                         return RulePass("pass");
                     
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_ismap_misuse.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_ismap_misuse.ts
index eb1a4fd48..956528fed 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_ismap_misuse.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_ismap_misuse.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let img_ismap_misuse: Rule = {
+export const img_ismap_misuse: Rule = {
     id: "img_ismap_misuse",
     context: "dom:img[ismap]",
     refactor: {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export let img_ismap_misuse: Rule = {
                 usemap = usemap.substr(idx + 1);
 
             if (usemap.length > 0) {
-                let maps = RPTUtil.getDocElementsByTag(ruleContext, "map");
+                let maps = CommonUtil.getDocElementsByTag(ruleContext, "map");
                 for (let i = 0; !passed && i < maps.length; ++i) {
                     passed = maps[i].hasAttribute("name") &&
                         maps[i].getAttribute("name").toLowerCase() == usemap;
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_longdesc_misuse.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_longdesc_misuse.ts
index 6ef20b457..82e3b4eca 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_longdesc_misuse.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/img_longdesc_misuse.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let img_longdesc_misuse: Rule = {
+export const img_longdesc_misuse: Rule = {
     id: "img_longdesc_misuse",
     context: "dom:img[longdesc]",
     refactor: {
@@ -52,8 +53,8 @@ export let img_longdesc_misuse: Rule = {
         let longdesc = ruleContext.getAttribute("longdesc");
         // if (longdesc is bad URL) passed = false;
 
-        let ext = RPTUtil.getFileExt(longdesc);
-        let passed = ext.length != 0 && RPTUtil.isHtmlExt(ext)
+        let ext = CommonUtil.getFileExt(longdesc);
+        let passed = ext.length != 0 && CommonUtil.isHtmlExt(ext)
             || longdesc.startsWith("#")
             || longdesc.startsWith("http://")
             || longdesc.startsWith("https://")
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_autocomplete_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_autocomplete_valid.ts
index 6a5a6c664..6156c2c32 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_autocomplete_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_autocomplete_valid.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let input_autocomplete_valid: Rule = {
+export const input_autocomplete_valid: Rule = {
     id: "input_autocomplete_valid",
     context: "dom:input[autocomplete], dom:textarea[autocomplete], dom:select[autocomplete]",
     refactor: {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ export let input_autocomplete_valid: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext)) {
+        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext)) {
             return null;
         }
         
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_checkboxes_grouped.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_checkboxes_grouped.ts
index d76f2f245..312f5c34a 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_checkboxes_grouped.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_checkboxes_grouped.ts
@@ -11,14 +11,16 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { TableUtil } from "../util/TableUtil";
 
-export let input_checkboxes_grouped: Rule = {
+export const input_checkboxes_grouped: Rule = {
     id: "input_checkboxes_grouped",
     context: "dom:input[type=radio], dom:input[type=checkbox]",
     refactor: {
@@ -76,14 +78,14 @@ export let input_checkboxes_grouped: Rule = {
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
 
         const getGroup = (e: Element) => {
-            let retVal = RPTUtil.getAncestor(e, "fieldset")
-                || RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(e, "radiogroup")
-                || RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(e, "group")
-                || RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(e, "grid")
-                || RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(e, "table");
+            let retVal = CommonUtil.getAncestor(e, "fieldset")
+                || AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(e, "radiogroup")
+                || AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(e, "group")
+                || AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(e, "grid")
+                || AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(e, "table");
             if (!retVal) {
-                retVal = RPTUtil.getAncestor(e, "table");
-                if (retVal && !RPTUtil.isDataTable(retVal)) {
+                retVal = CommonUtil.getAncestor(e, "table");
+                if (retVal && !TableUtil.isDataTable(retVal)) {
                     retVal = null;
                 }
             }
@@ -94,13 +96,13 @@ export let input_checkboxes_grouped: Rule = {
         let ctxType = ruleContext.getAttribute("type").toLowerCase();
         
         // Determine which form we're in (if any) to determine our scope
-        let ctxForm = RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "form")
-            || RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "html")
+        let ctxForm = AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "form")
+            || CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "html")
             || ruleContext.ownerDocument.documentElement;
 
         // Get data about all of the visible checkboxes and radios in the scope of this form
         // and cache it for all of the other inputs in this scope
-        let formCache = getCache(ctxForm, "input_checkboxes_grouped", null);
+        let formCache = CacheUtil.getCache(ctxForm, "input_checkboxes_grouped", null);
         if (!formCache) {
             formCache = {
                 checkboxByName: {},
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ export let input_checkboxes_grouped: Rule = {
             }
             // Get all of the checkboxes in the form or body (but not nested in something else and not hidden)
             // And get a mapping of these checkboxes to
-            let cWalker = new DOMWalker(ctxForm, false, ctxForm);
+            let cWalker = new DOMWalker(ctxForm, false, ctxForm, true);
             let checkboxQ = [];
             let radiosQ = [];
             while (cWalker.nextNode()) {
@@ -132,10 +134,10 @@ export let input_checkboxes_grouped: Rule = {
             // let checkboxQ = ctxForm.querySelectorAll("input[type=checkbox]");
             for (let idx = 0; idx < checkboxQ.length; ++idx) {
                 const cb = checkboxQ[idx];
-                if ((RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(cb, "form")
-                    || RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "html")
+                if ((AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(cb, "form")
+                    || CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "html")
                     || ruleContext.ownerDocument.documentElement) === ctxForm
-                    && !RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(cb)) {
+                    && !CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(cb)) {
                     const name = cb.getAttribute("name") || "";
                     (formCache.checkboxByName[name] = formCache.checkboxByName[name] || []).push(cb);
                     formCache.nameToGroup[name] = formCache.nameToGroup[name] || getGroup(cb);
@@ -146,18 +148,18 @@ export let input_checkboxes_grouped: Rule = {
             // let radiosQ = ctxForm.querySelectorAll("input[type=radio]");
             for (let idx = 0; idx < radiosQ.length; ++idx) {
                 const r = radiosQ[idx];
-                const radCtx = (RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(r, "form")
-                    || RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "html")
+                const radCtx = (AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(r, "form")
+                    || CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "html")
                     || ruleContext.ownerDocument.documentElement);
                 if (radCtx === ctxForm
-                    && !RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(r)) {
+                    && !CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(r)) {
                     const name = r.getAttribute("name") || "";
                     (formCache.radiosByName[name] = formCache.radiosByName[name] || []).push(r);
                     formCache.nameToGroup[name] = formCache.nameToGroup[name] || getGroup(r);
                     ++formCache.numRadios;
                 }
             }
-            setCache(ctxForm, "input_checkboxes_grouped", formCache);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(ctxForm, "input_checkboxes_grouped", formCache);
         }
 
         ///////////// Calculated everything, now check the various cases
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_fields_grouped.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_fields_grouped.ts
index b6273fbee..847f870a4 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_fields_grouped.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_fields_grouped.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let input_fields_grouped: Rule = {
+export const input_fields_grouped: Rule = {
     id: "input_fields_grouped",
     context: "dom:input, dom:textarea, dom:select",
     refactor: {
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ export let input_fields_grouped: Rule = {
             if (type != "text" && type != "file" && type != "password")
                 return RulePass("Pass_0");
         }
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "fieldset") != null)
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "fieldset") != null)
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
 
         // No fieldset - see if this input is all by itself - no need to group single inputs
-        let parent = RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["form", "body"]);
+        let parent = CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["form", "body"]);
         let checkTypes = ["input", "textarea", "select"];
         let passed = true;
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ export let input_fields_grouped: Rule = {
 
                 // Check if the node should be skipped or not based on the Check Hidden Content setting and if the node isVisible or
                 // not.
-                if (RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(controls[j])) {
+                if (CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(controls[j])) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_haspopup_conflict.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_haspopup_conflict.ts
index a38a25c38..94a0f7d7d 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_haspopup_conflict.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_haspopup_conflict.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let input_haspopup_conflict: Rule = {
+export const input_haspopup_conflict: Rule = {
     id: "input_haspopup_conflict",
     context: "dom:input[list][aria-haspopup]",
     refactor: {
@@ -58,10 +59,10 @@ export let input_haspopup_conflict: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
 
         //skip if the fieldset is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return null;
 
-        let roles = RPTUtil.getUserDefinedRoles(ruleContext);
+        let roles = AriaUtil.getUserDefinedRoles(ruleContext);
         // let "aria_role_valid" to handle invalid role. Only allowed role is combobox which is implicit. 
         if (roles && roles.length > 0 && !roles.includes('combobox')) 
             return null;         
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_after.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_after.ts
index a650241c8..e60f56091 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_after.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_after.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { NodeWalker, RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let input_label_after: Rule = {
+export const input_label_after: Rule = {
     id: "input_label_after",
     context: "dom:input",
     refactor: {
@@ -57,17 +58,18 @@ export let input_label_after: Rule = {
         }
 
         // Get only the non-hidden labels for element
-        let labelElem = RPTUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(ruleContext, true);
-        if (labelElem === null || !RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(labelElem)) {
+        let labelElem = CommonUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(ruleContext, true);
+        if (labelElem === null || !CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(labelElem)) {
             // Due to dependency, label must be done via title - this rule doesn't apply
             return null;
         }
-        let value = RPTUtil.compareNodeOrder(labelElem, ruleContext);
+        let value = CommonUtil.compareNodeOrder(labelElem, ruleContext);
         let passed;
         if (value === -2) {
             // input nested in label
             passed = false;
-            let walkNode = new NodeWalker(labelElem);
+            //let walkNode = new NodeWalker(labelElem);
+            let walkNode = new DOMWalker(labelElem);
             walkNode.node = ruleContext;
             while (!passed && walkNode.nextNode()) {
                 passed = ((walkNode.node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "#text" && walkNode.node.nodeValue.trim().length > 0)
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_before.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_before.ts
index f26a2616b..d75ed9672 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_before.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_before.ts
@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let input_label_before: Rule = {
+export const input_label_before: Rule = {
     id: "input_label_before",
     context: "dom:input, dom:textarea, dom:select",
     refactor: {
@@ -57,18 +58,18 @@ export let input_label_before: Rule = {
         }
 
         // Get only the non-hidden labels for element
-        let labelElem = RPTUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(ruleContext, true);
+        let labelElem = CommonUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(ruleContext, true);
         
-        if (labelElem == null || !RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(labelElem)) {
+        if (labelElem == null || !CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(labelElem)) {
             // Due to dependency, label must be done via title - this rule doesn't apply
             return null;
         }
 
-        let value = RPTUtil.compareNodeOrder(labelElem, ruleContext);
+        let value = CommonUtil.compareNodeOrder(labelElem, ruleContext);
         if (value === -2) {
             // ignore if no label or the content for the label is only from the nested input control 
-            let text = RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext);
-            if (text && text.trim().length > 0 && RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext).trim() === text.trim()) {
+            let text = CommonUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext);
+            if (text && text.trim().length > 0 && CommonUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext).trim() === text.trim()) {
                 // Due to dependency, label must be done via title - this rule doesn't apply
                 return null;
             }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_exists.ts
index 21d36bc9e..060663c02 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_exists.ts
@@ -11,16 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
-import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
-import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
 
-export let input_label_exists: Rule = {
+export const input_label_exists: Rule = {
     id: "input_label_exists",
     context: "aria:button,aria:checkbox,aria:combobox,aria:listbox,aria:menuitemcheckbox,aria:menuitemradio,aria:radio,aria:searchbox,aria:slider,aria:spinbutton,aria:switch,aria:textbox,aria:progressbar,dom:input[type=file],dom:output,dom:meter,dom:input[type=password]",
     //dependencies: ["aria_role_redundant", "aria_role_valid"],
@@ -71,7 +68,7 @@ export let input_label_exists: Rule = {
         let type = "text";
         if (nodeName == "input" && ruleContext.hasAttribute("type")) {
             type = ruleContext.getAttribute("type").toLowerCase();
-        } else if (nodeName === "button" || RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "button")) {
+        } else if (nodeName === "button" || AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "button")) {
             type = "buttonelem";
         }
         if (nodeName == "input" && type == "") {
@@ -81,39 +78,32 @@ export let input_label_exists: Rule = {
             // Handled by input_label_existsImage
             return null;
         }
-
+/** 
         let POF = -1;
-        let textTypes = [
-            "text", "file", "password",
-            "checkbox", "radio",
-            "search", "tel", "url", "email",  //HTML 5. Note: type = "hidden" doesn't require text
-            "date", "number", "range", //HTML 5. type = "image" is checked in g10.
-            "time", "color"
-        ]
-        let buttonTypes = [
-            "button", "reset", "submit"
-        ]
+        let textTypes = CommonUtil.input_text_types;
+        let buttonTypes = CommonUtil.form_button_types;  
+       
         let buttonTypesWithDefaults = ["reset", "submit"]; // 'submit' and 'reset' have visible defaults.
         if (textTypes.indexOf(type) !== -1) { // If type is in the list
             // Get only the non-hidden labels for elements, in the case that a label is hidden then it is a violation
             // Note: label[for] does not work for ARIA defined inputs
-            let labelElem = ruleContext.hasAttribute("role") ? null : RPTUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(ruleContext, true);
+            let labelElem = ruleContext.hasAttribute("role") ? null : CommonUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(ruleContext, true);
             let hasLabelElemContent = false;
             if (labelElem) {
-                if (RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(labelElem)) {
+                if (CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(labelElem)) {
                     hasLabelElemContent = true;
                 } else if ((labelElem.getAttribute("aria-label") || "").trim().length > 0) {
                     hasLabelElemContent = true;
                 } else if (labelElem.hasAttribute("aria-labelledby")) {
                     let labelledByElem = FragmentUtil.getById(labelElem, labelElem.getAttribute('aria-labelledby'));
-                    if (labelledByElem && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelledByElem, labelElem) && RPTUtil.hasInnerContent(labelledByElem)) {
+                    if (labelledByElem && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelledByElem, labelElem) && CommonUtil.hasInnerContent(labelledByElem)) {
                         hasLabelElemContent = true;
                     }
                 }
             }
             passed = (!!labelElem && hasLabelElemContent) ||
-                (!labelElem && RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title") || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "placeholder")) ||
-                RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).trim().length > 0 || RPTUtil.hasImplicitLabel(ruleContext);
+                (!labelElem && CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title") || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "placeholder")) ||
+                AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).trim().length > 0 || CommonUtil.hasImplicitLabel(ruleContext);
             if (!passed) POF = 2 + textTypes.indexOf(type);
             
         } else if (buttonTypes.indexOf(type) !== -1) { // If type is a button
@@ -121,7 +111,7 @@ export let input_label_exists: Rule = {
                 // 'submit' and 'reset' have visible defaults so pass if there is no 'value' attribute
                 passed = true;
             } else {
-                passed = RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "value") || RPTUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
+                passed = CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "value") || AriaUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
                 if (!passed) POF = 2 + textTypes.length + buttonTypes.indexOf(type);
             }
         } else if (type == "buttonelem") {
@@ -135,18 +125,18 @@ export let input_label_exists: Rule = {
                     bAlt = true;
                 }
             };
-            passed = RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext) || bAlt || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
+            passed = CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext) || AriaUtil.hasAriaLabel(ruleContext) || bAlt || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
 
             if (!passed) POF = 2 + textTypes.length + buttonTypes.length + 1;
         }
 
         //check if a native button is labelled
         if (!passed && nodeName == "button") {
-             if (RPTUtil.hasImplicitLabel(ruleContext))
+             if (CommonUtil.hasImplicitLabel(ruleContext))
                 passed = true;
              else {
-                let label = RPTUtil.getLabelForElement(ruleContext);
-                if (label && RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(label))
+                let label = CommonUtil.getLabelForElement(ruleContext);
+                if (label && CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(label))
                     passed = true;    
              }    
         }
@@ -158,7 +148,7 @@ export let input_label_exists: Rule = {
                 let labelId = DOMWalker.parentElement(ruleContext).getAttribute("widgetid") + "_label";
                 let label = FragmentUtil.getById(ruleContext, labelId);
                 if (label != null) {
-                    passed = RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(label);
+                    passed = CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(label);
                     // This means I failed above also
                     if (!passed) POF = 2 + textTypes.length + buttonTypes.length + 4 + buttonTypes.indexOf(type);
                 }
@@ -166,25 +156,28 @@ export let input_label_exists: Rule = {
         }
 
         if (!passed && nodeName == "optgroup") {
-            passed = RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "label");
+            passed = CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "label");
             if (!passed) POF = 2 + textTypes.length + buttonTypes.length + 2;
         }
         if (!passed && nodeName == "option") {
             // Is a non-empty value attribute also enough for an option element?
-            passed = RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "label") || ruleContext.innerHTML.trim().length > 0;
+            passed = CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "label") || ruleContext.innerHTML.trim().length > 0;
             if (!passed) POF = 2 + textTypes.length + buttonTypes.length + 3;
         } 
         
         if (!passed)
-            passed = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).trim().length > 0 || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
+            passed = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).trim().length > 0 || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title");
                 
         if (!passed) {
             // check aria role to figure out if the accessible name can be from content 
-            const roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, true);
+            const roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(ruleContext, true);
             //when multiple roles specified, only the first valid role (guaranteed by dependencies) is applied, and the others just as fallbacks
             if (ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[roles[0]] && ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[roles[0]].nameFrom && ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[roles[0]].nameFrom.includes("contents"))
-                passed = RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext);
+                passed = CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext);
         }
+*/
+        const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(ruleContext);
+        passed = pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0;
 
         if (passed) {
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_visible.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_visible.ts
index d126df4b1..f605c89f2 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_visible.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_label_visible.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
 
-export let input_label_visible: Rule = {
+export const input_label_visible: Rule = {
     id: "input_label_visible",
     context: "aria:button,aria:checkbox,aria:combobox,aria:listbox,aria:menuitemcheckbox,aria:menuitemradio,aria:radio,aria:searchbox,aria:slider,aria:spinbutton,aria:switch,aria:textbox",
     dependencies: ["input_label_exists"], 
@@ -60,29 +62,29 @@ export let input_label_visible: Rule = {
         if (nodeName === 'datalist')
             return null;
 
-        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return null;
         
         // if a control is in a table cell, the col headers can act as visible label, which is checked in table heading rule
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "table"))
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "table"))
             return null;
 
         // when in a combobox, only look at the input textbox.
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "combobox") &&
-            !(RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "textbox") || RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "searchbox") ||
-                nodeName === "input" || (nodeName === "select" && RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "combobox")))) {
+        if (AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "combobox") &&
+            !(AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "textbox") || AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "searchbox") ||
+                nodeName === "input" || (nodeName === "select" && AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, "combobox")))) {
             return null;
         }
         // avoid diagnosing the popup list of a combobox.
         let rolesToCheck = ["listbox", "tree", "grid", "dialog"];
         for (let j = 0; j < rolesToCheck.length; j++) {
-            if (RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, rolesToCheck[j])) {
-                let comboboxes = RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", true, true);
+            if (AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext, rolesToCheck[j])) {
+                let comboboxes = CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "combobox", true, true);
                 for (let k = 0; k < comboboxes.length; k++) {
                     let combobox = comboboxes[k];
-                    let aria_owns = RPTUtil.getElementAttribute(combobox, "aria-owns");
+                    let aria_owns = CommonUtil.getElementAttribute(combobox, "aria-owns");
                     if (aria_owns) {
-                        let owns = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(aria_owns.trim()).split(" ");
+                        let owns = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(aria_owns.trim()).split(" ");
                         for (let i = 0; i < owns.length; i++) {
                             let owned = FragmentUtil.getById(ruleContext, owns[i]);
                             if (owned === ruleContext) {
@@ -93,15 +95,16 @@ export let input_label_visible: Rule = {
                 }
             }
         }
-
+        
+        const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(ruleContext);
         // check visible label for input or button
         if (nodeName === 'input' || nodeName === 'button') {
-
-            if (RPTUtil.hasImplicitLabel(ruleContext))
+            /**
+            if (CommonUtil.hasImplicitLabel(ruleContext))
                 return RulePass("pass");
             
-            let label = RPTUtil.getLabelForElement(ruleContext);
-            if (label && RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(label))
+            let label = CommonUtil.getLabelForElement(ruleContext);
+            if (label && CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(label))
                 return RulePass("pass");  
 
             // special cases
@@ -112,57 +115,67 @@ export let input_label_visible: Rule = {
                 if (type === 'submit' || type === 'reset')
                     return RulePass("pass");
                 //image type of input requires a non-empty alt text
-                if (type === 'image' && RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "alt"))
+                if (type === 'image' && CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "alt"))
                     return RulePass("pass");
             }
+            */
+            if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0 && (pair.nameFrom === 'label' || pair.nameFrom === 'internal' || pair.nameFrom === 'alt'))
+                return RulePass("pass");
         }
 
         // custom widget submission is not in scope for this success criteria (IBMa/equal-access#204) if it is not associated with data entry
-        let role = RPTUtil.getResolvedRole(ruleContext);
+        let role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(ruleContext);
         if (role && role === "button" && nodeName !== 'input' && nodeName !== 'button') {    
             // likely a custom widget, skip if not associated with data entry
-            if (!RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "form"))
+            if (!CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "form"))
                 return null;    
         }
 
         // check if any visible text from the control. 
         // note that (1) the text doesn’t need to be associated with the control to form a relationship
-        //  and (2) the text doesn't need to follow accessible name requirement (e.g. nameFrom)
-        if (!RPTUtil.isInnerTextEmpty(ruleContext))
+        //  (2) the text doesn't need to follow accessible name requirement (e.g. nameFrom)
+        //  and (3) an alternative tooltip exists that can be made visible through mouseover
+        /**if (!CommonUtil.isInnerTextEmpty(ruleContext))
             return RulePass("pass");
-
+        
         // check if an alternative tooltip exists that can be made visible through mouseover
-        if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title"))
+        if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title"))
             return RulePass("pass"); 
+        */ 
+        if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0 && (pair.nameFrom === 'text' || pair.nameFrom === 'title'))
+            return RulePass("pass");
 
         // check if any descendant with an alternative tooltip that can be made visible through mouseover
         // only consider img and svg, and other text content of the descendant is covered in the isInnerText above  
-        let descendants = RPTUtil.getAllDescendantsWithRoles(ruleContext, ["img", "graphics-document", "graphics-object", "graphics-symbol"], false, true);
+        let descendants = AriaUtil.getAllDescendantsWithRoles(ruleContext, ["img", "graphics-document", "graphics-object", "graphics-symbol"], false, true);
         if (descendants && descendants.length > 0) {
             for (let d=0; d < descendants.length; d++) {
-                if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(descendants[d], "title") || RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(descendants[d], "alt"))
+                if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(descendants[d], "title") || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(descendants[d], "alt"))
                     return RulePass("pass");
             } 
         }
         
         // check if there is a visible label pointed to by the aria-labelledby attribute.
-        if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "aria-labelledby")) {
+        if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "aria-labelledby")) {
             let theLabel = ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-labelledby");
             let labelValues = theLabel.split(/\s+/);
             for (let j = 0; j < labelValues.length; ++j) {
                 let elementById = FragmentUtil.getById(ruleContext, labelValues[j]);
-                if (elementById && !DOMUtil.sameNode(elementById, ruleContext) && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(elementById) && RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(elementById)) {
+                if (elementById && !DOMUtil.sameNode(elementById, ruleContext) && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(elementById) && CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(elementById)) {
                     return RulePass("pass"); 
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        if (nodeName === "optgroup" && RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "label"))
+        /**if (nodeName === "optgroup" && CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "label"))
             return RulePass("pass");
         
-        if (nodeName == "option" && (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "label") || ruleContext.innerHTML.trim().length > 0))
+        if (nodeName == "option" && (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "label") || ruleContext.innerHTML.trim().length > 0))
             return RulePass("pass");
-        
+        */
+        if ((nodeName === "optgroup" || nodeName == "option") && (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0 && (pair.nameFrom === 'label' || pair.nameFrom === 'content')))
+            return RulePass("pass");
+
         // Determine if this is referenced by a combobox. If so, the label belongs to the combobox
         let id = ruleContext.getAttribute("id");
         if (id && id.trim().length > 0) {
@@ -172,7 +185,7 @@ export let input_label_visible: Rule = {
         }
 
         // check if a placeholder exists even though a placeholder text is not sufficient as a visible text
-        if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "placeholder"))
+        if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "placeholder"))
             return RulePotential("potential_placeholder_only");
 
         return RulePotential("potential_no_label");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_onchange_review.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_onchange_review.ts
index a8ca38ea4..3d59fa2a6 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_onchange_review.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_onchange_review.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let input_onchange_review: Rule = {
+export const input_onchange_review: Rule = {
     id: "input_onchange_review",
     context: "dom:input[onchange], dom:textarea[onchange], dom:select[onchange]",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_placeholder_label_visible.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_placeholder_label_visible.ts
index ac689e517..d66355fa6 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_placeholder_label_visible.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/input_placeholder_label_visible.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,9 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
-import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let input_placeholder_label_visible: Rule = {
+export const input_placeholder_label_visible: Rule = {
     id: "input_placeholder_label_visible",
     context: "dom:input[placeholder], dom:textarea[placeholder]",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/label_content_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/label_content_exists.ts
index 1e7ed01d7..7a9cecbf2 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/label_content_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/label_content_exists.ts
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
 import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
 
-export let label_content_exists: Rule = {
+export const label_content_exists: Rule = {
     id: "label_content_exists",
     context: "dom:label",
     refactor: {
@@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ export let label_content_exists: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        if (RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext)) {
+        if (CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext)) {
             return RulePass("Pass_Regular");
 
         } else if ((ruleContext.getAttribute("aria-label") || "").trim().length > 0) {
             return RulePass("Pass_AriaLabel");
         } else if (ruleContext.hasAttribute("aria-labelledby")) {
             let labelElem = FragmentUtil.getById(ruleContext, ruleContext.getAttribute('aria-labelledby'));
-            if (labelElem && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelElem, ruleContext) && RPTUtil.hasInnerContent(labelElem)) {
+            if (labelElem && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelElem, ruleContext) && CommonUtil.hasInnerContent(labelElem)) {
                 return RulePass("Pass_LabelledBy");
             }
         }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/label_name_visible.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/label_name_visible.ts
index 275ef02df..a32882892 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/label_name_visible.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/label_name_visible.ts
@@ -11,16 +11,17 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
-import { isMaterialIconFont } from "../util/CSSUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { CSSUtil } from "../util/CSSUtil";
 import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
-import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
 
-export let label_name_visible: Rule = {
+export const label_name_visible: Rule = {
     id: "label_name_visible",
     context: "aria:button,aria:checkbox,aria:gridcell,aria:link,aria:menuitem,aria:menuitemcheckbox,aria:menuitemradio,aria:option,aria:radio,aria:switch,aria:tab,aria:treeitem,dom:input,dom:textarea,dom:select,dom:output,dom:meter",
     refactor: {
@@ -54,12 +55,12 @@ export let label_name_visible: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
         if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) ||
-            RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext)) {
+            CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext)) {
             return null;
         }
 
         // pass if the visible text uses Material Icon font
-        if (isMaterialIconFont(ruleContext)) 
+        if (CSSUtil.isMaterialIconFont(ruleContext)) 
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
 
         let passed = true;
@@ -67,37 +68,37 @@ export let label_name_visible: Rule = {
         let nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
 
         let isInputButton = false;
-        let buttonTypes = ["button", "reset", "submit"/*, "image"*/];
+        //let buttonTypes = ["button", "reset", "submit"]; //"image"
         let inputType = null;
         if (nodeName === "input" && ruleContext.hasAttribute("type")) {
             inputType = ruleContext.getAttribute("type").toLowerCase();
-            if (buttonTypes.indexOf(inputType) !== -1) {
+            if (CommonUtil.form_button_types.indexOf(inputType) !== -1) {
                 isInputButton = true;
             }
         }
 
-        let theLabelBy = RPTUtil.getAriaAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-labelledby");
-        if (theLabelBy && !RPTUtil.isIdReferToSelf(ruleContext, theLabelBy) && !isInputButton) {
+        let theLabelBy = AriaUtil.getAriaAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-labelledby");
+        if (theLabelBy && !CommonUtil.isIdReferToSelf(ruleContext, theLabelBy) && !isInputButton) {
             // skip the checks if it has an aria-labelledby since it takes precedence.
         } else {
             let theLabel = null;
-            if (theLabelBy && !RPTUtil.isIdReferToSelf(ruleContext, theLabelBy)) {
+            if (theLabelBy && !CommonUtil.isIdReferToSelf(ruleContext, theLabelBy)) {
                 let labelValues = theLabelBy.split(/\s+/);
                 for (let j = 0; j < labelValues.length; ++j) {
                     let elementById = FragmentUtil.getById(ruleContext, labelValues[j]);
                     if (elementById) {
-                        theLabel = RPTUtil.getInnerText(elementById);
+                        theLabel = CommonUtil.getInnerText(elementById);
                         break;
                     }
                 }
             } else {
-                theLabel = RPTUtil.getAriaAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-label");
+                theLabel = AriaUtil.getAriaAttribute(ruleContext, "aria-label");
             }
 
             if (!theLabel) {
                 return null;
             }
-
+            
             let text = null;
 
             if (isInputButton) {
@@ -123,13 +124,13 @@ export let label_name_visible: Rule = {
 
             if (!text) {
                 // look for a <label> element
-                let labelElem = RPTUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(ruleContext, true);
+                let labelElem = CommonUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(ruleContext, true);
                 if (!labelElem) {
                     let parentNode = DOMWalker.parentNode(ruleContext);
                     if (parentNode.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "label" /*&& RPTUtil.isFirstFormElement(parentNode, ruleContext)*/) {
                         let parentClone = parentNode.cloneNode(true);
                         // exclude all form elements from the label since they might also have inner content
-                        labelElem = RPTUtil.removeAllFormElementsFromLabel(parentClone);
+                        labelElem = CommonUtil.removeAllFormElementsFromLabel(parentClone);
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ export let label_name_visible: Rule = {
                     text = ""; // skip content check for some elements
                 } else {
                     // get the visible text only
-                    text = RPTUtil.getOnScreenInnerText(element);
+                    text = CommonUtil.getOnScreenInnerText(element);
                 }
 
                 /* Note: Disable this alt check in images for now until we get confirmation
@@ -161,10 +162,10 @@ export let label_name_visible: Rule = {
             let nonalphanumeric = /[^a-zA-Z0-9]/g;
 
             text = text.replace(nonalphanumeric, " "); // only consider alphanumeric characters
-            let normalizedText = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(text).toLowerCase(); // Leading and trailing whitespace and difference in case sensitivity should be ignored.
+            let normalizedText = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(text).toLowerCase(); // Leading and trailing whitespace and difference in case sensitivity should be ignored.
 
             theLabel = theLabel.replace(nonalphanumeric, " "); // only consider alphanumeric characters
-            let normalizedLabel = RPTUtil.normalizeSpacing(theLabel).toLowerCase();
+            let normalizedLabel = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(theLabel).toLowerCase();
 
             if (normalizedText.length > 1) { // skip non-text content. e.g., <button aria-label="close">X</button>
                 let location = normalizedLabel.indexOf(normalizedText);
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/label_ref_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/label_ref_valid.ts
index 9e1a5b81f..4aa72977d 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/label_ref_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/label_ref_valid.ts
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let label_ref_valid: Rule = {
+export const label_ref_valid: Rule = {
     id: "label_ref_valid",
     context: "dom:label[for]",
     refactor: {
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ export let label_ref_valid: Rule = {
     },
     messages: {
         "en-US": {
-            "pass": "The 'for' attribute for a label referencea a unique non-empty 'id' attribute of an <input> element",
-            "fail_invalid": "The value \"{0}\" of the 'for' attribute is not the 'id' of a valid <input> element",
-            "group": "The 'for' attribute for a label must reference a non-empty, unique 'id' attribute of an <input> element"
+            "pass": "The 'for' attribute for a label referencea a unique non-empty 'id' attribute of a valid element",
+            "fail_invalid": "The value \"{0}\" of the 'for' attribute is not the 'id' of a valid element",
+            "group": "The 'for' attribute for a label should reference a non-empty, unique 'id' attribute of a valid element"
         }
     },
     rulesets: [{
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/list_children_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/list_children_valid.ts
index 182613ba1..8dd004a97 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/list_children_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/list_children_valid.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
 
-export let list_children_valid: Rule = {
+export const list_children_valid: Rule = {
     id: "list_children_valid",
     context: "aria:group",
     refactor: {
@@ -48,14 +49,14 @@ export let list_children_valid: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         let parent = DOMWalker.parentElement(ruleContext);
-        if (!RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(parent, "list")) {
+        if (!AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(parent, "list")) {
             return null;
         }
 
         let passed = true;
         let children = ruleContext.children;
         for (let i = 0; passed && i < children.length; i++) {
-            passed = RPTUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(children[i], "listitem");
+            passed = AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(children[i], "listitem");
         }
         if (!passed) {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/list_markup_review.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/list_markup_review.ts
index 7c3e0cc49..c2c86a30e 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/list_markup_review.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/list_markup_review.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,14 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { NodeWalker, RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let list_markup_review: Rule = {
+export const list_markup_review: Rule = {
     id: "list_markup_review",
     context: "dom:*",
     refactor: {
@@ -52,22 +54,22 @@ export let list_markup_review: Rule = {
         let nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
 
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext) || VisUtil.hiddenByDefaultElements.includes(nodeName))
+        if (CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext) || VisUtil.hiddenByDefaultElements.includes(nodeName))
             return null;
 
         // Don't trigger if we're not in the body or if we're in a script
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["body"]) === null) 
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["body"]) === null) 
             return null;
 
         // ignore script, label and their child elements
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["script", 'label']) !== null)
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["script", 'label']) !== null)
             return null;
 
         // ignore all widgets and their children, and certain structure roles
-        let roles = RPTUtil.getRolesWithTypes(ruleContext, ["widget"]);
+        let roles = AriaUtil.getRolesWithTypes(ruleContext, ["widget"]);
         // add some structure roles
-        RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(["caption", "code", "columnheader",  "figure", "list", "listitem", "math", "meter", "columnheader", "rowheader"], roles);
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRoles(ruleContext, roles) !== null) 
+        CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(["caption", "code", "columnheader",  "figure", "list", "listitem", "math", "meter", "columnheader", "rowheader"], roles);
+        if (AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRoles(ruleContext, roles) !== null) 
             return null;
 
         let passed = true;
@@ -86,7 +88,8 @@ export let list_markup_review: Rule = {
                 if (!passed) {
                     // Ensure that there's some sort of block level element before this
                     // Avoid failures due to things like <i>Some sentence</i>. New sentence.
-                    let nw = new NodeWalker(walkNode);
+                    //let nw = new NodeWalker(walkNode);
+                    let nw = new DOMWalker(walkNode);
                     while (!passed && nw.prevNode()) {
                         let nodeName = nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
                         if (["blockquote", "center", "dir", "div", "form", "h1",
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/list_structure_proper.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/list_structure_proper.ts
index e4330808d..017bd038b 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/list_structure_proper.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/list_structure_proper.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let list_structure_proper: Rule = {
+export const list_structure_proper: Rule = {
     id: "list_structure_proper",
     context: "dom:dl, dom:ul, dom:ol, dom:dir, dom:menu, dom:li, dom:dd, dom:dt",
     refactor: {
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ export let list_structure_proper: Rule = {
                         // presentational element we move to the next element as presentational
                         // elements are allowed under list elements as they are only for
                         // formatting text nodes.
-                        if (RPTUtil.isPresentationalElement(walkChildren)) {
+                        if (AriaUtil.isPresentationalElement(walkChildren)) {
                             presentationalFound = true;
                             walkChildren = walkChildren.nextSibling;
                             continue;
@@ -95,9 +96,9 @@ export let list_structure_proper: Rule = {
                 passed = (passed && first == "dt" && last == "dd") || (passed && presentationalFound);
             }
         } else if (nodeName == "li") {
-            passed = RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["ul", "ol", "dir", "menu"]) != null;
+            passed = CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["ul", "ol", "dir", "menu"]) != null;
         } else if (nodeName == "dd" || nodeName == "dt") {
-            passed = RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "dl") != null;
+            passed = CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "dl") != null;
         } else {
             let walkChildren = ruleContext.firstChild as Node;
             // Zero or more li elements are permitted inside of <ol>, <ul> or <menu> elements now as per the html5 spec. This handles the case
@@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ export let list_structure_proper: Rule = {
                     // presentational element we skip checking as presentational
                     // elements are allowed under list elements as they are only for
                     // formatting text.
-                    if (RPTUtil.isPresentationalElement(walkChildren)) {
+                    if (AriaUtil.isPresentationalElement(walkChildren)) {
                         presentationalFound = true;
                         walkChildren = walkChildren.nextSibling;
                         continue;
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/marquee_elem_avoid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/marquee_elem_avoid.ts
index abc619018..8c1f23966 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/marquee_elem_avoid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/marquee_elem_avoid.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
 
-export let marquee_elem_avoid: Rule = {
+export const marquee_elem_avoid: Rule = {
     id: "marquee_elem_avoid",
     context: "dom:marquee",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_alt_brief.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_alt_brief.ts
index a76b1926e..ac1140b45 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_alt_brief.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_alt_brief.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let media_alt_brief: Rule = {
+export const media_alt_brief: Rule = {
     id: "media_alt_brief",
     context: "dom:img[alt], dom:applet[alt], dom:area[alt], dom:embed[alt], dom:input[type][alt]",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_alt_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_alt_exists.ts
index 091cd4117..793d188f0 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_alt_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_alt_exists.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let media_alt_exists: Rule = {
+export const media_alt_exists: Rule = {
     id: "media_alt_exists",
     context: "dom:area[alt], dom:embed[alt]",
     refactor: {
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ export let media_alt_exists: Rule = {
             uri = ruleContext.getAttribute("src")
         }
         if (uri == null) uri = "";
-        let ext = RPTUtil.getFileExt(uri);
-        let isAudVid = ext.length != 0 && (RPTUtil.isAudioExt(ext) || RPTUtil.isVideoExt(ext));
+        let ext = CommonUtil.getFileExt(uri);
+        let isAudVid = ext.length != 0 && (CommonUtil.isAudioExt(ext) || CommonUtil.isVideoExt(ext));
         let altText = ruleContext.getAttribute("alt");
         let passed = !isAudVid || (altText.length > 0 && altText.indexOf(ext) == -1);
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_audio_transcribed.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_audio_transcribed.ts
index b3c7daed9..32aa48f0c 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_audio_transcribed.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_audio_transcribed.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RuleManual, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let media_audio_transcribed: Rule = {
+export const media_audio_transcribed: Rule = {
     id: "media_audio_transcribed",
     context: "dom:bgsound, dom:a[href], dom:area[href], dom:embed, dom:object",
     refactor: {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ export let media_audio_transcribed: Rule = {
         if (thisNode == "bgsound") {
             passed = false;
         } else {
-            passed = !RPTUtil.isAudioObjEmbedLink(ruleContext);
+            passed = !CommonUtil.isAudioObjEmbedLink(ruleContext);
         }
         if (passed) return null; // Out of Scope
         if (!passed) return RuleManual("Manual_1");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_autostart_controllable.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_autostart_controllable.ts
index e80c37c0f..2df3373dc 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_autostart_controllable.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_autostart_controllable.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
 
-export let media_autostart_controllable: Rule = {
+export const media_autostart_controllable: Rule = {
     id: "media_autostart_controllable",
     context: "dom:param[name=autoplay], dom:param[name=autostart], dom:embed[flashvars], dom:embed[src], dom:*[autostart=true], dom:*[autostart=1], dom:bgsound",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_keyboard_controllable.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_keyboard_controllable.ts
index b3817d10d..a9dcf9816 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_keyboard_controllable.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_keyboard_controllable.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let media_keyboard_controllable: Rule = {
+export const media_keyboard_controllable: Rule = {
     id: "media_keyboard_controllable",
     context: "dom:audio, dom:video",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_live_captioned.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_live_captioned.ts
index a2471149a..8d9d4441e 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_live_captioned.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_live_captioned.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RuleManual, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let media_live_captioned: Rule = {
+export const media_live_captioned: Rule = {
     id: "media_live_captioned",
     context: "dom:embed, dom:object",
     refactor: {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ export let media_live_captioned: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let passed = !RPTUtil.isVideoObjEmbedLink(ruleContext);
+        let passed = !CommonUtil.isVideoObjEmbedLink(ruleContext);
         if (passed) return null;
         if (!passed) return RuleManual("Manual_1");
     }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_track_available.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_track_available.ts
index 91547ed05..a0d5cb3ef 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_track_available.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/media_track_available.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RuleManual, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let media_track_available: Rule = {
+export const media_track_available: Rule = {
     id: "media_track_available",
     context: "dom:a[href], dom:area[href], dom:applet, dom:embed, dom:object",
     refactor: {
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ export let media_track_available: Rule = {
         if (nodeName == "applet") {
             passed = false;
         } else {
-            passed = !RPTUtil.isVideoObjEmbedLink(ruleContext);
+            passed = !CommonUtil.isVideoObjEmbedLink(ruleContext);
         }
 
         if (passed) return null;
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/meta_redirect_optional.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/meta_redirect_optional.ts
index d9fb6ce73..3e99eed9d 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/meta_redirect_optional.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/meta_redirect_optional.ts
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@
 *****************************************************************************/
 
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let meta_redirect_optional: Rule = {
+export const meta_redirect_optional: Rule = {
     id: "meta_redirect_optional",
     context: "dom:meta[http-equiv][content]",
     refactor: {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ export let meta_redirect_optional: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
         // Only check the first one since it takes priority
-        if (RPTUtil.triggerOnce(FragmentUtil.getOwnerFragment(ruleContext), "meta_redirect_optional", false)) {
+        if (CommonUtil.triggerOnce(FragmentUtil.getOwnerFragment(ruleContext), "meta_redirect_optional", false)) {
             return null;
         }
         let timeMatch = content.match(/^(\d+); +[^ ]/);
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/meta_refresh_delay.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/meta_refresh_delay.ts
index e43880333..16a72c9e4 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/meta_refresh_delay.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/meta_refresh_delay.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let meta_refresh_delay: Rule = {
+export const meta_refresh_delay: Rule = {
     id: "meta_refresh_delay",
     context: "dom:meta[http-equiv][content]",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/meta_viewport_zoomable.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/meta_viewport_zoomable.ts
index a75c9644f..1285007d2 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/meta_viewport_zoomable.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/meta_viewport_zoomable.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let meta_viewport_zoomable: Rule = {
+export const meta_viewport_zoomable: Rule = {
     id: "meta_viewport_zoomable",
     context: "dom:meta[name][content]",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/noembed_content_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/noembed_content_exists.ts
index fd39a2c63..fd607c559 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/noembed_content_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/noembed_content_exists.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let noembed_content_exists: Rule = {
+export const noembed_content_exists: Rule = {
     id: "noembed_content_exists",
     context: "dom:noembed",
     refactor: {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ export let noembed_content_exists: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         //skip the rule
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
-        let passed = RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext);
+        let passed = CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext);
         if (passed) return RulePass("Pass_0");
         if (!passed) return RulePotential("Potential_1");
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/object_text_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/object_text_exists.ts
index ea169a94b..423c06cff 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/object_text_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/object_text_exists.ts
@@ -13,11 +13,10 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { ARIAMapper } from "../../v2/aria/ARIAMapper";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
 
-export let object_text_exists: Rule = {
+export const object_text_exists: Rule = {
     id: "object_text_exists",
     context: "dom:object",
     refactor: {
@@ -71,7 +70,9 @@ export let object_text_exists: Rule = {
             return null;
         }
         
-        let passed = ARIAMapper.computeName(ruleContext).trim().length > 0;
+        const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(ruleContext);
+        const passed = pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0;
+        //let passed = ARIAMapper.computeName(ruleContext).trim().length > 0;
         if (passed) {
             return RulePass("pass");
         } else {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/page_title_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/page_title_exists.ts
index b60cabf7c..68501ebe2 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/page_title_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/page_title_exists.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { AncestorUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/ancestor";
 
-export let page_title_exists: Rule = {
+export const page_title_exists: Rule = {
     id: "page_title_exists",
     context: "dom:html",
     refactor: {
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ export let page_title_exists: Rule = {
         }
         let possibleTitles = (ruleContext as Element).querySelectorAll("title");
         for (let idx = 0; idx < possibleTitles.length; ++idx) {
-            if (!RPTUtil.getAncestor(possibleTitles[idx], ["svg"])) {
+            if (!CommonUtil.getAncestor(possibleTitles[idx], ["svg"])) {
                 findTitle = possibleTitles[idx];
                 break;
             }
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ export let page_title_exists: Rule = {
 
         // if we get here we have <head> and <title>
 
-        if (findTitle != null && RPTUtil.getInnerText(findTitle).trim().length > 0) {
+        if (findTitle != null && CommonUtil.getInnerText(findTitle).trim().length > 0) {
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
         } else { // <title> has no innerHTML third PoF
             return RuleFail("Fail_3");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/page_title_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/page_title_valid.ts
index 62449fe14..df3a46ac1 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/page_title_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/page_title_valid.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let page_title_valid: Rule = {
+export const page_title_valid: Rule = {
     id: "page_title_valid",
     context: "dom:head dom:title",
     refactor: {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ export let page_title_valid: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
 
-        let titleStr = RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext).trim();
+        let titleStr = CommonUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext).trim();
 
         // allow .com, .net and .org
         let titleStrLowercase = titleStr.toLowerCase();
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_focus_blur_review.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_focus_blur_review.ts
index 9b3284bf0..cc38deb57 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_focus_blur_review.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_focus_blur_review.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
 
-export let script_focus_blur_review: Rule = {
+export const script_focus_blur_review: Rule = {
     id: "script_focus_blur_review",
     context: "dom:*[onfocus]",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_onclick_avoid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_onclick_avoid.ts
index 0a1308528..1811f233e 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_onclick_avoid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_onclick_avoid.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let script_onclick_avoid: Rule = {
+export const script_onclick_avoid: Rule = {
     id: "script_onclick_avoid",
     context: "dom:*[onclick]",
     dependencies: ["script_onclick_misuse"],
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ export let script_onclick_avoid: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // Don't trigger this for SVG element for now until a determination is made (by Rich)
         // to support SVG at a point when the SVG a11y spec is ready.
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "svg")) {
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "svg")) {
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
         }
         // If there's an aria-role specified, don't trigger this.
-        if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "role"))
+        if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "role"))
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
 
         let nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_onclick_misuse.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_onclick_misuse.ts
index 8cebee286..7a3151336 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_onclick_misuse.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_onclick_misuse.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let script_onclick_misuse: Rule = {
+export const script_onclick_misuse: Rule = {
     id: "script_onclick_misuse",
     context: "dom:*[onclick]",
     refactor: {
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ export let script_onclick_misuse: Rule = {
         };
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // If there's an aria-role specified, don't trigger this.
-        let passed = RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "role");
+        let passed = CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "role");
         // If this is an a or area, don't trigger if there's an href.
         let nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-        passed = passed || ((nodeName == "a" || nodeName == "area") && RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "href"));
+        passed = passed || ((nodeName == "a" || nodeName == "area") && CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "href"));
 
         // If the guards failed, check to see if they're looking at links
         if (!passed) {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_select_review.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_select_review.ts
index f4e8e265d..8d1a09f3e 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_select_review.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/script_select_review.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
 
-export let script_select_review: Rule = {
+export const script_select_review: Rule = {
     id: "script_select_review",
     context: "dom:select",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/select_options_grouped.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/select_options_grouped.ts
index 4aa99cb08..102c9e7ec 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/select_options_grouped.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/select_options_grouped.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let select_options_grouped: Rule = {
+export const select_options_grouped: Rule = {
     id: "select_options_grouped",
     context: "dom:select",
     refactor: {
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ export let select_options_grouped: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         // Handle the cases where optgroup is hidden, which should trigger a violations
         // but in the case that Check hidden option is set then should not trigger a violation.
-        let passed = RPTUtil.getChildByTagHidden(ruleContext, "optgroup", false, true).length > 0 ||
-            RPTUtil.getChildByTagHidden(ruleContext, "option", false, true).length <=
+        let passed = CommonUtil.getChildByTagHidden(ruleContext, "optgroup", false, true).length > 0 ||
+            CommonUtil.getChildByTagHidden(ruleContext, "option", false, true).length <=
             validateParams.paramNumOptions.value;
         if (passed) return RulePass("Pass_0");
         if (!passed) return RulePotential("Potential_1");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/skip_main_described.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/skip_main_described.ts
index cb506df8d..60351c887 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/skip_main_described.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/skip_main_described.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let skip_main_described: Rule = {
+export const skip_main_described: Rule = {
     id: "skip_main_described",
     context: "dom:body",
     dependencies: ["skip_main_exists"],
@@ -61,19 +61,19 @@ export let skip_main_described: Rule = {
 
         // Check for landmarks first
         let passed;
-        if (getCache(ruleContext, "IBM_hasLandmarks_Implicit", null) === null) {
-            setCache(ruleContext, "IBM_hasLandmarks_Implicit", RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(ruleContext.ownerDocument, ["application", "banner", "complementary", "contentinfo",
+        if (CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext, "IBM_hasLandmarks_Implicit", null) === null) {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(ruleContext, "IBM_hasLandmarks_Implicit", CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(ruleContext.ownerDocument, ["application", "banner", "complementary", "contentinfo",
                 "form", "main", "navigation", "search"
             ], true, true).length > 0);
         }
-        passed = getCache(ruleContext, "IBM_hasLandmarks_Implicit", false);
+        passed = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext, "IBM_hasLandmarks_Implicit", false);
 
         if (!passed) { // No landmarks, check for skip links
             let links = doc.links;
             // Skip link should be the first one on the page with an href attribute (i.e., links[0])
             // also if the first link is hidden then we should also trigger a violation.
             if (links && links.length > 0 && VisUtil.isNodeVisible(links[0])) {
-                let testText = RPTUtil.getInnerText(doc.links[0]).toLowerCase();
+                let testText = CommonUtil.getInnerText(doc.links[0]).toLowerCase();
                 for (let i = 0; !passed && i < validateParams.paramSkipText.value.length; ++i) {
                     passed = testText.indexOf(validateParams.paramSkipText.value[i]) != -1;
                 }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/skip_main_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/skip_main_exists.ts
index ee7f48bc1..ba796cec0 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/skip_main_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/skip_main_exists.ts
@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { AncestorUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/ancestor";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let skip_main_exists: Rule = {
+export const skip_main_exists: Rule = {
     id: "skip_main_exists",
     context: "dom:body",
     refactor: {
@@ -58,15 +58,15 @@ export let skip_main_exists: Rule = {
 
         // Check for landmarks first
         let passed;
-        if (getCache(ruleContext, "IBM_hasLandmarks_Implicit", null) === null) {
-            setCache(ruleContext, "IBM_hasLandmarks_Implicit", RPTUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(ruleContext.ownerDocument, ["application", "banner", "complementary", "contentinfo",
+        if (CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext, "IBM_hasLandmarks_Implicit", null) === null) {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(ruleContext, "IBM_hasLandmarks_Implicit", CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(ruleContext.ownerDocument, ["application", "banner", "complementary", "contentinfo",
                 "form", "main", "navigation", "search"
             ], true, true).length > 0);
         }
-        passed = getCache(ruleContext, "IBM_hasLandmarks_Implicit", false);
+        passed = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext, "IBM_hasLandmarks_Implicit", false);
 
         if (!passed) { // No landmarks, check for skip links
-            let anchors = RPTUtil.getDocElementsByTag(ruleContext, "a");
+            let anchors = CommonUtil.getDocElementsByTag(ruleContext, "a");
 
             // Skip anchor should be the first one on the page with an href attribute
             let testAnchor = null;
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_background_decorative.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_background_decorative.ts
index 291c8f5dd..3295a1045 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_background_decorative.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_background_decorative.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let style_background_decorative: Rule = {
+export const style_background_decorative: Rule = {
     id: "style_background_decorative",
     context: "dom:style, dom:*[style]",
     refactor: {
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ export let style_background_decorative: Rule = {
         if (nodeName === "link" && ruleContext.hasAttribute("rel") &&
             ruleContext.getAttribute("rel").toLowerCase() === "stylesheet") {
             // External stylesheet - trigger
-            passed = RPTUtil.triggerOnce(ruleContext, "style_background_decorative", false);
+            passed = CommonUtil.triggerOnce(ruleContext, "style_background_decorative", false);
         }
         if (passed && nodeName === "style" || ruleContext.hasAttribute("style")) {
             let styleText;
             if (nodeName === "style")
-                styleText = RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext);
+                styleText = CommonUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext);
             else
                 styleText = ruleContext.getAttribute("style");
             let bgMatches = styleText.match(/background:[^;]*/g);
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_before_after_review.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_before_after_review.ts
index b8d8461b3..2ef55522d 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_before_after_review.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_before_after_review.ts
@@ -12,16 +12,15 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { getCSSStyle } from "../util/CSSUtil";
+import { CSSUtil } from "../util/CSSUtil";
 
 /**
  * Description: Trigger if :before and :after are used in CSS (Internal and External) with content
  * Origin: WCAG 2.0 F87
  */
-export let style_before_after_review: Rule = {
+export const style_before_after_review: Rule = {
     id: "style_before_after_review",
     context: "dom:style, dom:link",
     refactor: {
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ export let style_before_after_review: Rule = {
         let passed = true;
         //check Internal styles        
         if (ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "style") {
-            let css = getCSSStyle(ruleContext);
+            let css = CSSUtil.getCSSStyle(ruleContext);
             for (let i = 0; passed && i < css.length; ++i) {
                 // Guard against bad CSS
                 if (css[i].selector) {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_color_misuse.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_color_misuse.ts
index 195873fca..bb3a3137a 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_color_misuse.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_color_misuse.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { NodeWalker, RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let style_color_misuse: Rule = {
+export const style_color_misuse: Rule = {
     id: "style_color_misuse",
     context: "dom:style, dom:*[style], dom:font[color], dom:link",
     refactor: {
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ export let style_color_misuse: Rule = {
         let nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
         let styleText = "";
         if (nodeName === "style") {
-            styleText = RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext).toLowerCase();
+            styleText = CommonUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext).toLowerCase();
             // check import
             for (let sIndex = 0; sIndex < ruleContext.ownerDocument.styleSheets.length; sIndex++) {
                 let sheet = ruleContext.ownerDocument.styleSheets[sIndex] as CSSStyleSheet;
@@ -112,9 +113,10 @@ export let style_color_misuse: Rule = {
             }
             // Color used � are there semantics involved?
             passed = nodeName in goodTagNames ||
-                RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, goodTagNames) !== null;
+                CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, goodTagNames) !== null;
             if (!passed && ruleContext.hasChildNodes()) {
-                let nw = new NodeWalker(ruleContext);
+                //let nw = new NodeWalker(ruleContext);
+                let nw = new DOMWalker(ruleContext);
                 while (!passed && nw.nextNode() && nw.node !== ruleContext) {
                     passed = nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase() in goodTagNames;
                 }
@@ -122,9 +124,9 @@ export let style_color_misuse: Rule = {
         }
         // Trigger only once
         if (!passed) {
-            let triggered = getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "style_color_misuse", false);
+            let triggered = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "style_color_misuse", false);
             passed = triggered;
-            setCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "style_color_misuse", true);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "style_color_misuse", true);
         }
 
         if (passed) return RulePass("Pass_0");
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_focus_visible.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_focus_visible.ts
index 3504db313..7495632b3 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_focus_visible.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_focus_visible.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { getDefinedStyles, getPixelsFromStyle } from "../util/CSSUtil";
-import { ColorUtil } from "../../v2/dom/ColorUtil";
+import { CSSUtil } from "../util/CSSUtil";
+import { ColorUtil } from "../util/ColorUtil";
 
-export let style_focus_visible: Rule = {
+export const style_focus_visible: Rule = {
     id: "style_focus_visible",
     context: "dom:*",
     refactor: {
@@ -62,14 +62,14 @@ export let style_focus_visible: Rule = {
             }
         }
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
-        if (!RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext) || validateParams.skipNodes.value.includes(ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase())) {
+        if (!CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext) || validateParams.skipNodes.value.includes(ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase())) {
             return null;
         }
-        let normalStyles = getDefinedStyles(ruleContext); // consider noth user-defined and browser default
+        let normalStyles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext); // consider noth user-defined and browser default
         let focusStyles = []
-        focusStyles.push(getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus"));
-        focusStyles.push(getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus-visible"));
-        focusStyles.push(getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus-within"));
+        focusStyles.push(CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus"));
+        focusStyles.push(CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus-visible"));
+        focusStyles.push(CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext, ":focus-within"));
         
         // if focus style is defined
         let styleObj = focusStyles[0];
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ export let style_focus_visible: Rule = {
                             else if (normalStyleValue === 'medium') normalStyleValue = '2px';
                             else if (normalStyleValue === 'thick') normalStyleValue = '3px';  
                         }
-                        focusStyleValue = getPixelsFromStyle(focusStyleValue, ruleContext);
-                        normalStyleValue = getPixelsFromStyle(normalStyleValue, ruleContext);
+                        focusStyleValue = CSSUtil.getPixelsFromStyle(focusStyleValue, ruleContext);
+                        normalStyleValue = CSSUtil.getPixelsFromStyle(normalStyleValue, ruleContext);
                         if (focusStyleValue == 0 || focusStyleValue <= normalStyleValue)
                             return RulePotential("potential_focus_not_visible");
                     
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_highcontrast_visible.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_highcontrast_visible.ts
index f642b4055..11f66f9e4 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_highcontrast_visible.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_highcontrast_visible.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
 
-export let style_highcontrast_visible: Rule = {
+export const style_highcontrast_visible: Rule = {
     id: "style_highcontrast_visible",
     context: "dom:style, dom:link, dom:*[style]",
     refactor: {
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ export let style_highcontrast_visible: Rule = {
         if (nodeName !== "style" && nodeName !== "link" &&
             ruleContext.hasAttribute("style") && ruleContext.getAttribute("style").trim().length === 0)
             return RulePass("Pass_0");
-        let triggered = getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "style_highcontrast_visible", false);
+        let triggered = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "style_highcontrast_visible", false);
         let passed = triggered;
         //        Packages.java.lang.System.out.println(triggered);
-        setCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "style_highcontrast_visible", true);
+        CacheUtil.setCache(ruleContext.ownerDocument, "style_highcontrast_visible", true);
         if (passed) return RulePass("Pass_0");
         if (!passed) return RuleManual("Manual_1");
     }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_hover_persistent.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_hover_persistent.ts
index e3ff50b12..b512a22e0 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_hover_persistent.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_hover_persistent.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let style_hover_persistent: Rule = {
+export const style_hover_persistent: Rule = {
     id: "style_hover_persistent",
     context: "dom:style, dom:*[style], dom:*",
     help: {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ export let style_hover_persistent: Rule = {
         let styleText = "";
         if (nodeName === "style") {
             // console.log("RULE RUN ******************");
-            styleText = RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext).toLowerCase();
+            styleText = CommonUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext).toLowerCase();
             // check import
             // console.log("ruleContext.ownerDocument.styleSheets.length = "+ruleContext.ownerDocument.styleSheets.length);
             for (let sIndex = 0; sIndex < ruleContext.ownerDocument.styleSheets.length; ++sIndex) {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_viewport_resizable.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_viewport_resizable.ts
index 23b87f4e5..a106cac4f 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_viewport_resizable.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/style_viewport_resizable.ts
@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
 /**
  * Description: Trigger when viewport units are used for font size.
  * Origin: Various
  */
-export let style_viewport_resizable: Rule = {
+export const style_viewport_resizable: Rule = {
     id: "style_viewport_resizable",
     context: "dom:link, dom:style, dom:*[style]",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/svg_graphics_labelled.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/svg_graphics_labelled.ts
index 6b071f27b..54c87eafe 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/svg_graphics_labelled.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/svg_graphics_labelled.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "../util/AccNameUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let svg_graphics_labelled: Rule = {
+export const svg_graphics_labelled: Rule = {
     id: "svg_graphics_labelled",
     context: "dom:svg",
     help: {
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ export let svg_graphics_labelled: Rule = {
     },
     messages: {
         "en-US": {
-            "group": "A none decorative SVG element must have an accessible name",
+            "group": "A non-decorative SVG element must have an accessible name",
             "pass": "The SVG element has an accessible name",
             "fail_acc_name": "The SVG element has no accessible name"
         }
@@ -49,52 +49,11 @@ export let svg_graphics_labelled: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
 
         //skip the rule
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || VisUtil.isNodePresentational(ruleContext)) return null;
 
-        // 1. aria-labelledby or aria-label 
-        let label = RPTUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
-        if (label && label.length > 0)
+        const name_pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(ruleContext);
+        if (name_pair && name_pair.name && name_pair.name.trim().length > 0)
             return RulePass("pass");
-        
-        // 2. a direct child title element 
-        let svgTitle = ruleContext.querySelector(":scope > title");
-        if (svgTitle && RPTUtil.hasInnerContent(svgTitle))
-            return RulePass("pass");
-
-        // 3. xlink:title attribute on a link
-        let linkTitle = ruleContext.querySelector("a");
-        if (linkTitle && linkTitle.hasAttribute("xlink:title") && linkTitle.getAttribute("xlink:title").trim().length > 0)
-            return RulePass("pass");
-
-        /** 4. for text container elements, the text content. 
-         * note the SVG text content elements are: ‘text’, ‘textPath’ and ‘tspan’.
-         *  svg element can be nested. One of the purposes is to to group SVG shapes together as a collection for responsive design.
-         * 
-         * select text content excluded the text from the nested svg elements and their children 
-         */ 
-        let text = "";
-        ruleContext.querySelectorAll(":scope > *").forEach((element) => {
-            if (element.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== 'svg' && RPTUtil.hasInnerContent(element))
-                text += RPTUtil.getInnerText(element);
-        });
-        if (text !== '')
-            return RulePass("pass");
-
-        // 5. aria-describedby or aria-description 
-        let descby = RPTUtil.getAriaDescription(ruleContext);
-        if (descby && descby.length > 0)
-            return RulePass("pass");
-
-        // 6. a direct child desc element
-        let desc = ruleContext.querySelector(":scope > desc");
-        if (desc && RPTUtil.hasInnerContent(desc))
-            return RulePass("pass");
-        
-        // 7. title attribue that provides a tooltip 
-        // not clear from the svg mapping spec yet, but Chrome uses svg title attribute in the accessible name, but Firefox doesn't
-        if (ruleContext.hasAttribute("title") && ruleContext.getAttribute("title").trim().length > 0)
-            return RulePass("pass");
-
         return RuleFail("fail_acc_name")
     }
 }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_aria_descendants.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_aria_descendants.ts
index 97a0cbccc..a888658ae 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_aria_descendants.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_aria_descendants.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { isTableDescendant } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let table_aria_descendants: Rule = {
+export const table_aria_descendants: Rule = {
     id: "table_aria_descendants",
     context: "aria:table dom:tr[role], aria:table dom:th[role], aria:table dom:td[role], aria:grid dom:tr[role], aria:grid dom:th[role], aria:grid dom:td[role], aria:treegrid dom:tr[role], aria:treegrid dom:th[role], aria:treegrid dom:td[role]",
     help: {
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ export let table_aria_descendants: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element; 
-        let parentRole = isTableDescendant(contextHierarchies);
+        let parentRole = CommonUtil.isTableDescendant(contextHierarchies);
         // cache the result
         if (parentRole === null || parentRole.length === 0)
             return;
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_caption_empty.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_caption_empty.ts
index f82cc148a..f32c047e3 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_caption_empty.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_caption_empty.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let table_caption_empty: Rule = {
+export const table_caption_empty: Rule = {
     id: "table_caption_empty",
     context: "dom:caption",
     refactor: {
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ export let table_caption_empty: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let passed = RPTUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext);
+        let passed = CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(ruleContext);
         if (!passed) {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
         } else {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_caption_nested.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_caption_nested.ts
index 7786f56f3..a58360f6a 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_caption_nested.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_caption_nested.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let table_caption_nested: Rule = {
+export const table_caption_nested: Rule = {
     id: "table_caption_nested",
     context: "dom:caption",
     refactor: {
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ export let table_caption_nested: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let passed = RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "table") != null;
+        let passed = CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "table") != null;
         if (!passed) {
             return RuleFail("Fail_1");
         } else {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_headers_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_headers_exists.ts
index e6101c1e1..df84b55cf 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_headers_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_headers_exists.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { TableUtil } from "../util/TableUtil";
 
-export let table_headers_exists: Rule = {
+export const table_headers_exists: Rule = {
     id: "table_headers_exists",
     context: "dom:table",
     refactor: {
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ export let table_headers_exists: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLTableElement;
         // If this is a layout table or there are no rows, the rule does not apply.
         let rows = ruleContext.rows;
-        if (!RPTUtil.isDataTable(ruleContext) || rows === null || rows.length === 0)
+        if (!TableUtil.isDataTable(ruleContext) || rows === null || rows.length === 0)
             return null;
 
-        let passed = RPTUtil.tableHeaderExists(ruleContext);
+        let passed = TableUtil.tableHeaderExists(ruleContext);
         if (passed === null)
             return;
             
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_headers_ref_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_headers_ref_valid.ts
index 676a1cd05..9ea34b70f 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_headers_ref_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_headers_ref_valid.ts
@@ -11,14 +11,15 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 import { ARIAMapper } from "../../v2/aria/ARIAMapper";
 
-export let table_headers_ref_valid: Rule = {
+export const table_headers_ref_valid: Rule = {
     id: "table_headers_ref_valid",
     context: "dom:td[headers], dom:th[headers]",
     help: {
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ export let table_headers_ref_valid: Rule = {
     act: ["a25f45"],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let parentTable = RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "table");
+        let parentTable = CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "table");
         let parentRole = ARIAMapper.nodeToRole(parentTable);
         // If this is a layout table or a simple table the rule does not apply.
         if (parentTable == null || !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(parentTable) || !["table", "grid"].includes(parentRole))
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ export let table_headers_ref_valid: Rule = {
             else {
                 let elemName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
                 if (elemName !== 'th') {
-                    const roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(elem, true);
+                    const roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(elem, true);
                     if (!roles.includes('columnheader') && !roles.includes('rowheader'))
                         invalidElemHeaderValues.push(id);
                 }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_headers_related.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_headers_related.ts
index 214ba568f..f64901aab 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_headers_related.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_headers_related.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { TableUtil } from "../util/TableUtil";
 
-export let table_headers_related: Rule = {
+export const table_headers_related: Rule = {
     id: "table_headers_related",
     context: "dom:td, dom:th",
     refactor: {
@@ -47,13 +48,13 @@ export let table_headers_related: Rule = {
     act: [],
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
-        let parentTable = RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "table");
+        let parentTable = CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "table");
         // If this is a layout table or a simple table the rule does not apply.
-        if (parentTable == null || !RPTUtil.isComplexDataTable(parentTable))
+        if (parentTable == null || !TableUtil.isComplexDataTable(parentTable))
             return null;
 
         // If this table hasn't been preprocessed, process it.
-        if (getCache(ruleContext, "table_headers_related", null) === null) {
+        if (CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext, "table_headers_related", null) === null) {
             // Build a grid that's actually usable (rowspan and colspan elements are duplicated)
             // This builds a real 2d table array.
             let grid = [];
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ export let table_headers_related: Rule = {
                 if (!grid[i]) grid[i] = [];
                 for (let j = 0; j < row.cells.length; ++j) {
                     let cell = row.cells[j];
-                    setCache(cell, "table_headers_related", i + ":" + j);
+                    CacheUtil.setCache(cell, "table_headers_related", i + ":" + j);
                     let width = parseInt(cell.getAttribute("colspan"));
                     if (!width) width = 1;
                     let height = parseInt(cell.getAttribute("rowspan"));
@@ -93,50 +94,50 @@ export let table_headers_related: Rule = {
                             rowScoped = true;
                             // If there's an axis attribute, it must be referred to by headers,
                             // scope is not enough.
-                            if (!RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(gridCell, "axis"))
-                                lookup[getCache(gridCell, "table_headers_related", null)] = true;
+                            if (!CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(gridCell, "axis"))
+                                lookup[CacheUtil.getCache(gridCell, "table_headers_related", null)] = true;
                         } else if (gridCell.getAttribute("scope") == "col") {
                             scopedCols[j] = true;
                             // If there's an axis attribute, it must be referred to by headers,
                             // scope is not enough.
-                            if (!RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(gridCell, "axis"))
-                                lookup[getCache(gridCell, "table_headers_related", null)] = true;
+                            if (!CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(gridCell, "axis"))
+                                lookup[CacheUtil.getCache(gridCell, "table_headers_related", null)] = true;
                         }
                         // Headers can refer to other headers
-                        if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(gridCell, "headers")) {
+                        if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(gridCell, "headers")) {
                             let hdrs = gridCell.getAttribute("headers").split(" ");
                             for (let k = 0; k < hdrs.length; ++k) {
                                 let headElem = doc.getElementById(hdrs[k].trim());
-                                if (headElem && RPTUtil.getAncestor(headElem, "table") == parentTable) {
-                                    lookup[getCache(headElem, "table_headers_related", null)] = true;
+                                if (headElem && CommonUtil.getAncestor(headElem, "table") == parentTable) {
+                                    lookup[CacheUtil.getCache(headElem, "table_headers_related", null)] = true;
                                 }
                             }
                         }
                     } else if (gridNodeName == "td") {
                         if (rowScoped || scopedCols[j]) {
-                            lookup[getCache(gridCell, "table_headers_related", null)] = true;
-                        } else if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(gridCell, "headers")) {
+                            lookup[CacheUtil.getCache(gridCell, "table_headers_related", null)] = true;
+                        } else if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(gridCell, "headers")) {
                             let hdrs = gridCell.getAttribute("headers").split(" ");
                             for (let k = 0; k < hdrs.length; ++k) {
                                 let headElem = doc.getElementById(hdrs[k].trim());
-                                if (headElem && RPTUtil.getAncestor(headElem, "table") == parentTable) {
-                                    lookup[getCache(gridCell, "table_headers_related", null)] = true;
-                                    lookup[getCache(headElem, "table_headers_related", null)] = true;
+                                if (headElem && CommonUtil.getAncestor(headElem, "table") == parentTable) {
+                                    lookup[CacheUtil.getCache(gridCell, "table_headers_related", null)] = true;
+                                    lookup[CacheUtil.getCache(headElem, "table_headers_related", null)] = true;
                                 }
                             }
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
-            setCache(parentTable, "table_headers_related", lookup);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(parentTable, "table_headers_related", lookup);
         }
 
-        let rcInfo = getCache(ruleContext, "table_headers_related", null);
-        let tInfo = getCache(parentTable, "table_headers_related", null);
-        let passed = rcInfo !== null && tInfo !== null && rcInfo in tInfo;
+        let rcInfo = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext, "table_headers_related", null);
+        let tInfo = CacheUtil.getCache(parentTable, "table_headers_related", null);
+        let passed = rcInfo && tInfo && rcInfo in tInfo;
 
         if (!passed && rcInfo === "0:0" &&
-            RPTUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext).trim().length == 0) {
+            CommonUtil.getInnerText(ruleContext).trim().length == 0) {
             // We don't test if it's the upper-left cell and it's empty
             return null;
         }
@@ -145,10 +146,10 @@ export let table_headers_related: Rule = {
         // table, which introduces a lot of noise.  In that case, only trigger this error
         // once per table.
         if (!passed && parentTable.getElementsByTagName("th").length == 0) {
-            if (getCache(parentTable, "table_headers_related_TrigOnce", false) === true) {
+            if (CacheUtil.getCache(parentTable, "table_headers_related_TrigOnce", false) === true) {
                 passed = true;
             } else {
-                setCache(parentTable, "table_headers_related_TrigOnce", true);
+                CacheUtil.setCache(parentTable, "table_headers_related_TrigOnce", true);
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_layout_linearized.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_layout_linearized.ts
index 6baa9b20f..8c04b0c52 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_layout_linearized.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_layout_linearized.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { TableUtil } from "../util/TableUtil";
 
-export let table_layout_linearized: Rule = {
+export const table_layout_linearized: Rule = {
     id: "table_layout_linearized",
     context: "dom:table",
     refactor: {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ export let table_layout_linearized: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
         //skip the rule
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
-        let passed = !RPTUtil.isLayoutTable(ruleContext);
+        let passed = !TableUtil.isLayoutTable(ruleContext);
         if (passed) return RulePass("Pass_0");
         if (!passed) return RulePotential("Potential_1");
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_scope_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_scope_valid.ts
index 4d26f3813..659efc571 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_scope_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_scope_valid.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
 
-export let table_scope_valid: Rule = {
+export const table_scope_valid: Rule = {
     id: "table_scope_valid",
     context: "dom:td[scope], dom:th[scope]",
     refactor: {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_structure_misuse.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_structure_misuse.ts
index 1ec1c49d3..9f58fdcd4 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_structure_misuse.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_structure_misuse.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,14 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { TableUtil } from "../util/TableUtil";
 
-export let table_structure_misuse: Rule = {
+export const table_structure_misuse: Rule = {
     id: "table_structure_misuse",
     context: "dom:table",
     refactor: {
@@ -50,20 +52,20 @@ export let table_structure_misuse: Rule = {
         //skip the rule
         if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext)) return null;
         // JCH - OUT OF SCOPE hidden in context
-        if (RPTUtil.isDataTable(ruleContext)) return null;
-        if (RPTUtil.isNodeInGrid(ruleContext)) return null;
+        if (TableUtil.isDataTable(ruleContext)) return null;
+        if (AriaUtil.isNodeInGrid(ruleContext)) return null;
 
         let errorNodes = [];
-        if (RPTUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "summary"))
+        if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "summary"))
             errorNodes.push(ruleContext);
 
         let captionElems = ruleContext.getElementsByTagName("caption");
         for (let i = 0; i < captionElems.length; ++i) {
-            if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(captionElems[i], "table") == ruleContext) {
+            if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(captionElems[i], "table") == ruleContext) {
 
                 // Check if the node should be skipped or not based on the Check Hidden Content setting and if the node isVisible or
                 // not.
-                if (RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(captionElems[i])) {
+                if (CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(captionElems[i])) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -80,11 +82,11 @@ export let table_structure_misuse: Rule = {
 
         let thNodes = ruleContext.getElementsByTagName("th");
         for (let i = 0; i < thNodes.length; ++i) {
-            if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(thNodes[i], "table") == ruleContext) {
+            if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(thNodes[i], "table") == ruleContext) {
 
                 // Check if the node should be skipped or not based on the Check Hidden Content setting and if the node isVisible or
                 // not.
-                if (RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(thNodes[i])) {
+                if (CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(thNodes[i])) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -101,11 +103,11 @@ export let table_structure_misuse: Rule = {
         let tdNodes = ruleContext.getElementsByTagName("td");
         for (let i = 0; i < tdNodes.length; ++i) {
             if ((tdNodes[i].hasAttribute("scope") || tdNodes[i].hasAttribute("headers")) &&
-                RPTUtil.getAncestor(tdNodes[i], "table") == ruleContext) {
+                CommonUtil.getAncestor(tdNodes[i], "table") == ruleContext) {
 
                 // Check if the node should be skipped or not based on the Check Hidden Content setting and if the node isVisible or
                 // not.
-                if (RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(tdNodes[i])) {
+                if (CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(tdNodes[i])) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_summary_redundant.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_summary_redundant.ts
index 779a151d6..e4d20048e 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_summary_redundant.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/table_summary_redundant.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
 import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
 
-export let table_summary_redundant: Rule = {
+export const table_summary_redundant: Rule = {
     id: "table_summary_redundant",
     context: "dom:table",
     refactor: {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export let table_summary_redundant: Rule = {
                 if (summaryNodeId) {
                     let summaryNode = FragmentUtil.getById(ruleContext, summaryNodeId);
                     if (summaryNode && !DOMUtil.sameNode(summaryNode,ruleContext)) {
-                        summaryNodeConcat += " " + RPTUtil.getInnerText(summaryNode).trim().toLowerCase();
+                        summaryNodeConcat += " " + CommonUtil.getInnerText(summaryNode).trim().toLowerCase();
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ export let table_summary_redundant: Rule = {
             if (capElems.length === 0) {
                 return null;
             } else if (sumStr.length > 0) {
-                let capStr = RPTUtil.getInnerText(capElems[0]).trim().toLowerCase();
+                let capStr = CommonUtil.getInnerText(capElems[0]).trim().toLowerCase();
                 if (!sumStr.includes(capStr)) {
                     return RulePass("Pass_0");
                 } else {
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/target_spacing_sufficient.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/target_spacing_sufficient.ts
index 0dc4c2b17..a1dc51154 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/target_spacing_sufficient.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/target_spacing_sufficient.ts
@@ -11,14 +11,13 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-    import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+    import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
     import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy, RuleFail, RulePotential } from "../api/IRule";
     import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-    import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
     import { DOMMapper } from "../../v2/dom/DOMMapper";
-    import { getComputedStyle } from "../util/CSSUtil";
+    import { CSSUtil } from "../util/CSSUtil";
     
-    export let target_spacing_sufficient: Rule = {
+    export const target_spacing_sufficient: Rule = {
         id: "target_spacing_sufficient",
         context: "dom:*",
         dependencies: [],
@@ -64,17 +63,21 @@
         run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
             const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
             const nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLocaleLowerCase(); 
-            //ignore certain elements
-            if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["svg", "pre", "code", "script", "meta", 'head']) !== null 
-                || nodeName === "body" || nodeName === "html" )
+            
+            const mapper : DOMMapper = new DOMMapper();
+            const bounds = mapper.getUnadjustedBounds(ruleContext); //context["dom"].bounds;    
+            if (!bounds) 
                 return null;
             
-            // ignore hidden, non-target, or inline element without text in the same line
-            if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || !RPTUtil.isTarget(ruleContext))
+            // ignore hidden, non-target
+            if (!CommonUtil.isTarget(ruleContext))
                 return null;
 
+            if (bounds.height >= 24 && bounds.width >= 24)
+                return RulePass("pass_sized"); 
+
             // check inline element: without text in the same line
-            const status = RPTUtil.getInlineStatus(ruleContext);
+            const status = CSSUtil.getInlineStatus(ruleContext);
             if (status === null) return null;
             if (status.inline) {
                 if (status.text) {
@@ -82,11 +85,17 @@
                         return RulePass("pass_inline");
                     else
                         // case 1: inline element is too close horizontally
-                        return RulePass("recommendation_inline", [nodeName, status.violation]);
-                }    
+                        return RulePotential("recommendation_inline", [nodeName, status.violation]);
+                } else {
+                    if (status.violation === null)
+                        return RulePass("pass_default");
+                    else
+                        // case 1: inline element is too close horizontally
+                        return RulePotential("recommendation_inline", [nodeName, status.violation]);
+                }
             } else {
                 // ignore browser default
-                if (RPTUtil.isTargetBrowserDefault(ruleContext)) 
+                if (CSSUtil.isTargetBrowserDefault(ruleContext)) 
                     return RulePass("pass_default");
             }
 
@@ -103,23 +112,18 @@
             if (!zindex || isNaN(Number(zindex)))
                 zindex = "0";
             
-            var elems = doc.querySelectorAll('body *:not(script)');
+            //select all elements except itself and descendants
+            var elems = doc.querySelectorAll('body *:not(script):not(style)');
             if (!elems || elems.length === 0)
                 return;
             
-            const mapper : DOMMapper = new DOMMapper();
-            const bounds = mapper.getUnadjustedBounds(ruleContext); //context["dom"].bounds;    
-            if (!bounds || bounds['height'] === 0 || bounds['width'] === 0 ) 
-                return null;
-                
-                    
             let before = true;
             let minX = 24;
             let minY = 24;
             let adjacentX = null;
             let adjacentY = null;
             let checked = []; //contains a list of elements that have been checked so their descendants don't need to be checked again
-            for (let i=0; i < elems.length; i++) { 
+            for (let i=0; i < elems.length; i++) {
                 const elem = elems[i] as HTMLElement;
                 /**
                  *  the nodes returned from querySelectorAll is in document order
@@ -130,12 +134,14 @@
                     //the next node in elems will be after the target node (ruleContext). 
                     before = false;
                     continue;
-                }    
-                if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(elem) || !RPTUtil.isTarget(elem) || elem.contains(ruleContext) 
-                   || checked.some(item => item.contains(elem))) continue;
+                }
+                // ignore ascendants of the element, not a target, or itself or its ascendant already checked   
+                if (elem.contains(ruleContext)  || !CommonUtil.isTarget(elem) 
+                   || checked.some(item => item.contains(elem))) 
+                    continue;
 
                 const bnds = mapper.getUnadjustedBounds(elem);
-                if (bnds.height === 0 || bnds.width === 0) continue;
+                if (!bnds) continue;
                 
                 var zStyle = getComputedStyle(elem); 
                 let z_index = '0';
@@ -154,11 +160,8 @@
                     if (before ? parseInt(zindex) < parseInt(z_index): parseInt(zindex) <= parseInt(z_index)) {
                         // the target is entirely covered: tabbable target handled by element_tabbable_unobscured and tabindex=-1 ignored
                         return null;
-                    } else {
-                        if (bounds.height >= 24 && bounds.width >= 24)
-                            return RulePass("pass_sized");  
-                        return RulePotential("potential_overlap", [nodeName, elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()]);    
-                    }
+                    } else
+                        return RulePotential("potential_overlap", [nodeName, elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()]);
                 } 
                 
                 // case 3: if the target overlaps the element entirely
@@ -167,11 +170,8 @@
                     // if the element on top    
                     if (before ? parseInt(zindex) < parseInt(z_index): parseInt(zindex) <= parseInt(z_index)) {
                         return RulePotential("potential_overlap", [nodeName, elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()]); 
-                    } else { // the target on top
-                        if (bounds.height >= 24 && bounds.width >= 24)
-                            return RulePass("pass_sized");  
-                        return RuleFail("violation_spacing", [nodeName, elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()]); 
-                    }    
+                    } else // the target on top
+                        return RuleFail("violation_spacing", [nodeName, elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()]);     
                 }
                 
                 // case 4: the element overlaps partially with the target
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@
                      && ((bounds.left > bnds.left && bounds.left < bnds.left + bnds.width) || (bnds.left > bounds.left && bnds.left < bounds.left + bounds.width))) 
                      || (((bounds.top > bnds.top && bounds.top < bnds.top + bnds.height) || (bnds.top > bounds.top && bnds.top < bounds.top + bounds.height))
                      && ((bounds.left >= bnds.left && bounds.left <= bnds.left + bnds.width) || (bounds.left + bounds.width >= bnds.left && bounds.left + bounds.width <= bnds.left + bnds.width)))) {
-                     // TODO: more check to turn to violation  
-                     return RulePotential("potential_overlap", [nodeName, elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()]); 
+                        // TODO: more check to turn to violation  
+                        return RulePotential("potential_overlap", [nodeName, elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()]); 
 
                 } else { // no overlap with the elem, though may overlap withe other elements
                     let disX = 24; 
@@ -205,11 +205,7 @@
                 checked.push(elem);
             }
             
-            // case 5: no verlap + sufficient target size
-            if (bounds.height >= 24 && bounds.width >= 24) {
-                return RulePass("pass_sized"); 
-            }
-            // case 6: no overlap + insufficient target size. check spacing    
+            // case 5: no overlap + insufficient target size. check spacing    
             if (Math.round(bounds.width/2) + minX < 12 || Math.round(bounds.height/2) + minY < 12) {
                 if (Math.round(bounds.width/2) + minX < Math.round(bounds.height/2) + minY)
                     return RuleFail("violation_spacing", [nodeName, adjacentX.nodeName.toLowerCase()]); 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_block_heading.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_block_heading.ts
index 0732d2063..5f441fdd8 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_block_heading.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_block_heading.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,13 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { NodeWalker, RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
-import { getComputedStyle, getPixelsFromStyle } from "../util/CSSUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CSSUtil } from "../util/CSSUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let text_block_heading: Rule = {
+export const text_block_heading: Rule = {
     id: "text_block_heading",
     context: "dom:p, dom:div, dom:br",
     refactor: {
@@ -50,11 +51,11 @@ export let text_block_heading: Rule = {
     run: (context: RuleContext, options?: {}, contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy): RuleResult | RuleResult[] => {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext) || !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext))
+        if (CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext) || !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext))
             return null;
 
         // Don't trigger if we're not in the body or if we're in a script
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["body"]) === null || RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["script"]) !== null) 
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["body"]) === null || CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["script"]) !== null) 
             return null;
 
         const validateParams = {
@@ -63,41 +64,41 @@ export let text_block_heading: Rule = {
                 type: "integer"
             }
         }
-
+        
         let bodyFont = 0;
         let body = ruleContext.ownerDocument.getElementsByTagName("body");
         if (body != null) {
             let bodyStyle = getComputedStyle(body[0]);
-            if (bodyStyle) bodyFont = getPixelsFromStyle(bodyStyle['font-size'], body);
+            if (bodyStyle) bodyFont = CSSUtil.getPixelsFromStyle(bodyStyle['font-size'], body);
         }
         let numWords = validateParams.numWords.value;
         let wordsSeen = 0;
         let wordStr: string[] = [];
         let emphasizedText = false;
-        let nw = new NodeWalker(ruleContext);
-
+        //let nw = new NodeWalker(ruleContext);
+        let nw = new DOMWalker(ruleContext);nw.nextNode();
         let passed = false;
         while (!passed &&
             nw.nextNode() && 
             nw.node !== ruleContext &&
             nw.node !== DOMWalker.parentNode(ruleContext) &&
             !["br", "div", "p"].includes(nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase())) // Don't report twice
-        {
-            if (RPTUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(nw.node))
+        {   
+            if (nw.node === ruleContext || CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(nw.node))
                 continue;
 
             let nwName = nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-            if (nw.node.nodeType === 3) {
+            if (nw.node.nodeType === 3) { 
                 // for text child
                 if (nw.node.nodeValue.trim().length > 0 && nw.node.parentElement) {
                     // check it's style if the target element contains text, e.g., <p> fake heading</p> 
                     let style = getComputedStyle(nw.node.parentElement);
                     if (style && (style['font-weight'] === 'bold' || style['font-weight'] >= 700
                         ||  (style['font-size'] && style['font-size'].includes("large")) 
-                        || (style['font-size'] && bodyFont !== 0 && getPixelsFromStyle(style['font-size'],nw.node.parentElement)  > bodyFont))) {
+                        || (style['font-size'] && bodyFont !== 0 && CSSUtil.getPixelsFromStyle(style['font-size'],nw.node.parentElement)  > bodyFont))) {
                         let nextStr = nw.node.nodeValue.trim();
                         
-                        let wc = RPTUtil.wordCount(nextStr);
+                        let wc = CommonUtil.wordCount(nextStr);
                         if (wc > 0) {
                             wordStr.push(nextStr);
                             emphasizedText = true;
@@ -115,9 +116,9 @@ export let text_block_heading: Rule = {
                 // for element child
                 if (nwName === "b" || nwName === "strong" || nwName === "u" || nwName === "font") {
                     // if the target element contains emphasis child, e.g., <p><strong>fake heading</strong></p> 
-                    let nextStr = RPTUtil.getInnerText(nw.node);
+                    let nextStr = CommonUtil.getInnerText(nw.node);
                     
-                    let wc = RPTUtil.wordCount(nextStr);
+                    let wc = CommonUtil.wordCount(nextStr);
                     if (wc > 0) {
                         wordStr.push(nextStr);
                         emphasizedText = true;
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ export let text_block_heading: Rule = {
                 } else {
                     // ignore the element which has a role except 'generic', 'paragraph' or 'strong'
                     // ignore applet element that is deprecated anyway
-                    let role = RPTUtil.getResolvedRole(nw.node as HTMLElement);
+                    let role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(nw.node as HTMLElement);
                     passed = (role !== null && role !== 'generic' && role !== 'paragraph' && role !== 'strong') || nwName === "applet";
                 }
             }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_contrast_sufficient.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_contrast_sufficient.ts
index 079e6e5c8..0f0844a3b 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_contrast_sufficient.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_contrast_sufficient.ts
@@ -11,16 +11,16 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { RPTUtil} from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
-import { ColorUtil } from "../../v2/dom/ColorUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { ColorUtil } from "../util/ColorUtil";
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-//import { setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { getWeightNumber, getFontInPixels} from "../util/CSSUtil";
-import { containsCKJ } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { CSSUtil } from "../util/CSSUtil";
 
-export let text_contrast_sufficient: Rule = {
+export const text_contrast_sufficient: Rule = {
     id: "text_contrast_sufficient",
     context: "dom:*",
     refactor: {
@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ export let text_contrast_sufficient: Rule = {
         
         //TODO ? should only consider native disabled, ignore aria-disabled
         //skip disabled element
-        if (RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return null;
 
         //skip elements
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["svg", "script", "meta"]))
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["svg", "script", "meta"]))
             return null;
 
         let doc = ruleContext.ownerDocument;
@@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ export let text_contrast_sufficient: Rule = {
         }
 
         // Ensure that this element has children with actual text.
-        let childStr = RPTUtil.getNodeText(ruleContext);
+        let childStr = CommonUtil.getNodeText(ruleContext);
         
-        if (!RPTUtil.isShadowHostElement(ruleContext) || (RPTUtil.isShadowHostElement(ruleContext) && RPTUtil.getNodeText(ruleContext.shadowRoot) === '')) {
+        if (!CommonUtil.isShadowHostElement(ruleContext) || (CommonUtil.isShadowHostElement(ruleContext) && CommonUtil.getNodeText(ruleContext.shadowRoot) === '')) {
             if (childStr.trim().length == 0 )
                 return null;
             
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ export let text_contrast_sufficient: Rule = {
         let elem = ruleContext;
         // the child elements (rather than shadow root) of a shadow host is either re-assigned to the shadow slot if the slot exists 
         // or not displayed, so shouldn't be checked from the light DOM, rather it should be checked as reassginged slot element(s) in the shadow DOM.
-        if (RPTUtil.isShadowHostElement(ruleContext)) {
+        if (CommonUtil.isShadowHostElement(ruleContext)) {
             // if it's direct text of a shadow host
             if (ruleContext.shadowRoot) {
                 for (let node=ruleContext.firstChild; node; node=node.nextSibling) {
@@ -251,11 +251,11 @@ export let text_contrast_sufficient: Rule = {
         let fg = colorCombo.fg;
         let bg = colorCombo.bg;
         let ratio = fg.contrastRatio(bg);
-        let weight = getWeightNumber(style.fontWeight);
-        let size = getFontInPixels(style.fontSize, elem);
+        let weight = CSSUtil.getWeightNumber(style.fontWeight);
+        let size = CSSUtil.getFontInPixels(style.fontSize, elem);
         let isLargeScale = size >= 24 || size >= 18.6 && weight >= 700;
         
-        if (containsCKJ(childStr)) {
+        if (CSSUtil.containsCKJ(childStr)) {
             // https://github.com/act-rules/act-rules.github.io/pull/2121/files
             // for CJK, 22 pt or 18 pt with font-weight >= 700, 1pt = 1.333 px
             isLargeScale = size >= 29.3 || size >= 24 && weight >= 700;
@@ -263,19 +263,19 @@ export let text_contrast_sufficient: Rule = {
         let passed = ratio >= 4.5 || (ratio >= 3 && isLargeScale);
         let hasBackground = colorCombo.hasBGImage || colorCombo.hasGradient;
         let textShadow = colorCombo.textShadow;
-        let isDisabled = RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(elem);
+        let isDisabled = CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(elem);
         if (!isDisabled) {
-            let control = RPTUtil.getControlOfLabel(elem);
+            let control = CommonUtil.getControlOfLabel(elem);
             if (control) {
-                isDisabled = RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(control);
+                isDisabled = CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(control);
             }
         }
         
-        if (!isDisabled && nodeName === 'label' && RPTUtil.isDisabledByFirstChildFormElement(elem)) {
+        if (!isDisabled && nodeName === 'label' && CommonUtil.isDisabledByFirstChildFormElement(elem)) {
             isDisabled = true;
         }
 
-        if (!isDisabled && ruleContext.hasAttribute("id") && RPTUtil.isDisabledByReferringElement(elem)) {
+        if (!isDisabled && ruleContext.hasAttribute("id") && CommonUtil.isDisabledByReferringElement(elem)) {
             isDisabled = true;
         }
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_quoted_correctly.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_quoted_correctly.ts
index 3c567a556..e6bfcf8e5 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_quoted_correctly.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_quoted_correctly.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let text_quoted_correctly: Rule = {
+export const text_quoted_correctly: Rule = {
     id: "text_quoted_correctly",
     context: "dom:*",
     help: {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export let text_quoted_correctly: Rule = {
         // ignore the check if the node is hidden
         if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) ) return null;
         // Don't trigger if the element is not in the body
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["body"]) === null) return null;
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["body"]) === null) return null;
 
         const validateParams = {
             minWords: {
@@ -79,14 +79,14 @@ export let text_quoted_correctly: Rule = {
                 // we're not already marked up
                 // Also skip if we're in a script - there's lots of quotes used in scripts
                 if ((dblQuotes !== null || snglQuotes !== null) &&
-                    RPTUtil.getAncestor(walkNode, ignored) === null) {
+                    CommonUtil.getAncestor(walkNode, ignored) === null) {
                     if (dblQuotes != null) {
                         for (let i = 0; passed && i < dblQuotes.length; ++i)
-                            passed = RPTUtil.wordCount(dblQuotes[i]) < minWords;
+                            passed = CommonUtil.wordCount(dblQuotes[i]) < minWords;
                     }
                     if (snglQuotes != null) {
                         for (let i = 0; passed && i < snglQuotes.length; ++i)
-                            passed = RPTUtil.wordCount(snglQuotes[i]) < minWords;
+                            passed = CommonUtil.wordCount(snglQuotes[i]) < minWords;
                     }
 
                     // Remove any linefeed inside the quote
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_sensory_misuse.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_sensory_misuse.ts
index 4b26526a7..933271291 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_sensory_misuse.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_sensory_misuse.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
-import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let text_sensory_misuse: Rule = {
+export const text_sensory_misuse: Rule = {
     id: "text_sensory_misuse",
     context: "dom:body, dom:body dom:*",
     refactor: {
@@ -55,30 +55,30 @@ export let text_sensory_misuse: Rule = {
         let nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
         
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext) || VisUtil.hiddenByDefaultElements.includes(nodeName))
+        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext) || VisUtil.hiddenByDefaultElements.includes(nodeName))
             return null;
         
         // Don't trigger if we're not in the body or if we're in a script
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["body"]) === null) 
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["body"]) === null) 
             return null;
         
         // ignore script, link, label and their child elements
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["script", "a", 'label']) !== null)
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["script", "a", 'label']) !== null)
             return null;
     
         // ignore text on landmark roles, but not on their children (e.g., section, main)
-        const role = RPTUtil.getResolvedRole(ruleContext);
+        const role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(ruleContext);
         if (role) {
-            let lmRoles = RPTUtil.getRolesWithTypes(ruleContext, ["landmark"]);
+            let lmRoles = AriaUtil.getRolesWithTypes(ruleContext, ["landmark"]);
             if (lmRoles && lmRoles.includes(role))
                 return null;
         }    
         
         // ignore all widgets and headings, and their children, and certain structure roles
-        let roles = RPTUtil.getRolesWithTypes(ruleContext, ["widget", "heading"]);
+        let roles = AriaUtil.getRolesWithTypes(ruleContext, ["widget", "heading"]);
         // add some structure roles
-        RPTUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(["caption", "cell", "code", "columnheader", "definition", "figure", "list", "listitem", "math", "meter", "row", "rowgroup", "rowheader", "term"], roles);
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRoles(ruleContext, roles) !== null) 
+        CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(["caption", "cell", "code", "columnheader", "definition", "figure", "list", "listitem", "math", "meter", "row", "rowgroup", "rowheader", "term"], roles);
+        if (AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRoles(ruleContext, roles) !== null) 
             return null;
 
         let violatedPositionText = "";
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ const validateParams = {
 
 function getRegex(doc, type) {
     if (!validateParams[type]) return "";
-    let sensoryRegex = getCache(doc, type + "_sensory_misuse", null);
+    let sensoryRegex = CacheUtil.getCache(doc, type + "_sensory_misuse", null);
     if (sensoryRegex == null) {
         let sensoryText = validateParams[type].value;
         let regexStr = "(\s\s+|" + sensoryText[0];
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ function getRegex(doc, type) {
         //regexStr += ")\\W";
         regexStr += ")";
         sensoryRegex = new RegExp(regexStr, "gi");
-        setCache(doc, type +"_sensory_misuse", sensoryRegex);
+        CacheUtil.setCache(doc, type +"_sensory_misuse", sensoryRegex);
     }
     return sensoryRegex;
 }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_spacing_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_spacing_valid.ts
index a2efd5c7a..c2dd0c734 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_spacing_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_spacing_valid.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePass, RuleFail, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
-import { getDefinedStyles, getComputedStyle, convertValue2Pixels } from "../util/CSSUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+import { CSSUtil } from "../util/CSSUtil";
 import { DOMMapper } from "../../v2/dom/DOMMapper";
 
-export let text_spacing_valid: Rule = {
+export const text_spacing_valid: Rule = {
     id: "text_spacing_valid",
     context: "dom:*",
     help: {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ export let text_spacing_valid: Rule = {
         let nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
 
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return null;
 
         //skip the check if the element is off screen
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export let text_spacing_valid: Rule = {
             return null;
 
         //skip no-html element
-        if (RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "svg"))
+        if (CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, "svg"))
             return null;
 
         // Ensure that this element has children with actual text.
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ export let text_spacing_valid: Rule = {
         const font_size_style = getComputedStyle(ruleContext).getPropertyValue('font-size');
         let font_size = parseFloat(font_size_style); 
         
-        const styles = getDefinedStyles(ruleContext);
+        const styles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ruleContext);
         if (Object.keys(styles).length === 0)
             return null;
         
@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ export let text_spacing_valid: Rule = {
         if (word_style) {
             if (word_style.startsWith('inherit') || word_style.startsWith('unset')) {
                 //get closet ancestor's word-spacing
-                let ancestor = RPTUtil.getAncestorWithStyles(ruleContext.parentElement, {"word-spacing": ["*"]}, ['inherit', 'unset']);
+                let ancestor = CSSUtil.getAncestorWithStyles(ruleContext.parentElement, {"word-spacing": ["*"]}, ['inherit', 'unset']);
                 if (ancestor !== null) {
-                    word_style = getDefinedStyles(ancestor)['word-spacing'];  
+                    word_style = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ancestor)['word-spacing'];  
                 } else if (word_style.startsWith('unset')) {
                     word_style = "initial";
                 }
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ export let text_spacing_valid: Rule = {
                     if (!isNaN(wordSpacing)) {
                         let parsed = word_style.trim().match(regex);
                         if (parsed[2] !== '' && parsed[1] !== 0) { //no zero value without unit which is considered as error, so implicable
-                            let pixels = convertValue2Pixels(parsed[2], parsed[1], ruleContext);
+                            let pixels = CSSUtil.convertValue2Pixels(parsed[2], parsed[1], ruleContext);
                             if (pixels !== null && pixels/font_size < 0.16)
                                 ret.push(RuleFail("fail_word_spacing_style"));
                             else
@@ -128,9 +128,9 @@ export let text_spacing_valid: Rule = {
         if (letter_style) {
             if (letter_style.startsWith('inherit') || letter_style.startsWith('unset')) {
                 //get closet ancestor's word-spacing
-                let ancestor = RPTUtil.getAncestorWithStyles(ruleContext.parentElement, {"letter-spacing": ["*"]}, ['inherit', 'unset']);
+                let ancestor = CSSUtil.getAncestorWithStyles(ruleContext.parentElement, {"letter-spacing": ["*"]}, ['inherit', 'unset']);
                 if (ancestor !== null) {
-                    letter_style = getDefinedStyles(ancestor)['letter-spacing'];  
+                    letter_style = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ancestor)['letter-spacing'];  
                 } else if (letter_style.startsWith('unset')) {
                     letter_style = "initial";
                 }
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ export let text_spacing_valid: Rule = {
                     if (!isNaN(letterSpacing)) {
                         let parsed = letter_style.trim().match(regex);
                         if (parsed[2] !== '' && parsed[1] !== 0) { //no zero value without unit which is considered as error, so implicable
-                            let pixels = convertValue2Pixels(parsed[2], parsed[1], ruleContext);
+                            let pixels = CSSUtil.convertValue2Pixels(parsed[2], parsed[1], ruleContext);
                             if (pixels !== null && pixels/font_size < 0.12)
                                 ret.push(RuleFail("fail_letter_spacing_style"));
                             else
@@ -161,12 +161,12 @@ export let text_spacing_valid: Rule = {
 
         let line_style = styles['line-height'];
         let overflow = {"overflow":['auto', 'scroll'], "overflow-x":['auto', 'scroll'], "overflow-y":['auto', 'scroll']};
-        if (line_style && RPTUtil.getAncestorWithStyles(ruleContext, overflow) === null) {
+        if (line_style && CSSUtil.getAncestorWithStyles(ruleContext, overflow) === null) {
             if (line_style.startsWith('inherit') || line_style.startsWith('unset')) {
                 //get closet ancestor's word-spacing
-                let ancestor = RPTUtil.getAncestorWithStyles(ruleContext.parentElement, {"line-height": ["*"]}, ['inherit', 'unset']);
+                let ancestor = CSSUtil.getAncestorWithStyles(ruleContext.parentElement, {"line-height": ["*"]}, ['inherit', 'unset']);
                 if (ancestor !== null) {
-                    line_style = getDefinedStyles(ancestor)['line-height'];  
+                    line_style = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(ancestor)['line-height'];  
                 } else if (line_style.startsWith('unset')) {
                     line_style = "initial";
                 }
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ export let text_spacing_valid: Rule = {
                             else
                                 ret.push(RulePass("pass"));
                         } else {
-                            let pixels = convertValue2Pixels(parsed[2], parsed[1], ruleContext);
+                            let pixels = CSSUtil.convertValue2Pixels(parsed[2], parsed[1], ruleContext);
                             if (pixels !== null && pixels/font_size < 1.5)
                                 ret.push(RuleFail("fail_line_height_style"));
                             else
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_whitespace_valid.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_whitespace_valid.ts
index 87cecf488..a0175cf04 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_whitespace_valid.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/text_whitespace_valid.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleFail, RuleContext, RulePotential, RuleManual, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 
-export let text_whitespace_valid: Rule = {
+export const text_whitespace_valid: Rule = {
     id: "text_whitespace_valid",
     context: "dom:*",
     help: {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ export let text_whitespace_valid: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as Element;
 
         // Don't trigger if we're not in the body or if we're in a script
-        let checkAncestor = RPTUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["body", "script", "code"]);
+        let checkAncestor = CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["body", "script", "code"]);
         if (checkAncestor == null || checkAncestor.nodeName.toLowerCase() != "body")
             return null;
             
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/widget_tabbable_exists.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/widget_tabbable_exists.ts
index 0e42cfd88..ddc714db4 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/widget_tabbable_exists.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/widget_tabbable_exists.ts
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { NodeWalker, RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { ARIAMapper } from "../../v2/aria/ARIAMapper";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
 
-export let widget_tabbable_exists: Rule = {
+export const widget_tabbable_exists: Rule = {
     id: "widget_tabbable_exists",
     context: "aria:button,aria:link,aria:spinbutton,aria:tablist,aria:combobox,aria:listbox,aria:menu,aria:radiogroup,aria:tree,aria:menubar, aria:grid, aria:treegrid, aria:checkbox,aria:slider,aria:spinbutton,aria:textbox,aria:scrollbar,aria:slider,aria:spinbutton",
     refactor: {
@@ -50,11 +52,11 @@ export let widget_tabbable_exists: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
 
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return;
         
         //skip the check if the element should be a presentational child of an element
-        if (RPTUtil.shouldBePresentationalChild(ruleContext))
+        if (AriaUtil.shouldBePresentationalChild(ruleContext))
             return;
         
         let nodeName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
@@ -65,21 +67,22 @@ export let widget_tabbable_exists: Rule = {
         // Composite user interface widget roles. They act as containers that manage other, contained widgets.
         let roleContainers = ["combobox", "grid", "listbox", "menu", "menubar", "radiogroup", "tablist", "tree", "treegrid"];
         for (const role of roleContainers) {
-            if (RPTUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, role, true) != null) 
+            if (AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, role, true) != null) 
                 // it's a descendant of a composite widget already examined
                 return null;
         }    
         let role = ARIAMapper.nodeToRole(ruleContext);
         let count = 0;
-        if (RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) {
+        if (CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) {
             ++count;
         }
         // If node has children, look for tab stops in the children
         // skip the count if the element requires presentational children only
-        if (count < 1 && !RPTUtil.containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(ruleContext) && ruleContext.firstChild) {
-            let nw = new NodeWalker(ruleContext);
+        if (count < 1 && !AriaUtil.containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(ruleContext) && ruleContext.firstChild) {
+            //let nw = new NodeWalker(ruleContext);
+            let nw = new DOMWalker(ruleContext);
             while (count < 1 && nw.nextNode() && nw.node != ruleContext) {
-                if (nw.node.nodeType == 1 && !nw.bEndTag && RPTUtil.isTabbable(nw.node)) {
+                if (nw.node.nodeType == 1 && !nw.bEndTag && CommonUtil.isTabbable(nw.node)) {
                     ++count;
                 }
             }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/widget_tabbable_single.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/widget_tabbable_single.ts
index cf58f1bcc..c7c6fd72c 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/widget_tabbable_single.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rules/widget_tabbable_single.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,15 @@
 
 import { Rule, RuleResult, RuleContext, RulePotential, RulePass, RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
 import { eRulePolicy, eToolkitLevel } from "../api/IRule";
-import { NodeWalker, RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { AriaUtil } from "../util/AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "../util/CommonUtil";
 import { ARIAMapper } from "../../v2/aria/ARIAMapper";
-import { setCache } from "../util/CacheUtil";
-import { VisUtil } from "../../v2/dom/VisUtil";
 
-export let widget_tabbable_single: Rule = {
+import { CacheUtil } from "../util/CacheUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "../util/VisUtil";
+
+export const widget_tabbable_single: Rule = {
     id: "widget_tabbable_single",
     context: "aria:button,aria:link,aria:menuitem,aria:spinbutton,aria:tablist,aria:combobox,aria:listbox,aria:menu,aria:radiogroup,aria:tree,aria:checkbox,aria:option,aria:radio,aria:slider,aria:spinbutton,aria:textbox,aria:columnheader,aria:rowheader,aria:slider,aria:tab",
     refactor: {
@@ -52,25 +55,26 @@ export let widget_tabbable_single: Rule = {
         const ruleContext = context["dom"].node as HTMLElement;
         
         //skip the check if the element is hidden or disabled
-        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || RPTUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
+        if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(ruleContext) || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(ruleContext))
             return;
         
         //skip the check if the element should be a presentational child of an element
-        if (RPTUtil.shouldBePresentationalChild(ruleContext))
+        if (AriaUtil.shouldBePresentationalChild(ruleContext))
             return;
         
         let role = ARIAMapper.nodeToRole(ruleContext);
         let count = 0;
-        if (RPTUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) {
+        if (CommonUtil.isTabbable(ruleContext)) {
             ++count;
         }
         // If node has children, look for tab stops in the children
         //skip the count if the element requires presentational children only
         let name = [];
-        if (count < 2 && !RPTUtil.containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(ruleContext) && ruleContext.firstChild) {
-            let nw = new NodeWalker(ruleContext);
+        if (count < 2 && !AriaUtil.containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(ruleContext) && ruleContext.firstChild) {
+            //let nw = new NodeWalker(ruleContext);
+            let nw = new DOMWalker(ruleContext);
             while (count < 2 && nw.nextNode() && nw.node != ruleContext) {
-                if (nw.node.nodeType == 1 && !nw.bEndTag && RPTUtil.isTabbable(nw.node)) {
+                if (nw.node.nodeType == 1 && !nw.bEndTag && CommonUtil.isTabbable(nw.node)) {
                     // Radio inputs with the same name natively are only one tab stop
                     if (nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'input' && (nw.node as Element).getAttribute("type") === 'radio') {
                         let curName = (nw.node as Element).getAttribute("name");
@@ -85,7 +89,7 @@ export let widget_tabbable_single: Rule = {
         }
         let passed = count < 2;
         if (!passed)
-            setCache(ruleContext, "widget_tabbable_single", "potential_multiple_tabbable");
+            CacheUtil.setCache(ruleContext, "widget_tabbable_single", "potential_multiple_tabbable");
         return passed ? RulePass("pass") : RulePotential("potential_multiple_tabbable", [role]);
     }
 }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rulesets.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rulesets.ts
index aeaa5c0fc..b0ea7594c 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rulesets.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/rulesets.ts
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ const summaries = {
     "ARIA": "The ARIA specification issues that cause accessibility issues may be covered by other rules and will be reported under those accessibility requirements. However, some non-conforming ARIA specification issues are still reported.",
 }     
 
-export let a11yRulesets: Guideline[] = [
+export const a11yRulesets: Guideline[] = [
     // {
     //     id: "DEBUG",
     //     name: "DEBUG Rules",
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/AccNameUtil.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/AccNameUtil.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc3b88a81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/AccNameUtil.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,476 @@
+/******************************************************************************
+     Copyright:: 2020- IBM, Inc
+
+    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+    limitations under the License.
+ *****************************************************************************/
+
+import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
+import { CommonUtil } from "./CommonUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "./AriaUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "./VisUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "./CacheUtil";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
+
+type ElemCalc = (elem: Element) => string;
+type NodeCalc = (node: Node) => string;
+
+export class AccNameUtil {
+    
+    // calculate accessible name for a given node
+    public static computeAccessibleName(elem: Element) : any | null {
+        if (!elem) return null;
+        const nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+
+        let name_pair = CacheUtil.getCache(elem, "ELEMENT_ACCESSBLE_NAME", undefined);
+        if (name_pair !== undefined) return name_pair;
+
+        // 1. name from author, or elements without a role but with aria-labelledby or aria-label 
+        //   get aria label even for the role where the name is prohibited or is 'presentation' or 'none'
+        let accName = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(elem);
+        if (accName && accName.trim() !== "") {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "ELEMENT_ACCESSBLE_NAME", {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(accName), "nameFrom": "ariaLabel"});
+            return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(accName), "nameFrom": "ariaLabel"};
+        }
+
+        // 2. accessible name mapping for native html elements
+        name_pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleNameForNativeElement(elem);
+        if (name_pair) {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "ELEMENT_ACCESSBLE_NAME", name_pair);
+            return name_pair;
+        }
+        
+        // 3. name from native or aria attribute
+        /**name_pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleNameFromAttribute(elem);
+        if (name_pair) {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "ELEMENT_ACCESSBLE_NAME", name_pair);
+            return name_pair;
+        }*/
+
+        // 4. name from content for custom elements with a role
+        const role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(elem);
+        if (ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[role] && ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[role].nameFrom.includes("contents")) {
+            name_pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleNameFromContent(elem);
+            if (name_pair) {
+                CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "ELEMENT_ACCESSBLE_NAME", name_pair);
+                return name_pair;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 5. name from the global attribute "title"
+        if (elem.hasAttribute("title")) {
+            let title = elem.getAttribute("title").trim();
+            if (title && title.trim().length > 0) {
+                title = CommonUtil.truncateText(title);
+                CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "ELEMENT_ACCESSBLE_NAME", {"name":title, "nameFrom": "title"});
+                return {"name":title, "nameFrom": "title"};
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 6. name from the attribute "placeholder"
+        if (nodeName === 'textarea' || (nodeName === 'input' && (!elem.hasAttribute("type") || CommonUtil.input_type_with_placeholder.includes(elem.getAttribute("type"))))) {
+            let placeholder = elem.getAttribute("placeholder");
+            if (placeholder && placeholder.trim().length > 0) {
+                placeholder = CommonUtil.truncateText(placeholder);
+                CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "ELEMENT_ACCESSBLE_NAME", {"name":placeholder, "nameFrom": "placeholder"});
+                return {"name":placeholder, "nameFrom": "placeholder"};
+            }    
+        }
+
+        CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "ELEMENT_ACCESSBLE_NAME", null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // calculate accessible name for native elements
+    public static computeAccessibleNameForNativeElement(elem: Element) : any | null {
+        const nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+        
+        // labellable fields
+        if (CommonUtil.form_labelable_elements.includes(nodeName)) {
+            // Get only the non-hidden labels for element
+            const label = CommonUtil.getFormFieldLabel(elem);
+            if (label && label.trim() !== '')
+                return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(label), "nameFrom": "label"};
+        }
+
+        // input types: button, reset, submit, image
+        if (nodeName === "input" && elem.hasAttribute("type")) { 
+            if (CommonUtil.form_button_types.includes(elem.getAttribute("type"))) {
+                // input types: button, reset, submit
+                // Get the "value" attribute for the element
+                const value = CommonUtil.getElementAttribute(elem, "value");
+                if (value && value.trim() !== '')
+                    return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(value), "nameFrom": "value"};
+
+                // input 'submit' and 'reset' have visible defaults so pass if there is no explicit 'value' attribute
+                const type = elem.getAttribute("type");
+                if (type === 'submit' || type === 'reset')
+                    return {"name":type, "nameFrom": "internal"};
+
+            } else if (elem.getAttribute("type") === 'image') {
+                // input type = 'image'
+                // note that though HTML 5 spec indicates "The element's [value] attribute must be omitted", Chrome uses the value.
+                // Get the accessible name for the alt attribute
+                const alt = CommonUtil.getElementAttribute(elem, "alt");
+                if (alt && alt.trim() !== '')
+                    return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(alt), "nameFrom": "alt"};;
+
+                // the visible default text for type "image" is "Submit" same with the type "submit"
+                //return {"name":elem.getAttribute("type"), "nameFrom": "internal"};
+            }
+        }
+
+        // button
+        // note button may have a value attribute, but it's not a visible text
+        if (nodeName === "button") {
+            // first use the button text
+            const text = (elem as HTMLElement).innerText;
+            if (text && text.trim() !== '')
+                return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(text), "nameFrom": "text"};
+
+            // for image button: get the first image if exists
+            const image = elem.querySelector('img');
+            if (image && !VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(image) && !VisUtil.isNodePresentational(image)) {
+                let pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(image); 
+                if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0) 
+                    return pair;
+            }       
+        }
+
+        // fieldset
+        if (nodeName === "fieldset") {
+            // if the fieldset element's first child is a legend element, then use the subtree of the legend
+            const first = elem.firstElementChild;
+            if (first && first.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'legend') {
+                // legend can be mixed text
+                const text = (first as HTMLElement).innerText;
+                if (text && text.trim().length > 0) 
+                    return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(text), "nameFrom": "legend"}; 
+            }        
+        }
+
+        // output
+        if (nodeName === "output") {
+            // if the associated label element exists, use concatenated accessible name(s) from labelled elements.
+            if (elem.hasAttribute("for")) {
+                let labelIDs = elem.getAttribute("for").trim().split(" ");
+                if (labelIDs && labelIDs.length > 0) {
+                    let label = "";
+                    for (let j = 0; j < labelIDs.length; j++) {
+                        let labelNode = elem.ownerDocument.getElementById(labelIDs[j]);
+                        if (labelNode && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelNode, elem) && !VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(labelNode) && !VisUtil.isNodePresentational(labelNode)) {
+                            const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(labelNode);
+                            if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0) 
+                                label += " " + CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(pair.name);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (label.trim().length > 0)
+                        return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(label), "nameFrom": "label"};
+                }
+            }       
+        }
+
+        // summary
+        if (nodeName === "summary") {
+            // use summary element subtree
+            const text = (elem as HTMLElement).innerText;
+            if (text && text.trim().length > 0) 
+                return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(text), "nameFrom": "legend"};         
+        }
+
+        // details
+        if (nodeName === "details") {
+            const first = elem.firstElementChild;
+            if (first && first.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'summary') {
+                // get accessible name from summary
+                const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(first);
+                if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0) 
+                    return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(pair.name.trim()), "nameFrom": "summary"}; 
+            }
+            // If no summary element as a direct child of the details element, 
+            // the user agent should provide one with a subtree containing a localized string of the word "details".
+            return {"name":"details", "nameFrom": "internal"};         
+        }
+
+        // figure
+        if (nodeName === "figure") {
+            // if the figure element has a figcaption as the first or last child
+            let caption = elem.firstElementChild;
+            if (!caption) {
+                caption = elem.lastElementChild;
+                if (caption && caption.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'figcaption') {
+                    // figcaption can be mixed text
+                    const text = (caption as HTMLElement).innerText;
+                    if (text && text.trim().length > 0) 
+                        return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(text), "nameFrom": "figcaption"}; 
+                } 
+            }        
+        }
+
+        // img elements: use attribute "alt"
+        if (nodeName === "img") {
+            if (elem.hasAttribute("alt")) {
+                let alt = elem.getAttribute("alt");
+                return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(alt), "nameFrom": "alt"};
+            }
+        }
+
+        // area elements: use attribute "alt"
+        if (nodeName === "area") {
+            if (elem.hasAttribute("alt")) {
+                let alt = elem.getAttribute("alt");
+                if (alt && alt.trim().length > 0)
+                    return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(alt), "nameFrom": "alt"};
+            }
+        }
+
+        // table element
+        if (nodeName === "table") {
+            // if the figure element has a caption as the first child
+            let captionElem = elem.firstElementChild;
+            if (captionElem && captionElem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'caption') {
+                // caption can be mixed text
+                const caption = (captionElem as HTMLElement).innerText;
+                if (caption && caption.trim().length > 0) 
+                    return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(caption), "nameFrom": "caption"}; 
+            }         
+        }
+
+        // a element
+        if (nodeName === "a") {
+            // first use the link text
+            const text = (elem as HTMLElement).innerText;
+            if (text && text.trim() !== '')
+                return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(text), "nameFrom": "text"};
+             
+            //for image link: get the image or svg if exists
+            const images = elem.querySelectorAll(":scope > img, :scope > svg");
+            if (images && images.length > 0) {
+                let text = "";
+                images.forEach(image => {
+                    if (!VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(image) && !VisUtil.isNodePresentational(image)) {
+                        let pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(image);
+                        if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0) 
+                            text += " " + pair.name.trim();
+                    }
+                });
+                if (text.trim() !== '')
+                    return {"name":text.trim(), "nameFrom": "alt"};
+            }
+        }
+
+        // optgroup
+        // label participate in accessible name calculation: https://www.w3.org/TR/html-aam-1.0/#att-label
+        // The label attribute must be specified. Its value gives the name of the group
+        // the value is disabled in the interface
+        if (nodeName === "optgroup" || nodeName === "option" || nodeName === "track") {
+            const label = elem.getAttribute("label");
+            if (label && label.trim().length > 0)
+                return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(label), "nameFrom": "label"};
+        }
+
+        // svg
+        if (nodeName === "svg") {
+            const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleNameForSVGElement(elem);
+            if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0) 
+                return pair;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // calculate accessible name for native elements
+    public static computeAccessibleNameForSVGElement(elem: Element) : any | null {
+        // 1. a direct child or descendant title element 
+        const svgTitles = elem.querySelectorAll(":scope > title");
+        if (svgTitles && svgTitles.length > 0) {
+            let text = "";
+            svgTitles.forEach(svgTitle => {
+                if (svgTitle && !VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(svgTitle) && !VisUtil.isNodePresentational(svgTitle)) {
+                    const title = svgTitle.textContent;
+                    if (title && title.trim() !== '')
+                        text += title.trim();
+                }
+            });
+            if (text && text.trim() !== '')
+            return {"name":text.trim(), "nameFrom": "svgTitle"};
+        }
+
+        // 2. xlink:title attribute on a link
+        let linkTitle = elem.querySelector("a");
+        if (linkTitle && !VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(linkTitle) && !VisUtil.isNodePresentational(linkTitle)) {
+            let link = linkTitle.getAttribute("xlink:title");
+            if (link && link.trim() !== '')
+                return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(link), "nameFrom": "svglinkTitle"};
+        }
+
+        /** 3. for text container elements, the text content. 
+         * note the SVG text content elements are: ‘text’, ‘textPath’ and ‘tspan’.
+         *  svg element can be nested. One of the purposes is to to group SVG shapes together as a collection for responsive design.
+         * 
+         * select text content excluded the text from the nested svg elements and their children 
+         */ 
+        let text = "";
+        elem.querySelectorAll(":scope > *").forEach((element) => {
+            if (element.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== 'svg' && !VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(element) && !VisUtil.isNodePresentational(element)) {
+                const value = element.textContent;
+                if (value && value.trim().length > 0)
+                    text += value;
+            }    
+        });
+        if (text.trim() !== '')
+            return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(text), "nameFrom": "svgText"}; 
+
+        // 4. from aria-describedby or aria-description 
+        let descby = AriaUtil.getAriaDescription(elem);
+        if (descby && descby.trim().length > 0)
+            return {"name":CommonUtil.truncateText(descby), "nameFrom": "aria-description"};
+
+        // 5. a direct child or descendant desc element
+        let descElems = elem.querySelectorAll(":scope > desc");
+        if (descElems && descElems.length > 0) {
+            let text = "";
+            descElems.forEach(descElem => {
+                if (descElem && !VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(descElem) && !VisUtil.isNodePresentational(descElem)) {
+                    const desc = descElem.textContent;
+                    if (desc && desc.trim() !== '')
+                        text += desc.trim();
+                }
+            });
+            if (text && text.trim() !== '')
+                return {"name":text.trim(), "nameFrom": "svgDesc"};
+        }
+    }
+
+    // calculate accessible name for custom elements marked with aria
+    public static computeAccessibleNameFromContent(elem: Element) : any | null {
+        const nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+        const role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(elem);
+        
+        /** for acc name from content, the content from CSS pseudo-elements 
+         *  :before and :after pseudo elements [CSS2] can provide textual content for elements that have a content model.
+         * For :before or :after pseudo elements, user agents must prepend CSS textual content, without a space, 
+         *   to the textual content of the current node.
+         */
+        let pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleNameForCSSPseudoElement(elem, "before");
+        if (pair !== null && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0)
+            return pair;
+
+        pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleNameForCSSPseudoElement(elem, "after");
+        if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0)
+            return pair;
+
+        //  shadow host
+        if (elem.shadowRoot) {
+            pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleNameForShadowHost(elem);
+            if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0)
+                return {"name": pair.name, "nameFrom": "shadow"};;
+        }
+        
+        // slot element
+        if (nodeName === "slot") {
+            pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleNameForSlostElement(elem);
+            if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0)
+                return {"name": pair.name, "nameFrom": "slot"};
+        }
+
+        // otherwise: get the value from the element
+        pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleNameFromChildren(elem);
+        if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0)
+            return {"name": pair.name, "nameFrom": "content"};
+
+        // no accessible name exists
+        return null;    
+    }
+
+    // calculate accessible name from CSS generated content
+    public static computeAccessibleNameForCSSPseudoElement(elem: Element, type:string) : any | null {
+        const contentElem = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem,type);
+        if (contentElem) {
+            let content = contentElem.content;
+            if (content && content !== "none") {
+                content = content.replace(/^"/,"").replace(/"$/,"");
+                if (content.trim().length > 0)
+                    return {"name": CommonUtil.truncateText(content), "nameFrom": "css-"+type};
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // calculate accessible name for SLOT element
+    public static computeAccessibleNameForShadowHost(elem: Element) : any | null {
+        let text = "";
+        const shadowRoot = elem.shadowRoot;
+        if (shadowRoot) {
+            let children = shadowRoot.querySelectorAll('*');   
+            // check text from all the children elements
+            children.forEach(child => {
+                const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(child);
+                if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0)
+                    text += " " + pair.name.trim();
+            });
+        }
+        if (text.trim().length > 0)
+            return {"name": CommonUtil.truncateText(text), "nameFrom": "shadow-host"};
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // calculate accessible name for SLOT element
+    public static computeAccessibleNameForSlostElement(elem: Element) : any | null {
+        //if no assignedNode, check its own text 
+        let text = "";
+        if (!(elem as HTMLSlotElement).assignedNodes() || (elem as HTMLSlotElement).assignedNodes().length === 0) {
+            const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(elem);
+            if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.trim().length > 0)
+                text += " " + pair.name.trim();
+        } else {    
+            // check text from all assigned nodes
+            for (const slotChild of (elem as HTMLSlotElement).assignedNodes()) {
+                let pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(slotChild as Element);
+                if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.length > 0)
+                    text += " " + pair.name.trim();
+            }
+        }
+        if (text.trim().length > 0)
+            return {"name": CommonUtil.truncateText(text), "nameFrom": "content-slot"};
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // calculate accessible name from children content
+    public static computeAccessibleNameFromChildren(elem: Element) : any | null {
+        let text = "";
+        //let walkChild = elem.firstChild;
+        let nw = new DOMWalker(elem);
+        // Loop over all the childrens of the element to get the text
+        while (nw.nextNode() && nw.node !== elem && nw.node !== elem.parentNode) {
+        //while (walkChild) { 
+            const walkChild = nw.node; 
+            if (walkChild.nodeType === 3) {
+                // for the text node, get the parentnode to check visibility
+                const parent = walkChild.parentElement;
+                if (!VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(parent) && !VisUtil.isNodePresentational(parent) && walkChild.nodeValue && walkChild.nodeValue.trim().length > 0) 
+                    text += " " + walkChild.nodeValue.trim();
+
+            } else if (walkChild.nodeType === 1 && !VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(walkChild as HTMLElement) && !VisUtil.isNodePresentational(walkChild as HTMLElement)) {
+                const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(walkChild as Element);
+                if (pair && pair.name && pair.name.length > 0) 
+                    text += " " + pair.name.trim();
+            }
+        }
+        if (text.trim().length > 0)
+            return {"name": CommonUtil.truncateText(text), "nameFrom": "content"};
+
+        return null;
+    }
+} 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/AriaUtil.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/AriaUtil.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b5d0a90c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/AriaUtil.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2037 @@
+/******************************************************************************
+     Copyright:: 2020- IBM, Inc
+
+    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+    limitations under the License.
+ *****************************************************************************/
+
+import { CacheUtil } from "./CacheUtil";
+import { ARIADefinitions, IDocumentConformanceRequirement } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
+import { ARIAMapper } from "../../v2/aria/ARIAMapper";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { VisUtil } from "./VisUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "./CommonUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "./AccNameUtil";
+import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
+import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
+
+export class AriaUtil {
+
+    // This list contains a list of elements tags which have display: none by default, since we have rules triggering
+    public static navLinkKeywords = ['start', 'next', 'prev', 'previous', 'contents', 'index']
+
+    // This list contains a list of rule ids for the rules that have to check for hidden content regardless of the Check Hidden
+    // Content Setting. This means that when the engine is actually determine which elements to mass to the rules, it will always
+    // pass theses rules no matter what the Check Hidden Content Setting is.
+    public static rulesThatHaveToCheckHidden = ['RPT_Elem_UniqueId']
+
+    public static isDefinedAriaAttributeAtIndex(ele, index) {
+        let attrName = ele.attributes[index].name;
+        return AriaUtil.isDefinedAriaAttribute(ele, attrName);
+    }
+
+    // https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/#introstates
+    public static ariaAttributeRoleDefaults = {
+        "alert": {
+            "aria-live": "assertive",
+            "aria-atomic": "true"
+        },
+        "combobox": {
+            "aria-haspopup": "listbox"
+        },
+        "listbox": {
+            "aria-orientation": "vertical"
+        },
+        "log": {
+            "aria-live": "polite"
+        },
+        "menu": {
+            "aria-orientation": "vertical"
+        },
+        "menubar": {
+            "aria-orientation": "horizontal"
+        },
+        "meter": {
+            "aria-valuemin": "0",
+            "aria-valuemax": "100"
+        },
+        "option": {
+            "aria-selected": "false"
+        },
+        "progressbar": {
+            "aria-valuemin": "0",
+            "aria-valuemax": "100"
+        },
+        "scrollbar": {
+            "aria-orientation": "vertical",
+            "aria-valuemin": "0",
+            "aria-valuemax": "100"
+        },
+        "separator": {
+            "aria-orientation": "horizontal",
+            "aria-valuemin": "0",
+            "aria-valuemax": "100"
+        },
+        "slider": {
+            "aria-orientation": "horizontal",
+            "aria-valuemin": "0",
+            "aria-valuemax": "100"
+        },
+        "spinbutton": {
+            // Not sure how to encode min/max (or now in 1.2 - "has no value")
+            //"aria-valuenow": "0" TODO: at risk: maybe delete after ARIA 1.2 reaches proposed rec
+            // Probably just delete spinbutton from this list completely and let user agents handle "defaults"
+        },
+        "status": {
+            "aria-live": "polite",
+            "aria-atomic": "true"
+        },
+        "tab": {
+            "aria-selected": "false"
+        },
+        "tablist": {
+            "aria-orientation": "horizontal"
+        },
+        "toolbar": {
+            "aria-orientation": "horizontal"
+        },
+        "tree": {
+            "aria-orientation": "vertical"
+        }
+    }
+
+    // https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/#aria-atomic
+    public static ariaAttributeGlobalDefaults = {
+        "aria-atomic": "false",
+        "aria-autocomplete": "none",
+        "aria-busy": "false",
+        "aria-checked": undefined,
+        "aria-current": "false",
+        "aria-disabled": "false",
+        "aria-dropeffect": "none",
+        "aria-expanded": undefined,
+        "aria-grabbed": undefined,
+        "aria-haspopup": "false",
+        "aria-hidden": undefined,
+        "aria-invalid": "false",
+        "aria-live": "off",
+        "aria-modal": "false",
+        "aria-multiline": "false",
+        "aria-multiselectable": "false",
+        "aria-orientation": undefined,
+        "aria-pressed": undefined,
+        "aria-readonly": "false",
+        //"aria-relevant": "additions text", TODO: are multiple values supported?
+        "aria-required": "false",
+        "aria-selected": undefined,
+        "aria-sort": "none"
+    }
+
+    // https://www.w3.org/TR/html-aam-1.0/#html-attribute-state-and-property-mappings
+    public static ariaAttributeImplicitMappings = {
+        "aria-autocomplete": {
+            "form": function (e) {
+                return "off" === e.getAttribute("autocomplete") ? "none" : "both";
+            },
+            "input": function (e) {
+                return "off" === e.getAttribute("autocomplete") ? "none" : "both";
+            },
+            "select": function (e) {
+                return "off" === e.getAttribute("autocomplete") ? "none" : "both";
+            },
+            "textarea": function (e) {
+                return "off" === e.getAttribute("autocomplete") ? "none" : "both";
+            }
+        },
+        "aria-checked": {
+            "input": function (e) {
+                if (e.hasAttribute("indeterminate")) return "mixed";
+                return "" + e.hasAttribute("checked");
+            },
+            "menuitem": function (e) {
+                if (e.hasAttribute("indeterminate")) return "mixed";
+                return "" + e.hasAttribute("checked");
+            },
+            "*": function (e) {
+                if (e.hasAttribute("indeterminate")) return "mixed";
+            },
+        },
+        "aria-disabled": {
+            "button": function (e) {
+                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
+            },
+            "fieldset": function (e) {
+                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
+            },
+            "input": function (e) {
+                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
+            },
+            "optgroup": function (e) {
+                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
+            },
+            "option": function (e) {
+                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
+            },
+            "select": function (e) {
+                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
+            },
+            "textarea": function (e) {
+                return e.hasAttribute("disabled") ? "true" : "false"
+            }
+        },
+        "aria-expanded": {
+            "details": function (e) {
+                return e.getAttribute("open")
+            },
+            "dialog": function (e) {
+                return e.getAttribute("open")
+            }
+        },
+        "aria-multiselectable": {
+            "select": function (e) {
+                if (e.hasAttribute("multiple")) return "true";
+                return;
+            }
+        },
+        "aria-placeholder": {
+            "input": function (e) {
+                return e.getAttribute("placeholder")
+            },
+            "textarea": function (e) {
+                return e.getAttribute("placeholder")
+            }
+        },
+        "aria-required": {
+            "input": function (e) {
+                return e.getAttribute("required")
+            },
+            "select": function (e) {
+                return e.getAttribute("required")
+            },
+            "textarea": function (e) {
+                return e.getAttribute("required")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * this method returns user-defined aria attribute name from dom
+     * @param ele  element
+     * @returns user defined aria attributes
+     */
+    public static getUserDefinedAriaAttributes(elem) {
+        let ariaAttributes = [];
+        let domAttributes = elem.attributes;
+        if (domAttributes) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < domAttributes.length; i++) {
+                let attrName = domAttributes[i].name.trim().toLowerCase();
+                let isAria = attrName.substring(0, 5) === 'aria-';
+                if (isAria)
+                    ariaAttributes.push(attrName);
+            }
+        }
+        return ariaAttributes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * this method returns user-defined html attribute name from dom
+     * @param ele  element
+     * @returns user defined html attributes
+     */
+    public static getUserDefinedHtmlAttributes(elem) {
+        let htmlAttributes = [];
+        let domAttributes = elem.attributes;
+        if (domAttributes) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < domAttributes.length; i++) {
+                let attrName = domAttributes[i].name.trim().toLowerCase();
+                let isAria = attrName.substring(0, 5) === 'aria-';
+                if (!isAria)
+                    htmlAttributes.push(attrName);
+            }
+        }
+        return htmlAttributes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * this method returns user-defined aria attribute name-value pair from dom
+     * @param ele  element
+     * @returns user defined aria attributes
+     */
+    public static getUserDefinedAriaAttributeNameValuePairs(elem) {
+        let ariaAttributes = [];
+        let domAttributes = elem.attributes;
+        if (domAttributes) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < domAttributes.length; i++) {
+                let attrName = domAttributes[i].name.trim().toLowerCase();
+                let attrValue = elem.getAttribute(attrName);
+                if (attrValue === '') attrValue = null;
+                let isAria = attrName.substring(0, 5) === 'aria-';
+                if (isAria)
+                    ariaAttributes.push({ name: attrName, value: attrValue });
+            }
+        }
+        return ariaAttributes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * this method returns user-defined html attribute name-value pair from dom
+     * @param ele  element
+     * @returns user defined html attributes
+     */
+    public static getUserDefinedHtmlAttributeNameValuePairs(elem) {
+        let htmlAttributes = [];
+        let domAttributes = elem.attributes;
+        if (domAttributes) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < domAttributes.length; i++) {
+                let attrName = domAttributes[i].name.trim().toLowerCase();
+                let attrValue = elem.getAttribute(attrName);
+                if (attrValue === '') attrValue = null;
+                let isAria = attrName.substring(0, 5) === 'aria-';
+                if (!isAria)
+                    htmlAttributes.push({ name: attrName, value: attrValue });
+            }
+        }
+        return htmlAttributes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method handles implicit aria definitions, for example, an input with checked is equivalent to aria-checked="true"
+     */
+    public static getAriaAttribute(ele, attributeName) {
+        // If the attribute is defined, it takes precedence
+        let retVal = ele.getAttribute(attributeName);
+
+        if (ele.hasAttribute(attributeName) && retVal.trim() === "") { //"" is treated as false, so we need return it before the below check
+            return retVal;
+        }
+        // Then determine implicit values from other attributes
+        if (!retVal) {
+            let tag = ele.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+            if (attributeName in AriaUtil.ariaAttributeImplicitMappings) {
+                if (tag in AriaUtil.ariaAttributeImplicitMappings[attributeName]) {
+                    retVal = AriaUtil.ariaAttributeImplicitMappings[attributeName][tag];
+                    if (typeof (retVal) === "function") {
+                        retVal = retVal(ele);
+                    }
+                } else if ("*" in AriaUtil.ariaAttributeImplicitMappings[attributeName]) {
+                    retVal = AriaUtil.ariaAttributeImplicitMappings[attributeName]["*"];
+                    if (typeof (retVal) === "function") {
+                        retVal = retVal(ele);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check role-based defaults
+        if (!retVal) {
+            let role = ARIAMapper.nodeToRole(ele);
+            if (role in AriaUtil.ariaAttributeRoleDefaults && attributeName in AriaUtil.ariaAttributeRoleDefaults[role]) {
+                retVal = AriaUtil.ariaAttributeRoleDefaults[role][attributeName];
+                if (typeof (retVal) === "function") {
+                    retVal = retVal(ele);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Still not defined? Check global defaults
+        if (!retVal && attributeName in AriaUtil.ariaAttributeGlobalDefaults) {
+            retVal = AriaUtil.ariaAttributeGlobalDefaults[attributeName];
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    public static isDefinedAriaAttribute(ele, attrName) {
+        let isDefinedAriaAttribute = false;
+        if (attrName.substring(0, 5) === 'aria-') {
+            // User agents SHOULD treat state and property attributes with a value of "" the same as they treat an absent attribute.
+            isDefinedAriaAttribute = ele.hasAttribute && ele.hasAttribute(attrName) && ele.getAttribute(attrName).length > 0;
+        }
+        return isDefinedAriaAttribute;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * WAI-ARIA’s role attribute may have a list of values, but only the first valid and supported WAI-ARIA role is used
+     * https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-implementation/#mapping_role_table
+     * This function is responsible for retrieving the resoled role for an element.
+     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
+     *
+     * @return string - resolved role for the element:
+     *       explicit role: resoled from the list of values
+     *       implicit role: if not explicitely specified, or none of the specified role values is allowed for the element
+     *       null: if none of the specified role values is allowed for the element, neither implicit role exists
+     *       
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getResolvedRole(elem: Element, considerImplicitRoles: boolean = true): string {
+        if (!elem) return null;
+        let role = CacheUtil.getCache(elem, "RPTUTIL_ELEMENT_RESOLVED_ROLE", null);
+        if (role === null) {
+            const roles = AriaUtil.getUserDefinedRoles(elem); 
+            let tagProperty = AriaUtil.getElementAriaProperty(elem);
+            let allowedRoles = AriaUtil.getAllowedAriaRoles(elem, tagProperty);
+            let containsGeneric = false;
+            if (roles && roles.length > 0 && allowedRoles && allowedRoles.length > 0) {
+                for (let i = 0; i < roles.length; i++) {
+                    if (allowedRoles.includes("any") || allowedRoles.includes(roles[i])) {
+                        if (allowedRoles.includes("any") && roles[i] === 'generic') {
+                            containsGeneric = true;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        
+                        role = roles[i];
+                        if (role === "presentation" || role === "none") {
+                            // If element is focusable, then presentation roles are to be ignored
+                            if (CommonUtil.isFocusable(elem)) {
+                                //reset rule to null
+                                role = null;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (containsGeneric) role = 'generic';
+            }
+            
+            if (role === null && considerImplicitRoles) {
+                const implicitRole = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(elem);
+                role = implicitRole && implicitRole.length > 0 ? implicitRole[0] : undefined;
+            }
+            CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "RPTUTIL_ELEMENT_RESOLVED_ROLE", role);
+        }
+        return role !== undefined ? role : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for retrieving user defined element's roles from dom.
+     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
+     *
+     * @return {List} roles - list of user defined roles in the element role attribute.
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getUserDefinedRoles(ele: Element): string[] {
+        return AriaUtil.getRoles(ele, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for retrieving element's roles.
+     * This function also finds implicit roles.
+     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
+     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
+     *
+     * @return {List} roles - list of attribute roles and implicit roles.
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getRoles(ele: Element, considerImplicitRoles: boolean): string[] {
+        let roles: string[] = [];
+        if (ele && ele.hasAttribute && ele.hasAttribute("role")) {
+            let attrRoles = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(ele.getAttribute("role").trim()).split(" ");
+            for (let i = 0; i < attrRoles.length; ++i) {
+                roles.push(attrRoles[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        //check if implicit roles exist.
+        //Note: element can have multiple implicit roles
+        if (considerImplicitRoles) {
+            let implicitRole = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(ele);
+            if (implicitRole !== null && implicitRole.length > 0) {
+                //add implicit roles to the attributes roles.
+                CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(implicitRole, roles);
+            }
+        }
+        return roles;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the implicit role of the elemement
+     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
+     *
+     * @return the implicit role or [] if doesn't exist
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getImplicitRole(ele): string[] {
+        if (!ele || ele.nodeType !== 1) return null;
+        let implicitRoles: string[] = CacheUtil.getCache(ele, "AriaUtil_ImplicitRole", null);
+        if (!implicitRoles) {
+            let tagProperty = AriaUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ele);
+            // check if there are any implicit roles for this element.
+            if (tagProperty && tagProperty.implicitRole) {
+                if (tagProperty.implicitRole.includes("generic")) {
+                    // the 'generic' role is only allowed if a valid aria attribute exists.
+                    let domAriaAttributes = AriaUtil.getUserDefinedAriaAttributes(ele);
+                    if (domAriaAttributes.length === 0) {
+                        CacheUtil.setCache(ele, "AriaUtil_ImplicitRole", []);
+                        return [];
+                    }
+                    let roleAttributes = [];
+                    let pattern = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns['generic'];
+                    if (pattern.reqProps && pattern.reqProps.length > 0)
+                        CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(pattern.reqProps, roleAttributes);
+
+                    if (tagProperty.globalAriaAttributesValid)
+                        CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(ARIADefinitions.globalProperties, roleAttributes);
+
+                    if (pattern.deprecatedProps && pattern.deprecatedProps.length > 0)
+                        CommonUtil.reduceArrayItemList(pattern.deprecatedProps, roleAttributes);
+
+                    // remove 'generic' role if roleAttributes doesn't contain any of domAriaAttributes 
+                    if (roleAttributes.length > 0 && !roleAttributes.some(attr => domAriaAttributes.includes(attr))) {
+                        let implicit = CommonUtil.reduceArrayItemList(['generic'], tagProperty.implicitRole);
+                        CacheUtil.setCache(ele, "AriaUtil_ImplicitRole", implicit);
+                        return implicit;
+                    }
+                }
+                CacheUtil.setCache(ele, "AriaUtil_ImplicitRole", tagProperty.implicitRole);
+                return tagProperty.implicitRole;
+            }
+            CacheUtil.setCache(ele, "AriaUtil_ImplicitRole", []);
+            return [];
+        }
+        return implicitRoles;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the required properties of the role
+     * @parm {string} role - the role
+     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
+     *
+     * @return {List} properties - list of properties that are required by the role
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getRoleRequiredProperties(role, ele) {
+        if (role === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[role]) {
+            let requiredAttributes = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[role].reqProps;
+            // handle special case of separator
+            if (role.toLowerCase() === "separator" && ele && CommonUtil.isFocusable(ele)) {
+                requiredAttributes = CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(["aria-valuenow"], requiredAttributes || []);
+            }
+            return requiredAttributes;
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for finding if a element has given role.
+     * This function aslo finds if element has given roles as implicit role.
+     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
+     * @parm {list or string} roles - List or single role for which to find if element has these roles.
+     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
+     *
+     * @return {List} retVal - true or false based on if th element has the specified role.
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     *
+     * Consider to use hasRoleInSemantics() instead.
+     */
+    public static hasRole(ele, role, considerImplicitRoles?) {  //Consider to use hasRoleInSemantics() instead.
+        let retVal = false;
+        if (ele && ele.hasAttribute && ele.hasAttribute("role")) {
+            if (typeof (role) != typeof ("")) {
+                let roles = ele.getAttribute("role").trim().split(" ");
+                for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < roles.length; ++i) {
+                    retVal = roles[i] in role;
+                }
+            } else {
+                let roles = ele.getAttribute("role").trim().split(" ");
+                for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < roles.length; ++i) {
+                    retVal = roles[i] === role;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        //if none of the the attribute roles matched with given role
+        //check if implicit roles matches.
+        //Note: element can have multiple implicit roles
+        if (!retVal && considerImplicitRoles) {
+            let wRoles = [];
+            //check if there are any implicit roles for this element.
+            let implicitRole = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(ele);
+            if (implicitRole !== null && implicitRole.length > 0) {
+                CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(implicitRole, wRoles);
+                //if role is array loop thru and see if any  of the implicit role present in the array
+                if (typeof (role) != typeof ("")) {
+                    for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < wRoles.length; ++i) {
+                        retVal = wRoles[i] in role;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < wRoles.length; ++i) {
+                        retVal = wRoles[i] === role;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the element has the role, including the implied role if role is not explicitly specified.
+     *
+     * This function is replacing the hasRole function
+     *
+     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
+     * @parm {list or string} roles - List or single role for which to find if element has these roles.
+     *
+     * @return {List} retVal - true or false based on if the element has the specified role.
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static hasRoleInSemantics(ele, role) {
+        let retVal = false;
+        let roleSpecified = false;
+        if (ele && ele.hasAttribute && ele.hasAttribute("role")) {
+            if (typeof (role) != typeof ("")) {
+                let roles = ele.getAttribute("role").trim().toLowerCase().split(/\s+/);
+                for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < roles.length; ++i) {
+                    roleSpecified = true;
+                    retVal = roles[i] in role;
+                }
+            } else {
+                let roles = ele.getAttribute("role").trim().toLowerCase().split(/\s+/);
+                for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < roles.length; ++i) {
+                    roleSpecified = true;
+                    retVal = roles[i] === role;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (roleSpecified) {
+            return retVal;
+        }
+
+        //check if implicit roles matches.
+        //Note: element can have multiple implicit roles
+        //check if there are any implicit roles for this element.
+        let impRoles = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(ele);
+        if (impRoles !== null && impRoles.length > 0) {
+            //if role is array loop thru and see if any  of the implicit role present in the array
+            if (typeof (role) != typeof ("")) {
+                for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < impRoles.length; ++i) {
+                    retVal = impRoles[i] in role;
+                }
+            } else {
+                for (let i = 0; !retVal && i < impRoles.length; ++i) {
+                    retVal = impRoles[i] === role;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for finding if a element has given role.
+     * This function also checks if element has given roles as implicit roles.
+     * @parm {HTMLElement} ele - element for which to find role.
+     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
+     *
+     * @return {bool} retVal - true or false based on if the element has the specified role.
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static hasAnyRole(ele, considerImplicitRoles) {
+        let retVal = false;
+        if (ele && ele.hasAttribute && ele.hasAttribute("role")) {
+            retVal = true;
+        }
+
+        //check if implicit roles exist.
+        //Note: element can have multiple implicit roles
+        if (!retVal && considerImplicitRoles) {
+            //check if there are any implicit roles for this element.
+            let impRoles = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(ele);
+            if (impRoles !== null && impRoles.length > 0)
+                retVal = true;
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    public static isPresentationalElement(node) {
+        // Elements extracted from https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/HTML/Element#Inline_text_semantics,
+        // http://dev.w3.org/html5/html-author/#text-level-semantics and https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Presentational_elements_and_attributes
+        let presentationalElements = ["abbr", "b", "bdi", "bdo", "br", "cite", "code", "data", "dfn",
+            "em", "i", "kbd", "mark", "q", "rp", "rt", "rtc", "ruby", "s",
+            "samp", "small", "span", "strong", "sub", "sup", "time", "u",
+            "var", "wbr", "a", "progress", "meter", "basefont", "big", "center",
+            "strike", "tt", "font", "blink", "h1", "h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6",
+            "hr", "blockquote", "p"
+        ];
+        return CommonUtil.valInArray(node.nodeName.toLowerCase(), presentationalElements);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * return the ancestor of the given element and role.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find parent node
+     * @parm {string} role - The role to search for on an element under the provided element
+     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
+     *
+     * @return {node} walkNode - A parent node of the element passed in, which has the provided role
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getAncestorWithRole(element, roleName, considerImplicitRoles?) {
+        let walkNode = DOMWalker.parentNode(element);
+        while (walkNode !== null) {
+            if (considerImplicitRoles) {
+                if (AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(walkNode, roleName)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (AriaUtil.hasRole(walkNode, roleName, false)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            walkNode = DOMWalker.parentNode(walkNode);
+        }
+        return walkNode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * return the ancestor of the given element and roles.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find parent node
+     * @parm {array} roles - the role names to search for
+     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
+     *
+     * @return {node} walkNode - A parent node of the element passed in, which has the provided role
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getAncestorWithRoles(element, roleNames) {
+        if (!element || !roleNames || !roleNames.length || roleNames.length === 0) return null;
+        let walkNode = element;
+        while (walkNode !== null) {
+            let role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(walkNode);
+            if (role !== null && roleNames.includes(role))
+                return walkNode;
+            walkNode = DOMWalker.parentNode(walkNode);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * return the roles with given role type.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find parent node
+     * @parm {array} roleTyples - role types, such as 'widget', 'structure' etc.
+     *
+     * @return {array} roles - A parent node of the element passed in, which has the provided role
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getRolesWithTypes(element, types: string[]) {
+        if (!element || !types || !types.length || types.length === 0) return null;
+
+        let roles = CacheUtil.getCache(element.ownerDocument, "roles_with_given_types", null);
+        if (!roles || roles.length === 0) {
+            roles = [];
+            Object.entries(ARIADefinitions.designPatterns).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+                if (types.includes(value.roleType))
+                    roles.push(key);
+            });
+            CacheUtil.setCache(element.ownerDocument, "roles_with_given_types", roles);
+        }
+        return roles;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * return the roles with given role type.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find parent node
+     * @parm {array} roleTyples - role types, such as 'widget', 'structure' etc.
+     *
+     * @return {array} roles - A parent node of the element passed in, which has the provided role
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static isWidget(element) {
+        if (!element) return false;
+
+        const widget = CacheUtil.getCache(element.ownerDocument, "is_element_widget", null);
+        if (widget === null) {
+            let ret = false;
+            const role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(element); 
+            if (role && ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[role].roleType === 'widget')
+                ret = true;
+            
+            CacheUtil.setCache(element.ownerDocument, "is_element_widget", ret);
+            return ret;
+        }
+        return widget;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for finding a node which matches the role and is a sibling of the
+     * provided element.
+     *
+     * This function by default will not consider Check Hidden Setting at all.
+     *
+     * Note: This is a wrapper function to: AriaUtil.getSiblingWithRoleHidden
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find sibling node
+     * @parm {string} role - The role to search for on an element under the provided element
+     *
+     * @return {node} walkNode - A sibling node of the element passed in, which has the provided role
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getSiblingWithRole(element, role) {
+        return AriaUtil.getSiblingWithRoleHidden(element, role, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for finding a node which matches the role and is a sibling of the
+     * provided element.
+     *
+     * This function also considers implicit roles for the elements.
+     *
+     * This function will also consider elements that are hidden based on the if the Check
+     * Hidden Content settings should be considered or not.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find sibling node
+     * @parm {string} role - The role to search for on an element under the provided element
+     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
+     * @parm {bool} considerImplicit - true or false based on if Implicit roles should be considered.
+     *
+     * @return {node} walkNode - A sibling node of the element passed in, which has the provided role
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getSiblingWithRoleHidden(element, role, considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRole?) {
+
+        // Variable Declaration
+        let walkNode = null;
+        let hasRole = false;
+
+        // Only perform the check if element and role are both provided
+        if (element && role) {
+            // Fetch the next sibling element
+            walkNode = element.nextSibling;
+
+            // Keep looping over the next siblings to find element which matches
+            // the provided role.
+            while (walkNode !== null && !hasRole) {
+
+                // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
+                // or not.
+                //  1. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
+                //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
+                //  2. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
+                //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
+                //     add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
+                //
+                // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
+                //       so on and so forth.
+                if (considerHiddenSetting && CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(walkNode)) {
+                    // Move on to the next node
+                    walkNode = walkNode.nextSibling;
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Check if this node has the role that we need to check exists
+                if (considerImplicitRole) {
+                    hasRole = AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(walkNode, role);
+                } else {
+                    hasRole = AriaUtil.hasRole(walkNode, role, false);
+                }
+
+                // Move on to the next node
+                walkNode = walkNode.nextSibling;
+            }
+
+            // If we still have not found a node that matches the role, start a reverse look up
+            if (!walkNode) {
+                // Fetch the previous Sibling of this element
+                walkNode = element.previousSibling;
+
+                // Keep looping over all the previous siblings to search for an element which
+                // matches the provided role.
+                while (walkNode !== null && !hasRole) {
+
+                    // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
+                    // or not.
+                    //  1. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
+                    //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
+                    //  2. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
+                    //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
+                    //     add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
+                    //
+                    // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
+                    //       so on and so forth.
+                    if (considerHiddenSetting && CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(walkNode)) {
+                        // Move on to the next node
+                        walkNode = walkNode.previousSibling;
+
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    // Check if this node has the role that we need to check exists
+                    hasRole = AriaUtil.hasRole(walkNode, role, considerImplicitRole);
+
+                    // Move on to the next node
+                    walkNode = walkNode.previousSibling;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return walkNode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for getting a descendant element with the specified role, under
+     * the element that was provided.
+     *
+     * Note by default this function will not consider the Check Hidden Content Setting.
+     *
+     * Note: This is a wrapper function to: AriaUtil.getDescendantWithRoleHidden
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - parent element for which we will be checking descendants for
+     * @parm {string} roleName - The role to look for on the descendant's elements
+     *
+     * @return {node} - The descendant element that matches the role specified (only one)
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getDescendantWithRole(element, roleName) {
+        return AriaUtil.getDescendantWithRoleHidden(element, roleName, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for getting a descendant element with the specified role, under
+     * the element that was provided. This function aslo finds elements with implicit roles.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - parent element for which we will be checking descendants for
+     * @parm {string} roleName - The role to look for on the descendant's elements
+     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
+     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
+     *
+     * @return {node} - The descendant element that matches the role specified (only one)
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getDescendantWithRoleHidden(element, roleName, considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRoles?) {
+        // Variable Decleration
+        let descendant = null;
+        //let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
+        let nw = new DOMWalker(element);
+        // Loop over all the childrens of the element provided and check if the rolename provided exists
+        while (nw.nextNode() && nw.node != element && nw.node != element.nextSibling) {
+
+            // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
+            // or not.
+            //  1. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
+            //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
+            //  2. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
+            //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
+            //     add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
+            //
+            // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
+            //       so on and so forth.
+            if (considerHiddenSetting && CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(nw.node)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Check if this node has the role specified, if it does then set this as the descendant and stop checking the rest of the
+            // nodes.
+            // Check if this node has the implicit roles, if it does then set this as the descendant and stop checking the rest of the
+            // nodes.
+            if (considerImplicitRoles ? AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(nw.node, roleName) : AriaUtil.hasRole(nw.node, roleName, false)) {
+                descendant = nw.node;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return descendant;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for getting All descendant elements with the specified roles, under
+     * the element that was provided. This function aslo finds elements with implicit roles.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - parent element for which we will be checking descendants for
+     * @parm {string[]} roleNames - The roles to look for on the descendant's elements
+     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
+     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
+     *
+     * @return {node[]} - all descendant elements that match the roles specified
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getAllDescendantsWithRoles(element, roleNames: string[], considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRoles) {
+        if (!roleNames || roleNames.length === 0) return;
+        // Variable Decleration
+        let descendants = [];
+
+        roleNames.forEach(roleName => {
+            let kids = AriaUtil.getAllDescendantsWithRoleHidden(element, roleName, considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRoles);
+            if (kids && kids.length > 0)
+                descendants = descendants.concat(kids);
+        });
+        return descendants;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for getting All descendant elements with the specified role, under
+     * the element that was provided. This function aslo finds elements with implicit roles.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - parent element for which we will be checking descendants for
+     * @parm {string} roleName - The role to look for on the descendant's elements
+     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
+     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
+     *
+     * @return {node[]} - The descendant elements that match the role specified
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getAllDescendantsWithRoleHidden(element, roleName: string, considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRoles) {
+        // Variable Decleration
+        let descendants = [];
+        //let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
+        let nw = new DOMWalker(element);
+        // Loop over all the childrens of the element provided and check if the rolename provided exists
+        while (nw.nextNode() && nw.node != element && nw.node != element.nextSibling) {
+            if (nw.bEndTag) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
+            // or not.
+            //  1. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
+            //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
+            //  2. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
+            //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
+            //     add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
+            //
+            // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
+            //       so on and so forth.
+            if (considerHiddenSetting && CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(nw.node)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Check if this node has the role specified, if it does then set this as the descendant and stop checking the rest of the
+            // nodes.
+            // Check if this node has the implicit roles, if it does then set this as the descendant and stop checking the rest of the
+            // nodes.
+            if (AriaUtil.hasRole(nw.node, roleName, considerImplicitRoles)) {
+                descendants.push(nw.node);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return descendants;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for getting All direct children in AT tree with a role (exclude none and presentation)
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - parent element for which we will be checking children for
+     * @return {node} - The direct child elements in AT tree that has a role
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getDirectATChildren(element) {
+        let requiredChildRoles = AriaUtil.getRequiredChildRoles(element, true);
+        let direct: Array<HTMLElement> = [];
+        AriaUtil.retrieveDirectATChildren(element, requiredChildRoles, direct);
+        return direct;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for recursively any child path till either no child or a child with a role is found (exclude none and presentation)
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - parent element for which we will be checking children for
+     * @return {node} - The direct child elements in AT tree
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static retrieveDirectATChildren(element, requiredChildRoles, direct: Array<HTMLElement>) {
+        let children: HTMLElement[] = [];
+        if (element.children !== null && element.children.length > 0) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < element.children.length; i++) {
+                children.push(element.children[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        // if the element contains "aria-own" attribute, then the aria-owned children need to be included too
+        let owned = element.getAttribute("aria-owns");
+        if (owned) {
+            let doc = element.ownerDocument;
+            if (doc) {
+                let ownedIds = owned.split(" ");
+                for (let i = 0; i < ownedIds.length; i++) {
+                    let ownedElem = doc.getElementById(ownedIds[i]);
+                    if (ownedElem) {
+                        children.push(ownedElem);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (children.length > 0) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
+                //ignore hidden and invisible child
+                if (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(children[i]) || !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(children[i])) continue;
+                let roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(children[i], false);
+                if (roles === null || roles.length === 0) {
+                    roles = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(children[i]);
+                }
+
+                if (roles && roles !== null && roles.length > 0) {
+                    //remove 'none' and 'presentation'
+                    roles = roles.filter(function (role) {
+                        return role !== "none" && role !== "presentation";
+                    })
+
+                    // a 'group' role is allowed but not required for some elements so remove it if exists
+                    if (roles.includes("group") && requiredChildRoles && requiredChildRoles.includes('group')) {
+                        roles = roles.filter(function (role) {
+                            return role !== 'group';
+                        })
+                    }
+                }
+                if (roles && roles !== null && roles.length > 0) {
+                    direct.push(children[i]);
+                } else {
+                    // recursive until get a return value, 
+                    AriaUtil.retrieveDirectATChildren(children[i], requiredChildRoles, direct);
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        } else
+            return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * this function returns null or required child roles for a given element with one more roles,
+     * return null if the role is 'none' or 'presentation'
+     * @param element 
+     * @param includeImplicit include implicit roles if no role is explicitly provided
+     * @returns 
+     */
+    public static getRequiredChildRoles(element, includeImplicit: boolean): string[] {
+        let roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(element, false);
+        // if explicit role doesn't exist, get the implicit one
+        if ((!roles || roles.length === 0) && includeImplicit) {
+            roles = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(element);
+        }
+
+        /**  
+         * ignore if the element doesn't have any explicit or implicit role
+        */
+        if (!roles || roles.length === 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /**  
+         * ignore if the element contains none or presentation role
+        */
+        let presentationRoles = ["none", "presentation"];
+        const found = roles.some(r => presentationRoles.includes(r));
+        if (found) return null;
+
+        let designPatterns = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns;
+        let requiredChildRoles: string[] = new Array();
+        for (let j = 0; j < roles.length; ++j) {
+            if (designPatterns[roles[j]] && designPatterns[roles[j]].reqChildren !== null) {
+                requiredChildRoles = CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(designPatterns[roles[j]].reqChildren, requiredChildRoles);
+            }
+        }
+        return requiredChildRoles;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for getting an element referenced by aria-owns and has the
+     * role that was specified.
+     *
+     * Note by default this function will not consider the Check Hidden Content Setting.
+     *
+     * Note: This is a wrapper function to: AriaUtil.getAriaOwnsWithRoleHidden
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - Element to check for aria-owns
+     * @parm {string} roleName - The role to look for on the aria-owns element
+     *
+     * @return {node} - The element that is referenced by aria-owns and has role specified.
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getAriaOwnsWithRole(element, roleName) {
+        return AriaUtil.getAriaOwnsWithRoleHidden(element, roleName, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for getting an element referenced by aria-owns and has the
+     * role that was specified. This function aslo finds elements with implicit roles.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - Element to check for aria-owns
+     * @parm {string} roleName - The role to look for on the aria-owns element
+     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
+     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
+     *
+     * @return {node} - The element that is referenced by aria-owns and has role specified.
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getAriaOwnsWithRoleHidden(element, roleName, considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRoles?) {
+        // Variable Decleration
+        let referencedElement = null;
+        let referencedElemHasRole = false;
+
+        // In the case aria-owns is not on the element just break out of this function with null
+        if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "aria-owns")) {
+
+            // Get the reference ID
+            let referenceID = element.getAttribute("aria-owns");
+
+            // Get the element for the reference ID
+            referencedElement = FragmentUtil.getById(element, referenceID);
+            //ignore if the aria-owns point to the element itself
+            if (DOMUtil.sameNode(element, referencedElement))
+                return null;
+
+            // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
+            // or not.
+            //  1. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
+            //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
+            //  2. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
+            //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
+            //     add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
+            if (considerHiddenSetting && referencedElement != null && CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(referencedElement)) {
+                referencedElemHasRole = null;
+            } else {
+                referencedElemHasRole = AriaUtil.hasRole(referencedElement, roleName, considerImplicitRoles);
+            }
+        }
+        return referencedElemHasRole ? referencedElement : null;
+    }
+
+    // Return true if the element has an ARIA label
+    public static hasAriaLabel(element) {
+
+        // Rpt_Aria_ValidIdRef determines if the aria-labelledby id points to a valid element
+        return CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "aria-label") || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "aria-labelledby");
+    }
+
+    // Given an array of elements, return true if the elements have unique ARIA labels
+    public static hasUniqueAriaLabelsLocally(elements, isGlobal) {
+        if (elements.length === 0) return false;
+        let doc = elements[0].ownerDocument;
+        let hasDuplicateLabels = false;
+        let uniqueAriaLabels = null;
+
+        if (isGlobal) {
+            uniqueAriaLabels = CacheUtil.getCache(doc, "AriaUtil_HAS_UNIQUE_ARIA_LABELS", null);
+        }
+        if (uniqueAriaLabels === null) {
+            uniqueAriaLabels = {};
+        }
+
+        for (let i = 0; !hasDuplicateLabels && i < elements.length; ++i) {
+
+            if (elements[i].hasAttribute) {
+
+                if (elements[i].hasAttribute("aria-label")) {
+
+                    let ariaLabel = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(elements[i].getAttribute("aria-label")).toLowerCase();
+                    hasDuplicateLabels = ariaLabel in uniqueAriaLabels;
+                    uniqueAriaLabels[ariaLabel] = true;
+
+                } else if (elements[i].hasAttribute("aria-labelledby")) {
+
+                    let labelID = elements[i].getAttribute("aria-labelledby");
+                    let labelNode = FragmentUtil.getById(elements[i], labelID);
+                    let label = labelNode && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelNode, elements[i]) ? CommonUtil.getInnerText(labelNode) : "";
+                    let normalizedLabel = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(label).toLowerCase();
+                    hasDuplicateLabels = normalizedLabel in uniqueAriaLabels;
+                    uniqueAriaLabels[normalizedLabel] = true;
+
+                } else {
+                    // Has no label at all
+                    hasDuplicateLabels = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (isGlobal) {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(doc, "AriaUtil_HAS_UNIQUE_ARIA_LABELS", uniqueAriaLabels);
+        }
+        return !hasDuplicateLabels;
+    }
+
+    public static getAriaLabel(ele) {
+        if (ele.hasAttribute) {
+            if (ele.hasAttribute("aria-labelledby")) {
+                let labelIDs = ele.getAttribute("aria-labelledby").trim().split(" ");
+                let normalizedLabel = "";
+                for (let j = 0, length = labelIDs.length; j < length; ++j) {
+                    let labelID = labelIDs[j];
+                    let labelNode = FragmentUtil.getById(ele, labelID);
+                    let label = labelNode && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelNode, ele) ? CommonUtil.getInnerText(labelNode) : "";
+                    normalizedLabel += CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(label).toLowerCase();
+                }
+                return normalizedLabel.trim();
+            } else if (ele.hasAttribute("aria-label")) {
+                return CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(ele.getAttribute("aria-label")).toLowerCase().trim();
+            }
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    public static getAriaDescription(ele) {
+        if (!ele) return "";
+        let normalizedLabel = "";
+        let desc = ele.getAttribute("aria-labelledby");
+        if (desc && desc.trim().length > 0) {
+            let labelIDs = desc.trim().split(" ");
+            for (let j = 0, length = labelIDs.length; j < length; ++j) {
+                let labelID = labelIDs[j];
+                let labelNode = FragmentUtil.getById(ele, labelID);
+                let label = labelNode && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelNode, ele) ? CommonUtil.getInnerText(labelNode) : "";
+                if (label && label.trim().length > 0)
+                    normalizedLabel += CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(label).toLowerCase();
+            }
+            if (normalizedLabel.trim().length > 0)
+                return normalizedLabel.trim();
+        }
+
+        desc = ele.getAttribute("aria-description");
+        if (desc && desc.trim().length > 0)
+            return desc.trim().toLowerCase();
+        
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    public static findAriaLabelDupes(elements) {
+        let dupeMap = {}
+        elements.forEach(function (ele) {
+            dupeMap[AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ele)] = (dupeMap[AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ele)] || 0) + 1;
+        })
+        return dupeMap;
+    }
+
+    // Given an array of elements, return true if the elements have unique ARIA labels globally
+    public static hasUniqueAriaLabels(elements) {
+        return AriaUtil.hasUniqueAriaLabelsLocally(elements, true);
+    }
+
+    // Given an array of elements, return true if the elements have unique ARIA labels
+    public static hasDuplicateAriaLabelsLocally(elements, isGlobal) {
+        if (elements.length === 0) return false;
+        let doc = elements[0].ownerDocument;
+
+        let hasDuplicateLabels = false;
+        let uniqueAriaLabels: { [key: string]: boolean } = null;
+        let duplicateLabelNameArray = new Array();
+
+        if (isGlobal) {
+            uniqueAriaLabels = CacheUtil.getCache(doc, "AriaUtil_HAS_UNIQUE_ARIA_LABELS", null);
+        }
+        if (uniqueAriaLabels === null) {
+            uniqueAriaLabels = {};
+        }
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < elements.length; ++i) {
+
+            if (elements[i].hasAttribute) {
+
+                if (elements[i].hasAttribute("aria-label")) {
+
+                    let ariaLabel = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(elements[i].getAttribute("aria-label")).toLowerCase();
+                    hasDuplicateLabels = ariaLabel in uniqueAriaLabels;
+                    uniqueAriaLabels[ariaLabel] = true;
+                    if (!(ariaLabel in duplicateLabelNameArray)) {
+                        duplicateLabelNameArray[ariaLabel] = new Array();
+                    }
+                    duplicateLabelNameArray[ariaLabel].push(elements[i].nodeName.toLowerCase());
+
+                } else if (elements[i].hasAttribute("aria-labelledby")) {
+
+                    let labelIDs = elements[i].getAttribute("aria-labelledby").trim().split(" ");
+                    let normalizedLabel = "";
+                    for (let j = 0, length = labelIDs.length; j < length; ++j) {
+                        let labelID = labelIDs[j];
+                        let labelNode = FragmentUtil.getById(elements[i], labelID);
+                        let label = labelNode && !DOMUtil.sameNode(labelNode, elements[i]) ? CommonUtil.getInnerText(labelNode) : "";
+                        normalizedLabel += CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(label).toLowerCase();
+                    }
+                    hasDuplicateLabels = normalizedLabel in uniqueAriaLabels;
+                    uniqueAriaLabels[normalizedLabel] = true;
+                    if (!(normalizedLabel in duplicateLabelNameArray)) {
+                        duplicateLabelNameArray[normalizedLabel] = new Array();
+                    }
+                    duplicateLabelNameArray[normalizedLabel].push(elements[i].nodeName.toLowerCase());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (isGlobal) {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(doc, "AriaUtil_HAS_UNIQUE_ARIA_LABELS", uniqueAriaLabels);
+        }
+        return duplicateLabelNameArray;
+    }
+
+    // Given an array of elements, return true if the elements have unique ARIA labels globally
+    public static hasDuplicateAriaLabels(elements) {
+        return AriaUtil.hasDuplicateAriaLabelsLocally(elements, true);
+    }
+
+    // Given an array of elements, return true if the elements have unique aria-labelledby attributes
+    public static hasUniqueAriaLabelledby(elements) {
+
+        let hasDuplicateLabels = false;
+        let labelRefs = {};
+
+        for (let i = 0; !hasDuplicateLabels && i < elements.length; ++i) {
+
+            if (elements[i].hasAttribute && elements[i].hasAttribute("aria-labelledby") && !CommonUtil.isIdReferToSelf(elements[i], elements[i].getAttribute("aria-labelledby"))) {
+                let labelRef = CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(elements[i].getAttribute("aria-labelledby"));
+                hasDuplicateLabels = labelRef in labelRefs;
+                labelRefs[labelRef] = true;
+            } else {
+                hasDuplicateLabels = true;
+            }
+        }
+        return !hasDuplicateLabels;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * this function is responsible for resolving ARIA requirements for an HTML element per ARIA in HTML
+     * @param ruleContext the HTML element to be examined
+     * @returns 
+     */
+    public static getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext) {
+        let tagProperty: IDocumentConformanceRequirement = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext, "AriaUtil_ElementAriaProperty", null);
+        if (!tagProperty) {
+            let tagName = null;
+            let name = null;
+
+            if (ruleContext.tagName) {
+                tagName = ruleContext.tagName.toLowerCase();
+            } else if (ruleContext.nodeName) {
+                tagName = ruleContext.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+            }
+
+            // check if the tagProperty exists in the documentConformanceRequirement hash.
+            tagProperty = ARIADefinitions.documentConformanceRequirement[tagName];
+
+            // The tag needs to check some special attributes
+            if (tagProperty === null || tagProperty === undefined) {
+                let specialTagProperties = ARIADefinitions.documentConformanceRequirementSpecialTags[tagName];
+                switch (tagName) { // special cases
+                    case "a":
+                        CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "href") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["with-href"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["without-href"];
+                        break;
+                    case "area":
+                        CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "href") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["with-href"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["without-href"];
+                        break;
+                    case "figure": {
+                        let fcs = CommonUtil.getChildByTag(ruleContext, "figcaption");
+                        fcs !== null && fcs.length > 0 ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["child-figcaption"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["no-child-figcaption"];
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "footer":
+                    case "header":
+                        if (AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "article", true) !== null || AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "complementary", true) !== null
+                            || AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "navigation", true) !== null || AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "region", true) !== null
+                            || CommonUtil.getAncestor(ruleContext, ["article", "aside", "main", "nav", "section"]) !== null)
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-section-article-aside-main-nav"];
+                        else
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["other"];
+                        break;
+                    case "img":
+                        let alt = ruleContext.hasAttribute("alt") ? ruleContext.getAttribute("alt") : null;
+                        let title = ruleContext.hasAttribute("title") ? ruleContext.getAttribute("title") : null;
+                        if (AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext).trim().length !== 0 || (alt !== null && alt.length > 0) || (title !== null && title.length > 0)) {
+                            // If the img has non-empty alt (alt="some text" or alt="  ") or an accessible name is provided
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["img-with-accname"];
+                        } else {
+                            if (alt !== null) {
+                                // If the img has an empty alt (alt="") 
+                                tagProperty = specialTagProperties["img-without-accname-empty-alt"];
+                            } else {
+                                // If the img lacks an alt attribute 
+                                tagProperty = specialTagProperties["img-without-accname-no-alt"];
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "input":
+                        if (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "type")) {
+                            let type = ruleContext.getAttribute("type").trim().toLowerCase();
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties[type];
+                            if (tagProperty === null || tagProperty === undefined) {
+                                switch (type) {
+                                    case "checkbox":
+                                        CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "aria-pressed") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["checkbox-with-aria-pressed"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["checkbox-without-aria-pressed"];
+                                        break;
+                                    case "email":
+                                        CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["email-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["email-no-list"];
+                                        break;
+                                    case "search":
+                                        CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["search-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["search-no-list"];
+                                        break;
+                                    case "tel":
+                                        CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["tel-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["tel-no-list"];
+                                        break;
+                                    case "text":
+                                        CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["text-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["text-no-list"];
+                                        break;
+                                    case "url":
+                                        CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["url-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["url-no-list"];
+                                        break;
+                                    default:
+                                        // default
+                                        CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["default-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["default-no-list"];
+                                        break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            // default type is the same as type=text
+                            CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "list") ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["text-with-list"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["text-no-list"];
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "li":
+                        specialTagProperties = ARIADefinitions.documentConformanceRequirementSpecialTags["li"];
+                        if (ruleContext.parentElement && AriaUtil.hasRoleInSemantics(ruleContext.parentElement, "list"))
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["child-of-list-role"];
+                        else
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["no-child-of-list-role"];
+                        break;
+                    case "section":
+                        //name = ARIAMapper.computeName(ruleContext);
+                        //if (name && name.trim().length > 0) {
+                        const label = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(ruleContext);
+                        if ((label && label.trim().length > 0) || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "title")) {
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["with-name"];
+                        } else {
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["without-name"];
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "select":
+                        specialTagProperties = ARIADefinitions.documentConformanceRequirementSpecialTags["select"];
+                        if (ruleContext.hasAttribute("multiple") ||
+                            CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(ruleContext, "size") && ruleContext.getAttribute("size") > 1)
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["multiple-attr-size-gt1"];
+                        else
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["no-multiple-attr-size-gt1"];
+                        break;
+                    case "summary":
+                        specialTagProperties = ARIADefinitions.documentConformanceRequirementSpecialTags["summary"];
+                        if (ruleContext.parentElement && ruleContext.parentElement.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'details'
+                            && DOMUtil.sameNode([...ruleContext.parentElement.children].filter(elem => elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'summary')[0], ruleContext))
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["first-summary-of-detail"];
+                        else
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["no-first-summary-of-detail"];
+                        break;
+                    case "tbody":
+                    case "td":
+                    case "tr":
+                        if (AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "table", true) !== null) {
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-table"];
+                        } else {
+                            AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "grid", true) || AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "treegrid", true) ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-grid"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-other"];
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "th":
+                        if (AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "table", true) !== null || AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "grid", true) !== null || AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "treegrid", true) !== null) {
+                            const scope = CommonUtil.getScopeForTh(ruleContext);
+                            if (scope === 'column') tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-table-grid-treegrid-column-scope"];
+                            else tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-table-grid-treegrid-row-scope"];
+                        } else {
+                            tagProperty = specialTagProperties["des-other"];
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "div":
+                        let prt = ruleContext.parentElement;
+                        prt !== null && prt.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'dl' ? tagProperty = specialTagProperties["child-dl"] : tagProperty = specialTagProperties["no-child-dl"];
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        tagProperty = ARIADefinitions.documentConformanceRequirementSpecialTags["default"] as IDocumentConformanceRequirement;
+                } //switch
+            }
+        }
+        CacheUtil.setCache(ruleContext, "AriaUtil_ElementAriaProperty", tagProperty);
+        return tagProperty || null;
+    }
+
+    public static getAllowedAriaRoles(ruleContext, properties: IDocumentConformanceRequirement) {
+        let allowedRoles: string[] = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext, "AriaUtil_AllowedAriaRoles", null);
+        if (!allowedRoles) {
+            allowedRoles = [];
+            let tagProperty: IDocumentConformanceRequirement = null;
+            if (properties !== null && properties !== undefined) {
+                tagProperty = properties;
+            } else {
+                tagProperty = AriaUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext);
+            }
+
+            if (tagProperty !== null && tagProperty !== undefined) {
+                if (tagProperty.implicitRole !== null) {
+                    CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(tagProperty.implicitRole, allowedRoles);
+                }
+                if (tagProperty.validRoles !== null) {
+                    CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(tagProperty.validRoles, allowedRoles);
+                }
+                let implicitRoles = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
+                if (implicitRoles && implicitRoles.length > 0) {
+                    CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(tagProperty.validRoles, allowedRoles);
+                }
+            }
+            CacheUtil.setCache(ruleContext, "AriaUtil_AllowedAriaRoles", allowedRoles);
+        }
+        return allowedRoles;
+    }
+
+    public static getAllowedAriaAttributes(ruleContext, roles, properties) {
+        let allowedAttributes: string[] = CacheUtil.getCache(ruleContext, "AriaUtil_AllowedAriaAttributes", null);
+        if (!allowedAttributes) {
+            allowedAttributes = [];
+            let permittedRoles = [...roles];
+            let tagName = ruleContext.tagName.toLowerCase();
+
+            let prohibitedAttributes = [];
+            // Element with a disabled attribute  https://www.w3.org/TR/html5/disabled-elements.html
+            if (ARIADefinitions.elementsAllowedDisabled.indexOf(tagName) > -1) {
+                // Use the aria-disabled attribute on any element that is allowed the disabled attribute in HTML5.
+                allowedAttributes = CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItem("aria-disabled", allowedAttributes);
+            }
+            // Element with a required attribute http://www.the-art-of-web.com/html/html5-form-validation/
+            if (ARIADefinitions.elementsAllowedRequired.indexOf(tagName) > -1) {
+                // Use the aria-required attribute on any element that is allowed the required attribute in HTML5.
+                allowedAttributes = CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItem("aria-required", allowedAttributes);
+            }
+
+            if (ARIADefinitions.elementsAllowedReadOnly.indexOf(tagName) > -1) {
+                // Use the aria-readonly attribute on any element that is allowed the readonly attribute in HTML5.
+                allowedAttributes = CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItem("aria-readonly", allowedAttributes);
+            }
+
+            let tagProperty = null;
+            if (properties != null && properties !== undefined)
+                tagProperty = properties;
+            else
+                tagProperty = AriaUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext);
+
+            if (tagProperty !== null && tagProperty !== undefined) {
+                // add the implicit role allowed attributes to the allowed role list if there is no specified role
+                // ignore if the element doesn't allow the attributes from the implicit roles
+                if (tagProperty.implicitRole !== null &&
+                    (permittedRoles === null || permittedRoles === undefined || permittedRoles.length === 0)
+                    && tagProperty.allowAttributesFromImplicitRole === undefined) {
+                    for (let i = 0; i < tagProperty.implicitRole.length; i++) {
+                        let roleProperty = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[tagProperty.implicitRole[i]];
+                        if (roleProperty !== null && roleProperty !== undefined) {
+                            let properties = roleProperty.props;
+                            CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(properties, allowedAttributes);
+                            properties = AriaUtil.getRoleRequiredProperties(tagProperty.implicitRole[i], ruleContext);
+                            CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(properties, allowedAttributes);
+                            let prohibitedProps = roleProperty.prohibitedProps;
+                            if (prohibitedProps && prohibitedProps.length > 0)
+                                CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(prohibitedProps, prohibitedAttributes);
+
+                            // special case of separator
+                            if (tagProperty.implicitRole[i] === "separator" && CommonUtil.isFocusable(ruleContext)) {
+                                CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(["aria-disabled", "aria-valuenow", "aria-valuemax", "aria-valuemin", "aria-valuetext"], allowedAttributes);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // Adding the global properties to the valid attribute list
+                if (tagProperty.globalAriaAttributesValid) {
+                    let properties = ARIADefinitions.globalProperties; // global properties
+                    CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(properties, allowedAttributes);
+                }
+            }
+            // adding the other role to the allowed roles for the attributes
+            if (tagProperty && tagProperty.otherRolesForAttributes && tagProperty.otherRolesForAttributes.length > 0)
+                CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(tagProperty.otherRolesForAttributes, permittedRoles);
+            // adding the specified role properties to the allowed attribute list
+            for (let i = 0; permittedRoles !== null && i < permittedRoles.length; i++) {
+                let roleProperties = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[permittedRoles[i]];
+                if (roleProperties !== null && roleProperties !== undefined) {
+                    // ignore the properties if the element doesn't allow attributes from the implicit role
+                    if (!tagProperty || tagProperty.implicitRole === null || !tagProperty.implicitRole.includes(permittedRoles[i]) || (tagProperty.implicitRole.includes(permittedRoles[i]) && tagProperty.allowAttributesFromImplicitRole === undefined)) {
+                        let properties = roleProperties.props; // allowed properties
+                        CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(properties, allowedAttributes);
+                        properties = AriaUtil.getRoleRequiredProperties(permittedRoles[i], ruleContext); // required properties
+                        CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(properties, allowedAttributes);
+                    }
+                    let prohibitedProps = roleProperties.prohibitedProps;
+                    if (prohibitedProps && prohibitedProps.length > 0)
+                        CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(prohibitedProps, prohibitedAttributes);
+                    // special case for separator
+                    if (permittedRoles[i] === "separator" && CommonUtil.isFocusable(ruleContext)) {
+                        CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(["aria-disabled", "aria-valuemax", "aria-valuemin", "aria-valuetext"], allowedAttributes);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // ignore aria-level, aria-setsize or aria-posinset if "row" is not in treegrid
+            if (permittedRoles.includes("row") && AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(ruleContext, "treegrid", true) == null) {
+                let index = -1;
+                if ((index = allowedAttributes.indexOf("aria-level")) > -1)
+                    allowedAttributes.splice(index, 1);
+
+                if ((index = allowedAttributes.indexOf("aria-setsize")) > -1)
+                    allowedAttributes.splice(index, 1);
+
+                if ((index = allowedAttributes.indexOf("aria-posinset")) > -1)
+                    allowedAttributes.splice(index, 1);
+
+            }
+
+            // add the other allowed attributes for the element
+            if (tagProperty && tagProperty.otherAllowedAriaAttributes && tagProperty.otherAllowedAriaAttributes.length > 0) {
+                // check attribute-value pair if exists
+                let allowed = [];
+                for (let p = 0; p < tagProperty.otherAllowedAriaAttributes.length; p++) {
+                    const attr = tagProperty.otherAllowedAriaAttributes[p];
+                    if (attr.includes("=")) {
+                        const pair = attr.split("=");
+                        if (ruleContext.getAttribute(pair[0]) === pair[1])
+                            allowed.push(pair[0]);
+                    } else
+                        allowed.push(attr);
+                }
+                if (allowed.length > 0)
+                    CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(allowed, allowedAttributes);
+            }
+            // add the other prohibitted attributes for the element
+            if (tagProperty && tagProperty.otherDisallowedAriaAttributes && tagProperty.otherDisallowedAriaAttributes.length > 0) {
+                // check attribute-value pair if exists
+                let disallowed = [];
+                for (let p = 0; p < tagProperty.otherDisallowedAriaAttributes.length; p++) {
+                    const attr = tagProperty.otherDisallowedAriaAttributes[p];
+                    if (attr.includes("=")) {
+                        const pair = attr.split("=");
+                        if (ruleContext.getAttribute(pair[0]) === pair[1])
+                            disallowed.push(pair[0]);
+                    } else
+                        disallowed.push(attr);
+                }
+                if (disallowed.length > 0)
+                    CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(disallowed, prohibitedAttributes);
+            }
+            //exclude the prohibitedAttributes from the allowedAttributes
+            allowedAttributes = CommonUtil.reduceArrayItemList(prohibitedAttributes, allowedAttributes);
+
+            //exclude aria attribute for elements without implicit role and with 'Naming Prohibited'
+            if ((!roles || roles.length === 0) && tagProperty.implicitRole === null && tagProperty.prohibitedAriaAttributesWhenNoImplicitRole)
+                allowedAttributes = CommonUtil.reduceArrayItemList(tagProperty.prohibitedAriaAttributesWhenNoImplicitRole, allowedAttributes);
+
+            CacheUtil.setCache(ruleContext, "AriaUtil_AllowedAriaAttributes", allowedAttributes);
+        }
+        return allowedAttributes;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param ariaAttr 
+     * @param htmlAttrs 
+     * @type: conflict or overlapping
+     * @returns htmlAttrName, 'Pass' or null
+     *         htmlAttrName that conflicts with the ariaAttr, 
+     *         'Pass' with no conflict with the ariaAttr, 
+     *         or null where ariaAttr won't cause conflict
+     */
+    public static getConflictOrOverlappingHtmlAttribute(ariaAttr, htmlAttrs, type): any[] | null {
+        let exist = ARIADefinitions.relatedAriaHtmlAttributes[ariaAttr['name']];
+        if (exist) {
+            if (!ariaAttr || ariaAttr.length == 0 || !htmlAttrs || htmlAttrs.length == 0) return [];
+
+            let examinedHtmlAtrNames = [];
+            let concernTypes = null;
+            if (type === 'conflict') {
+                if (!exist.conflict || Object.keys(exist.conflict).length === 0) return null;
+                concernTypes = exist.conflict;
+            } else if (type === 'overlapping') {
+                if (!exist.overlapping || Object.keys(exist.overlapping).length === 0) return null;
+                concernTypes = exist.overlapping;
+            } else
+                return null;
+
+            let applicable = false;
+            let fail = false;
+            for (let k = 0; k < concernTypes.length; k++) {
+                let concernAriaValue = concernTypes[k].ariaAttributeValue;
+                let concernHtmlNames = concernTypes[k].htmlAttributeNames;
+                let concernHtmlValues = concernTypes[k].htmlAttributeValues;
+
+                for (let i = 0; i < htmlAttrs.length; i++) {
+                    let index = concernHtmlNames.indexOf(htmlAttrs[i]['name']);
+                    if (index !== -1) {
+                        applicable = true;
+                        let htmlValuesInConcern = (concernHtmlValues === null || concernHtmlValues[index] === null) ? null : concernHtmlValues[index].split(",");
+
+                        if (concernAriaValue === null) {
+                            if (htmlValuesInConcern === null) {
+                                examinedHtmlAtrNames.push({ result: 'Failed', 'attr': htmlAttrs[i]['name'] });
+                                fail = true;
+                            } else if (htmlValuesInConcern.includes(htmlAttrs[i]['value'])) {
+                                examinedHtmlAtrNames.push({ result: 'Failed', 'attr': htmlAttrs[i]['name'] });
+                                fail = true;
+                            }
+                        } else if (htmlValuesInConcern === null) {
+                            if (concernAriaValue === ariaAttr['value']) {
+                                examinedHtmlAtrNames.push({ result: 'Failed', 'attr': htmlAttrs[i]['name'] });
+                                fail = true;
+                            }
+                        } else if (concernAriaValue === 'VALUE' && htmlValuesInConcern.includes('VALUE') && htmlValuesInConcern[0] !== ariaAttr['value']) {
+                            examinedHtmlAtrNames.push({ result: 'Failed', 'attr': htmlAttrs[i]['name'] });
+                            fail = true;
+                        } else if (concernAriaValue === ariaAttr['value'] && htmlValuesInConcern.includes(htmlAttrs[i]['value'])) {
+                            examinedHtmlAtrNames.push({ result: 'Failed', 'attr': htmlAttrs[i]['name'] });
+                            fail = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (applicable && !fail)
+                examinedHtmlAtrNames.push({ result: 'Pass', 'attr': '' });
+
+            return examinedHtmlAtrNames;
+        } else
+            return null;
+    }
+
+    public static containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(elem: HTMLElement): boolean {
+        let roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(elem, false);
+        // if explicit role doesn't exist, get the implicit one
+        if (!roles || roles.length === 0)
+            roles = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(elem);
+
+        //ignore if the element doesn't have any explicit or implicit role, shouldn't happen
+        if (!roles || roles.length === 0)
+            return false;
+
+        for (let i = 0; roles !== null && i < roles.length; i++) {
+            let roleProperties = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[roles[i]];
+            if (roleProperties !== null && roleProperties !== undefined) {
+                let presentional = roleProperties.presentationalChildren;
+                if (presentional === true)
+                    return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static shouldBePresentationalChild(element: HTMLElement): boolean {
+        let walkNode: Element = DOMWalker.parentElement(element);
+        while (walkNode) {
+            if (AriaUtil.containsPresentationalChildrenOnly(walkNode as HTMLElement)) return true;
+
+            //aria-own case: if the element is referred by an aria-won
+            walkNode = ARIAMapper.getAriaOwnedBy(walkNode as HTMLElement) || DOMWalker.parentElement(walkNode);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /* 
+ * check if any explicit role specified for the element is a valid ARIA role
+ * return: null if no explicit role is defined, 
+ *         true if the role(s) are defined in ARIA
+ *         false if any role is not defined in ARIA
+*/
+    public static areRolesDefined(roles: string[]) {
+        if (!roles || roles.length === 0) return null;
+
+        let designPatterns = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns;
+        for (const role of roles)
+            if (!(role.toLowerCase() in designPatterns))
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /* 
+     * check if any explicit role specified for the element is a valid ARIA role
+     * return: null if no explicit role is defined, 
+     *         true if the role(s) are defined in ARIA
+     *         false if any role is not defined in ARIA
+    */
+    public static getInvalidRoles(ruleContext: Element) {
+        let domRoles: string[] = AriaUtil.getUserDefinedRoles(ruleContext);
+
+        if (!domRoles || domRoles.length === 0)
+            return null;
+
+        // check the 'generic' role first
+        if (domRoles && domRoles.includes('generic'))
+            return ["generic"];
+
+        // Failing roles
+        let failRoleTokens = [];
+        // Passing roles
+        let passRoleTokens = [];
+
+        let tagProperty = AriaUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext);
+        let allowedRoles = AriaUtil.getAllowedAriaRoles(ruleContext, tagProperty);
+        if (!allowedRoles || allowedRoles.length === 0)
+            return domRoles;
+
+        let invalidRoles = [];
+
+        if (allowedRoles.includes('any'))
+            return [];
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < domRoles.length; i++)
+            if (!allowedRoles.includes(domRoles[i]) && !invalidRoles.includes(domRoles[i]))
+                invalidRoles.push(domRoles[i]);
+
+        return invalidRoles;
+    }
+
+    /* 
+     * check if any explicit role specified for the element is not defined in ARIA
+     * return: list of specified roles not defined in ARIA
+    */
+    public static getRolesUndefinedByAria(element: Element) {
+        if (!element) return null;
+
+        const roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(element, false);
+        let undefinedRoles = [];
+        if (roles && roles.length > 0) {
+            let designPatterns = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns;
+            for (let i = 0; i < roles.length; i++) {
+                if (!(roles[i] in designPatterns)) {
+                    undefinedRoles.push(roles[i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return undefinedRoles;
+    }
+
+    /* 
+     * this method first checks explicit roles, if no explicit role, it will check the implicit role
+     * return: null if any explicit role is invalid, 
+     *         a list of invalid attributes
+     *         empty list if all attributes are valid, or no aria attributes are specified
+     */
+    public static getInvalidAriaAttributes(ruleContext: Element): string[] {
+        let roles = AriaUtil.getUserDefinedRoles(ruleContext);
+
+        // the invalid role case: handled by Rpt_Aria_ValidRole. Ignore to avoid duplicated report
+        // for mutiple roles, skip if any role is invalid
+        let defined = AriaUtil.areRolesDefined(roles);
+        if (defined !== null && !defined)
+            return null;
+
+        let attrs = [];
+        if (!roles || roles.length == 0)
+            roles = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
+
+        let aria_attrs: string[] = AriaUtil.getUserDefinedAriaAttributes(ruleContext);
+
+        let tagProperty = AriaUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext);
+        // Attributes allowed on this node
+        let allowedAttributes = AriaUtil.getAllowedAriaAttributes(ruleContext, roles, tagProperty);
+
+        if (aria_attrs) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < aria_attrs.length; i++) {
+                let attrName = aria_attrs[i].trim().toLowerCase();
+                if (!allowedAttributes.includes(attrName) && !attrs.includes(attrName))
+                    attrs.push(attrName);
+            }
+        }
+        return attrs;
+    }
+
+    /* 
+     * get conflict Aria and Html attributes
+     * return: a list of Aria and Html attribute pairs that are conflict
+    */
+    public static getConflictAriaAndHtmlAttributes(elem: Element) {
+
+        let ariaAttrs = AriaUtil.getUserDefinedAriaAttributeNameValuePairs(elem);
+        let htmlAttrs = AriaUtil.getUserDefinedHtmlAttributeNameValuePairs(elem);
+
+        let ret = [];
+        if (ariaAttrs && ariaAttrs.length > 0 && htmlAttrs && htmlAttrs.length > 0) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < ariaAttrs.length; i++) {
+                const examinedHtmlAtrNames = AriaUtil.getConflictOrOverlappingHtmlAttribute(ariaAttrs[i], htmlAttrs, 'conflict');
+                if (examinedHtmlAtrNames === null) continue;
+                examinedHtmlAtrNames.forEach(item => {
+                    if (item['result'] === 'Failed') //failed
+                        ret.push({ 'ariaAttr': ariaAttrs[i]['name'], 'htmlAttr': item['attr'] });
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /* 
+     * get deprecated Aria roles
+     * return: a list of deprecated Aria roles
+    */
+    public static getDeprecatedAriaRoles(element: Element) {
+        if (!element) return null;
+
+        const roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(element, false);
+        let ret = [];
+        if (roles && roles.length > 0) {
+            const globalDeprecatedRoles = ARIADefinitions.globalDeprecatedRoles;
+            for (let i = 0; i < roles.length; i++) {
+                if (globalDeprecatedRoles.includes(roles[i]))
+                    ret.push(roles[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /* 
+     * get deprecated Aria role-attributes
+     * return: a list of deprecated Aria role-attributes paris
+     *         for global the role is marked as 'any'
+    */
+    public static getDeprecatedAriaAttributes(element: Element) {
+        if (!element) return null;
+
+        let domAttributes = element.attributes;
+        let ariaAttrs = [];
+        if (domAttributes) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < domAttributes.length; i++) {
+                let attrName = domAttributes[i].name;
+                if (attrName.substring(0, 5) === 'aria-')
+                    ariaAttrs.push(attrName);
+            }
+        }
+        if (ariaAttrs.length === 0) return [];
+
+        let ret = [];
+        const globalDeprecatedAttributes = ARIADefinitions.globalDeprecatedProperties;
+        for (let i = 0; i < ariaAttrs.length; i++) {
+            if (globalDeprecatedAttributes.includes(ariaAttrs[i]))
+                ret.push({ "role": "any", "attribute": ariaAttrs[i] });
+        }
+        const roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(element, false);
+        if (roles && roles.length > 0) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < roles.length; i++) {
+                const roleWithDeprecatedAttributes = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[roles[i]];
+                if (roleWithDeprecatedAttributes) {
+                    const deprecatedAttriNames = roleWithDeprecatedAttributes['deprecatedProps'];
+                    if (deprecatedAttriNames && deprecatedAttriNames.length > 0) {
+                        for (let j = 0; j < ariaAttrs.length; j++) {
+                            if (deprecatedAttriNames.includes(ariaAttrs[j]))
+                                ret.push({ "role": roles[i], "attribute": ariaAttrs[j] });
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static isNodeInGrid(node) {
+        return AriaUtil.getAncestorWithRole(node, "grid") != null;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/CSSUtil.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/CSSUtil.ts
index 0c7171f94..b3175bd8b 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/CSSUtil.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/CSSUtil.ts
@@ -14,150 +14,205 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { getCache, setCache } from "./CacheUtil";
+import { CacheUtil } from "./CacheUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "./CommonUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "./AriaUtil";
+import { DOMMapper } from "../../v2/dom/DOMMapper";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { Bounds } from "../api/IBounds";
 
-type PseudoClass = ":hover" | ":active" | ":focus" | ":focus-visible" | ":focus-within";
+type PseudoClass =
+    | ":hover"
+    | ":active"
+    | ":focus"
+    | ":focus-visible"
+    | ":focus-within";
 
-export function selectorMatchesElem(element, selector) {
-    try {
-        if (selector.trim() === "") return false;
-        if (typeof element.matches === 'function') {
-            return element.matches(selector);
-        }
+export class CSSUtil {
+    public static selectorMatchesElem(element, selector) {
+        try {
+            if (selector.trim() === "") return false;
+            if (typeof element.matches === "function") {
+                return element.matches(selector);
+            }
 
-        if (typeof element.matchesSelector === 'function') {
-            return element.matchesSelector(selector);
-        }
+            if (typeof element.matchesSelector === "function") {
+                return element.matchesSelector(selector);
+            }
 
-        // Native functions not there, fallback
-        let matches = (element.document || element.ownerDocument).querySelectorAll(selector);
-        let i = 0;
+            // Native functions not there, fallback
+            let matches = (
+                element.document || element.ownerDocument
+            ).querySelectorAll(selector);
+            let i = 0;
 
-        while (i < matches.length && matches[i] !== element) {
-            ++i;
+            while (i < matches.length && matches[i] !== element) {
+                ++i;
+            }
+
+            return i < matches.length;
+        } catch (err) {
+            // Bad selector? Doesn't match then...
+            return false;
         }
+    }
 
-        return i < matches.length;
-    } catch (err) {
-        // Bad selector? Doesn't match then...
-        return false;
+    /**
+     * Returns the style computed for this element
+     * @param elem
+     */
+    public static getComputedStyle(elem: HTMLElement, pseudoElt?: PseudoClass) {
+        if (!elem) return null;
+        const doc = elem.ownerDocument;
+        const win = doc.defaultView;
+        return win.getComputedStyle(elem, pseudoElt);
     }
-}
 
-/**
- * Returns the style computed for this element
- * @param elem 
- */
-export function getComputedStyle(elem: HTMLElement, pseudoElt?: PseudoClass) {
-    if (!elem) return null;
-    const doc = elem.ownerDocument;
-    const win = doc.defaultView;
-    return win.getComputedStyle(elem, pseudoElt);
-}
+    /**
+     * Returns the style defined for this element
+     *
+     * This differs from the computed style in that the computed style will return
+     * styles defined by the user agent. This will only return styles defined by the
+     * application
+     * if rotation transform is used, the computed style returns the resolved matrix
+     *  while the defined style return the transform function(s)
+     * for example, for 'transform: rotate(2.5deg);', the computed style returns 'matrix(-0.0436194, 0.999048, -0.999048, -0.0436194, 0, 0)'
+     *  and the defined style returns 'rotate(2.5deg)'
+     *
+     * change the type of the parameter pseudoClass from PseudoClass to string to include both pseudo classes (e.g., :focus, :checked)
+     * and pseudo elements (e.g., ::before, ::after).
+     *
+     * @param {HTMLElement} elem
+     * @param {string} [pseudoClass] If specified, will return values that are different
+     * than when the pseudoClass does not match.
+     */
+    public static getDefinedStyles(elem: HTMLElement, pseudoClass?: string) {
+        // console.log("Function: getDefinedStyles");
+        if (!elem) return null;
+
+        let definedStyles = {};
+        let definedStylePseudo = {};
 
-/**
- * Returns the style defined for this element
- * 
- * This differs from the computed style in that the computed style will return
- * styles defined by the user agent. This will only return styles defined by the
- * application
- * if rotation transform is used, the computed style returns the resolved matrix
- *  while the defined style return the transform function(s) 
- * for example, for 'transform: rotate(2.5deg);', the computed style returns 'matrix(-0.0436194, 0.999048, -0.999048, -0.0436194, 0, 0)' 
- *  and the defined style returns 'rotate(2.5deg)'  
- * 
- * change the type of the parameter pseudoClass from PseudoClass to string to include both pseudo classes (e.g., :focus, :checked) 
- * and pseudo elements (e.g., ::before, ::after).  
- * 
- * @param {HTMLElement} elem 
- * @param {string} [pseudoClass] If specified, will return values that are different
- * than when the pseudoClass does not match.
- */
-export function getDefinedStyles(elem: HTMLElement, pseudoClass?: string ) {
-    // console.log("Function: getDefinedStyles");
-    if (!elem) return null;
-
-    let definedStyles = {};
-    let definedStylePseudo = {};
-
-    function fillStyle(maps, style) {
-        for (let sIndex=0; sIndex < style.length; ++sIndex) {
-            if (style[sIndex] === "all" && style[style[sIndex]]) {
-                for (const map of maps) {
-                    for (const key in map) {
-                        delete map[key];
+        function fillStyle(maps, style) {
+            for (let sIndex = 0; sIndex < style.length; ++sIndex) {
+                if (style[sIndex] === "all" && style[style[sIndex]]) {
+                    for (const map of maps) {
+                        for (const key in map) {
+                            delete map[key];
+                        }
                     }
-                }
-                break;
-            } else {
-                const key = style[sIndex];
-                for (const map of maps) {
-                    let priority = style.getPropertyPriority(key);
-                    if (key in map && map[key].endsWith("!important")) {
-                         if (priority === 'important' && !map[key].startsWith("inherit") && !map[key].startsWith("unset"))
-                            //override !important only if it is also !important
-                            map[key] = style[key] + " !important";
-                         else 
+                    break;
+                } else {
+                    const key = style[sIndex];
+                    for (const map of maps) {
+                        let priority = style.getPropertyPriority(key);
+                        if (key in map && map[key].endsWith("!important")) {
+                            if (
+                                priority === "important" &&
+                                !map[key].startsWith("inherit") &&
+                                !map[key].startsWith("unset")
+                            )
+                                //override !important only if it is also !important
+                                map[key] = style[key] + " !important";
                             //don't override !important if it is not !important
-                            continue;   
-                    } else
+                            else continue;
+                        }
                         //create/overide anyway
-                        map[key] = style[key] + (priority === 'important' ? " !important" : "");
+                        else
+                            map[key] =
+                                style[key] +
+                                (priority === "important" ? " !important" : "");
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
-    } 
 
-    let storedStyles = getCache(elem, "RPTUtil_DefinedStyles", null);
-    if (!pseudoClass && storedStyles !== null)  {
-        definedStyles = storedStyles["definedStyles"];
-        definedStylePseudo = storedStyles["definedStylePseudo"];
-    } else {  
-        // Iterate through all of the stylesheets and rules
-        for (let ssIndex = 0; ssIndex < elem.ownerDocument.styleSheets.length; ++ssIndex) {
-            const sheet = elem.ownerDocument.styleSheets[ssIndex] as CSSStyleSheet;
-            try {
-                if (sheet && sheet.cssRules) {
-                    // console.log("Got sheet");
-                    for (let rIndex = 0; rIndex < sheet.cssRules.length; ++rIndex) {
-                        // console.log("Got rule: ", sheet.cssRules[rIndex]);
-                        const rule = sheet.cssRules[rIndex] as CSSStyleRule;
-                        const fullRuleSelector = rule.selectorText;
-                        if (fullRuleSelector) {
-                            const pseudoMatch = fullRuleSelector.match(/^(.*)(:[a-zA-Z-]*)$/);
-                            const hasPseudoClass = !!pseudoMatch;
-                            let selMain = hasPseudoClass ? pseudoMatch[1] : fullRuleSelector;
-                            const selPseudo = hasPseudoClass ? pseudoMatch[2] : "";
-                            const samePseudoClass = selPseudo === pseudoClass;
-                            if (pseudoClass && pseudoClass === ":focus") {
-                                // If this element has focus, remove focus-within from parents
-                                selMain = selMain.replace(/([ >][^+~ >]+):focus-within/g, "$1");
-                            }
+        let storedStyles = CacheUtil.getCache(elem, "RPTUtil_DefinedStyles", null);
+        if (!pseudoClass && storedStyles) {
+            definedStyles = storedStyles["definedStyles"];
+            definedStylePseudo = storedStyles["definedStylePseudo"];
+        } else {
+            // Iterate through all of the stylesheets and rules
+            for (
+                let ssIndex = 0;
+                ssIndex < elem.ownerDocument.styleSheets.length;
+                ++ssIndex
+            ) {
+                const sheet = elem.ownerDocument.styleSheets[
+                    ssIndex
+                ] as CSSStyleSheet;
+                try {
+                    if (sheet && sheet.cssRules) {
+                        // console.log("Got sheet");
+                        for (
+                            let rIndex = 0;
+                            rIndex < sheet.cssRules.length;
+                            ++rIndex
+                        ) {
+                            // console.log("Got rule: ", sheet.cssRules[rIndex]);
+                            const rule = sheet.cssRules[rIndex] as CSSStyleRule;
+                            const fullRuleSelector = rule.selectorText;
+                            if (fullRuleSelector) {
+                                const pseudoMatch =
+                                    fullRuleSelector.match(
+                                        /^(.*)(:[a-zA-Z-]*)$/
+                                    );
+                                const hasPseudoClass = !!pseudoMatch;
+                                let selMain = hasPseudoClass
+                                    ? pseudoMatch[1]
+                                    : fullRuleSelector;
+                                const selPseudo = hasPseudoClass
+                                    ? pseudoMatch[2]
+                                    : "";
+                                const samePseudoClass =
+                                    selPseudo === pseudoClass;
+                                if (pseudoClass && pseudoClass === ":focus") {
+                                    // If this element has focus, remove focus-within from parents
+                                    selMain = selMain.replace(
+                                        /([ >][^+~ >]+):focus-within/g,
+                                        "$1"
+                                    );
+                                }
 
-                            // Get styles of non-pseudo selectors
-                            if (!hasPseudoClass && selectorMatchesElem(elem, selMain)) {
-                                fillStyle([definedStyles, definedStylePseudo], rule.style);
-                            }
+                                // Get styles of non-pseudo selectors
+                                if (
+                                    !hasPseudoClass &&
+                                    CSSUtil.selectorMatchesElem(elem, selMain)
+                                ) {
+                                    fillStyle(
+                                        [definedStyles, definedStylePseudo],
+                                        rule.style
+                                    );
+                                }
 
-                            if (samePseudoClass && selectorMatchesElem(elem, selMain)) {
-                                fillStyle([definedStylePseudo], rule.style);
+                                if (
+                                    samePseudoClass &&
+                                    CSSUtil.selectorMatchesElem(elem, selMain)
+                                ) {
+                                    fillStyle([definedStylePseudo], rule.style);
+                                }
                             }
-                        } 
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (err) {
+                    if (
+                        !err.toString().includes("Cannot access rules") &&
+                        !err.toString().includes("SecurityError:")
+                    ) {
+                        throw err;
                     }
-                }
-            } catch (err) {
-                if (!err.toString().includes("Cannot access rules") && !err.toString().includes("SecurityError:")) {
-                    throw err;
                 }
             }
-        }
-        //
+            //
 
-        // Handled the stylesheets, now handle the element defined styles
-        fillStyle([definedStyles, definedStylePseudo], elem.style);
-        setCache(elem, "RPTUtil_DefinedStyles", {definedStyles, definedStylePseudo});
-    }    
-    /**
+            // Handled the stylesheets, now handle the element defined styles
+            fillStyle([definedStyles, definedStylePseudo], elem.style);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "RPTUtil_DefinedStyles", {
+                definedStyles,
+                definedStylePseudo,
+            });
+        }
+        /**
      * 'initial' sets the style back to default
     for (const key in definedStyles) {
         if (definedStyles[key] === "initial") {
@@ -170,379 +225,642 @@ export function getDefinedStyles(elem: HTMLElement, pseudoClass?: string ) {
         }
     }
     */
-        
-    if (!pseudoClass) {
-        // console.log("[DEBUG: CSSUtil::getDefinedStyles]", elem.nodeName, pseudoClass, JSON.stringify(definedStyles, null, 2));
-        return definedStyles;
-    } else {
-        for (const key in definedStylePseudo) {
-            if (definedStylePseudo[key] === definedStyles[key]) {
-                delete definedStylePseudo[key];
+
+        if (!pseudoClass) {
+            // console.log("[DEBUG: CSSUtil::getDefinedStyles]", elem.nodeName, pseudoClass, JSON.stringify(definedStyles, null, 2));
+            return definedStyles;
+        } else {
+            for (const key in definedStylePseudo) {
+                if (definedStylePseudo[key] === definedStyles[key]) {
+                    delete definedStylePseudo[key];
+                }
             }
+            // console.log("[DEBUG: CSSUtil::getDefinedStyles]", elem.nodeName, pseudoClass, JSON.stringify(definedStylePseudo, null, 2));
+            return definedStylePseudo;
         }
-        // console.log("[DEBUG: CSSUtil::getDefinedStyles]", elem.nodeName, pseudoClass, JSON.stringify(definedStylePseudo, null, 2));
-        return definedStylePseudo;
     }
-}
 
-/**
- * Returns the media query defined for the document
- * 
- * 
- * @param {Document} doc 
- */
-export function getMediaOrientationTransform(doc: Document) {
-    let orientationTransforms = {}
-    
-    // Iterate through all of the stylesheets and rules
-    for (let ssIndex = 0; ssIndex < doc.styleSheets.length; ++ssIndex) {
-        const sheet = doc.styleSheets[ssIndex] as CSSStyleSheet; 
-        try {
-            if (sheet && sheet.cssRules) {
-                for (let rIndex = 0; rIndex < sheet.cssRules.length; ++rIndex) {
-                    const sheetRule = sheet.cssRules[rIndex]; 
-                    if (4 /* CSSRule.MEDIA_RULE */ === sheetRule.MEDIA_RULE) { 
-                        const rule = sheetRule as CSSMediaRule;
-                        if (rule && rule.media) {
-                            const mediaList = rule.media; 
-                            for (let i = 0; i < mediaList.length; i++) {
-                                let elem_transforms = orientationTransforms[mediaList.item(i).toLocaleLowerCase()];
-                                if (!elem_transforms) elem_transforms = {};
-                                let styleRules = rule.cssRules;
-                                for (let i = 0; i < styleRules.length; ++i) {
-                                    if (1 /* CSSRule.STYLE_RULE */ === styleRules[i].STYLE_RULE) { 
-                                        const styleRule = styleRules[i] as CSSStyleRule;
-                                        const selector = styleRule.selectorText;
-                                        if (selector) {
-                                            let transforms = {};
-                                            const styles = styleRule.style;
-                                            for (let s=0; s < styles.length; ++s) {
-                                                const key = styles[s];
-                                                if (key.toLocaleLowerCase() === "transform") {
-                                                    if (key === "all" && styles[key]) {
-                                                        delete transforms[key];
-                                                        break;
-                                                    } else {
+    /**
+     * Returns the media query defined for the document
+     * 
+     * 
+     * @param {Document} doc 
+     */
+    public static getMediaOrientationTransform(doc: Document) {
+        let orientationTransforms = {}
+
+        // Iterate through all of the stylesheets and rules
+        for (let ssIndex = 0; ssIndex < doc.styleSheets.length; ++ssIndex) {
+            const sheet = doc.styleSheets[ssIndex] as CSSStyleSheet;
+            try {
+                if (sheet && sheet.cssRules) {
+                    for (let rIndex = 0; rIndex < sheet.cssRules.length; ++rIndex) {
+                        const sheetRule = sheet.cssRules[rIndex];
+                        if (4 /* CSSRule.MEDIA_RULE */ === sheetRule.MEDIA_RULE) {
+                            const rule = sheetRule as CSSMediaRule;
+                            if (rule && rule.media) {
+                                const mediaList = rule.media;
+                                for (let i = 0; i < mediaList.length; i++) {
+                                    if (!mediaList.item(i)) continue;
+                                    let elem_transforms = orientationTransforms[mediaList.item(i).toLocaleLowerCase()];
+                                    if (!elem_transforms) elem_transforms = {};
+                                    let styleRules = rule.cssRules;
+                                    for (let i = 0; i < styleRules.length; ++i) {
+                                        if (1 /* CSSRule.STYLE_RULE */ === styleRules[i].STYLE_RULE) {
+                                            const styleRule = styleRules[i] as CSSStyleRule;
+                                            const selector = styleRule.selectorText;
+                                            if (selector) {
+                                                let transforms = {};
+                                                const styles = styleRule.style;
+                                                for (let s = 0; s < styles.length; ++s) {
+                                                    const key = styles[s];
+                                                    if (key.toLocaleLowerCase() === "transform") {
+                                                        if (key === "all" && styles[key]) {
+                                                            delete transforms[key];
+                                                            break;
+                                                        } else {
+                                                            transforms[key] = styles[key];
+                                                        }
+                                                    } else if (key.toLocaleLowerCase() === "rotate") {
                                                         transforms[key] = styles[key];
                                                     }
-                                                } else if (key.toLocaleLowerCase() === "rotate") {
-                                                    transforms[key] = styles[key];
+                                                    elem_transforms[selector] =
+                                                        transforms;
                                                 }
                                             }
-                                            elem_transforms[selector] = transforms;
                                         }
-                                    }      
+                                        if (mediaList.item(i))
+                                            orientationTransforms[mediaList.item(i).toLocaleLowerCase()] = elem_transforms;
+                                    }
                                 }
-                                orientationTransforms[mediaList.item(i).toLocaleLowerCase()] = elem_transforms; 
                             }
                         }
-                    }    
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (err) {
+                if (
+                    !err.toString().includes("Cannot access rules") &&
+                    !err.toString().includes("SecurityError:")
+                ) {
+                    throw err;
                 }
-            }
-        } catch (err) {
-            if (!err.toString().includes("Cannot access rules") && !err.toString().includes("SecurityError:")) {
-                throw err;
             }
         }
+        return orientationTransforms;
     }
-    return orientationTransforms;
-}
 
-/**
- * convert given rotation transform functions to the degree transformed. 
- * If multiple functions are given, then the functions are applied linearly in the order. 
- *   rotation_transform function example:  rotate(45deg), rotate(2turn), rotate(2rad), rotate3d(1, 1, 1, 45deg),
- *        rotate(2rad) rotate3d(1, 1, 1, 45deg)
- * @param rotation_transform 
- */
-export function getRotationDegree(rotation_transform) {
-    let degree = 0;
-    try {
-        if (!rotation_transform) return degree;
-        // normalize the rotation_transform
-        rotation_transform = rotation_transform.replaceAll(", ", ",");
-        const transform_functions = rotation_transform.split(" ");
-        for (let i =0; i < transform_functions.length; i++) {
-            const transform_function = transform_functions[i].trim();
-            if (transform_function === '') continue;
-            if (transform_function.startsWith("rotate3d")) {
-                // example: rotate3d(1, 1, 1, 45deg);
-                const left = transform_function.indexOf("(");
-                const right = transform_function.indexOf(")");
-                if (left !== -1 && right !== -1) {
-                    let matrix = transform_function.substring(left+1, right);
-                    let values;
-                    if (matrix) values = matrix.split(",");
-                    if (values && values.length === 4) {
-                        let rotation = values[3];
+    /**
+     * convert given rotation transform functions to the degree transformed.
+     * If multiple functions are given, then the functions are applied linearly in the order.
+     *   rotation_transform function example:  rotate(45deg), rotate(2turn), rotate(2rad), rotate3d(1, 1, 1, 45deg),
+     *        rotate(2rad) rotate3d(1, 1, 1, 45deg)
+     * @param rotation_transform
+     */
+    public static getRotationDegree(rotation_transform) {
+        let degree = 0;
+        try {
+            if (!rotation_transform) return degree;
+            // normalize the rotation_transform
+            rotation_transform = rotation_transform.replaceAll(", ", ",");
+            const transform_functions = rotation_transform.split(" ");
+            for (let i = 0; i < transform_functions.length; i++) {
+                const transform_function = transform_functions[i].trim();
+                if (transform_function === "") continue;
+                if (transform_function.startsWith("rotate3d")) {
+                    // example: rotate3d(1, 1, 1, 45deg);
+                    const left = transform_function.indexOf("(");
+                    const right = transform_function.indexOf(")");
+                    if (left !== -1 && right !== -1) {
+                        let matrix = transform_function.substring(
+                            left + 1,
+                            right
+                        );
+                        let values;
+                        if (matrix) values = matrix.split(",");
+                        if (values && values.length === 4) {
+                            let rotation = values[3];
+                            if (!rotation) continue;
+                            rotation = rotation.trim();
+                            if (rotation.endsWith("turn")) {
+                                let num = rotation.substring(
+                                    0,
+                                    rotation.length - 4
+                                );
+                                num = parseFloat(num);
+                                if (!isNaN(num)) degree = num * 360;
+                            } else if (rotation.endsWith("rad")) {
+                                let num = rotation.substring(
+                                    0,
+                                    rotation.length - 3
+                                );
+                                num = parseFloat(num);
+                                if (!isNaN(num)) degree = (num * 180) / Math.PI;
+                            } else if (rotation.endsWith("deg")) {
+                                let num = rotation.substring(
+                                    0,
+                                    rotation.length - 3
+                                );
+                                num = parseFloat(num);
+                                if (!isNaN(num)) degree += num;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (
+                    transform_function.startsWith("rotate") ||
+                    transform_function.startsWith("rotateZ")
+                ) {
+                    // example: rotate(45deg);
+                    const left = transform_function.indexOf("(");
+                    const right = transform_function.indexOf(")");
+                    if (left !== -1 && right !== -1) {
+                        let rotation = transform_function.substring(
+                            left + 1,
+                            right
+                        );
                         if (!rotation) continue;
                         rotation = rotation.trim();
                         if (rotation.endsWith("turn")) {
-                            let num = rotation.substring(0, rotation.length - 4);
+                            let num = rotation.substring(
+                                0,
+                                rotation.length - 4
+                            );
                             num = parseFloat(num);
-                            if (!isNaN(num)) degree = num * 360; 
+                            if (!isNaN(num)) degree = num * 360;
                         } else if (rotation.endsWith("rad")) {
-                            let num = rotation.substring(0, rotation.length - 3);
+                            let num = rotation.substring(
+                                0,
+                                rotation.length - 3
+                            );
                             num = parseFloat(num);
-                            if (!isNaN(num)) degree = num * 180/Math.PI; 
+                            if (!isNaN(num)) degree = (num * 180) / Math.PI;
                         } else if (rotation.endsWith("deg")) {
-                            let num = rotation.substring(0, rotation.length - 3);
+                            let num = rotation.substring(
+                                0,
+                                rotation.length - 3
+                            );
                             num = parseFloat(num);
-                            if (!isNaN(num)) degree += num; 
+                            if (!isNaN(num)) degree += num;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (transform_function.startsWith("matrix3d")) {
+                    // calculate the three Euler angles
+                    const left = transform_function.indexOf("(");
+                    const right = transform_function.indexOf(")");
+                    if (left !== -1 && right !== -1) {
+                        let matrix = transform_function.substring(
+                            left + 1,
+                            right
+                        );
+                        let values = null;
+                        if (matrix) values = matrix.split(",");
+                        if (values !== null) {
+                            const z_angle = Math.atan2(values[4], values[5]);
+                            degree += Math.round(
+                                Math.round((z_angle * 180) / Math.PI)
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (transform_function.startsWith("matrix")) {
+                    // calculate the three Euler angles
+                    const left = transform_function.indexOf("(");
+                    const right = transform_function.indexOf(")");
+                    if (left !== -1 && right !== -1) {
+                        let matrix = transform_function.substring(
+                            left + 1,
+                            right
+                        );
+                        let values = null;
+                        if (matrix) values = matrix.split(",");
+                        if (values !== null) {
+                            const z_angle = Math.atan2(values[1], values[0]);
+                            degree += Math.round(
+                                Math.round((z_angle * 180) / Math.PI)
+                            );
                         }
-                    }    
-                }
-            } else if (transform_function.startsWith("rotate") || transform_function.startsWith("rotateZ")) {
-                // example: rotate(45deg);
-                const left = transform_function.indexOf("(");
-                const right = transform_function.indexOf(")");
-                if (left !== -1 && right !== -1) {
-                    let rotation = transform_function.substring(left+1, right);
-                    if (!rotation) continue;
-                    rotation = rotation.trim();
-                    if (rotation.endsWith("turn")) {
-                        let num = rotation.substring(0, rotation.length - 4);
-                        num = parseFloat(num);
-                        if (!isNaN(num)) degree = num * 360; 
-                    } else if (rotation.endsWith("rad")) {
-                        let num = rotation.substring(0, rotation.length - 3);
-                        num = parseFloat(num);
-                        if (!isNaN(num)) degree = num * 180/Math.PI; 
-                    } else if (rotation.endsWith("deg")) {
-                        let num = rotation.substring(0, rotation.length - 3);
-                        num = parseFloat(num);
-                        if (!isNaN(num)) degree += num; 
                     }
                 }
-            } else if (transform_function.startsWith("matrix3d")) {
-                // calculate the three Euler angles
-                const left = transform_function.indexOf("(");
-                const right = transform_function.indexOf(")");
-                if (left !== -1 && right !== -1) {
-                    let matrix = transform_function.substring(left+1, right);
-                    let values = null;
-                    if (matrix) values = matrix.split(",");
-                    if (values !== null) {
-                        const z_angle = Math.atan2(values[4], values[5]);
-                        degree += Math.round(Math.round(z_angle * 180/Math.PI));
-                    }     
-                }
-            } else if (transform_function.startsWith("matrix")) {
-                // calculate the three Euler angles
-                const left = transform_function.indexOf("(");
-                const right = transform_function.indexOf(")");
-                if (left !== -1 && right !== -1) {
-                    let matrix = transform_function.substring(left+1, right);
-                    let values = null;
-                    if (matrix) values = matrix.split(",");
-                    if (values !== null) {
-                        const z_angle = Math.atan2(values[1], values[0]);
-                        degree += Math.round(Math.round(z_angle * 180/Math.PI));
-                    }     
-                }
-            }     
-        }
-        
-        while (degree >= 360) degree -= 360;
-        
-    } catch (err) {
-        console.log("Cannot retrieve rotation degree: " + err);
-        throw err;
-    } 
-    return degree; 
-}
+            }
 
-/**
- * Convert CSS style string values to pixels.
- *
- * @param value style value in string, such as 3rem, 230px etc.
- * @param target element.
- * @return value in pixels
- */
- export function getPixelsFromStyle(value, elem ) {
-    if (!value) return 0;
-    const regex = /(-?[\d.]+)([a-z%]*)/;
-    let parsed = value.trim().match(regex);
-    if (parsed === null) return 0;
-    if (parsed[2] === '' || parsed[1] === 0) 
-       //no zero value without unit which is considered as error, so implicable
-       return 0;
-    
-    const pixels = convertValue2Pixels(parsed[2], parsed[1], elem);
-    return pixels === null ? pixels : parseFloat(pixels);
-}
+            while (degree >= 360) degree -= 360;
+        } catch (err) {
+            console.log("Cannot retrieve rotation degree: " + err);
+            throw err;
+        }
+        return degree;
+    }
 
-/**
- * Convert absolute CSS numerical values to pixels.
- *
- * @param unitValue in string
- * @param target element.
- * @return value in pixels
- */
-export function convertValue2Pixels(unit, unitValue, elem ) {
-    if (unitValue == 0) return 0;
-    const supportedUnits = {
-        // absolute unit
-        'px': value => value,
-        'cm': value => value * 37.8,
-        'mm': value => value * 3.78,
-        'q': value => value * 0.95,
-        'in': value => value * 96,
-        'pc': value => value * 16,
-        'pt': value => value * 1.33,
-        
-        // relative unit
-        'rem': value => value * parseFloat( getComputedStyle(elem.ownerDocument.documentElement).getPropertyValue('font-size') ),
-        'em': value => value * parseFloat( getComputedStyle(elem).getPropertyValue('font-size')),
-        'vw': value => value / 100 * elem.ownerDocument.defaultView.innerWidth,
-        'vh': value => value / 100 * elem.ownerDocument.defaultView.innerHeight,
-        '%':  value => value / 100 * parseFloat( getComputedStyle(elem).getPropertyValue('font-size'))
-    };
-
-    if ( unit in supportedUnits )
-        return supportedUnits[ unit ]( unitValue );
-    
-    return null;
-}
- /*
- * Returns if the font for visible text of the element is defined by material icons
- *  
- * @param {HTMLElement} elem 
- */
- export function isMaterialIconFont(elem: HTMLElement) {
-    // TODO: check the existence material icons using fetch in node 18+
-    // for now (node 16) just dertermine if the stylesheet for the 'Material Icons' exists statically. note that the loading of the font stylesheet occurs at run time.
-    //list of known material icons and stylesheet link
-    const known_icons = {
-        'Material Icons' : "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"
-    };
-    const known_css_classes = {
-        'material-icons' : "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"
-    };
-
-    // material icon font can be defined either by font-family: 'Material Icons' or by class="material-icons"
-    let styles = getDefinedStyles(elem);
-    let fontFamily = styles['font-family'];
-    
-    let found = false;
-    // font-family specifies a prioritized list of one or more font family names 
-    if (fontFamily && fontFamily.split(",")[0].replace(/['"]+/g, '').trim() in known_icons)
-        found = true;
-
-    if (!found) {
-       let list =  elem.classList;
-       for (let css_class in known_css_classes) {
-           if (list.contains(css_class)) {
-               found = true;
-               break;
-           } 
-       }
-    }    
-    if (!found) return false;
-    
-    let passed = false;
-    // check if the stylesheet for the 'Material Icons' exists statically
-    let sheets = elem.ownerDocument.styleSheets;
-    for (let s = 0; s < sheets.length; s++) {
-        if (sheets && sheets.length > 0 && Object.values(known_icons).indexOf(sheets[s].href) > -1) {
-            passed = true;
-            break;
-        } 
-    }       
-    return passed;
- }
-
- export function getWeightNumber(styleVal) {
-    let map = {
-        "light": 100,
-        "bold": 700
-    };
-    let retVal = parseInt(styleVal);
-    if (retVal) return retVal;
-    if (styleVal in map)
-        return map[styleVal];
-    return 400;
-}
+    /**
+     * Convert CSS style string values to pixels.
+     *
+     * @param value style value in string, such as 3rem, 230px etc.
+     * @param target element.
+     * @return value in pixels
+     */
+    public static getPixelsFromStyle(value, elem) {
+        if (!value) return 0;
+        const regex = /(-?[\d.]+)([a-z%]*)/;
+        let parsed = value.trim().match(regex);
+        if (parsed === null) return 0;
+        if (parsed[2] === "" || parsed[1] === 0)
+            //no zero value without unit which is considered as error, so implicable
+            return 0;
 
-export function getFontInPixels(styleVal, elem) {
-    let map = {
-        "xx-small": 16,
-        "x-small": 10,
-        "small": 13,
-        "medium": 16,
-        "large": 18,
-        "x-large": 24,
-        "xx-large": 32
-    };
-    let value = parseFloat(styleVal);
-    if (!value) {
-        return map[styleVal];
+        const pixels = CSSUtil.convertValue2Pixels(parsed[2], parsed[1], elem);
+        return pixels === null ? pixels : parseFloat(pixels);
     }
-    let units = styleVal.substring(("" + value).length);
+
     /**
+     * Convert absolute CSS numerical values to pixels.
+     *
+     * @param unitValue in string
+     * @param target element.
+     * @return value in pixels
+     */
+    public static convertValue2Pixels(unit, unitValue, elem) {
+        if (unitValue == 0) return 0;
+        const supportedUnits = {
+            // absolute unit
+            px: (value) => value,
+            cm: (value) => value * 37.8,
+            mm: (value) => value * 3.78,
+            q: (value) => value * 0.95,
+            in: (value) => value * 96,
+            pc: (value) => value * 16,
+            pt: (value) => value * 1.33,
+
+            // relative unit
+            rem: (value) =>
+                value *
+                parseFloat(
+                    getComputedStyle(
+                        elem.ownerDocument.documentElement
+                    ).getPropertyValue("font-size")
+                ),
+            em: (value) =>
+                value *
+                parseFloat(
+                    getComputedStyle(elem).getPropertyValue("font-size")
+                ),
+            vw: (value) =>
+                (value / 100) * elem.ownerDocument.defaultView.innerWidth,
+            vh: (value) =>
+                (value / 100) * elem.ownerDocument.defaultView.innerHeight,
+            "%": (value) =>
+                (value / 100) *
+                parseFloat(
+                    getComputedStyle(elem).getPropertyValue("font-size")
+                ),
+        };
+
+        if (unit in supportedUnits) return supportedUnits[unit](unitValue);
+
+        return null;
+    }
+    /*
+     * Returns if the font for visible text of the element is defined by material icons
+     *
+     * @param {HTMLElement} elem
+     */
+    public static isMaterialIconFont(elem: HTMLElement) {
+        // TODO: check the existence material icons using fetch in node 18+
+        // for now (node 16) just dertermine if the stylesheet for the 'Material Icons' exists statically. note that the loading of the font stylesheet occurs at run time.
+        //list of known material icons and stylesheet link
+        const known_icons = {
+            "Material Icons":
+                "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons",
+        };
+        const known_css_classes = {
+            "material-icons":
+                "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons",
+        };
+
+        // material icon font can be defined either by font-family: 'Material Icons' or by class="material-icons"
+        let styles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(elem);
+        let fontFamily = styles["font-family"];
+
+        let found = false;
+        // font-family specifies a prioritized list of one or more font family names
+        if (
+            fontFamily &&
+            fontFamily.split(",")[0].replace(/['"]+/g, "").trim() in known_icons
+        )
+            found = true;
+
+        if (!found) {
+            let list = elem.classList;
+            for (let css_class in known_css_classes) {
+                if (list.contains(css_class)) {
+                    found = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!found) return false;
+
+        let passed = false;
+        // check if the stylesheet for the 'Material Icons' exists statically
+        let sheets = elem.ownerDocument.styleSheets;
+        for (let s = 0; s < sheets.length; s++) {
+            if (
+                sheets &&
+                sheets.length > 0 &&
+                Object.values(known_icons).indexOf(sheets[s].href) > -1
+            ) {
+                passed = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return passed;
+    }
+
+    public static getWeightNumber(styleVal) {
+        let map = {
+            light: 100,
+            bold: 700,
+        };
+        let retVal = parseInt(styleVal);
+        if (retVal) return retVal;
+        if (styleVal in map) return map[styleVal];
+        return 400;
+    }
+
+    public static getFontInPixels(styleVal, elem) {
+        let map = {
+            "xx-small": 16,
+            "x-small": 10,
+            small: 13,
+            medium: 16,
+            large: 18,
+            "x-large": 24,
+            "xx-large": 32,
+        };
+        let value = parseFloat(styleVal);
+        if (!value) {
+            return map[styleVal];
+        }
+        let units = styleVal.substring(("" + value).length);
+        /**
         if (units === "" || units === "px") return value;
         if (units === "em") return value * 16;
         if (units === "%") return value / 100 * 16;
         if (units === "pt") return value * 4 / 3;
         return Math.round(value);
     */
-    return convertValue2Pixels(units, value, elem );
-   
-}
+        return CSSUtil.convertValue2Pixels(units, value, elem);
+    }
 
+    public static getCSSStyle(element) {
+        let styleText = "";
+        if (element === null) return [];
+        if (element.IBM_CSS_THB) return element.IBM_CSS_THB;
+        let nodeName = element.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+        if (nodeName === "style") {
+            styleText = element.innerText;
+            if (styleText === undefined || styleText.trim() === "")
+                styleText = element.textContent;
+        } else if (element.hasAttribute("style")) {
+            styleText = element.getAttribute("style");
+        } else return [];
+        if (styleText === null || styleText.trim().length === 0) return [];
+        //remove comment blocks
+        let re = /(\/\*+(?:(?:(?:[^\*])+)|(?:[\*]+(?!\/)))[*]+\/)|\/\/.*/g;
+        let subst = " ";
+        styleText = styleText.replace(re, subst);
+        // Find all "key : val;" pairs with various whitespace inbetween
+        let rKeyVals = /\s*([^:\s]+)\s*:\s*([^;$}]+)\s*(;|$)/g;
+        // Find all "selector { csskeyvals } with various whitespace inbetween
+        let rSelectors = /\s*([^{]*){([^}]*)}/g;
+        if (styleText.indexOf("{") === -1) {
+            let keyVals = {};
+            let m;
+            while ((m = rKeyVals.exec(styleText)) != null) {
+                keyVals[m[1]] = m[2].trim().toLowerCase();
+            }
+            let retVal = [
+                {
+                    selector: null,
+                    values: keyVals,
+                },
+            ];
+            element.IBM_CSS_THB = retVal;
+            return retVal;
+        } else {
+            let retVal = [];
+            let m;
+            let m2;
+            while ((m = rSelectors.exec(styleText)) != null) {
+                let keyVals = {};
+                let selKey = m[1];
+                let selVal = m[2];
 
-export function getCSSStyle(element) {
-    let styleText = "";
-    if (element === null) return [];
-    if (element.IBM_CSS_THB) return element.IBM_CSS_THB;
-    let nodeName = element.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-    if (nodeName === "style") {
-        styleText = element.innerText;
-        if (styleText === undefined || styleText.trim() === "")
-            styleText = element.textContent;
-    } else if (element.hasAttribute("style")) {
-        styleText = element.getAttribute("style");
-    } else return [];
-    if (styleText === null || styleText.trim().length === 0) return [];
-    //remove comment blocks
-    let re = /(\/\*+(?:(?:(?:[^\*])+)|(?:[\*]+(?!\/)))[*]+\/)|\/\/.*/g;
-    let subst = ' ';
-    styleText = styleText.replace(re, subst);
-    // Find all "key : val;" pairs with various whitespace inbetween
-    let rKeyVals = /\s*([^:\s]+)\s*:\s*([^;$}]+)\s*(;|$)/g;
-    // Find all "selector { csskeyvals } with various whitespace inbetween
-    let rSelectors = /\s*([^{]*){([^}]*)}/g;
-    if (styleText.indexOf("{") === -1) {
-
-        let keyVals = {};
-        let m;
-        while ((m = rKeyVals.exec(styleText)) != null) {
-            keyVals[m[1]] = m[2].trim().toLowerCase();
+                while ((m2 = rKeyVals.exec(selVal)) != null) {
+                    keyVals[m2[1]] = m2[2].trim().toLowerCase();
+                }
+                retVal.push({
+                    selector: selKey,
+                    values: keyVals,
+                });
+            }
+            element.IBM_CSS_THB = retVal;
+            return retVal;
         }
-        let retVal = [{
-            selector: null,
-            values: keyVals
-        }];
-        element.IBM_CSS_THB = retVal;
-        return retVal;
-    } else {
-        let retVal = [];
-        let m;
-        let m2;
-        while ((m = rSelectors.exec(styleText)) != null) {
-            let keyVals = {}
-            let selKey = m[1];
-            let selVal = m[2];
-
-            while ((m2 = rKeyVals.exec(selVal)) != null) {
-                keyVals[m2[1]] = m2[2].trim().toLowerCase();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * an "inline" CSS display property tells the element to fit itself on the same line. An 'inline' element's width and height are ignored.
+     * some element has default inline property, such as <span>, <a>
+     * most formatting elements inherent inline property, such as <em>, <strong>, <i>, <small>
+     * other inline elements: <abbr> <acronym> <b> <bdo> <big> <br> <cite> <code> <dfn> <em> <i> <input> <kbd> <label>
+     * <map> <object> <output> <q> <samp> <script> <select> <small> <span> <strong> <sub> <sup> <textarea> <time> <tt> <var>
+     * an "inline-block" element still place element in the same line without breaking the line, but the element's width and height are applied.
+     * inline-block elements: img, button, select, meter, progress, marguee, also in Chrome: textarea, input
+     * A block-level element always starts on a new line, and the browsers automatically add some space (a margin) before and after the element.
+     * block-level elements: <address> <article> <aside> <blockquote> <canvas> <dd> <div> <dl> <dt> <fieldset> <figcaption> <figure> <footer> <form>
+     * <h1>-<h6> <header> <hr> <li> <main> <nav> <noscript> <ol> <p> <pre> <section> <table> <tfoot> <ul> <video>
+     *
+     * return: if it's inline element and { inline: true | false, text: true | false, violation: null | {node} }
+     */
+    public static getInlineStatus(element) {
+        if (!element) return null;
+
+        const elem_styl = getComputedStyle(element);
+        if (!elem_styl) return null;
+
+        let status = { inline: false, text: false, violation: null };
+        const udisplay = elem_styl.getPropertyValue("display");
+        // inline element only
+        if (udisplay !== "inline") return status;
+
+        status.inline = true;
+        const parent = element.parentElement;
+        if (!parent) return status;
+
+        const mapper: DOMMapper = new DOMMapper();
+        const bounds = mapper.getUnadjustedBounds(element);
+        const style = getComputedStyle(parent);
+        const display = style.getPropertyValue("display");
+        // an inline element is inside a block. note <body> is a block element too
+        if (display !== "block" && display !== "inline-block") {
+            //parent is inline element
+            if (!CommonUtil.isInnerTextOnlyEmpty(parent))
+                status.text = true;
+            return status;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @returns "yes"": inline with text, "no": inline without text, 
+         *          "violation": not spacing enough to neiboring inline target
+         *          "block": block element,  
+         */
+        function isInlineWithText(node: Node, before: boolean) : string | null {
+            // note browsers insert Text nodes to represent whitespaces.
+            if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+                if (node.nodeValue && node.nodeValue.trim().length > 0)
+                    return "yes";
+                else
+                    return "no";
+            } else if (node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                // special case: <br> is styled 'inline' by default, but change the line
+                if (node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "br")
+                    return "block";
+                    
+                const cStyle = getComputedStyle(node as Element);
+                const cDisplay = cStyle.getPropertyValue("display");
+                if (cDisplay === "inline") {
+                    if (CommonUtil.isTarget(node)) {
+                        if (bounds.width < 24) { 
+                            // check if the horizontal spacing is sufficient
+                            const bnds = mapper.getUnadjustedBounds(node);
+                            if ((before && (Math.round(bounds.width / 2) + bounds.left - bnds.left < 24))
+                                || (!before && (Math.round(bounds.width / 2) + bounds.left - (bnds.left + bnds.width) < 24))) {
+                                status.violation = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+                                return "violation";
+                            } else
+                                return "no";        
+                        }           
+                    } 
+                    if (!CommonUtil.isInnerTextOnlyEmpty(node))
+                        return "yes";
+                    return "no";
+                } else
+                    return "block";
+            } else
+               return "block";
+        }
+
+        // an inline element is inside a block. note <body> is a block element too
+        // one or more inline elements with text in the same line: <target>, text<target>, <target>text, <inline>+text<target>, <target><inline>+text, text<target><inline>+
+        let walkNode = element.nextSibling;
+        while (walkNode) {
+            let inlineText = isInlineWithText(walkNode, true);
+            if (inlineText === "yes") {
+                status.text = true;
+                break;
             }
-            retVal.push({
-                selector: selKey,
-                values: keyVals
-            });
+            if (inlineText === "block") {
+                break;
+            }
+            walkNode = walkNode.nextSibling;
+        }
+
+        walkNode = element.previousSibling;
+        while (walkNode) {
+            let inlineText = isInlineWithText(walkNode, false);
+            if (inlineText === "yes") {
+                status.text = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (inlineText === "block") {
+                break;
+            }
+            walkNode = walkNode.previousSibling;
         }
-        element.IBM_CSS_THB = retVal;
-        return retVal;
+        return status;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * a target is en element that accept a pointer action (click or touch)
+     * a target is a browser default if it's a native widget (no user defined role) without user style
+     */
+    public static isTargetBrowserDefault(element) {
+        if (!element) return false;
+
+        // user defined widget
+        const roles = AriaUtil.getRoles(element, false);
+        if (roles && roles.length > 0) return false;
+
+        // no user style to space control size, including use of font
+        const styles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(element);
+        if (
+            styles["line-height"] ||
+            styles["height"] ||
+            styles["width"] ||
+            styles["min-height"] ||
+            styles["min-width"] ||
+            styles["font-size"] ||
+            styles["margin-top"] ||
+            styles["margin-bottom"] ||
+            styles["margin-left"] ||
+            styles["margin-right"]
+        )
+            return false;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * string contains CJK (chinese, japaneses, or korea)
+     * return: boolean
+     */
+    public static containsCKJ(text: string) {
+        if (!text) return false;
+
+        // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs  https://ayaka.shn.hk/hanregex/
+        let regex = /(?:[\u4e00-\u9fff\u3400-\u4dbf])+/g;
+
+        const replaced = text.trim().replace(regex, "");
+        if (replaced.length === text.trim().length) return false;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * return the ancestor with the given style properties.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - The element to start the node walk on to find parent node
+     * @parm {[string]} styleProps - The style properties and values of the parent to search for.
+     *         such as {"overflow":['auto', 'scroll'], "overflow-x":['auto', 'scroll']}
+     *          or {"overflow":['*'], "overflow-x":['*']}, The '*' for any value to check the existence of the style prop.
+     * @parm {bool} excludedValues - style values that should be ignored.
+     * @return {node} walkNode - A parent node of the element, which has the style properties
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getAncestorWithStyles(elem, styleProps, excludedValues = []) {
+        let walkNode = elem;
+        while (walkNode !== null) {
+            const node = CacheUtil.getCache(walkNode, "AriaUtil_AncestorWithStyles", null);
+            if (node) return node;
+
+            const styles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(walkNode);
+            for (const style in styleProps) {
+                let value = styles[style];
+                if (value) {
+                    value = value.split(" ")[0]; //get rid of !important
+                    if (!excludedValues.includes(value)) {
+                        if (styleProps[style].includes('*')) {
+                            CacheUtil.setCache(walkNode, "AriaUtil_AncestorWithStyles", walkNode);
+                            return walkNode;
+                        } else if (styleProps[style].includes(value)) {
+                            CacheUtil.setCache(walkNode, "AriaUtil_AncestorWithStyles", walkNode);
+                            return walkNode;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            walkNode = DOMWalker.parentElement(walkNode);
+        }
+        CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "AriaUtil_AncestorWithStyles", undefined);
+        return null;
+    }
+
 }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/CacheUtil.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/CacheUtil.ts
index 1316ee8fb..324a7c427 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/CacheUtil.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/CacheUtil.ts
@@ -20,34 +20,38 @@ export interface CacheElement extends Element {
     aceCache: { [key: string]: any }
 }
 
-/* Return a pointer to the given global variable
-     * with its initial value as given */
-export function getCache(cacheSpot: Element | Document | DocumentFragment, keyName, initValue) {
-    let cacheObj = (cacheSpot.nodeType === 9 /* Node.DOCUMENT_NODE */ || cacheSpot.nodeType === 11 /* Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE */) ? cacheSpot as CacheDocument : cacheSpot as CacheElement;
-    if (cacheObj.aceCache === undefined) {
-        cacheObj.aceCache = {}
+export class CacheUtil {
+    /* Return a pointer to the given global variable
+         * with its initial value as given */
+    public static getCache(cacheSpot: Element | Document | DocumentFragment, keyName, initValue) {
+        if (!cacheSpot) return undefined;
+        let cacheObj = (cacheSpot.nodeType === 9 /* Node.DOCUMENT_NODE */ || cacheSpot.nodeType === 11 /* Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE */) ? cacheSpot as CacheDocument : cacheSpot as CacheElement;
+        if (cacheObj.aceCache === undefined) {
+            cacheObj.aceCache = {}
+        }
+        if (cacheObj.aceCache[keyName] === undefined) {
+            cacheObj.aceCache[keyName] = initValue;
+        }
+        return cacheObj.aceCache[keyName]
     }
-    if (cacheObj.aceCache[keyName] === undefined) {
-        cacheObj.aceCache[keyName] = initValue;
-    }
-    return cacheObj.aceCache[keyName]
-}
 
-export function setCache(cacheSpot: Document | Element | DocumentFragment | ShadowRoot, globalName, value) : any {
-    let cacheObj = (cacheSpot.nodeType === 9 /* Node.DOCUMENT_NODE */ || cacheSpot.nodeType === 11 /* Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE */) ? cacheSpot as CacheDocument : cacheSpot as CacheElement;
-    if (cacheObj.aceCache === undefined) {
-        cacheObj.aceCache = {}
+    public static setCache(cacheSpot: Document | Element | DocumentFragment | ShadowRoot, globalName, value): any {
+        if (!cacheSpot) return undefined;
+        let cacheObj = (cacheSpot.nodeType === 9 /* Node.DOCUMENT_NODE */ || cacheSpot.nodeType === 11 /* Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE */) ? cacheSpot as CacheDocument : cacheSpot as CacheElement;
+        if (cacheObj.aceCache === undefined) {
+            cacheObj.aceCache = {}
+        }
+        cacheObj.aceCache[globalName] = value;
+        return value;
     }
-    cacheObj.aceCache[globalName] = value;
-    return value;
-}
 
 
-export function clearCaches(cacheRoot : Node) : void {
-    delete (cacheRoot.ownerDocument as CacheDocument).aceCache;
-    let nw = new DOMWalker(cacheRoot);
-    do {
-        delete (nw.node as CacheElement).aceCache;
-        nw.node.ownerDocument && delete (nw.node.ownerDocument as CacheDocument).aceCache;
-    } while (nw.nextNode());
+    public static clearCaches(cacheRoot: Node): void {
+        delete (cacheRoot.ownerDocument as CacheDocument).aceCache;
+        let nw = new DOMWalker(cacheRoot, false, cacheRoot, true);
+        do {
+            delete (nw.node as CacheElement).aceCache;
+            nw.node.ownerDocument && delete (nw.node.ownerDocument as CacheDocument).aceCache;
+        } while (nw.nextNode());
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/ColorUtil.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/ColorUtil.ts
similarity index 99%
rename from accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/ColorUtil.ts
rename to accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/ColorUtil.ts
index 1ab8c296d..7083626a7 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/ColorUtil.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/ColorUtil.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
     limitations under the License.
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { DOMWalker } from "./DOMWalker";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
 
 export class ColorUtil {
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/CommonUtil.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/CommonUtil.ts
index c60241ff8..ace859285 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/CommonUtil.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/CommonUtil.ts
@@ -11,228 +11,1649 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import {RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
-import { RPTUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/legacy";
 import { ARIADefinitions } from "../../v2/aria/ARIADefinitions";
+import { CacheUtil } from "./CacheUtil";
+import { RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+import { AriaUtil } from "./AriaUtil";
+import { AccNameUtil } from "./AccNameUtil";
+import { VisUtil } from "./VisUtil";
+import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
+import { FragmentUtil } from "../../v2/checker/accessibility/util/fragment";
 
-/* 
- * check if any explicit role specified for the element is a valid ARIA role
- * return: null if no explicit role is defined, 
- *         true if the role(s) are defined in ARIA
- *         false if any role is not defined in ARIA
-*/
-export function areRolesDefined(roles: string[]) {
-    if (!roles || roles.length ===0) return null;
-    
-    let designPatterns = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns;
-    for (const role of roles) 
-        if (!(role.toLowerCase() in designPatterns)) 
+export class CommonUtil {
+
+    public static input_type_with_placeholder = ["text", "search", "tel", "url", "email", "password", "number"];
+    public static input_text_types = [
+        "text", "file", "password",
+        "checkbox", "radio",
+        "search", "tel", "url", "email",  //HTML 5. Note: type = "hidden" doesn't require text
+        "date", "number", "range",
+        "time", "color"
+    ];
+    public static input_time_types = [
+        "date", "month", "week", "time", "datetime-local"
+    ];
+    public static input_other_types = [
+        "range", "color", "checkbox", "radio", "file", "image"
+    ];
+    public static form_button_types = [
+        "button", "reset", "submit"
+    ];
+
+    public static form_labelable_elements = ["input",  "textarea", "select", "keygen", "progress", "meter", "output", "button"];
+
+    public static tabTagMap = {
+        "button": function (element): boolean {
+            return !element.hasAttribute("disabled");
+        },
+        "iframe": true,
+        "input": function (element): boolean {
+            return element.getAttribute("type") !== "hidden" && !element.hasAttribute("disabled");
+        },
+        "select": function (element): boolean {
+            return !element.hasAttribute("disabled");
+        },
+        "textarea": true,
+        /**"div": function (element) {
+            return element.hasAttribute("contenteditable");
+        },*/
+        "a": function (element) {
+            // xlink:href?? see svg
+            return element.hasAttribute("href");
+        },
+        "area": function (element) {
+            return element.hasAttribute("href");
+        },
+        "audio": function (element) {
+            return element.hasAttribute("controls");
+        },
+        "video": function (element) {
+            return element.hasAttribute("controls");
+        },
+        "summary": function (element) {
+            // first summary child of a details element is automatically focusable 
+            return element.parentElement && element.parentElement.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'details'
+                && DOMUtil.sameNode([...element.parentElement.children].filter(elem => elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'summary')[0], element);
+        },
+        "details": function (element) {
+            //details element without a direct summary child is automatically focusable
+            return element.children && [...element.children].filter(elem => elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'summary').length === 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static wordCount(str): number {
+        str = str.trim();
+        if (str.length === 0) return 0;
+        return str.split(/\s+/g).length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Note that this only detects if the element itself is in the tab order.
+     * However, this element may delegate focus to another element via aria-activedescendant.
+     * Also, focus varies by browser... sticking to things that are focusable on Chrome and Firefox.
+     */
+    public static isTabbable(element) {
+        // Using https://allyjs.io/data-tables/focusable.html
+        // Handle the explicit cases first
+        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(element)) return false;
+        if (element.hasAttribute("tabindex")) {
+            return parseInt(element.getAttribute("tabindex")) >= 0;
+        }
+        // Explicit cases handled - now the implicit
+        let nodeName = element.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+        if (nodeName in CommonUtil.tabTagMap) {
+            let retVal = CommonUtil.tabTagMap[nodeName];
+            if (typeof (retVal) === "function") {
+                retVal = retVal(element);
+            }
+            return retVal;
+        } else {
+            if (element.hasAttribute("contenteditable")) return true;
             return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if the ele node is focusable
+     */
+    public static isFocusable(ele) {
+        if (ele === "undefined" || ele === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return CommonUtil.isTabbable(ele);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Note that this only detects if the element itself is interactive, but not onclick event.
+     */
+    public static isClickable(element) {
+        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(element)) return false;
+        
+        // native focusable element
+        let nodeName = element.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+        if (nodeName in CommonUtil.tabTagMap) {
+            let retVal = CommonUtil.tabTagMap[nodeName];
+            if (typeof (retVal) === "function") {
+                retVal = retVal(element);
+            }
+            return retVal;
+        } else { 
+            //custom widget
+            if (AriaUtil.isWidget(element) && element.hasAttribute("tabindex")) {
+                return true;
+            } 
+        }
+        return false;  
+    }
+
+    /* 
+     * get conflict Aria and Html attributes
+     * return: a list of Aria and Html attribute pairs that are conflict
+    */
+    public static isTableDescendant(contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy) {
+        if (!contextHierarchies) return null;
+
+        return contextHierarchies["aria"].filter(hier => ["table", "grid", "treegrid"].includes(hier.role));
+    }
+
+    public static tabIndexLEZero(elem) {
+        if (CommonUtil.hasAttribute(elem, "tabindex")) {
+            if (elem.getAttribute("tabindex").match(/^-?\d+$/)) {
+                let tabindexValue = parseInt(elem.getAttribute("tabindex"));
+                return tabindexValue === 0 || tabindexValue === -1;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * get number of tabbable children
+     * @param element 
+     */
+    public static getTabbableChildren(element) {
+        let count = 0;
+        // If node has children, look for tab stops in the children
+        if (element.firstChild || element.nodeName.toUpperCase() === "IFRAME") {
+            let nw = new DOMWalker(element);
+            while (nw.nextNode() && nw.node != element) {
+                if (nw.node.nodeType == 1 && !nw.bEndTag && CommonUtil.isTabbable(nw.node)) {
+                    ++count;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    public static normalizeSpacing(s) {
+        if (!s) return '';
+        return s.trim().replace(/\s+/g, ' ');
+    };
+
+    //TODO: function does not handle equivalents for roles: row, link, header, button
+    // But it may not have to. Bug reports have been about radio buttons and checkboxes.
+    public static isHtmlEquiv(node, htmlEquiv) {
+        let retVal = false;
+        if (node) {
+            let nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+            if (nodeName === "input") {
+                let type = node.getAttribute("type").toLowerCase();
+                if (type) {
+                    if (htmlEquiv.indexOf("checkbox") != -1) {
+                        retVal = type === "checkbox";
+                    } else if (htmlEquiv.indexOf("radio") != -1) {
+                        retVal = type === "radio";
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    public static nonExistantIDs(node, targetids) {
+        let returnnotfoundids = '';
+        if (CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(targetids).length < 1) return returnnotfoundids;
+
+        let targetArray = targetids.split(" ");
+        let doc = node.ownerDocument;
+        for (let i = 0; i < targetArray.length; i++) {
+            let xp = "//*[@id='" + targetArray[i] + "']";
+            let xpathResult = doc.evaluate(xp, node, doc.defaultNSResolver, 0 /* XPathResult.ANY_TYPE */, null);
+            let r = xpathResult.iterateNext();
+            if (!r) returnnotfoundids += targetArray[i] + ', ';
+        }
+        if (CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(returnnotfoundids).length >= 2)
+            returnnotfoundids = returnnotfoundids.substring(0, returnnotfoundids.length - 2);
+        else
+            returnnotfoundids = '';
+        return returnnotfoundids;
+    }
+
+    public static getDocElementsByTag(elem, tagName) {
+        let doc = FragmentUtil.getOwnerFragment(elem) as any;
+        tagName = tagName.toLowerCase();
+        let cache = CacheUtil.getCache(doc, "RPT_DOCELEMSBYTAG", {});
+        if (!(tagName in cache)) {
+            cache[tagName] = doc.querySelectorAll(tagName);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(doc, "RPT_DOCELEMSBYTAG", cache);
+        }
+        return cache[tagName];
+    }
 
-    return true;
-}
-
-/* 
- * check if any explicit role specified for the element is a valid ARIA role
- * return: null if no explicit role is defined, 
- *         true if the role(s) are defined in ARIA
- *         false if any role is not defined in ARIA
-*/
-export function getInvalidRoles(ruleContext: Element) {
-    let domRoles: string[] = RPTUtil.getUserDefinedRoles(ruleContext);
-    
-    if (!domRoles || domRoles.length === 0)
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for get a list of all the child elemnts which match the tag
+     * name provided.
+     *
+     * Note: This is a wrapper function to: AriaUtil.getChildByTagHidden
+     *
+     * @parm {element} parentElem - The parent element
+     * @parm {string} tagName - The tag to search for under the parent element
+     * @parm {boolean} ignoreHidden - true if hidden elements with the tag should ignored from the list
+     *                                false if the hidden elements should be added
+     *
+     * @return {List} retVal - list of all the elements which matched the tag under the parent that were provided.
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getChildByTag(parentElem, tagName) {
+        return CommonUtil.getChildByTagHidden(parentElem, tagName, false, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for get a list of all the child elemnts which match the tag
+     * name provided.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} parentElem - The parent element
+     * @parm {string} tagName - The tag to search for under the parent element
+     * @parm {boolean} ignoreHidden - true if hidden elements with the tag should ignored from the list
+     *                                false if the hidden elements should be added
+     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
+     *
+     * @return {List} retVal - list of all the elements which matched the tag under the parent that were provided.
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getChildByTagHidden(parentElem, tagName, ignoreHidden, considerHiddenSetting) {
+        // Variable Decleration
+        let retVal = [];
+        let child = parentElem.firstChild;
+
+        // Loop over all the child elements of the parent to build a list of all the elements that
+        // match the tagName provided
+        while (child != null) {
+
+            // Only include the children into the return array if they match with tagname.
+            if (child.nodeName.toLowerCase() === tagName) {
+
+                // In the case that ignorehidden was set to true, then perform a isNodeVisible check
+                // and in the case the node is not visilble we more to theses then move to the next node.
+                // Perform a couple of checks to determine if hidden elements should be ignored or not.
+                //  1. When ignoreHidden is set to true upfront, then perform a isNodeVisible
+                //  2. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
+                //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
+                //  2.1. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
+                //       be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
+                //       add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
+                if ((ignoreHidden || (considerHiddenSetting && !CommonUtil.shouldCheckHiddenContent(child))) && !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(child)) {
+                    // Move on to the next element
+                    child = child.nextSibling;
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Push the element
+                retVal.push(child);
+            }
+
+            // Move to the next sibling element
+            child = child.nextSibling;
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+         * This function is responsible for finding a list of elements that match given roles(s).
+         * This function by defauly will not consider Check Hidden Setting at all.
+         * This function by defauly will not consider implicit roles.
+         * Note: This is a wrapper function to: AriaUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden
+         *
+         * @parm {document} doc - The document node
+         * @parm {list or string} roles - List or single role for which to return elements based on.
+         *
+         * @return {List} retVal - list of all the elements which matched the role(s) that were provided.
+         *
+         * @memberOf AriaUtil
+         */
+    public static getElementsByRole(doc, roles) {
+        return CommonUtil.getElementsByRoleHidden(doc, roles, false, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for finding a list of elements that match given roles(s).
+     * This function aslo finds elements with implicit roles.
+     * This function will also consider elements that are hidden based on the if the Check
+     * Hidden Content settings should be considered or not.
+     *
+     * @parm {document} doc - The document node
+     * @parm {list or string} roles - List or single role for which to return elements based on.
+     * @parm {bool} considerHiddenSetting - true or false based on if hidden setting should be considered.
+     * @parm {bool} considerImplicitRoles - true or false based on if implicit roles setting should be considered.
+     *
+     * @return {List} retVal - list of all the elements which matched the role(s) that were provided.
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getElementsByRoleHidden(doc, roles, considerHiddenSetting, considerImplicitRoles?) {
+        
+        // In the case that the role to element assoication is already made, and available in the global hasAttribute
+        // we can just use that one instead of building a new one.
+        let roleToElems = null;
+        if (considerImplicitRoles) {
+            roleToElems = CacheUtil.getCache(doc, "AriaUtil_GETELEMENTSBY_ROLE_IMPLICIT", null);
+        } else {
+            roleToElems = CacheUtil.getCache(doc, "AriaUtil_GETELEMENTSBY_ROLE", null);
+        }
+
+
+        // Build the new role to element, this is where we loop through all the elements and extract all the
+        // elements bsaed on roles.
+        if (roleToElems === null) {
+            // Re-initialize the roleToElems hash
+            roleToElems = {};
+
+            // Get the body of the doc
+            let root = doc.body;
+
+            // Keep looping until we are at the very parent node of the entire page, so that we can loop through
+            // all the nodes.
+            while (DOMWalker.parentNode(root) !== null) {
+                // Get the parentNode
+                root = DOMWalker.parentNode(root);
+            }
+            // Build a nodewalter based of the root node, this node walter will be use loop over all the nodes
+            // and build the roles to Element coralation
+            //let nw = new NodeWalker(root);
+            let nw = new DOMWalker(root);
+            // Loop over the entire doc/list of nodes to build the role to element map
+            // Note: This will build an roleToElems hash which is in the following format.
+            // roleToElems = {
+            //    document: [{div},{abbr},{var}],
+            //    main: [{div}],
+            //    navigation: [{div}]
+            // }
+            while (nw.nextNode()) {
+                if (!nw.elem()) continue;
+                // Only check the elements which have the role attribute assiciated to them
+                if (!nw.bEndTag) {
+
+                    let wRoles = [];
+                    //check if the node has role attributes
+                    if (nw.elem() && nw.elem().hasAttribute("role")) {
+                        // Extract all the roles that are assigned to this element, can have multiple roles on one
+                        // element split by space, so we need to extract all of them into an array.
+                        wRoles = nw.elem().getAttribute("role").split(" ");
+                    }
+
+                    if (nw.elem() && wRoles.length === 0 && considerImplicitRoles) {
+                        //check if there are any implicit roles for this element.
+                        let implicitRole = AriaUtil.getImplicitRole(nw.node);
+                        if (implicitRole !== null && implicitRole.length > 0)
+                            wRoles = implicitRole;
+                    }
+
+                    if (wRoles.length === 0) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
+                    // or not.
+                    //  1. If considerHiddenSetting option is set to true then we perform the check to consider the
+                    //     Check Hidden Content that is provided.
+                    //  2. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
+                    //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we do not
+                    //     add it to the roleToElems hash at all or even do any checking for it at all.
+                    //
+                    // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
+                    //       so on and so forth.
+                    if (considerHiddenSetting && CommonUtil.shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(nw.node)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    // Loop through all the roles and assigned this node to all thes roles
+                    for (let i = 0; i < wRoles.length; ++i) {
+                        // In the case that the role key is not already in the roleToElems hash, construct the
+                        // add the key and assign empty array.
+                        if (!(wRoles[i] in roleToElems)) {
+                            roleToElems[wRoles[i]] = [];
+                        }
+
+                        // Add the node to the array for the role
+                        roleToElems[wRoles[i]].push(nw.node);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Set the roleToElems hash map as a global variable
+            if (considerImplicitRoles) {
+                CacheUtil.setCache(doc, "AriaUtil_GETELEMENTSBY_ROLE_IMPLICIT", roleToElems);
+            } else {
+                CacheUtil.setCache(doc, "AriaUtil_GETELEMENTSBY_ROLE", roleToElems);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        // Initilize the return value
+        let retVal = [];
+
+        // Handle the cases where the provided role is a string and not an array,
+        // for this case we take the string and put it into an array
+        if (typeof (roles) === "string") {
+            let role = roles;
+            roles = [];
+            roles.push(role);
+        }
+
+        // Loop through the roles that were provided and find the list of elements for this roles
+        // and add them to the return value.
+        if (roles.length) {
+            // loop over all the roles
+            for (let i = 0; i < roles.length; ++i) {
+                // Extract the role from the array
+                let nextRole = roles[i];
+                // Fetch the list of all the elements for this role
+                let copyRoles = roleToElems[nextRole];
+
+                // If there are elements to copy to another array, then perform the copy
+                if (copyRoles) {
+                    // Loop over all the elements which are to be copied
+                    for (let j = 0; j < copyRoles.length; ++j) {
+                        // Add this element to the return val
+                        retVal.push(copyRoles[j]);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+         * a target is en element that accept a pointer action (click or touch)
+         * 
+         */
+    public static isTarget(element) { 
+        if (!element || element.nodeType !== 1 
+            || ["html", "body"].includes(element.nodeName.toLowerCase())
+            || CommonUtil.getAncestor(element, ["svg", "pre", "code", "script", "meta", 'head']) !== null 
+            || !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(element) || VisUtil.isNodeVisuallyHidden(element) 
+            || CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(element) || VisUtil.isElementOffscreen(element))
+            return false;
+        
+        if (CommonUtil.isClickable(element)) 
+            return true;
+
+        const role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(element);
+        if (!role) return false;
+
+        const target_roles = ["listitem", "menuitem", "menuitemcheckbox", "menuitemradio", "option", "radio", "switch", "treeitem"];
+        if (target_roles.includes(role)) {
+            // find the proper parent elements
+            let parent = element.parentElement;
+            if (parent) {
+                const parent_role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(parent);
+                // datalist, fieldset, optgroup, etc. may be just used for grouping purpose, so go up to the parent
+                if (parent_role === 'group')
+                    parent = parent.parentElement;
+            }
+            
+            if (parent && CommonUtil.isTarget(parent))
+                return true;
+        }    
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static getFileExt(url) {
+        let m = url.match(/\.(([^;?#\.]|^$)+)([;?#]|$)/);
+        if (m != null && m.length >= 2) {
+            return "." + m[1];
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+    public static getFileAnchor(url) {
+        let m = url.match(/#(([^;?\.]|^$)+)([;?]|$)/);
+        if (m != null && m.length >= 2) {
+            return m[1];
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+    public static checkObjEmbed(node, extTest, mimeTest) {
+        let nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+
+        if (nodeName != "object" && nodeName != "embed" &&
+            nodeName != "a" && nodeName != "area") return false;
+        let retVal = false;
+        // Check mime type
+        if (!retVal && node.hasAttribute("type")) {
+            let mime = node.getAttribute("type").toLowerCase();
+            retVal = mimeTest(mime);
+        }
+        if (!retVal && node.hasAttribute("codetype")) {
+            let mime = node.getAttribute("codetype");
+            retVal = mimeTest(mime);
+        }
+
+        // Check the filename
+        if (!retVal) {
+            let filename = "";
+            if (nodeName === "embed") {
+                filename = node.getAttribute("src");
+            } else if (nodeName === "a" || nodeName === "area") {
+                filename = node.getAttribute("href");
+            } else if (node.hasAttribute("data")) {
+                filename = node.getAttribute("data");
+            }
+            if (filename === null) filename = "";
+            let ext = CommonUtil.getFileExt(filename);
+            retVal = extTest(ext);
+        }
+
+        // Check for filenames in the params
+        if (!retVal && nodeName === "object") {
+            // In the case that Check Hidden Option is set then comply with that setting
+            let params = CommonUtil.getChildByTagHidden(node, "param", false, true);
+            for (let i = 0; !retVal && params != null && i < params.length; ++i) {
+                retVal = params[i].hasAttribute("value") &&
+                    extTest(CommonUtil.getFileExt(params[i].getAttribute("value")));
+            }
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+    public static isAudioObjEmbedLink(node) {
+        return CommonUtil.checkObjEmbed(node, CommonUtil.isAudioExt, function (mime) {
+            return mime.startsWith("audio")
+        });
+    }
+    public static isAudioExt(ext) {
+        let audio_extensions = [".aif", ".aifc", ".aiff", ".air", ".asf", ".au", ".cda",
+            ".dsm", ".dss", ".dwd", ".iff", ".kar", ".m1a", ".med",
+            ".mp2", ".mp3", ".mpa", ".pcm", ".ra", ".ram", ".rm",
+            ".sam", ".sf", ".sf2", ".smp", ".snd", ".svx", ".ul",
+            ".voc", ".wav", ".wma", ".wve"
+        ];
+        return CommonUtil.valInArray(ext.toLowerCase(), audio_extensions);
+    }
+    public static isVideoObjEmbedLink(node) {
+        return CommonUtil.checkObjEmbed(node, CommonUtil.isVideoExt, function (mime) {
+            return mime.startsWith("video") ||
+                mime.startsWith("application/x-shockwave-flash");
+        });
+    }
+    public static isVideoExt(ext) {
+        let video_extensions = [".asf", ".avi", ".divx", ".dv", ".m1v", ".m2p", ".m2v", ".moov",
+            ".mov", ".mp4", ".mpeg", ".mpg", ".mpv", ".ogm", ".omf", ".qt",
+            ".rm", ".rv", ".smi", ".smil", ".swf", ".vob", ".wmv", ".rmvb",
+            ".mvb"
+        ];
+        return CommonUtil.valInArray(ext.toLowerCase(), video_extensions);
+    }
+    public static isImageObjEmbedLink(node) {
+        return CommonUtil.checkObjEmbed(node, CommonUtil.isImgExt, function (mime) {
+            return mime.startsWith("image");
+        });
+    }
+
+    public static image_extensions = [".bmp", ".gif", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".pcx", ".png"];
+        
+    public static isImgExt(ext) {
+        return CommonUtil.valInArray(ext.toLowerCase(), CommonUtil.image_extensions);
+    }
+    public static isHtmlExt(ext) {
+        let html_extensions = [".asp", ".aspx", ".cfm", ".cfml", ".cgi", ".htm", ".html", ".shtm",
+            ".shtml", ".php", ".pl", ".py", ".shtm", ".shtml", ".xhtml"
+        ];
+        return CommonUtil.valInArray(ext.toLowerCase(), html_extensions);
+    }
+
+    public static hasTriggered(doc, id) {
+        return CacheUtil.getCache(doc, id, false);
+    }
+    public static triggerOnce(doc, id, passed) {
+        if (passed) return true;
+        let triggered = CacheUtil.getCache(doc, id, false);
+        CacheUtil.setCache(doc, id, true);
+        return triggered;
+    }
+
+    /* determine if the given value exists in the given array */
+    public static valInArray(value, arr) {
+        for (let idx in arr) {
+            if (arr[idx] === value) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * return the ancestor of the given element
+     * @param tagNames string, array, or dictionary containing the tags to search for
+     */
+    public static getAncestor(element, tagNames) {
+        let walkNode = element;
+        while (walkNode !== null) {
+            let thisTag = walkNode.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+            if (typeof (tagNames) === "string") {
+                if (thisTag === tagNames.toLowerCase()) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else if (tagNames.length) {
+                for (let idx in tagNames) {
+                    if (tagNames[idx] === thisTag)
+                        return walkNode;
+                }
+            } else if (thisTag in tagNames) {
+                break;
+            }
+            walkNode = DOMWalker.parentNode(walkNode);
+        }
+        return walkNode;
+    }
+
+    // return true if element1 and element2 are siblings
+    public static isSibling(element1, element2) {
+        if (element1 && element2) {
+            let node = null;
+            if (DOMWalker.parentNode(element1) && DOMWalker.parentNode(element1).firstChild) {
+                node = DOMWalker.parentNode(element1).firstChild;
+            }
+
+            while (node) {
+                if (node === element2) return true;
+                node = node.nextSibling;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static isDescendant(parent, child) {
+        let node = DOMWalker.parentNode(child);
+        while (node != null) {
+            if (node === parent) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            node = DOMWalker.parentNode(node);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    //check if the first form control child is disabled
+    public static isDisabledByFirstChildFormElement(element) {
+        let formElements = ["input", "textarea", "select", "keygen", "progress", "meter", "output"];
+        if (element.firstChild != null) {
+            //let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
+            let nw = new DOMWalker(element);
+            while (nw.nextNode()) {
+                if (formElements.includes(nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase())) {
+                    if (CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(nw.node))
+                        return true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static isDisabledByReferringElement(element) {
+        let id = element.getAttribute("id");
+        let doc = element.ownerDocument;
+        let root = doc.body;
+        while (DOMWalker.parentNode(root) !== null) {
+            // Get the parentNode
+            root = DOMWalker.parentNode(root);
+        }
+        //let nw = new NodeWalker(root);
+        let nw = new DOMWalker(root);
+        while (nw.nextNode()) {
+            // check the element whose 'aria-describedby' equals to the id
+            if (nw.node && nw.node.nodeType === 1 && nw.elem()) {
+                let AriaDescribedbyIDArray = (nw.elem().getAttribute("aria-describedby") || "").split(" ");
+                if (AriaDescribedbyIDArray.includes(id) && CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(nw.node)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** get element containing label for the given element
+         * @deprecated Deprecated because the function name is misleading. Use getLabelForElement(element) instead
+         */
+    public static getInputLabel(element) {
+        return CommonUtil.getLabelForElement(element);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for getting the element containing the label for the given element.
+     *
+     * Note: This is a wrapper function to: AriaUtil.getLabelForElementHidden
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - The element for which to get the label element for.
+     *
+     * @return {element} element - return the element for the label, otherwise null
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getLabelForElement(element) {
+        return CommonUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(element, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for getting the element containing the label for the given element.
+     *
+     * This function will return null if the containing lable element is hidden, when the ignoreHidden option
+     * is set to true.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - The element for which to get the label element for.
+     * @parm {boolean} ignoreHidden - true if hidden elements with label should be ignored from the list
+     *                                false if the hidden elements should be added
+     *
+     * @return {element} element - return the element for the label, otherwise null
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getLabelForElementHidden(element: Element, ignoreHidden) {
+        // Check if the global AriaUtil_LABELS hash is available, as this will contain the label nodes based on
+        // for attribute.
+        //if (!getCache(element.ownerDocument,"AriaUtil_LABELS", null)) {
+        let root = element.getRootNode();
+        if (!CacheUtil.getCache((root.nodeType === 11) ? <ShadowRoot>root : <Document>root, "AriaUtil_LABELS", null)) {
+            // Variable Decleration
+            let idToLabel = {}
+
+            // Get all the label elements in the entire doc
+            let labelNodes = CommonUtil.getDocElementsByTag(element, "label");
+            // Loop over all the label nodes, in the case the label node has a for attribute,
+            // extract that attribute and add this node to the hash if it is visible.
+            for (let i = 0; i < labelNodes.length; ++i) {
+
+                if (labelNodes[i].hasAttribute("for")) {
+                    // If ignore hidden is specified and the node is not visible we do not add it to the
+                    // labelNodes hash.
+                    if (ignoreHidden && !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(labelNodes[i])) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    idToLabel[labelNodes[i].getAttribute("for")] = labelNodes[i];
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Add the built hash to the ownerDocument (document), to be used later to fast retrival
+            //setCache(element.ownerDocument, "AriaUtil_LABELS", idToLabel);
+            CacheUtil.setCache((root.nodeType === 11) ? <ShadowRoot>root : <Document>root, "AriaUtil_LABELS", idToLabel);
+        }
+
+        // If this element has an id attribute, get the corosponding label element
+        if (element.hasAttribute("id")) {
+            // Fetch the id attribute
+            let ctrlId = element.getAttribute("id");
+            // Return the corosponding label element.
+            // Note: in the case that the the id is not found in the hash that means, it does not exists or is hidden
+            if (ctrlId.trim().length > 0) {
+                //return getCache(element.getRootNode().ownerDocument,"AriaUtil_LABELS",{})[ctrlId];
+                return CacheUtil.getCache((root.nodeType === 11) ? <ShadowRoot>root : <Document>root, "AriaUtil_LABELS", {})[ctrlId];
+            }
+        }
         return null;
+    }
 
-    // check the 'generic' role first
-    if (domRoles && domRoles.includes('generic'))
-        return ["generic"];
-    
-    // Failing roles
-    let failRoleTokens = [];
-    // Passing roles
-    let passRoleTokens = [];
-
-    let tagProperty = RPTUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext);
-    let allowedRoles = RPTUtil.getAllowedAriaRoles(ruleContext, tagProperty);
-    if (!allowedRoles || allowedRoles.length === 0)
-        return domRoles;
-    
-    let invalidRoles = [];
-
-    if (allowedRoles.includes('any'))
-        return [];
-    
-    for (let i = 0; i < domRoles.length; i++)
-        if (!allowedRoles.includes(domRoles[i]) && !invalidRoles.includes(domRoles[i]))
-            invalidRoles.push(domRoles[i]);
-
-    return invalidRoles;        
-}
-
-/* 
- * check if any explicit role specified for the element is not defined in ARIA
- * return: list of specified roles not defined in ARIA
-*/
-export function getRolesUndefinedByAria(element: Element) {
-    if (!element) return null;
-
-    const roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(element, false);
-    let undefinedRoles = [];
-    if (roles && roles.length > 0) {
-        let designPatterns = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns;
-        for (let i = 0; i < roles.length; i++) {
-            if (!(roles[i] in designPatterns)) {
-                undefinedRoles.push(roles[i]);
-            }
-        }
-    }    
-    return undefinedRoles;        
-}
-
-/* 
- * this method first checks explicit roles, if no explicit role, it will check the implicit role
- * return: null if any explicit role is invalid, 
- *         a list of invalid attributes
- *         empty list if all attributes are valid, or no aria attributes are specified
- */
-export function getInvalidAriaAttributes(ruleContext: Element): string[] {
-    let roles = RPTUtil.getUserDefinedRoles(ruleContext);
-    
-    // the invalid role case: handled by Rpt_Aria_ValidRole. Ignore to avoid duplicated report
-    // for mutiple roles, skip if any role is invalid
-    let defined = areRolesDefined(roles);
-    if (defined !==null && !defined) 
+    /* Return specified element attribute if present else return null */
+    public static getElementAttribute(element, attr) {
+        //return (element && element.hasAttribute && element.hasAttribute(attr)) ? element.getAttribute(attr) : null;
+        if (!attr || !element || !element.hasAttribute || !element.hasAttribute(attr)) return null;
+        const atrValue = element.getAttribute(attr)
+        if (!ARIADefinitions.referenceProperties.includes(attr))
+            return atrValue;
+
+        //attr is a reference to other elements(s)
+        const values = atrValue.split(/ +/g);
+        //ignore if none of the referred element(s) exist or all point to the element itself
+        let exist = false;
+        for (let id = 0; values < values.length; ++id) {
+            const referred = document.getElementById(values[id]);
+            if (referred && !DOMUtil.sameNode(referred, element)) {
+                exist = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return exist ? atrValue : null;
+    }
+
+    // Return true if element has valid implicit label
+    public static hasImplicitLabel(element) {
+        let parentNode = CommonUtil.getAncestor(element, "label");
+        // Test  a) if the parent is a label which is the implicit label
+        //       b) if the form element is the first child of the label
+        //       c) if the form element requires an implicit or explicit label : "input",  "textarea", "select", "keygen", "progress", "meter", "output"
+        //       d) form elements which may have a label: button
+        // form elements that do not require implicit or explicit label element are:
+        // "optgroup", "option", "datalist"(added later). These were handled differently in the main rule, might need to refactor the code later
+
+        if (parentNode && parentNode.tagName.toLowerCase() === "label" && CommonUtil.isFirstFormElement(parentNode, element)) {
+            let parentClone = parentNode.cloneNode(true);
+            // exclude all form elements from the label since they might also have inner content
+            parentClone = CommonUtil.removeAllFormElementsFromLabel(parentClone);
+            return CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHidden(parentClone);
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Return the implicit label of the given form field
+    public static getImplicitLabel(element) {
+        let parentNode = CommonUtil.getAncestor(element, "label");
+        // Test  a) if the parent is a label which is the implicit label
+        //       b) if the form element is the first child of the label
+        //       c) if the form element requires an implicit or explicit label : "input",  "textarea", "select", "keygen", "progress", "meter", "output"
+        //       d) form elements which may have a label: button
+        // form elements that do not require implicit or explicit label element are:
+        // "optgroup", "option", "datalist"(added later). These were handled differently in the main rule, might need to refactor the code later
+
+        if (parentNode && parentNode.tagName.toLowerCase() === "label" && CommonUtil.isFirstFormElement(parentNode, element)) {
+            let parentClone = parentNode.cloneNode(true);
+            // exclude all form elements from the label since they might also have inner content
+            parentClone = CommonUtil.removeAllFormElementsFromLabel(parentClone);
+            const label = CommonUtil.getInnerText(parentClone);
+            return label && label.trim() !== '' ? label.trim() : null;
+        } else
+            return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for getting the label for a form field element.
+     *
+     *
+     * @parm {element} element - The element from which to get the label.
+     *
+     * @return {string} text - return the label text or null
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getFormFieldLabel(elem) : string | null {
+        // get the label from the attribute "for" of the label element
+        // Get only the non-hidden labels for element
+        let value = "";
+        let label = null;
+        let labelElem = CommonUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(elem, true);
+        if (labelElem) {
+            // value directly from element text
+            label = labelElem.innerText; // ignore hidden text
+        } else {    
+            /** if it's not label with for attribute, then find implicit label
+             * cases for explict label: 
+             *   <label for='my'></label><input id='my'/>
+             *   <label for='my'><input id='my'/></label>   
+             * cases for implicit label: 
+             *    <label><input /></label>
+             */
+            labelElem = CommonUtil.getAncestor(elem, "label");
+            if (labelElem && labelElem.tagName.toLowerCase() === "label" && CommonUtil.isFirstFormElement(labelElem, elem)) {
+                let parentClone = labelElem.cloneNode(true);
+                // exclude all the text from the first form element since they might also 
+                // have inner content that is part of innerText
+                parentClone = CommonUtil.removeAllFormElementsFromLabel(parentClone);
+                label = CommonUtil.getInnerText(parentClone);
+            } else
+                return null;   
+        }
+        
+        if (label && label.trim() !== "")
+            value += label.trim();
+        
+        // value from child element attribute
+        label = CommonUtil.getLabelTextFromAttribute(labelElem, true);
+        if (label && label.trim() !== "")
+            value += label.trim();
+
+        // wired case: get aria label from label element itself just in case (though name prohibited from aria in html)
+        label = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(labelElem);
+        if (label && label.trim() !== "")
+            value += label.trim();
+
+        return value.trim();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calculate label from embedded control: https://w3c.github.io/accname/
+     * @param {element} labelElem label element
+     * @param {boolean} ignoreHidden - true if hidden elements with label should be ignored from the list
+     *                                false if the hidden elements should be added  
+     * @returns label text or ''
+     * 
+     * note the assumption is the labelElem refers either to a labelled element by 'for' attribute 
+     *  or its first form field is labbelled element
+     */ 
+    public static getLabelTextFromAttribute(labelElem: Element, ignoreHidden: boolean) : string {
+        // label either points to a labelable element by its for attribute or the first element child
+        // get the labelled elment if it's an implicit label
+        let labeledElem = null;
+        for (let i=0; i < labelElem.children.length; i++) {
+            const child: Element = labelElem.children.item(i);
+            if (CommonUtil.form_labelable_elements.includes(child.nodeName.toLowerCase())) {
+                labeledElem = child;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        let nw = new DOMWalker(labelElem);
+        let text = '';
+        while (nw.nextNode() && nw.node !== labelElem) {
+            // only check element children
+            if (nw.node && nw.node.nodeType === 1 && nw.elem()) {
+                const elem = nw.elem();
+                // ignore if it's hidden, or labelled element, or first form element if not labeled by for attribute
+                if ((ignoreHidden && (VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(elem) || VisUtil.isNodePresentational(elem)))
+                    || (labeledElem && labeledElem.contains(elem)))
+                    continue;
+
+                const role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(elem);
+                // textbox etc. return its text value
+                if (role === "textbox") {
+                    const name = elem.getAttribute("value");
+                    if (name && name.trim().length > 0)
+                        text += ' ' + name.trim();
+
+                } else if (role === "combobox" || role === "listbox") { 
+                    // for combobox or listbox roles, return the text alternative of the chosen option.
+                    const selectedId = elem.getAttribute("aria-activedescendant") || elem.getAttribute("aria-selected") || elem.getAttribute("aria-checked");
+                    if (selectedId) {
+                        let selectedOption = elem.ownerDocument.getElementById(selectedId);
+                        if (selectedOption && !DOMUtil.sameNode(elem, selectedOption)) {
+                            const pair = AccNameUtil.computeAccessibleName(selectedOption);
+                            if (pair && pair.name)
+                                text += ' ' + pair.name.trim();
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (["progressbar", "scrollbar", "slider", "spinbutton", "meter"].includes(role)) {
+                    // for range role type, including "progressbar", "scrollbar", "slider", "spinbutton" roles
+                    // If the aria-valuetext property is present, return its value
+                    let value = elem.getAttribute("aria-valuetext");
+                    if (value && value.trim().length > 0) 
+                        text += ' ' + value.trim();
+
+                    // Otherwise, if the aria-valuenow property is present, return its value,
+                    value = elem.getAttribute("aria-valuenow");
+                    if (value && value.trim().length > 0) 
+                        text += ' ' + value.trim();
+
+                    // finally use native value attribute
+                    value = elem.getAttribute("value");
+                    if (value && value.trim().length > 0) 
+                        text += ' ' + value.trim();
+                }
+
+                // get aria label from the element
+                const value = AriaUtil.getAriaLabel(elem);
+                if (value && value.trim() !== "")
+                    text += ' ' + value.trim();
+            }
+
+        }
+        return text.trim();    
+    }
+
+    public static isFirstFormElement(parentNode, element) {
+        //let formElementsRequiringLabel = ["input", "textarea", "select", "keygen", "progress", "meter", "output"];
+        if (parentNode.firstChild != null) {
+            //let nw = new NodeWalker(parentNode);
+            let nw = new DOMWalker(parentNode);
+            while (nw.nextNode()) {
+                if (CommonUtil.form_labelable_elements.indexOf(nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase()) !== -1) {
+                    return nw.node === element;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // check if the element is a shadow host or descendant of a shadow host, but not a descedant of the shadow root of the host (to be assigned to shadow slot or ignored)  
+    public static isShadowHostElement(element: Element) {
+        if (CommonUtil.isShadowElement(element))
+            return false;
+        let walkNode: Element = element;
+        while (walkNode) {
+            if (walkNode.shadowRoot) return true;
+            walkNode = DOMWalker.parentElement(walkNode);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    //check if an element is in a shadow tree
+    public static isShadowElement(element: Element) {
+        let root = element.getRootNode();
+        if (root.toString() === "[object ShadowRoot]")
+            return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static removeAllFormElementsFromLabel(element) {
+        let formElements = ["input", "textarea", "select", "button", "datalist", "optgroup", "option", "keygen", "output", "progress", "meter"];
+        let childNodes = element.childNodes;
+        for (let i = 0; i < childNodes.length; i++) {
+            if (formElements.indexOf(childNodes[i].nodeName.toLowerCase()) > -1) {
+                element.removeChild(childNodes[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        return element;
+    }
+
+    /**
+         * @param element 
+         * @param idStr 
+         * @returns true if any one (if multiple Ids) id points to itself
+         */
+    public static isIdReferToSelf(element, idStr: String) {
+        if (!idStr || idStr.trim() === '') return false;
+        let ids = idStr.trim().split(" ");
+        for (let j = 0, length = ids.length; j < length; ++j) {
+            let referredNode = FragmentUtil.getById(element, ids[j]);
+            if (referredNode && DOMUtil.sameNode(referredNode, element)) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /* Determine the node depth of the given element */
+    public static nodeDepth(element) {
+        let depth = 0;
+        let walkNode = element;
+        while (walkNode !== null) {
+            walkNode = DOMWalker.parentNode(walkNode);
+            depth = depth + 1;
+        }
+        return depth;
+    }
+
+    /* compare node order of the 2 given nodes */
+    /* returns
+     *   0 if the nodes are equal
+     *   1 if node b is before node a
+     *  -1 if node a is before node b
+     *   2 if node a is nested in node b
+     *  -2 if node b is nested in node a
+     *   null if either node is null or their parent nodes are not equal
+     */
+    public static compareNodeOrder(nodeA, nodeB) {
+        if (nodeA === nodeB) return 0;
+
+        let aDepth = CommonUtil.nodeDepth(nodeA);
+        let bDepth = CommonUtil.nodeDepth(nodeB);
+        if (bDepth > aDepth) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < bDepth - aDepth; ++i)
+                nodeB = DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeB);
+            if (nodeA === nodeB) // Node B nested in Node A
+                return -2;
+        } else if (aDepth > bDepth) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < aDepth - bDepth; ++i)
+                nodeA = DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeA);
+            if (nodeA === nodeB) // Node A nested in Node B
+                return 2;
+        }
+        while (nodeA != null && nodeB != null && DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeA) != DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeB)) {
+            nodeA = DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeA);
+            nodeB = DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeB);
+        }
+        if (nodeA === null || nodeB === null || DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeA) != DOMWalker.parentNode(nodeB)) return null;
+        while (nodeB != null && nodeB != nodeA)
+            nodeB = nodeB.previousSibling;
+        if (nodeB === null) // nodeB before nodeA
+            return 1;
+        else return -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Determine if the given attribute of the given element is not empty
+     *  @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static attributeNonEmpty(element, attrStr) {
+        return element.hasAttribute(attrStr) && element.getAttribute(attrStr).trim().length > 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Return a pointer to the given frame, null if not found */
+    public static getFrameByName(ruleContext, frameName) {
+        let window = ruleContext.ownerDocument.defaultView;
+        let frameList = [window];
+        let idx = 0;
+        while (idx < frameList.length) {
+            try {
+                if (frameList[idx].name === frameName) return frameList[idx];
+                for (let i = 0; i < frameList[idx].frames.length; ++i) {
+                    try {
+                        // Ensure it's a real frame and avoid recursion
+                        if (frameList[idx].frames[i] && !frameList.includes(frameList[idx].frames[i])) {
+                            frameList.push(frameList[idx].frames[i]);
+                        }
+                    } catch (e) { }
+                }
+            } catch (e) { }
+            ++idx;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static defaultNSResolver(prefix) {
+        let uri;
+        switch (prefix) {
+            case 'html':
+                uri = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml';
+            case 'x2':
+                uri = 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml2';
+            case 'x':
+                uri = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml';
+            case 'xhtml':
+                uri = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml';
+            default:
+                uri = null;
+        }
+        return uri;
+    }
+
+    //checking if only the inner text is empty or not
+    public static isInnerTextOnlyEmpty(element) {
+        // Get the innerText of the element
+        let text = element.innerText;
+
+        if ((text === undefined || text === null || text.trim().length === 0) && element.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== 'slot' && element.textContent !== undefined) {
+            //ignore slot because its text will be filled by the corresponding content in the light DOM 
+            // innerText is sometimes 'undefined' in headless mode, or null if the element is invisible or not erxpanded 
+            // so we try textContent as a workaround
+            text = element.textContent
+        }
+
+        let retVal = !(text !== null && text.trim().length > 0);
+        if (element.nodeType === 1 && element.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "slot") {
+            //TODO: need to conside its own content, a slot may have its own content or assigned content
+            for (const slotElem of element.assignedNodes()) {
+                retVal = retVal && CommonUtil.isInnerTextEmpty(slotElem);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Trim the inner text and verify that it is not empty.
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    /* Return the inner text of the given element */
+    public static getInnerText(element) {
+        let retVal = element.innerText;
+        if (retVal === undefined || retVal === null || retVal.trim() === "")
+            retVal = element.textContent;
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * return onscreen innerText.
+     * This function should return the same result as innerText if no offscreen content exists
+     *
+     * @parm {element} node The node which should be checked it has inner text or not.
+     * @return {null | string} null if element has empty inner text, text otherwise
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static getOnScreenInnerText(element) {
+        if (!element) return null;
+        if (element.nodeType === 3) return element.nodeValue();
+
+        let text = "";
+        //let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
+        let nw = new DOMWalker(element);
+        // Loop over all the childrens of the element to get the text
+        while (nw.nextNode() && nw.node !== element && nw.node !== element.parentNode) {
+            if (nw.bEndTag) continue;
+            if ((nw.node.nodeType === 1 && (VisUtil.hiddenByDefaultElements.includes(nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase())) || !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(nw.node) || VisUtil.isElementOffscreen(nw.node as HTMLElement))) {
+                if (nw.node.nextSibling) {
+                    if (nw.node.nextSibling.nodeType === 3 && nw.node.nextSibling.nodeValue !== null)
+                        text += nw.node.nextSibling.nodeValue;
+                    nw.node = nw.node.nextSibling;
+                    continue;
+                } else
+                    break;
+            }
+            if (nw.node.nodeType === 3 && nw.node.nodeValue !== null) {
+                text += nw.node.nodeValue.trim(); 
+            }    
+        }
+        return text.trim();
+    }
+
+    /** Return the text content of the given node 
+     *  this is different than innerText or textContent that return text content of a node and its descendants
+    */
+    public static getNodeText(element) {
+        if (!element) return "";
+        let text = "";
+        let childNodes = element.childNodes;
+        for (let i = 0; i < childNodes.length; ++i) {
+            if (childNodes[i].nodeType == 3) {
+                text += childNodes[i].nodeValue;
+            }
+        }
+        return text;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for checking if elements inner text is empty or not.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} node The node which should be checked it has inner text or not.
+     * @return {bool} true if element has empty inner text, false otherwise
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static isInnerTextEmpty(element) {
+        // Get the innerText of the element
+        let text = CommonUtil.getInnerText(element);
+
+        // Trim the inner text and verify that it is not empty.
+        return !(text != null && text.trim().length > 0);
+    }
+
+    public static hasInnerContent(element) {
+        let text = CommonUtil.getInnerText(element);
+        let hasContent = (text !== null && text.trim().length > 0);
+
+        if (element.firstChild !== null) {
+            //let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
+            let nw = new DOMWalker(element);
+            while (!hasContent && nw.nextNode()) {
+                hasContent = (nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "img" &&
+                    CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(nw.node, "alt"));
+            }
+        }
+        return hasContent;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for determine if an element has inner content.
+     * This function also considers cases where inner text is hidden, which now will
+     * be classified as does not have hidden content.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} node The node which should be checked it has inner text or not.
+     * @return {bool} true if element has empty inner text, false otherwise
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static hasInnerContentHidden(element) {
+        return CommonUtil.hasInnerContentHiddenHyperLink(element, false);
+    }
+
+    public static svgHasName(element: SVGElement) {
+        return CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "aria-label")
+            || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "aria-labelledby")
+            || !!element.querySelector(":scope > title");
+    }
+
+    public static hasInnerContentHiddenHyperLink(element, hyperlink_flag) {
+        if (!element) return false;
+        // Variable Decleration
+        let childElement = element.firstElementChild;
+        let hasContent = false;
+
+        // In the case that the childElement is not null then we need to check each of the elements
+        // to make sure that the elements are not all hidden.
+        if (childElement != null) {
+            // Get the nodewalter of the element node, so that we can loop over it and verify
+            // that the elements under the element are not completly hidden.
+            //let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
+            let nw = new DOMWalker(element);
+            // Loop over all the nodes until there are no more nodes or we have determine that there is content under
+            // this parent element.
+            while (!hasContent && nw.nextNode() && nw.node != element) {
+                // Get the next node
+                let node = nw.node;
+
+                // In the case an img element is present with alt then we can mark this as pass
+                // otherwise keep checking all the other elements. Make sure that this image element is not hidden.
+                hasContent = (
+                    node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "img"
+                    && (CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "alt") || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "title"))
+                    && !VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(node as HTMLElement) && !VisUtil.isNodePresentational(node as HTMLElement)
+                ) || (
+                        node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "svg"
+                        && CommonUtil.svgHasName(node as any)
+                    );
+
+                // Now we check if this node is of type element, visible
+                if (!hasContent && node.nodeType === 1 && !VisUtil.isNodeHiddenFromAT(node as HTMLElement) && !VisUtil.isNodePresentational(node as HTMLElement)) {
+                    // Check if the innerText of the element is empty or not
+                    hasContent = !CommonUtil.isInnerTextOnlyEmpty(node);
+                    if (!hasContent && hyperlink_flag === true) {
+                        hasContent = CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "aria-label") || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "aria-labelledby");
+                        let doc = node.ownerDocument;
+                        if (doc) {
+                            let win = doc.defaultView;
+                            if (win) {
+                                let cStyle = win.getComputedStyle(node as any);
+                                if (!hasContent && cStyle != null) {
+                                    //                                       console.log(cStyle.backgroundImage);
+                                    //                                       console.log(cStyle.content)
+                                    hasContent = ((cStyle.backgroundImage && cStyle.backgroundImage.indexOf) || cStyle.content) && CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(node, "alt");
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Check for cases where there is text node after an element under the parent
+                // In the case we detect nodetype as text node and the patent of the text node is
+                // the same element we are checking has Inner content for then get the inner content of this
+                // text node.
+                if (node.nodeType === 3 && DOMWalker.parentElement(node) === element) {
+                    // Check if the innerText of the element is empty or not
+                    hasContent = !CommonUtil.isInnerTextEmpty(node);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // In the case there are no child elements then we can simply perform the check for only innertext
+        // the img with alt case will be covered in the above if, as img is considers as an element.
+        else {
+            // Check if the innerText of the element is empty or not
+            hasContent = !CommonUtil.isInnerTextEmpty(element);
+        }
+
+        return hasContent;
+    }
+
+    public static hasInnerContentOrAlt(element) {
+        let text = CommonUtil.getInnerText(element);
+        let hasContent = (text != null && text.trim().length > 0) || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(element, "alt");
+
+        if (element.firstChild != null) {
+            //let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
+            let nw = new DOMWalker(element);
+            while (!hasContent && nw.nextNode() && nw.node != element) {
+                hasContent = (nw.node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "img" &&
+                    CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(nw.node, "alt"));
+                if (!hasContent
+                    && (AriaUtil.hasRole(nw.node, "button", true) || AriaUtil.hasRole(nw.node, "textbox"))
+                    && (AriaUtil.hasAriaLabel(nw.node) || CommonUtil.attributeNonEmpty(nw.node, "title") || CommonUtil.getLabelForElementHidden(nw.elem(), true))) {
+                    hasContent = true;
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+        return hasContent;
+    }
+
+    public static concatUniqueArrayItem(item: string, arr: string[]): string[] {
+        arr.indexOf(item) === -1 && item !== null ? arr.push(item) : false;
+        return arr;
+    }
+
+    public static concatUniqueArrayItemList(itemList: string[], arr: string[]): string[] {
+        for (let i = 0; itemList !== null && i < itemList.length; i++) {
+            arr = CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItem(itemList[i], arr);
+        }
+        return arr;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * remove array items from a given array
+     * @param itemList items to be removed from arr
+     * @param arr the array
+     * @returns 
+     */
+    public static reduceArrayItemList(itemList: string[], arr: string[]): string[] {
+        if (arr && arr.length > 0 && itemList && itemList.length > 0) {
+            let result = arr.filter((value) => {
+                return !itemList.includes(value);
+            });
+            return result;
+        }
+        return arr;
+    }
+
+    public static getScopeForTh(element) {
+        /** https://www.w3.org/TR/html5/tabular-data.html#header-and-data-cell-semantics
+         * A header cell anchored at the slot with coordinate (x, y) with width width and height height is 
+         * said to be a column header if any of the following conditions are true:
+         * * The cell's scope attribute is in the column state, or
+         * * The cell's scope attribute is in the auto state, and there are no data cells in any of 
+         *   the cells covering slots with y-coordinates y .. y+height-1.
+         * A header cell anchored at the slot with coordinate (x, y) with width width and height height is
+         * said to be a row header if any of the following conditions are true:
+         * * The cell's scope attribute is in the row state, or
+         * * The cell's scope attribute is in the auto state, the cell is not a column header, and there are
+         *   no data cells in any of the cells covering slots with x-coordinates x .. x+width-1.
+         */
+        // Note: auto is default scope
+
+        // Easiest answer is if scope is specified
+        if (element.hasAttribute("scope")) {
+            let scope = element.getAttribute("scope").toLowerCase();
+            if (scope === "row" || scope === 'rowgroup') return "row";
+            if (scope === "col" || scope === 'colgroup') return "column";
+        }
+
+        // scope is auto, default (without a scope) or invalid value.
+        // if all the sibling elements are th, then return "columnheader" 
+        var siblings = element => [...element.parentElement.children].filter(node => node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName != "TH");
+        if (siblings === null || siblings.length === 0)
+            return "column";
+        else return "row";
+    }
+
+    public static getControlOfLabel(node: Node) {
+        // Handle the easy case of label -> for
+        let labelAncestor = CommonUtil.getAncestor(node, "label");
+        if (labelAncestor) {
+            if (labelAncestor.hasAttribute("for")) {
+                return FragmentUtil.getById(node, labelAncestor.getAttribute("for"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create a dictionary containing ids of parent nodes
+        let idDict = {};
+        let parentWalk = node;
+        while (parentWalk) {
+            if (parentWalk.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
+                const ancestor = parentWalk as Element;
+                if (ancestor.hasAttribute("id")) {
+                    idDict[ancestor.getAttribute("id")] = true;
+                }
+            }
+            parentWalk = DOMWalker.parentNode(parentWalk);
+        }
+
+        // Iterate through controls that use aria-labelledby and see if any of them reference one of my ancestor ids
+        const inputsUsingLabelledBy = node.ownerDocument.querySelectorAll("*[aria-labelledby]");
+        for (let idx = 0; idx < inputsUsingLabelledBy.length; ++idx) {
+            const inputUsingLabelledBy = inputsUsingLabelledBy[idx];
+            const ariaLabelledBy = inputUsingLabelledBy.getAttribute("aria-labelledby");
+            const sp = ariaLabelledBy.split(" ");
+            for (const id of sp) {
+                if (id in idDict && !CommonUtil.isIdReferToSelf(node, (node as Element).getAttribute("aria-labelledby"))) {
+                    return inputUsingLabelledBy;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Find the cases where we're within an aria labelledby
         return null;
-    
-    let attrs = [];
-    if (!roles || roles.length == 0)
-        roles =  RPTUtil.getImplicitRole(ruleContext);
-    
-    let aria_attrs: string[] = RPTUtil.getUserDefinedAriaAttributes(ruleContext);  
-    
-    let tagProperty = RPTUtil.getElementAriaProperty(ruleContext);
-    // Attributes allowed on this node
-    let allowedAttributes = RPTUtil.getAllowedAriaAttributes(ruleContext, roles, tagProperty);
-    
-    if (aria_attrs) {
-        for (let i = 0; i < aria_attrs.length; i++) {
-            let attrName = aria_attrs[i].trim().toLowerCase(); 
-            if (!allowedAttributes.includes(attrName) && !attrs.includes(attrName))
-                attrs.push(attrName);
-        }
-    }
-    return attrs;
-}
-
-/* 
- * get conflict Aria and Html attributes
- * return: a list of Aria and Html attribute pairs that are conflict
-*/
-export function getConflictAriaAndHtmlAttributes(elem: Element) {
-    
-    let ariaAttrs = RPTUtil.getUserDefinedAriaAttributeNameValuePairs(elem);
-    let htmlAttrs = RPTUtil.getUserDefinedHtmlAttributeNameValuePairs(elem);
-    
-    let ret = [];
-    if (ariaAttrs && ariaAttrs.length > 0 && htmlAttrs && htmlAttrs.length > 0) {
-        for (let i = 0; i < ariaAttrs.length; i++) {
-            const examinedHtmlAtrNames = RPTUtil.getConflictOrOverlappingHtmlAttribute(ariaAttrs[i], htmlAttrs, 'conflict');
-            if (examinedHtmlAtrNames === null) continue;
-            examinedHtmlAtrNames.forEach(item => {
-                if (item['result'] === 'Failed') //failed
-                    ret.push({'ariaAttr': ariaAttrs[i]['name'], 'htmlAttr': item['attr']});
-            });  
-        }
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-/* 
- * get conflict Aria and Html attributes
- * return: a list of Aria and Html attribute pairs that are conflict
-*/
-export function isTableDescendant(contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy) {
-    if (!contextHierarchies) return null;
-    
-    return contextHierarchies["aria"].filter(hier => ["table", "grid", "treegrid"].includes(hier.role));
-}
-
-/* 
- * get deprecated Aria roles
- * return: a list of deprecated Aria roles
-*/
-export function getDeprecatedAriaRoles(element: Element) {
-    if (!element) return null;
-
-    const roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(element, false);
-    let ret = [];
-    if (roles && roles.length > 0) {
-        const globalDeprecatedRoles = ARIADefinitions.globalDeprecatedRoles;
-        for (let i = 0; i < roles.length; i++) {
-            if (globalDeprecatedRoles.includes(roles[i]))
-                ret.push(roles[i]);
-        }
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-/* 
- * get deprecated Aria role-attributes
- * return: a list of deprecated Aria role-attributes paris
- *         for global the role is marked as 'any'
-*/
-export function getDeprecatedAriaAttributes(element: Element) {
-    if (!element) return null;
-
-    let domAttributes = element.attributes;
-    let ariaAttrs = [];
-    if (domAttributes) {
-        for (let i = 0; i < domAttributes.length; i++) {
-            let attrName = domAttributes[i].name; 
-            if (attrName.substring(0, 5) === 'aria-') 
-                ariaAttrs.push(attrName);
-        }
-    }
-    if (ariaAttrs.length ===0) return [];
-
-    let ret = [];
-    const globalDeprecatedAttributes = ARIADefinitions.globalDeprecatedProperties;
-    for (let i = 0; i < ariaAttrs.length; i++) {
-        if (globalDeprecatedAttributes.includes(ariaAttrs[i]))
-            ret.push({"role":"any", "attribute":ariaAttrs[i]});
-    }
-    const roles = RPTUtil.getRoles(element, false);
-    if (roles && roles.length > 0) {
-        for (let i = 0; i < roles.length; i++) {
-            const roleWithDeprecatedAttributes = ARIADefinitions.designPatterns[roles[i]];
-            if (roleWithDeprecatedAttributes) {
-                const deprecatedAttriNames = roleWithDeprecatedAttributes['deprecatedProps'];
-                if (deprecatedAttriNames && deprecatedAttriNames.length > 0) {
-                    for (let j = 0; j < ariaAttrs.length; j++) {
-                        if (deprecatedAttriNames.includes(ariaAttrs[j]))
-                            ret.push({ "role":roles[i],  "attribute": ariaAttrs[j]} );
-                    }    
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return ret; 
-}
-
-/* 
- * string contains CJK (chinese, japaneses, or korea)
- * return: boolean
-*/
-export function containsCKJ(text: string) {
-    if (!text) return false;
-
-    // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs  https://ayaka.shn.hk/hanregex/
-    let regex =/(?:[\u4e00-\u9fff\u3400-\u4dbf])+/g;
-    
-    const replaced = text.trim().replace(regex, '');
-    if (replaced.length === text.trim().length)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for checking if the node that is provied is
+     * disabled or not. Following is how the check is performed:
+     *    1. Check if the current node is disabled with the following options:
+     *       attribute --> disabled
+     *         Also needs to be "button", "input", "select", "textarea", "optgroup", "option",
+     *         "menuitem", "fieldset" nodes (in array elementsAllowedDisabled)
+     *       attribute --> aria-disabled="true"
+     *    2. Check if any of the current nodes parents are disabled with the same
+     *       options listed in 1.
+     *
+     *    Note: If either current node or any of the parent nodes are disabled then this
+     *          function will return true (node is disabled).
+     *
+     * @parm {HTMLElement} node - The node which should be checked if it is disabled or not.
+     * @return {bool} true if the node is disabled, false otherwise
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static isNodeDisabled(node) {
+
+        // Set PT_NODE_DISABLED to false for all the nodes, before the check and this will be changed to
+        // true when we detect that the node is disabled. We have to set it to false so that we know
+        // the node has already been checked. Only set it to false if the setting is undefined or null
+        // as if it is defined we do not wnat to reset it. As if it is true then we should make use of it
+        // to speed up the check.
+        let PT_NODE_DISABLED = CacheUtil.getCache(node, "PT_NODE_DISABLED", false);
+
+        // Check the nodeType of this node, if this node is a text node then
+        // we get the parentnode and set that as the node as a text nodes,
+        // disabled is directly related to the parent node.
+        if (node.nodeType === 3) {
+            node = DOMWalker.parentNode(node);
+        }
+
+        // Variable Declaration
+        let nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+
+        // Get the disabled element property, disabled and aria-disabled attribute and check that it is true
+        let disabledAttribute = node.hasAttribute("disabled");
+        let disabledPropertyCustom = PT_NODE_DISABLED;
+        let ariaDisabledAttribute = node.hasAttribute('aria-disabled') && node.getAttribute("aria-disabled") === 'true';
+
+        // If this node has disabled attribute and the node allows disabled attribute, then return true.
+        // Disabled attribute is only allowed on "button", "input", "select", "textarea", "optgroup", "option", "menuitem", "fieldset"
+        // In the case aria-disabled is set to true, then also return true
+        if (disabledPropertyCustom || (disabledAttribute && ARIADefinitions.elementsAllowedDisabled.indexOf(nodeName) > -1) || ariaDisabledAttribute) {
+            PT_NODE_DISABLED = true;
+            CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_DISABLED", PT_NODE_DISABLED);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Get the parentNode for this node, becuase we have to check all parents to make sure they do not have
+        // disabled attribute. Only keep checking until we are all the way back to the parentNode
+        // element.
+        let parentElement = DOMWalker.parentNode(node);
+
+        // If the parent node exists and the nodetype is element (1), then run recursive call to perform the check
+        // all the way up to the very parent node. Use recursive call here instead of a while loop so that we do not
+        // have to duplicate the logic for checking if the node is disabled or not for all the parents starting with
+        // child node.
+        if (parentElement != null && parentElement.nodeType === 1) {
+            // Check upwards recursively, and save the results in an variable
+            let nodeDisabled = CommonUtil.isNodeDisabled(parentElement);
+
+            // If the node is found to be disabled then add the custom PT_NODE_DISABLED to true.
+            // so that we can use this next time, to quickly determine if node is disabled or not.
+            // This is extra percaution, the isNodeDisabled function already sets this.
+            if (nodeDisabled) {
+                PT_NODE_DISABLED = true;
+            }
+
+            // Check upwards recursively
+            CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_DISABLED", PT_NODE_DISABLED);
+            return nodeDisabled;
+        }
+
+        // Return false (node is not disabled)
         return false;
-    
-    return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for determine if hidden content should be checked
+     * in rules.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} node - A node so that the document can be accessed to check for the
+     *                        option. Can be document element or a simple node element.
+     * @return {bool} true if hidden content should be checked, false otherwise
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static shouldCheckHiddenContent(node) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for determining if node should be skipped from checking or not, based
+     * on the Check Hidden Content settings and if the node is visible or not.
+     *
+     * @parm {element} node - Node to check if it is visible or not based on the Check Hidden Content
+     *                        setting.
+     *
+     * @return {bool} true if node should be skipped, false otherwise
+     *
+     * @memberOf AriaUtil
+     */
+    public static shouldNodeBeSkippedHidden(node) {
+        // Following are the steps that are executed at this stage to determine if the node should be classified as hidden
+        // or not.
+        //  1. Only run isNodeVisible check if hidden content should NOT be checked. In the case that hidden content is to,
+        //     be scanned then we can just scan everything as normal. In the case that the current node is hidden we
+        //     return true to identify that the node should not be scanned/added to any hash/array.
+        //
+        // Note: The if conditions uses short-circuiting so if the first condition is not true it will not check the next one,
+        //       so on and so forth.
+        if (!CommonUtil.shouldCheckHiddenContent(node) && !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(node)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static isfocusableByDefault(node) {
+        var focusableElements = ['input', 'select', 'button', 'textarea', 'option', 'area'];
+        if (node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "a" && CommonUtil.hasAttribute(node, 'href')) return true;
+        if (node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "area" && CommonUtil.hasAttribute(node, 'href')) return true;
+        if (focusableElements.indexOf(node.nodeName.toLowerCase()) !== -1) return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function check if a non-tabable node has valid tabable content.
+     * If it is tabable (the tabindex is not speicified or is not -1), returns false;
+     * If it is non-tabable, but a child is tabable and does not have element content, returns false;
+     * Otherwise, returns true.
+     */
+    public static nonTabableChildCheck(element: Element): boolean {
+        if (!element.hasAttribute("tabindex") ||
+            (parseInt(element.getAttribute("tabindex")) != -1)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        //let nw = new NodeWalker(element);
+        let nw = new DOMWalker(element);
+        while (nw.nextNode()) {
+            let child = nw.elem();
+            if (child === null) { // Text node. usually is a cartridge return.
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (child.hasAttribute("tabindex") &&
+                (parseInt(child.getAttribute("tabindex")) != -1) &&
+                !CommonUtil.hasInnerContent(child)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static hasAttribute(element, attributeName) {
+        var hasAttribute = false;
+        if (element.hasAttribute) {
+            hasAttribute = element.hasAttribute(attributeName);
+        } else if (element.attributes && element.attributes.getNamedItem) {
+            var attr = element.attributes.getNamedItem(attributeName);
+            hasAttribute = attr && attr.specified;
+        }
+        return hasAttribute;
+    }
+
+    // truncate the given text to a given number of characters
+    // return truncated text
+    public static truncateText(text: string, len = 60) {
+        if (!text) return text;
+        text = text.trim();
+        if (text.length > len)
+            return text.substring(0, len-1) +"...";
+        return text;
+
+    }
+
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/TableUtil.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/TableUtil.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9c5e66fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/TableUtil.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+/******************************************************************************
+     Copyright:: 2020- IBM, Inc
+
+    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+    limitations under the License.
+ *****************************************************************************/
+
+import { VisUtil } from "./VisUtil";
+import { AriaUtil } from "./AriaUtil";
+import { CommonUtil } from "./CommonUtil";
+import {RuleContextHierarchy } from "../api/IRule";
+
+export class TableUtil {
+
+    public static isDataTable(tableNode) {
+        return !(AriaUtil.hasRole(tableNode, "none") || AriaUtil.hasRole(tableNode, "presentation"));
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * A complex data table is a data table with any of the following characteristics:
+     *
+     * a thead element that contains two or more tr elements
+     * a table with more than one thead element
+     * a table with two or more tr elements that contain only th elements
+     * a th or td element with a rowspan or colspan attribute
+     * a tr element that contains at least one td element and two or more th elements
+     * a table with headers not located in the first row or first column
+     * a td element with a headers attribute value that contains more than two IDREFs
+     */
+    public static isComplexDataTable(table) {
+
+        if ("AriaUtil_isComplexDataTable" in table) {
+            return !!table.AriaUtil_isComplexDataTable;
+        }
+
+        let isComplexTable = false;
+
+        if (table && TableUtil.isDataTable(table)) {
+
+            let thNodes = null,
+                tdNodes = null;
+            let trNodes = table.getElementsByTagName("tr");
+            let trNodeCount = trNodes.length;
+            let tdNodeCount = 0,
+                thNodeCount = 0,
+                trNodesHavingOnlyThNodes = 0;
+
+            for (let i = 0; !isComplexTable && i < trNodeCount; ++i) {
+
+                thNodes = trNodes[i].getElementsByTagName("th");
+                tdNodes = trNodes[i].getElementsByTagName("td");
+                thNodeCount = thNodes.length;
+                tdNodeCount = tdNodes.length;
+
+                if (tdNodeCount !== 0) {
+
+                    // a tr element that contains at least one td element and two or more th elements;
+                    isComplexTable = thNodeCount > 1;
+
+                    // a th element with a rowspan or colspan attribute
+                    for (let j = 0; !isComplexTable && j < thNodeCount; ++j) {
+                        isComplexTable = ((thNodes[j].hasAttribute("rowspan") ||
+                            thNodes[j].hasAttribute("colspan")) &&
+                            CommonUtil.getAncestor(thNodes[j], "table") === table);
+                    }
+
+                    // a td element with a rowspan or colspan attribute
+                    // a td element with a headers attribute value that contains more than two IDREFs
+                    for (let k = 0; !isComplexTable && k < tdNodeCount; ++k) {
+                        isComplexTable = ((tdNodes[k].hasAttribute("rowspan") ||
+                            tdNodes[k].hasAttribute("colspan") ||
+                            (tdNodes[k].hasAttribute("headers") && CommonUtil.normalizeSpacing(tdNodes[k].getAttribute("headers")).split(" ").length > 2)) &&
+                            CommonUtil.getAncestor(tdNodes[k], "table") === table);
+                    }
+
+                } else {
+
+                    // two or more tr elements that contain only th elements
+                    if (thNodeCount > 0) {
+                        ++trNodesHavingOnlyThNodes;
+                    }
+                    isComplexTable = trNodesHavingOnlyThNodes === 2;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (!isComplexTable) {
+
+                let theadNodes = table.getElementsByTagName("thead");
+                let theadNodesLength = theadNodes.length;
+
+                if (theadNodesLength > 0) {
+
+                    // table has more than one thead element
+                    isComplexTable = theadNodesLength > 1;
+
+                    // a thead element that contains two or more tr elements
+                    if (!isComplexTable) {
+                        isComplexTable = theadNodes[0].getElementsByTagName("tr").length > 1;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (!isComplexTable && trNodeCount !== 0) {
+                // a table with headers not located in the first row or first column
+                isComplexTable = thNodeCount > 0 && !TableUtil.tableHeaderExists(table);
+            }
+        }
+        table.AriaUtil_isComplexDataTable = isComplexTable;
+
+        return isComplexTable;
+    }
+
+    // Return true if a table cell is hidden or contain no data: <td></td>
+    public static isTableCellEmpty(cell) {
+        if (!cell || !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(cell) || cell.innerHTML.replace(/&nbsp;/g,' ').trim().length === 0)
+            return true;
+           
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Return true if a table row is hidden or contain no data: <tr /> or <tr><td></td><td></td></tr> 
+    public static isTableRowEmpty(row) {
+        if (!row || !row.cells || row.cells.length === 0 || !VisUtil.isNodeVisible(row))
+            return true;
+           
+        let passed = true; //empty
+        for (let c=0; passed && c < row.cells.length; c++) {
+            let cell = row.cells[c];
+            passed = TableUtil.isTableCellEmpty(cell);          
+        }
+        
+        return passed;
+    }
+
+    // Return true if a table's header is in the first row or column
+    public static tableHeaderExists(ruleContext) {
+
+        let rows = ruleContext.rows;
+        if (!rows || rows.length === 0)
+            return null;
+
+        // note that table.rows return all all the rows in the table, 
+        // including the rows contained within <thead>, <tfoot>, and <tbody> elements. 
+        
+        //case 1: headers are in the very first row with data in tbody or thead, but not in tfoot   
+        //get the first row with data, ignoring the rows with no data
+        let passed = true;
+        let firstRow = rows[0];
+        for (let r=0; passed && r < rows.length; r++) {
+            firstRow = rows[r];
+            // ignore the rows from tfoot
+            if (firstRow.parentNode && firstRow.parentNode.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'tfoot') continue;
+            
+            passed = TableUtil.isTableRowEmpty(firstRow);          
+        }
+        
+        //table contain no data:  <table><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></table> 
+        if (passed)
+            return null;
+        
+        // Check if the cells with data in the first data row are all TH's
+        passed = true;
+        for (let r=0; passed && r < firstRow.cells.length; r++) {
+            let cell = firstRow.cells[r];
+            passed = TableUtil.isTableCellEmpty(cell) || cell.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'th';          
+        }
+        
+        if (passed)
+            return true;
+
+        // Case 2: headers are in the first column with data
+        // Assume that the first column has all TH's or a TD without data in the first column.
+        passed = true;
+        for (let i = 0; passed && i < rows.length; ++i) {
+            // ignore the rows from tfoot
+            if (rows[i].parentNode && rows[i].parentNode.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'tfoot') continue;
+
+            // If no cells in this row, or no data at all, that's okay too.
+            passed = !rows[i].cells ||
+                rows[i].cells.length === 0 ||
+                rows[i].cells[0].innerHTML.trim().length === 0 ||
+                rows[i].cells[0].nodeName.toLowerCase() != "td";
+        }
+        
+        if (passed)
+            return true;
+            
+        //case 3: all td data cells have headers attributes that point to the id of a th element in the same table. 
+        // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/tables.html#attributes-common-to-td-and-th-elements
+        passed = true; 
+        let thIds = [];
+        let tdHeaders = [];
+        for (let r=0; passed && r < rows.length; r++) {
+            let row = rows[r]; 
+            // Check if the cells with data in the last data row are all TH's
+            for (let c=0; c < row.cells.length; c++) {
+                let cell = row.cells[c];
+                if (TableUtil.isTableCellEmpty(cell)) continue; 
+                if (cell.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'td') {
+                    if (!cell.getAttribute('headers') || cell.getAttribute('headers').trim().length === 0)
+                        passed = false;
+                    else
+                        CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItemList(cell.getAttribute('headers').trim().split(" "), tdHeaders);
+                } else if (cell.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'th' && cell.getAttribute('id') && cell.getAttribute('id').trim().length > 0)
+                        CommonUtil.concatUniqueArrayItem(cell.getAttribute('id').trim(), thIds);    
+            }      
+        }
+        
+        if (passed) { // all td elements have headers, to exam if the headers point to a th id
+            if (thIds.length > 0 && tdHeaders.every(header => thIds.includes(header)))
+                return true; 
+        }
+        
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static isLayoutTable(tableNode) {
+        return AriaUtil.hasRole(tableNode, "presentation") || AriaUtil.hasRole(tableNode, "none");
+    }
+
+/* 
+ * get conflict Aria and Html attributes
+ * return: a list of Aria and Html attribute pairs that are conflict
+*/
+public static isTableDescendant(contextHierarchies?: RuleContextHierarchy) {
+    if (!contextHierarchies) return null;
+    
+    return contextHierarchies["aria"].filter(hier => ["table", "grid", "treegrid"].includes(hier.role));
+}
+}
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/VisUtil.ts b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/VisUtil.ts
similarity index 70%
rename from accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/VisUtil.ts
rename to accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/VisUtil.ts
index 1d22ffcc4..7dec0285e 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v2/dom/VisUtil.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/src/v4/util/VisUtil.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@
   limitations under the License.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
-import { getCache, setCache } from "../../v4/util/CacheUtil";
-import { DOMUtil } from "./DOMUtil";
-import { DOMWalker } from "./DOMWalker";
+import { CacheUtil } from "./CacheUtil";
+import { DOMUtil } from "../../v2/dom/DOMUtil";
+import { DOMWalker } from "../../v2/dom/DOMWalker";
 import { DOMMapper } from "../../v2/dom/DOMMapper";
+import { AriaUtil } from "./AriaUtil";
+import { CSSUtil } from "./CSSUtil";
 
 export class VisUtil {
     // This list contains a list of element tags which can not be hidden, when hidden is
@@ -37,14 +39,14 @@ export class VisUtil {
     //  style --> style elements have display: none by default, but the actually CSS script is still executed so we have to
     //            mark this element as visible at all times.
     //  head --> head elements have display: none by default, but it will still behave correct
-    //  title --> title elements have display: none by default, but it will still display the title
+    //  title --> title elements have display: none by default, but it will still display the title. remove title from the list because a title can be a child of a svg element too
     //  meta --> meta elements have display: none by default, but it will still perform the action that meta is suppose to
     //  base --> base elements have display: none by default, but it will still perform the action that meta is suppose to
     //  noscript --> noscript elements have display: none by default, but it will still perform the action that meta is suppose to
     //  template --> template elements have display: none by default, because they are just a mechanism for holding client-side content
     //               that is not to be rendered when a page is loaded. https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/HTML/Element/template
     //  datalist --> datalist elements have display: none by default,
-    public static hiddenByDefaultElements = ['script', 'link', 'style', 'head', 'title', 'meta', 'base', 'noscript', 'template', 'datalist']
+    public static hiddenByDefaultElements = ['script', 'link', 'style', 'head', 'meta', 'base', 'noscript', 'template', 'datalist']
 
     /**
      * This function is responsible for checking if the node that is provied is
@@ -59,6 +61,13 @@ export class VisUtil {
      *    Note: If either current node or any of the parent nodes are hidden then this
      *          function will return false (node is not visible).
      *
+     *    Note: nodes with CSS properties opacity:0 or filter:opacity(0%), or similar SVG mechanisms: 
+     *      They are not considered hidden. Text hidden with these methods can still be selected or copied, 
+     *      and user agents still expose it in their accessibility trees.  
+     * 
+     *    Note: nodes hidden off screen or behind another object: they are not considered hidden. 
+     *      They are exposed in the accessibility tree and they can even name on-screen objects.
+     * 
      * @parm {element} node The node which should be checked if it is visible or not.
      * @return {bool} false if the node is NOT visible, true otherwise
      *
@@ -76,7 +85,7 @@ export class VisUtil {
         // Set PT_NODE_HIDDEN to false for all the nodes, before the check and this will be changed to
         // true when we detect that the node is hidden. We have to set it to false so that we know
         // the rules has already been checked.
-        setCache(node, "PT_NODE_HIDDEN", getCache(node, "PT_NODE_HIDDEN", false));
+        CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_HIDDEN", CacheUtil.getCache(node, "PT_NODE_HIDDEN", false));
 
         // We should only allow nodeType element, and TextNode all other nodesTypes
         // we can return the visibility as visible.
@@ -110,8 +119,10 @@ export class VisUtil {
         //            mark this element as visible at all times.
         //  style --> style elements have display: none by default, but the actually CSS script is still executed so we have to
         //            mark this element as visible at all times.
+        // datalist --> In the rendering, the datalist element represents nothing and it, along with its children, should be hidden.
         if (VisUtil.hiddenByDefaultElements != null && VisUtil.hiddenByDefaultElements != undefined && VisUtil.hiddenByDefaultElements.indexOf(nodeName) > -1) {
-            return true;
+            //return true;
+            return false;
         }
 
         // Check if this node is visible, we check couple of CSS properties and hidden attribute.
@@ -142,7 +153,7 @@ export class VisUtil {
 
             // Get the hidden element property and hidden attribute
             let hiddenAttribute = node.getAttribute("hidden");
-            let hiddenPropertyCustom = getCache(node, "PT_NODE_HIDDEN", undefined);
+            let hiddenPropertyCustom = CacheUtil.getCache(node, "PT_NODE_HIDDEN", undefined);
             // To get the hidden property we need to perform a special check as in some cases the hidden property will not be
             // a boolean, for theses cases we set it to false as we are not able to determine the true hidden condition.
             // The reason for this is because form elements are able to perform an override, so when we have id="hidden" for an element
@@ -170,20 +181,20 @@ export class VisUtil {
             //  node custom hidden property ser (node.PT_NODE_HIDDEN)
             // If any of the above conditions are true then we return false as this element is not visible
             if ((compStyle !== null && ((compStyle.getPropertyValue('display') === 'none' ||
-                (!getCache(node, "Visibility_Check_Parent", null) && compStyle.getPropertyValue('visibility') === 'hidden'))) ||
+                (!CacheUtil.getCache(node, "Visibility_Check_Parent", null) && compStyle.getPropertyValue('visibility') === 'hidden'))) ||
                 (compStyle.getPropertyValue('display') !== 'block'  && (hiddenProperty || hiddenAttribute != null || hiddenPropertyCustom)))) {
                 // Set a custom expandos property on the the node to identify that it is hidden, so that we can uses
                 // use this in the rules to determine if the node is hidden or not, if we need to.
                 // Use expandos property instead of a hash map which stores the elements, adding/checking expandos
                 // properties is a lot faster performance whise. For Hash map we need to store based on xpath, and to calculate
                 // xpath it is more performance impact.
-                setCache(node, "PT_NODE_HIDDEN", true);
+                CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_HIDDEN", true);
                 return false;
             }
 
-            // check content-visibility: if the content-visibility is hiddenthen, return false as the element is not visible
+            // check content-visibility: if the content-visibility is hidden, then, return false as the element is not visible
             if (VisUtil.isContentHidden(node)) {
-                setCache(node, "PT_NODE_HIDDEN", true);
+                CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_HIDDEN", true);
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -202,7 +213,7 @@ export class VisUtil {
             // so that in the function we can skip checking visibility: hidden for parent elements since visibility: hidden
             // is inherited, which allows a child to have a different setting then the child. This property only needs to be checked
             // once for the first element that is passed down and that is all. Ignore it for all the parents that we iterate over.
-            setCache(parentElement as Element, "Visibility_Check_Parent", true);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(parentElement as Element, "Visibility_Check_Parent", true);
 
             // Check upwards recursively, and save the results in an variable
             let nodeVisible = VisUtil.isNodeVisible(parentElement);
@@ -210,7 +221,7 @@ export class VisUtil {
             // If the node is found to not be visible then add the custom PT_NODE_HIDDEN to true.
             // so that we can use this in the rules.
             if (!nodeVisible) {
-                setCache(node, "PT_NODE_HIDDEN", true);
+                CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_HIDDEN", true);
             }
 
             // Check upwards recursively
@@ -221,6 +232,56 @@ export class VisUtil {
         return true;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * This function is responsible for checking if the node that is visually hidden by clipping or opaq:
+     *    1. Check if the current node is visually hidden:
+     *       CSS --> clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px)
+     *       CSS --> opacity: 0
+     *
+     *    Note: If either current node or any of the parent nodes are visually hidden then this
+     *          function will return true (node is not visually hidden).
+     *
+     *    Note: nodes with CSS properties clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px) or opacity:0 or filter:opacity(0%), or similar SVG mechanisms: 
+     *      They are not considered hidden to an AT. Text hidden with these methods can still be selected or copied, 
+     *      and user agents still expose it in their accessibility trees.  
+     * 
+     * @parm {element} node The node which should be checked if it is visually hidden or not.
+     * @return {bool} true if the node is visually hidden, false otherwise
+     *
+     * @memberOf VisUtil
+     */
+    public static isNodeVisuallyHidden(node: Node) : boolean {
+        if (!node || node.nodeType !== 1) return false;
+        
+        let elem = node as HTMLElement;
+        // Set PT_NODE_HIDDEN to false for all the nodes, before the check and this will be changed to
+        // true when we detect that the node is hidden. We have to set it to false so that we know
+        // the rules has already been checked.
+        const hidden = CacheUtil.getCache(elem, "PT_NODE_VISUALLY_HIDDEN", undefined);
+        if (hidden === undefined) {
+            // defined styles only give the styles that changed
+            const defined_styles = CSSUtil.getDefinedStyles(elem);
+            if ((defined_styles['position']==='absolute' && defined_styles['clip'] && defined_styles['clip'].replaceAll(' ', '')==='rect(0px,0px,0px,0px)')
+                || (defined_styles['opacity'] && parseFloat(defined_styles['opacity']) < 0.1))  {
+                CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "PT_NODE_VISUALLY_HIDDEN", true);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // Get the parentNode for this node, becuase we have to check all parents to make sure they do not have
+            // the hidden CSS, property or attribute. Only keep checking until we are all the way back to the parentNode
+            // element.
+            let parentElement = DOMWalker.parentElement(elem);
+            if (!parentElement)
+                return false;
+
+            // Check upwards recursively
+            const hid = VisUtil.isNodeVisuallyHidden(parentElement);
+            CacheUtil.setCache(elem, "PT_NODE_VISUALLY_HIDDEN", hid);
+            return hid;
+        }
+        return hidden;
+    }
+
     /**
      * return true if the node or its ancestor is hidden by CSS content-visibility:hidden
      * At this time, CSS content-visibility is partially supported by Chrome & Edge, but not supported by Firefox
@@ -234,18 +295,27 @@ export class VisUtil {
     public static isContentHidden(node: Element) : boolean {
         if (!node) return false;
 
-        const style =  getComputedStyle(node);
-        if (!style) return false;
+        const vis = CacheUtil.getCache(node, "PT_NODE_ContentHidden", undefined);
+        if (vis !== undefined) return vis;    
 
+        const style =  getComputedStyle(node);
+        if (!style) {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_ContentHidden", false);
+            return false;
+        }
         const content_visibility = style.getPropertyValue("content-visibility");
-        if (content_visibility !== 'hidden') 
+        if (content_visibility !== 'hidden') {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_ContentHidden", false);
             return false;  
-         
+        } 
         const display = style.getPropertyValue("display"); 
         // inline element only
-        if (display === 'inline')
+        if (display === 'inline') {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_ContentHidden", false);
             return false;
-
+        }  
+        
+        CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_ContentHidden", true);
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -253,18 +323,26 @@ export class VisUtil {
      * return true if the node is offscreen by CSS position
      * @param node
      */
-    public static isElementOffscreen(node: Node) : boolean {
-        if (!node) return false;
+    public static isElementOffscreen(node: HTMLElement) : boolean {
+        if (!node) return true;
+        if (node.nodeType !== 1) return false;
+        
+        const vis = CacheUtil.getCache(node , "PT_NODE_Offscreen", undefined);
+        if (vis !== undefined) return vis;  
 
         const mapper : DOMMapper = new DOMMapper();
-        const bounds = mapper.getUnadjustedBounds(node);;    
+        const bounds = mapper.getUnadjustedBounds(node); 
+        if (!bounds) {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_Offscreen", true); 
+            return true;
+        }
         
-        if (!bounds) 
-            return false;
-
-        if (bounds['height'] === 0 || bounds['width'] === 0 || bounds['top'] < 0 || bounds['left'] < 0)
+        if (bounds['height'] === 0 || bounds['width'] === 0 || (bounds['top']+bounds['height']) <= 0 || (bounds['left']+bounds['width']) <= 0) {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_Offscreen", true);
             return true;
-         
+        } 
+
+        CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_Offscreen", false);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -273,9 +351,30 @@ export class VisUtil {
      * @param node
      */
     public static isNodeHiddenFromAT(node: Element) : boolean {
-        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(node) || node.getAttribute("aria-hidden") === 'true') return true;
+        if (!node) return false;
+        const vis = CacheUtil.getCache(node, "PT_NODE_HiddenFromAT", undefined);
+        if (vis !== undefined) return vis;   
+
+        if (!VisUtil.isNodeVisible(node) || node.getAttribute("aria-hidden") === 'true') {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_HiddenFromAT", true);
+            return true;
+        }    
         let ancestor = DOMUtil.getAncestorWithAttribute(node, "aria-hidden", "true");
-        if (ancestor) return true;
+        if (ancestor) {
+            CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_HiddenFromAT", true);
+            return true;
+        }
+        CacheUtil.setCache(node, "PT_NODE_HiddenFromAT", false);    
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * return true if the node or its ancestor is natively hidden or aria-hidden = 'true'
+     * @param node
+     */
+    public static isNodePresentational(node: Element) : boolean {
+        const role = AriaUtil.getResolvedRole(node);
+        if (role && (role === 'none' || role === 'presentation')) return true;
         return false;
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_accessiblename_exists_ruleunit/aria_imge.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_accessiblename_exists_ruleunit/aria_imge.html
index b5a5f36c3..7a06f4120 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_accessiblename_exists_ruleunit/aria_imge.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_accessiblename_exists_ruleunit/aria_imge.html
@@ -33,7 +33,22 @@
   UnitTest = {
       ruleIds: ["aria_accessiblename_exists"],
       results: [
-      
+      {
+            "ruleId": "aria_accessiblename_exists",
+            "value": [
+              "INFORMATION",
+              "PASS"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+              "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/img[1]",
+              "aria": "/document[1]/img[1]"
+            },
+            "reasonId": "pass",
+            "message": "An accessible name is provided for the element",
+            "messageArgs": [],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "category": "Accessibility"
+          }
       ]
   }
 </script>
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_attribute_conflict_ruleunit/aria-autocomplete.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_attribute_conflict_ruleunit/aria-autocomplete.html
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5d342b9f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_attribute_conflict_ruleunit/aria-autocomplete.html
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--
+   /******************************************************************************
+     Copyright:: 2020- IBM, Inc
+
+    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+    limitations under the License.
+  *****************************************************************************/
+-->
+
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>Either HTML 5 attributes or Aria attributes</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<label> Please select a pet
+<input name=animal list=animals autocomplete="off" aria-autocomplete="list">
+</label>
+ <datalist id=animals>
+  <option value="Cat">
+  <option value="Dog">
+ </datalist>
+    
+	<script>
+        UnitTest = {
+          ruleIds: ["aria_attribute_conflict", "aria_attribute_redundant"],
+		  results: [
+		  
+        ]
+        };
+      </script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_attribute_conflict_ruleunit/aria-hidden.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_attribute_conflict_ruleunit/aria-hidden.html
index b4047e21d..35e8aa065 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_attribute_conflict_ruleunit/aria-hidden.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_attribute_conflict_ruleunit/aria-hidden.html
@@ -39,41 +39,7 @@
         UnitTest = {
           ruleIds: ["aria_attribute_conflict", "aria_attribute_redundant"],
 		  results: [
-		  {
-            "ruleId": "aria_attribute_conflict",
-            "value": [
-              "INFORMATION",
-              "FAIL"
-            ],
-            "path": {
-              "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[7]",
-              "aria": "/document[1]/generic[7]"
-            },
-            "reasonId": "fail_conflict",
-            "message": "The ARIA attribute \"aria-hidden\" is in conflict with the corresponding HTML attribute \"hidden\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "aria-hidden",
-              "hidden"
-            ],
-            "apiArgs": [],
-            "category": "Accessibility"
-          },
-          {
-            "ruleId": "aria_attribute_redundant",
-            "value": [
-              "INFORMATION",
-              "PASS"
-            ],
-            "path": {
-              "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[8]",
-              "aria": "/document[1]/generic[8]"
-            },
-            "reasonId": "pass",
-            "message": "The ARIA attribute is not redundant with a corresponding HTML attribute",
-            "messageArgs": [],
-            "apiArgs": [],
-            "category": "Accessibility"
-          }	
+		  
         ]
         };
       </script>
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_attribute_valid_ruleunit/elementsWithSupportingAttributes.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_attribute_valid_ruleunit/elementsWithSupportingAttributes.html
index 7b1ff4bef..83f410b8b 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_attribute_valid_ruleunit/elementsWithSupportingAttributes.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_attribute_valid_ruleunit/elementsWithSupportingAttributes.html
@@ -1143,7 +1143,7 @@ <h2 role="heading" aria-label="h2_El" id="h2_El2" aria-level="1"> Heading level
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/img[1]",
-              "aria": "/document[1]/generic[1]/region[1]/presentation[1]"
+              "aria": "/document[1]/generic[1]/region[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Fail_invalid_implicit_role_attr",
             "message": "The ARIA attributes \"aria-pressed\" are not valid for the element <img> with implicit ARIA role \"presentation, none\"",
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_landmark_name_unique_ruleunit/example_0_fail.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_landmark_name_unique_ruleunit/example_0_fail.html
index 094382093..749bc8c91 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_landmark_name_unique_ruleunit/example_0_fail.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_landmark_name_unique_ruleunit/example_0_fail.html
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ <h2 id="rightnavheading">Institutional Links</h2>
           "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/navigation[1]"
         },
         "reasonId": "Fail_0",
-        "message": "Multiple elements with \"navigation\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"Institutional Links\" label", 
+        "message": "Multiple elements with \"navigation\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"institutional links\" label", 
         "messageArgs": [
           "navigation",
-          "Institutional Links"
+          "institutional links"
         ],
         "apiArgs": [],
         "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@ <h2 id="rightnavheading">Institutional Links</h2>
           "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/navigation[2]"
         },
         "reasonId": "Fail_0",
-        "message": "Multiple elements with \"navigation\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"Institutional Links\" label",
+        "message": "Multiple elements with \"navigation\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"institutional links\" label",
         "messageArgs": [
           "navigation",
-          "Institutional Links"
+          "institutional links"
         ],
         "apiArgs": [],
         "category": "Accessibility"
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_landmark_name_unique_ruleunit/example_4_mixed.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_landmark_name_unique_ruleunit/example_4_mixed.html
index 66ac6266d..7c2607bbd 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_landmark_name_unique_ruleunit/example_4_mixed.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_landmark_name_unique_ruleunit/example_4_mixed.html
@@ -161,10 +161,10 @@
             "aria": "/document[1]/region[1]"
           },
           "reasonId": "Fail_0",
-          "message": "Multiple elements with \"region\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"region FAIL\" label",
+          "message": "Multiple elements with \"region\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"region fail\" label",
           "messageArgs": [
             "region",
-            "region FAIL"
+            "region fail"
           ],
           "apiArgs": [],
           "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -180,10 +180,10 @@
             "aria": "/document[1]/region[2]"
           },
           "reasonId": "Fail_0",
-          "message": "Multiple elements with \"region\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"region FAIL\" label",
+          "message": "Multiple elements with \"region\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"region fail\" label",
           "messageArgs": [
             "region",
-            "region FAIL"
+            "region fail"
           ],
           "apiArgs": [],
           "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -199,10 +199,10 @@
             "aria": "/document[1]/region[3]"
           },
           "reasonId": "Fail_0",
-          "message": "Multiple elements with \"region\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"region FAIL\" label",
+          "message": "Multiple elements with \"region\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"region fail\" label",
           "messageArgs": [
             "region",
-            "region FAIL"
+            "region fail"
           ],
           "apiArgs": [],
           "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -328,10 +328,10 @@
             "aria": "/document[1]/main[2]/region[2]/navigation[1]"
           },
           "reasonId": "Fail_0",
-          "message": "Multiple elements with \"navigation\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"Top Label\" label",
+          "message": "Multiple elements with \"navigation\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"top label\" label",
           "messageArgs": [
             "navigation",
-            "Top Label"
+            "top label"
           ],
           "apiArgs": [],
           "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -347,10 +347,10 @@
             "aria": "/document[1]/main[2]/region[2]/navigation[2]"
           },
           "reasonId": "Fail_0",
-          "message": "Multiple elements with \"navigation\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"Top Label\" label",
+          "message": "Multiple elements with \"navigation\" landmarks within the same parent region are not distinguished from one another because they have the same \"top label\" label",
           "messageArgs": [
             "navigation",
-            "Top Label"
+            "top label"
           ],
           "apiArgs": [],
           "category": "Accessibility"
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/invalidAriaRequiredParent.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/invalidAriaRequiredParent.html
index 4892b9034..00e078559 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/invalidAriaRequiredParent.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/invalidAriaRequiredParent.html
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ <h3>WAI-ARIA role valid parent test</h3>
             ruleId: "1153",
             passedXpaths: [],
             failedXpaths: [
-                "/html/body/ul[1]",
+                //"/html/body/ul[1]",
                 "/html/body/div/ul/li",
-                "/html/body/ul[2]/li"
+                //"/html/body/ul[2]/li"
             ]
         }, ];
         //]]>
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/webComponentPass.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/webComponentPass.html
index 50fab6a2a..a16b9d51c 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/webComponentPass.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/webComponentPass.html
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
       <div>
         <slot id="slot1" name="heading"></slot>
       </div>
-      <ul id="debugWalk2">
+      <ul>
         <slot id="slot2"></slot>
       </ul>
     </template>
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@
   <body>
     <main>
       <h1>Test page</h1>
-      <my-list>
-        <div role="heading" aria-level="4" slot="heading" id="debugWalk1">Something</div>
-        <my-list-item role="listitem">Sample item</my-list-item>
+      <my-list >
+        <div role="heading" aria-level="4" slot="heading" >Something</div>
+        <my-list-item role="listitem" >Sample item</my-list-item>
       </my-list>
     </main>
     <script>
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/webComponentPass2.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/webComponentPass2.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2daf0ce79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_parent_required_ruleunit/webComponentPass2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <title>Issue 741</title>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <template id="my-list">
+      <div>
+        <slot id="slot1" name="heading"></slot>
+      </div>
+      <ul>
+        <slot id="slot2"></slot>
+      </ul>
+    </template>
+
+    <template id="my-list-item">
+      <div>
+        <a href="https://ibm.com/able">
+          <slot id="slot3"></slot>
+        </a>
+      </div>
+    </template>
+    <script>
+      customElements.define(
+        "my-list",
+        class extends HTMLElement {
+          constructor() {
+            super();
+            let template = document.getElementById("my-list");
+            let templateContent = template.content;
+
+            const shadowRoot = this.attachShadow({ mode: "open" });
+            shadowRoot.appendChild(templateContent.cloneNode(true));
+          }
+        }
+      );
+
+      customElements.define(
+        "my-list-item",
+        class extends HTMLElement {
+          constructor() {
+            super();
+            let template = document.getElementById("my-list-item");
+            let templateContent = template.content;
+
+            const shadowRoot = this.attachShadow({ mode: "open" });
+            shadowRoot.appendChild(templateContent.cloneNode(true));
+          }
+        }
+      );
+    </script>
+  </head>
+
+  <body id="mybody">
+    <main id="mymain">
+      <h1>Test page</h1>
+      <my-list id="mylist">
+        <div role="heading" aria-level="4" slot="heading" id="mydev">Something</div>
+        <my-list-item role="listitem" id="mylistItem">Sample item</my-list-item>
+      </my-list>
+    </main>
+    <script>
+      UnitTest = {
+        ruleIds: ["aria_parent_required"],
+        results: [
+          {
+            "ruleId": "aria_parent_required",
+            "value": [
+              "INFORMATION",
+              "PASS"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+              "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/main[1]/my-list[1]/#document-fragment[1]/ul[1]/slot[1]/my-list-item[1]",
+              "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/list[1]/listitem[1]"
+            },
+            "reasonId": "Pass_0",
+            "message": "Rule Passed",
+            "messageArgs": [],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "category": "Accessibility"
+          }
+        ]
+      };
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_role_valid_ruleunit/act_decorative_pass2.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_role_valid_ruleunit/act_decorative_pass2.html
index bc81f393b..e0bcb58b5 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_role_valid_ruleunit/act_decorative_pass2.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/aria_role_valid_ruleunit/act_decorative_pass2.html
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/main[1]/div[1]/img[1]",
-              "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/presentation[1]"
+              "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Pass",
             "message": "ARIA attributes are valid for the element and ARIA role",
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/element_tabbable_role_valid_ruleunit/elements-with-tabindex-no-role.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/element_tabbable_role_valid_ruleunit/elements-with-tabindex-no-role.html
index 0b2c834eb..d4cce5ad3 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/element_tabbable_role_valid_ruleunit/elements-with-tabindex-no-role.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/element_tabbable_role_valid_ruleunit/elements-with-tabindex-no-role.html
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]",
               "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "fail_invalid_role",
-            "message": "The tabbable element's role 'none' is not a widget role",
+            "reasonId": "fail_no_valid_role",
+            "message": "The tabbable element does not have a valid widget role",
             "messageArgs": [
-              "none"
+             
             ],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -120,10 +120,10 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[3]",
               "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "fail_invalid_role",
-            "message": "The tabbable element's role 'none' is not a widget role",
+            "reasonId": "fail_no_valid_role",
+            "message": "The tabbable element does not have a valid widget role",
             "messageArgs": [
-              "none"
+              
             ],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -138,10 +138,10 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[3]/span[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "fail_invalid_role",
-            "message": "The tabbable element's role 'none' is not a widget role",
+            "reasonId": "fail_no_valid_role",
+            "message": "The tabbable element does not have a valid widget role",
             "messageArgs": [
-              "none"
+              
             ],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/element_tabbable_role_valid_ruleunit/tab-multiple.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/element_tabbable_role_valid_ruleunit/tab-multiple.html
index 180b463ad..e2ff767a0 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/element_tabbable_role_valid_ruleunit/tab-multiple.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/element_tabbable_role_valid_ruleunit/tab-multiple.html
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ <h2>Test case: Attributes-deprecated.html</h2>
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "fail_invalid_role",
-            "message": "The tabbable element's role 'none' is not a widget role",
+            "reasonId": "fail_no_valid_role",
+            "message": "The tabbable element does not have a valid widget role",
             "messageArgs": [
-              "none"
+              
             ],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/fieldset_label_valid_ruleunit/FieldSet-hasarialabel.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/fieldset_label_valid_ruleunit/FieldSet-hasarialabel.html
index 4f539bd8f..2e950efd6 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/fieldset_label_valid_ruleunit/FieldSet-hasarialabel.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/fieldset_label_valid_ruleunit/FieldSet-hasarialabel.html
@@ -112,9 +112,9 @@ <h3>Input type Tests</h3>
               "aria": "/document[1]/form[1]/group[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Pass_1",
-            "message": "Group/Fieldset \"Please enter your company information.\" with an input has a unique name",
+            "message": "Group/Fieldset \"please enter your company information.\" with an input has a unique name",
             "messageArgs": [
-              "Please enter your company information."
+              "please enter your company information."
             ],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ <h3>Input type Tests</h3>
               "aria": "/document[1]/form[2]/group[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Fail_2",
-            "message": "Group/Fieldset \"this is a potentially very long description of the fieldset and more description is possible\" has a duplicate name to another group",
+            "message": "Group/Fieldset \"this is a potentially very long description of the fieldset...\" has a duplicate name to another group",
             "messageArgs": [
-              "this is a potentially very long description of the fieldset and more description is possible"
+              "this is a potentially very long description of the fieldset..."
             ],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -148,9 +148,9 @@ <h3>Input type Tests</h3>
               "aria": "/document[1]/form[3]/group[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Fail_2",
-            "message": "Group/Fieldset \"this is a potentially very long description of the fieldset and more description is possible\" has a duplicate name to another group",
+            "message": "Group/Fieldset \"this is a potentially very long description of the fieldset...\" has a duplicate name to another group",
             "messageArgs": [
-              "this is a potentially very long description of the fieldset and more description is possible"
+              "this is a potentially very long description of the fieldset..."
             ],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -166,9 +166,9 @@ <h3>Input type Tests</h3>
               "aria": "/document[1]/form[4]/group[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Fail_2",
-            "message": "Group/Fieldset \"this is a potentially very long description of the fieldset and more description is possible\" has a duplicate name to another group",
+            "message": "Group/Fieldset \"this is a potentially very long description of the fieldset...\" has a duplicate name to another group",
             "messageArgs": [
-              "this is a potentially very long description of the fieldset and more description is possible"
+              "this is a potentially very long description of the fieldset..."
             ],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/fieldset_label_valid_ruleunit/FieldSet-nested.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/fieldset_label_valid_ruleunit/FieldSet-nested.html
index f9d14560a..4247bde15 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/fieldset_label_valid_ruleunit/FieldSet-nested.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/fieldset_label_valid_ruleunit/FieldSet-nested.html
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ <h2>Test case: FieldSet-nested.html</h2>
               "aria": "/document[1]/form[1]/group[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Fail_2",
-            "message": "Group/Fieldset \"Please enter following information\" has a duplicate name to another group",
+            "message": "Group/Fieldset \"please enter following information\" has a duplicate name to another group",
             "messageArgs": [
-              "Please enter following information"
+              "please enter following information"
             ],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ <h2>Test case: FieldSet-nested.html</h2>
               "aria": "/document[1]/form[1]/group[1]/group[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Fail_2",
-            "message": "Group/Fieldset \"Please enter following information\" has a duplicate name to another group",
+            "message": "Group/Fieldset \"please enter following information\" has a duplicate name to another group",
             "messageArgs": [
-              "Please enter following information"
+              "please enter following information"
             ],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/fieldset_label_valid_ruleunit/test_mixed_1.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/fieldset_label_valid_ruleunit/test_mixed_1.html
index d98eda4ad..f07a45eb1 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/fieldset_label_valid_ruleunit/test_mixed_1.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/fieldset_label_valid_ruleunit/test_mixed_1.html
@@ -296,9 +296,9 @@
                         "aria": "/document[1]/group[1]"
                     },
                     "reasonId": "Fail_2",
-                    "message": "Group/Fieldset \"vehiclesThatIDontOwn\" has a duplicate name to another group",
+                    "message": "Group/Fieldset \"vehiclesthatidontown\" has a duplicate name to another group",
                     "messageArgs": [
-                        "vehiclesThatIDontOwn"
+                        "vehiclesthatidontown"
                     ],
                     "apiArgs": [],
                     "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -314,9 +314,9 @@
                         "aria": "/document[1]/group[2]"
                     },
                     "reasonId": "Fail_2",
-                    "message": "Group/Fieldset \"vehiclesThatIDontOwn\" has a duplicate name to another group",
+                    "message": "Group/Fieldset \"vehiclesthatidontown\" has a duplicate name to another group",
                     "messageArgs": [
-                        "vehiclesThatIDontOwn"
+                        "vehiclesthatidontown"
                     ],
                     "apiArgs": [],
                     "category": "Accessibility"
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/imagebutton_alt_exists_ruleunit/InputImg-hasNoAlt.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/imagebutton_alt_exists_ruleunit/InputImg-hasNoAlt.html
index c2bca2c57..fd541ecbb 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/imagebutton_alt_exists_ruleunit/InputImg-hasNoAlt.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/imagebutton_alt_exists_ruleunit/InputImg-hasNoAlt.html
@@ -50,6 +50,26 @@ <h3>Input Image Button Tests</h3>
 
 		<label for="GoBtn1">Go</label>
 		<input type="image" name="Go" id="GoBtn1" src="../support/btn_go.gif" value="go button" title="go button">
+    
+    <br>
+    <label for="GoBtnx">Gox</label>
+		<input type="image" name="Gox" id="GoBtnx" src="../support/btn_go.gif" aria-label="Gox my gobntx">
+    <br>
+    
+    <!--br>
+    <label for="GoBtn2">Go2</label>
+		<input type="image" name="Go2" id="GoBtn2" src="../support/btn_go.gif">
+    <br>
+    <label for="GoBtn3">Go3</label>
+		<button id="GoBtn3"><img src="../support/btn_go.gif"></button>
+    <br>
+
+    <br>
+		<button id="GoBtn4"><img src="../support/btn_go.gif" alt='my GoBtn4'></button>
+    <br>
+
+    <input type="image" name="Go123" id="GoBtn123" src="../support/btn_go.gif"-->
+    
 	</fieldset>
 </form>
 
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/img_alt_valid_ruleunit/act-fail-5.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/img_alt_valid_ruleunit/act-fail-5.html
index dcc8232d5..bff6d8fa2 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/img_alt_valid_ruleunit/act-fail-5.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/img_alt_valid_ruleunit/act-fail-5.html
@@ -15,22 +15,22 @@
   UnitTest = {
     ruleIds: ["img_alt_valid"],
     results: [
-         {
-              "ruleId": "img_alt_valid",
-              "value": [
-                "INFORMATION",
-                "PASS"
-              ],
-              "path": {
-                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/img[1]",
-                "aria": "/document[1]/img[1]"
-              },
-              "reasonId": "pass",
-              "message": "The image has an accessible name or is correctly marked as decorative or redundant",
-              "messageArgs": [],
-              "apiArgs": [],
-              "category": "Accessibility"
-          }
+      {
+            "ruleId": "img_alt_valid",
+            "value": [
+              "INFORMATION",
+              "FAIL"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+              "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/img[1]",
+              "aria": "/document[1]/img[1]"
+            },
+            "reasonId": "fail_no_alt",
+            "message": "The image has neither an accessible name nor is marked as decorative or redundant",
+            "messageArgs": [],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "category": "Accessibility"
+      }
     ]
   };
 </script>
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/img_alt_valid_ruleunit/act-pass-5.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/img_alt_valid_ruleunit/act-pass-5.html
index 17d128876..b01be828e 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/img_alt_valid_ruleunit/act-pass-5.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/img_alt_valid_ruleunit/act-pass-5.html
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/img[1]",
-              "aria": "/document[1]/presentation[1]"
+              "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "pass",
             "message": "The image has an accessible name or is correctly marked as decorative or redundant",
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/img_alt_valid_ruleunit/act-pass-8.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/img_alt_valid_ruleunit/act-pass-8.html
index caa1cf391..c291b8fd8 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/img_alt_valid_ruleunit/act-pass-8.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/img_alt_valid_ruleunit/act-pass-8.html
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/img[1]",
-              "aria": "/document[1]/presentation[1]"
+              "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "pass",
             "message": "The image has an accessible name or is correctly marked as decorative or redundant",
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/input_label_exists_ruleunit/HTML5-new-input-types-Failed.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/input_label_exists_ruleunit/HTML5-new-input-types-Failed.html
index 59adf9ec6..9768c1b5d 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/input_label_exists_ruleunit/HTML5-new-input-types-Failed.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/input_label_exists_ruleunit/HTML5-new-input-types-Failed.html
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ <h3>Input type Tests</h3>
 	      failedXpaths: [
 			"/html/body/form[5]/fieldset/input",  // "/html[1]/body[1]/form[5]/fieldset[1]/input[1]",              
 			//"/html/body/form[15]/keygen",         // "/html[1]/body[1]/form[15]/keygen[1]",                      
-			"/html/body/form[16]/output",         // "/html[1]/body[1]/form[16]/output[1]",                
+			//"/html/body/form[16]/output",         // "/html[1]/body[1]/form[16]/output[1]",                
 			"/html/body/progress",                // "/html[1]/body[1]/progress[1]",     
 			"/html/body/meter"                    // "/html[1]/body[1]/meter[1]",                 
 	      ]
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/input_label_exists_ruleunit/aria-label_test.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/input_label_exists_ruleunit/aria-label_test.html
index bf4f348fd..fde75973d 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/input_label_exists_ruleunit/aria-label_test.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/input_label_exists_ruleunit/aria-label_test.html
@@ -67,7 +67,9 @@
       passedXpaths: [
       ],
       failedXpaths: [
-        "/html/body/div/input[1]"
+        "/html/body/div/input[1]",
+        "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/input[4]",
+        "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/input[5]"
       ]
     }
   ];
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/input_label_exists_ruleunit/input-datetime.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/input_label_exists_ruleunit/input-datetime.html
index 225a76b55..03f948596 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/input_label_exists_ruleunit/input-datetime.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/input_label_exists_ruleunit/input-datetime.html
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ <h3>Input type Tests</h3>
               "aria": "/document[1]/form[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "pass",
-            "message": "The 'for' attribute for a label referencea a unique non-empty 'id' attribute of an <input> element",
+            "message": "The 'for' attribute for a label referencea a unique non-empty 'id' attribute of a valid element",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ <h3>Input type Tests</h3>
               "aria": "/document[1]/form[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "pass",
-            "message": "The 'for' attribute for a label referencea a unique non-empty 'id' attribute of an <input> element",
+            "message": "The 'for' attribute for a label referencea a unique non-empty 'id' attribute of a valid element",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ <h3>Input type Tests</h3>
               "aria": "/document[1]/form[1]/group[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "fail_invalid",
-            "message": "The value \"datetime1\" of the 'for' attribute is not the 'id' of a valid <input> element",
+            "message": "The value \"datetime1\" of the 'for' attribute is not the 'id' of a valid element",
             "messageArgs": [
               "datetime1"
             ],
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ <h3>Input type Tests</h3>
               "aria": "/document[1]/form[1]/group[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "pass",
-            "message": "The 'for' attribute for a label referencea a unique non-empty 'id' attribute of an <input> element",
+            "message": "The 'for' attribute for a label referencea a unique non-empty 'id' attribute of a valid element",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/label_ref_valid_ruleunit/Label-select.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/label_ref_valid_ruleunit/Label-select.html
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..de6cf138e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/label_ref_valid_ruleunit/Label-select.html
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+
+<!--
+   /******************************************************************************
+     Copyright:: 2020- IBM, Inc
+
+    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+    limitations under the License.
+  *****************************************************************************/
+-->
+
+<html lang="en">
+
+<head>
+	<title>RPT Test Suite</title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<label for="my_select">A Selection</label>
+<select id="my_select" hidden="">
+<option value="1">One</option>
+<option value="2">Two</option>
+<option value="3">Three</option>
+</select>
+
+
+<script type="text/javascript">
+//<![CDATA[
+  if (typeof(OpenAjax) == 'undefined') OpenAjax = {}
+  if (typeof(OpenAjax.a11y) == 'undefined') OpenAjax.a11y = {}
+  OpenAjax.a11y.ruleCoverage = [
+    {
+      ruleId: "1062",
+      passedXpaths: [
+      ],
+      failedXpaths: [
+        "/html[1]/body[1]/label[1]"
+      ]
+    }
+  ];
+//]]>
+</script></body>
+</html>
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/label_ref_valid_ruleunit/Label-shadow.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/label_ref_valid_ruleunit/Label-shadow.html
index b69e9dfe6..f95c7d047 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/label_ref_valid_ruleunit/Label-shadow.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/label_ref_valid_ruleunit/Label-shadow.html
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
               "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "pass",
-            "message": "The 'for' attribute for a label referencea a unique non-empty 'id' attribute of an <input> element",
+            "message": "The 'for' attribute for a label referencea a unique non-empty 'id' attribute of a valid element",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/svg_graphics_labelled_ruleunit/svg_presentation.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/svg_graphics_labelled_ruleunit/svg_presentation.html
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..349936603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/svg_graphics_labelled_ruleunit/svg_presentation.html
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML>
+<!--
+   /******************************************************************************
+     Copyright:: 2020- IBM, Inc
+
+    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+    limitations under the License.
+  *****************************************************************************/
+-->
+
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+
+<title>RPT Test</title>
+<style>
+[role="img"] {
+	height: 40px;
+	width: 200px;
+	border: 2px solid black;
+	}
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<div role="main">
+
+<h2>Test case: Defect 798. </h2>
+
+<!-- ################################################################### -->
+
+  <svg role="presentation"></svg>
+  <svg role="none"></svg>
+
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+    UnitTest = {
+        ruleIds: ["svg_graphics_labelled"],
+        results: []
+    }
+</script>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_element_inline.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_element_inline.html
index da56395a4..d89ef8e1b 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_element_inline.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_element_inline.html
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ <h2>display: inline</h2>
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
-            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_overlaid_hidden_default.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_overlaid_hidden_default.html
index 41b41b9fc..c090fab93 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_overlaid_hidden_default.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_overlaid_hidden_default.html
@@ -52,14 +52,30 @@
 
 <body>
 
-  <div id="first" tabindex="0">1</div>
-  <div id="second" tabindex="0">2</div>
+  <div role='button' id="first" tabindex="0">1</div>
+  <div role='button' id="second" tabindex="0">2</div>
 
 <script>
   UnitTest = {
     ruleIds: ["target_spacing_sufficient"],
     results: [
-         {
+    {
+            "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
+            "value": [
+              "INFORMATION",
+              "PASS"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+              "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]",
+              "aria": "/document[1]/button[1]"
+            },
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
+            "messageArgs": [],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "category": "Accessibility"
+          },
+          {
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
@@ -67,7 +83,7 @@
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]",
-              "aria": "/document[1]"
+              "aria": "/document[1]/button[2]"
             },
             "reasonId": "pass_sized",
             "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_overlaid_hidden_zindex.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_overlaid_hidden_zindex.html
index 72ed3ea21..96a721a59 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_overlaid_hidden_zindex.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_overlaid_hidden_zindex.html
@@ -54,14 +54,30 @@
 
 <body>
 
-  <div id="first" tabindex="0">1</div>
-  <div id="second" tabindex="0">2</div>
+  <div role='button' id="first" tabindex="0">1</div>
+  <div role='button' id="second" tabindex="0">2</div>
 
 <script>
   UnitTest = {
     ruleIds: ["target_spacing_sufficient"],
     results: [
     {
+            "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
+            "value": [
+              "INFORMATION",
+              "PASS"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+              "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]",
+              "aria": "/document[1]/button[1]"
+            },
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
+            "messageArgs": [],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "category": "Accessibility"
+          },
+          {
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
@@ -69,7 +85,7 @@
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]",
-              "aria": "/document[1]"
+              "aria": "/document[1]/button[2]"
             },
             "reasonId": "pass_sized",
             "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_overlaid_visible_zindex.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_overlaid_visible_zindex.html
index bc9742f9c..130307bc6 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_overlaid_visible_zindex.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/block_overlaid_visible_zindex.html
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@
   <style>
   div {   
       position: absolute;
-      width: 75px;
-      height: 75px;
+      width: 10px;
+      height: 10px;
       border-radius: 10px;
       color: white;
       padding: 5px;
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@
 
 <body>
 
-  <div id="first" tabindex="0">1</div>
-  <div id="second" tabindex="0">2</div>
+  <div role='button' id="first" tabindex="0">1</div>
+  <div role='button' id="second" tabindex="0">2</div>
 
 <script>
   UnitTest = {
@@ -65,15 +65,18 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "PASS"
+              "POTENTIAL"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]",
-              "aria": "/document[1]"
+              "aria": "/document[1]/button[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
-            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
-            "messageArgs": [],
+            "reasonId": "potential_overlap",
+            "message": "Ensure the overlapped target \"div\" meets a minimum target size or has sufficient spacing from the overlapping target \"div\"",
+            "messageArgs": [
+              "div",
+              "div"
+            ],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           },
@@ -81,18 +84,15 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "POTENTIAL"
+              "PASS"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]",
-              "aria": "/document[1]"
+              "aria": "/document[1]/button[2]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "potential_overlap",
-            "message": "Ensure the overlapped target \"div\" meets a minimum target size or has sufficient spacing from the overlapping target \"div\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "div",
-              "div"
-            ],
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_clip.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_clip.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c486a1510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_clip.html
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-us">
+
+<head>
+  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+</head>
+
+<body id="reference_zsr_1lb_vt">
+  <main role="main">
+      <article tabindex="0">
+        <div style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);">
+          <div>
+            <div tabindex="-1">
+        <span>
+          <a target="_blank"
+            href="https://www.ibm.com/investor/events/earnings-3q24" tabindex="-1">Replay: IBM
+            third-quarter 2024 earnings presentation
+          </a>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+        </div>
+      </article>
+      <script>
+        UnitTest = {
+          ruleIds: ["target_spacing_sufficient"],
+          results: [
+
+          ]
+        }
+      </script>
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_inline2.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_inline2.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8d56b92b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_inline2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-us">
+
+<head>
+  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+
+  <meta name="dcterms.rights" content="© Copyright IBM Corporation 2024">
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="JAX-RS 2.0 can use Apache Abdera to add Atom support.">
+
+  <meta name="geo.country" content="ZZ">
+  <script>
+    digitalData = {
+      page: {
+        pageInfo: {
+          language: "en-us",
+
+          version: "v18",
+          ibm: {
+            country: "ZZ",
+            type: "CT701"
+
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    };
+  </script><!-- Licensed Materials - Property of IBM -->
+  <!-- US Government Users Restricted Rights -->
+  <!-- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by -->
+  <!-- GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. -->
+
+  <link rel="Start" href="../ae/twlp_dep_jaxrs.html">
+  <title>JAX-RS 2.0 integration with Atom</title>
+</head>
+
+<body id="reference_zsr_1lb_vt">
+  <main role="main">
+    <article role="article" aria-labelledby="reference_zsr_1lb_vt__title__1">
+      <h1 class="topictitle1" id="reference_zsr_1lb_vt__title__1">JAX-RS 2.0 integration with Atom</h1>
+
+
+      <div class="body refbody">
+        <div class="section">
+          <p>Eclipse to build
+            or test <span class="ph">Liberty</span> sample. For more information,
+            see <a href="https://github.com/WASdev/sample.abdera.jaxrs" rel="noopener" target="_blank"
+              title="(Opens in a new tab or window)">https://github.com/WASdev/sample.abdera.jaxrs</a>.</p>
+
+          <div class="note"><span class="notetitle">Note:</span> Apache CXF offers you other ways of integrating JAX-RS
+            2.0 with Atom. For more information,
+            see <a href="https://cxf.apache.org/docs/jax-rs-data-bindings.html#JAX-RSDataBindings-Atom" rel="noopener"
+              target="_blank"
+              title="(Opens in a new tab or window)">https://cxf.apache.org/docs/jax-rs-data-bindings.html#JAX-RSDataBindings-Atom</a>.
+          </div>
+
+        </div>
+
+      </div>
+
+      <aside role="complementary" aria-labelledby="reference_zsr_1lb_vt__title__1">
+        <nav role="navigation">
+          <div class="familylinks">
+            <div class="parentlink"><strong>Parent topic:</strong> <a href="../ae/twlp_dep_jaxrs.html"
+                title="You can use Java API for RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS) to develop services that follow Representational State Transfer (REST) principles. RESTful services are based on manipulating resources. Resources can contain static or dynamically updated data. By identifying the resources in your application, you can make the service more useful and easier to develop. Liberty provides jaxrs-1.1 and jaxrs-2.0 to support the JAX-RS programming model.">Deploying
+                JAX-RS 2.0 applications to Liberty</a></div>
+          </div>
+        </nav>
+      </aside>
+    </article>
+  </main>
+  
+  <script>
+    UnitTest = {
+      ruleIds: ["target_spacing_sufficient"],
+      results: [
+      {
+            "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
+            "value": [
+              "INFORMATION",
+              "PASS"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+              "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/main[1]/article[1]/div[1]/div[1]/p[1]/a[1]",
+              "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/article[1]/paragraph[1]/link[1]"
+            },
+            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
+            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
+            "messageArgs": [],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "category": "Accessibility"
+          },
+          {
+            "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
+            "value": [
+              "INFORMATION",
+              "PASS"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+              "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/main[1]/article[1]/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/a[1]",
+              "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/article[1]/link[1]"
+            },
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
+            "messageArgs": [],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "category": "Accessibility"
+          },
+          {
+            "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
+            "value": [
+              "INFORMATION",
+              "PASS"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+              "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/main[1]/article[1]/aside[1]/nav[1]/div[1]/div[1]/a[1]",
+              "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/article[1]/complementary[1]/navigation[1]/link[1]"
+            },
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
+            "messageArgs": [],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "category": "Accessibility"
+          }
+      ]
+    }
+  </script>
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_list.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_list.html
index 6f5439076..f98297610 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_list.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_list.html
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/main[1]/div[1]/select[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/listbox[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass_default",
-            "message": "The target's size is determined by the user agent and is not modified by the author",
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/main[1]/div[2]/select[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/listbox[2]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass_default",
-            "message": "The target's size is determined by the user agent and is not modified by the author",
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_overlap.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_overlap.html
index 2c70730f7..8579fd381 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_overlap.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_overlap.html
@@ -54,14 +54,30 @@
 
 <body>
 
-  <div id="first" tabindex="0">1</div>
-  <div id="second" tabindex="0">2</div>
+  <div role='button' id="first" tabindex="0">1</div>
+  <div role='button' id="second" tabindex="0">2</div>
 
 <script>
   UnitTest = {
     ruleIds: ["target_spacing_sufficient"],
     results: [
-         {
+    {
+            "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
+            "value": [
+              "INFORMATION",
+              "PASS"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+              "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]",
+              "aria": "/document[1]/button[1]"
+            },
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
+            "messageArgs": [],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "category": "Accessibility"
+          },
+          {
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
@@ -69,7 +85,7 @@
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]",
-              "aria": "/document[1]"
+              "aria": "/document[1]/button[2]"
             },
             "reasonId": "pass_sized",
             "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_target.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_target.html
index a15f8989a..e22e0a73c 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_target.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_target.html
@@ -129,18 +129,15 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "POTENTIAL"
+              "PASS"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/button[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/button[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "potential_overlap",
-            "message": "Ensure the overlapped target \"button\" meets a minimum target size or has sufficient spacing from the overlapping target \"button\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "button",
-              "button"
-            ],
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           },
@@ -164,18 +161,15 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "POTENTIAL"
+              "PASS"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/button[3]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/button[3]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "potential_overlap",
-            "message": "Ensure the overlapped target \"button\" meets a minimum target size or has sufficient spacing from the overlapping target \"button\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "button",
-              "button"
-            ],
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           },
@@ -199,18 +193,15 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "POTENTIAL"
+              "PASS"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/button[5]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/button[5]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "potential_overlap",
-            "message": "Ensure the overlapped target \"button\" meets a minimum target size or has sufficient spacing from the overlapping target \"button\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "button",
-              "button"
-            ],
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           },
@@ -218,18 +209,15 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "POTENTIAL"
+              "PASS"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/button[6]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/button[6]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "potential_overlap",
-            "message": "Ensure the overlapped target \"button\" meets a minimum target size or has sufficient spacing from the overlapping target \"button\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "button",
-              "button"
-            ],
+            "reasonId": "pass_sized",
+            "message": "The target’s size is more than 24 CSS pixels",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           },
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_in_text.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_in_text.html
index ab5d3da12..db925f65d 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_in_text.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_in_text.html
@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@
 </head>
 <body>
   <main>
-    <div>This is a <a href="#">link</a> in text.</div>
+    <div>This is a <a id='1' href="#">link</a> in text.</div>
     <div style="margin-top: 2rem;">
     <div>
-      <a href="#">Link 1</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#">Link 2</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#">Link 3</a>.
+      <a id='2' href="#">Link 1</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a id='3' href="#">Link 2</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a id='4' href="#">Link 3</a>.
     </div>
 
     <div style="margin-top: 2rem;">
-    <div style="height:50px;"><a href="#">Link 1</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#">Link 2</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#">Link 3</a></div>
-    <div><a href="#">Link 2</a></div>
-    <div><a href="#">Link 3</a></div>
+    <div style="height:50px;"><a id='5' href="#">Link 1</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a id='6' href="#">Link 2</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a id='7' href="#">Link 3</a></div>
+    <div><a id='8' href="#">Link 2</a></div>
+    <div><a id='9' href="#">Link 3</a></div>
     </div>
 
   </main>
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/main[1]/div[2]/div[2]/div[1]/a[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/link[5]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass_spacing",
-            "message": "The target's spacing from other targets is sufficient",
+            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
+            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/main[1]/div[2]/div[2]/div[1]/a[2]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/link[6]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass_spacing",
-            "message": "The target's spacing from other targets is sufficient",
+            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
+            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/main[1]/div[2]/div[2]/div[1]/a[3]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/link[7]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass_spacing",
-            "message": "The target's spacing from other targets is sufficient",
+            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
+            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -139,18 +139,15 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "FAIL"
+              "PASS"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/main[1]/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/a[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/link[8]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "violation_spacing",
-            "message": "Undersized target \"a\" does not have sufficient spacing of 12 CSS pixels from another target \"a\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "a",
-              "a"
-            ],
+            "reasonId": "pass_default",
+            "message": "The target's size is determined by the user agent and is not modified by the author",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           },
@@ -158,18 +155,15 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "FAIL"
+              "PASS"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/main[1]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/a[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/link[9]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "violation_spacing",
-            "message": "Undersized target \"a\" does not have sufficient spacing of 12 CSS pixels from another target \"a\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "a",
-              "a"
-            ],
+            "reasonId": "pass_default",
+            "message": "The target's size is determined by the user agent and is not modified by the author",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_inline_with_block.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_inline_with_block.html
index 6cbc468a9..e2204e742 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_inline_with_block.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_inline_with_block.html
@@ -32,12 +32,9 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "recommendation_inline",
-            "message": "Confirm the inline target \"a\" is sufficiently spaced from another inline target \"a\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "a",
-              "a"
-            ],
+            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
+            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           },
@@ -51,8 +48,8 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[2]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[2]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
-            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
+            "reasonId": "pass_default",
+            "message": "The target's size is determined by the user agent and is not modified by the author",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -67,8 +64,8 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/a[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[3]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass_spacing",
-            "message": "The target's spacing from other targets is sufficient",
+            "reasonId": "pass_default",
+            "message": "The target's size is determined by the user agent and is not modified by the author",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -77,14 +74,14 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "FAIL"
+              "POTENTIAL"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[3]/a[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[4]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "violation_spacing",
-            "message": "Undersized target \"a\" does not have sufficient spacing of 12 CSS pixels from another target \"a\"",
+            "reasonId": "recommendation_inline",
+            "message": "Confirm the inline target \"a\" is sufficiently spaced from another inline target \"a\"",
             "messageArgs": [
               "a",
               "a"
@@ -96,14 +93,14 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "FAIL"
+              "POTENTIAL"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[3]/a[2]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[5]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "violation_spacing",
-            "message": "Undersized target \"a\" does not have sufficient spacing of 12 CSS pixels from another target \"a\"",
+            "reasonId": "recommendation_inline",
+            "message": "Confirm the inline target \"a\" is sufficiently spaced from another inline target \"a\"",
             "messageArgs": [
               "a",
               "a"
@@ -115,7 +112,7 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "PASS"
+              "POTENTIAL"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[4]/a[1]",
@@ -134,7 +131,7 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "PASS"
+              "POTENTIAL"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[4]/a[2]",
@@ -159,12 +156,9 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[5]/a[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[8]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "recommendation_inline",
-            "message": "Confirm the inline target \"a\" is sufficiently spaced from another inline target \"a\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "a",
-              "a"
-            ],
+            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
+            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           },
@@ -178,12 +172,9 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[5]/a[2]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[9]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "recommendation_inline",
-            "message": "Confirm the inline target \"a\" is sufficiently spaced from another inline target \"a\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "a",
-              "a"
-            ],
+            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
+            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           },
@@ -191,7 +182,7 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "PASS"
+              "POTENTIAL"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[6]/a[1]",
@@ -210,7 +201,7 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "PASS"
+              "POTENTIAL"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[6]/a[2]",
@@ -235,12 +226,9 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[7]/a[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[12]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "recommendation_inline",
-            "message": "Confirm the inline target \"a\" is sufficiently spaced from another inline target \"a\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "a",
-              "a"
-            ],
+            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
+            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           },
@@ -254,12 +242,9 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[7]/a[2]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[13]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "recommendation_inline",
-            "message": "Confirm the inline target \"a\" is sufficiently spaced from another inline target \"a\"",
-            "messageArgs": [
-              "a",
-              "a"
-            ],
+            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
+            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
           }
diff --git a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_text.html b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_text.html
index 201d19c53..799d0a597 100755
--- a/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_text.html
+++ b/accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_text.html
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass_spacing",
-            "message": "The target's spacing from other targets is sufficient",
+            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
+            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[2]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[2]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass_spacing",
-            "message": "The target's spacing from other targets is sufficient",
+            "reasonId": "pass_inline",
+            "message": "The target is in a sentence or its size is otherwise constrained by the line-height of non-target text",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "apiArgs": [],
             "category": "Accessibility"
@@ -78,14 +78,14 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "FAIL"
+              "POTENTIAL"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/a[1]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[3]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "violation_spacing",
-            "message": "Undersized target \"a\" does not have sufficient spacing of 12 CSS pixels from another target \"a\"",
+            "reasonId": "recommendation_inline",
+            "message": "Confirm the inline target \"a\" is sufficiently spaced from another inline target \"a\"",
             "messageArgs": [
               "a",
               "a"
@@ -97,14 +97,14 @@
             "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
             "value": [
               "INFORMATION",
-              "FAIL"
+              "POTENTIAL"
             ],
             "path": {
               "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/a[2]",
               "aria": "/document[1]/link[4]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "violation_spacing",
-            "message": "Undersized target \"a\" does not have sufficient spacing of 12 CSS pixels from another target \"a\"",
+            "reasonId": "recommendation_inline",
+            "message": "Confirm the inline target \"a\" is sufficiently spaced from another inline target \"a\"",
             "messageArgs": [
               "a",
               "a"
diff --git a/accessibility-checker/test/baselines/Baseline_aChecker.Baseline.html.json b/accessibility-checker/test/baselines/Baseline_aChecker.Baseline.html.json
index d59eb3dd9..67d335c32 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker/test/baselines/Baseline_aChecker.Baseline.html.json
+++ b/accessibility-checker/test/baselines/Baseline_aChecker.Baseline.html.json
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 1,
+            "ruleTime": 0,
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
@@ -145,33 +145,6 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 1,
-            "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "message": "Rule Passed",
-            "messageArgs": [],
-            "apiArgs": [],
-            "bounds": {
-                "left": 0,
-                "top": 0,
-                "height": 0,
-                "width": 0
-            },
-            "snippet": "<head>",
-            "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chead%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
-        },
-        {
-            "ruleId": "img_alt_background",
-            "value": [
-                "RECOMMENDATION",
-                "PASS"
-            ],
-            "path": {
-                "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]",
-                "aria": "/document[1]"
-            },
             "ruleTime": 0,
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
@@ -187,7 +160,7 @@
             "category": "Accessibility",
             "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/img_alt_background.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chead%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_background%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chead%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "ruleId": "skip_main_exists",
@@ -226,7 +199,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 1,
+            "ruleTime": 0,
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
@@ -307,7 +280,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 0,
+            "ruleTime": 1,
             "reasonId": "pass",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
@@ -334,7 +307,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/img[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]/img[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 1,
+            "ruleTime": 0,
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
@@ -513,6 +486,36 @@
             "level": "pass",
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_whitespace_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cimg%20id%3D%5C%22ace%5C%22%20src%3D%5C%22fail.png%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_whitespace_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
+        {
+            "ruleId": "aria_accessiblename_exists",
+            "value": [
+                "RECOMMENDATION",
+                "FAIL"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/img[1]",
+                "aria": "/document[1]/img[1]"
+            },
+            "ruleTime": 0,
+            "reasonId": "fail_no_accessible_name",
+            "message": "Element <img> with \"img\" role has no accessible name",
+            "messageArgs": [
+                "img",
+                "img"
+            ],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "bounds": {
+                "left": 8,
+                "top": 8,
+                "height": 0,
+                "width": 0
+            },
+            "snippet": "<img id=\"ace\" src=\"fail.png\">",
+            "category": "Accessibility",
+            "ignored": false,
+            "level": "recommendation",
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_accessiblename_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Element%20%3Cimg%3E%20with%20%5C%22img%5C%22%20role%20has%20no%20accessible%20name%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cimg%20id%3D%5C%22ace%5C%22%20src%3D%5C%22fail.png%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22FAIL%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22fail_no_accessible_name%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_accessiblename_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%22img%22%2C%22img%22%5D%7D"
+        },
         {
             "ruleId": "aria_descendant_valid",
             "value": [
@@ -542,7 +545,7 @@
         }
     ],
     "numExecuted": 20,
-    "ruleTime": 5,
+    "ruleTime": 2,
     "nls": {
         "html_lang_exists": {
             "0": "Page must identify the default language of the document with a 'lang' attribute",
@@ -588,6 +591,10 @@
             "0": "Element 'id' attribute values must be unique within a document",
             "Pass_0": "Rule Passed"
         },
+        "aria_accessiblename_exists": {
+            "0": "Elements with certain roles should have accessible names",
+            "fail_no_accessible_name": "Element <{0}> with \"{1}\" role has no accessible name"
+        },
         "aria_descendant_valid": {
             "0": "Browsers ignore the explicit and implicit ARIA roles of the descendants of certain elements",
             "pass": "The element contains valid descendants"
@@ -597,16 +604,16 @@
         "counts": {
             "violation": 0,
             "potentialviolation": 0,
-            "recommendation": 0,
+            "recommendation": 1,
             "potentialrecommendation": 0,
             "manual": 0,
-            "pass": 15,
+            "pass": 14,
             "ignored": 5,
             "elements": 4,
             "elementsViolation": 0,
             "elementsViolationReview": 0
         },
-        "scanTime": 34,
+        "scanTime": 28,
         "ruleArchive": "Preview Rules (preview)",
         "policies": [
             "IBM_Accessibility",
@@ -620,10 +627,10 @@
             "manual",
             "pass"
         ],
-        "startScan": 1724686697450,
+        "startScan": 1729695667976,
         "URL": "data:text/html;charset=utf-8,%3C!--%0A%20%20%20%20%20%2F******************************************************************************%0A%20%20%20%20%20Copyright%3A%3A%202020-%20IBM%2C%20Inc%0A%0A%20%20%20%20Licensed%20under%20the%20Apache%20License%2C%20Version%202.0%20(the%20%22License%22)%3B%0A%20%20%20%20you%20may%20not%20use%20this%20file%20except%20in%20compliance%20with%20the%20License.%0A%20%20%20%20You%20may%20obtain%20a%20copy%20of%20the%20License%20at%0A%0A%20%20%20%20http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apache.org%2Flicenses%2FLICENSE-2.0%0A%0A%20%20%20%20Unless%20required%20by%20applicable%20law%20or%20agreed%20to%20in%20writing%2C%20software%0A%20%20%20%20distributed%20under%20the%20License%20is%20distributed%20on%20an%20%22AS%20IS%22%20BASIS%2C%0A%20%20%20%20WITHOUT%20WARRANTIES%20OR%20CONDITIONS%20OF%20ANY%20KIND%2C%20either%20express%20or%20implied.%0A%20%20%20%20See%20the%20License%20for%20the%20specific%20language%20governing%20permissions%20and%0A%20%20%20%20limitations%20under%20the%20License.%0A%20%20*****************************************************************************%2F%0A%0A--%3E%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%3Chtml%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cbody%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cimg%20src%3D%22fail.png%22%20id%3D%22ace%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fbody%3E%0A%3C%2Fhtml%3E"
     },
-    "scanID": "5711a3a0-a763-4067-9eef-7f1db63cf8cb",
+    "scanID": "773dc15c-5eb9-43e3-886c-4a0c472ab819",
     "toolID": "accessibility-checker-v3.0.0",
     "label": "Baseline_aChecker.Baseline.html"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accessibility-checker/test/baselines/JSONObjectStructureVerification.html.json b/accessibility-checker/test/baselines/JSONObjectStructureVerification.html.json
index 706a25a55..7ff700c3e 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker/test/baselines/JSONObjectStructureVerification.html.json
+++ b/accessibility-checker/test/baselines/JSONObjectStructureVerification.html.json
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/html_lang_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Lang%20has%20a%20valid%20primary%20lang%20and%20conforms%20to%20BCP%2047%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22html_lang_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/html_lang_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Page%20language%20detected%20as%20%5C%22en%5C%22%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22html_lang_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%22en%22%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 1,
+            "ruleTime": 0,
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/html_skipnav_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22html_skipnav_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 0,
+            "ruleTime": 1,
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/page_title_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22page_title_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/img_alt_background.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_background%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -160,36 +160,9 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<head>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chead%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
-        },
-        {
-            "ruleId": "img_alt_background",
-            "value": [
-                "RECOMMENDATION",
-                "PASS"
-            ],
-            "path": {
-                "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]",
-                "aria": "/document[1]"
-            },
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "message": "Rule Passed",
-            "messageArgs": [],
-            "apiArgs": [],
-            "bounds": {
-                "left": 0,
-                "top": 0,
-                "height": 0,
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+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chead%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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         {
             "ruleId": "page_title_valid",
@@ -201,7 +174,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]/title[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 1,
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             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
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@@ -216,8 +189,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<title>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
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             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/page_title_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ctitle%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22page_title_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%22Helo%20World%22%5D%7D"
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         {
@@ -243,36 +216,9 @@
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             "ruleId": "aria_content_in_landmark",
@@ -297,36 +243,9 @@
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+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cmeta%20charset%3D%5C%22utf-8%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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         {
             "ruleId": "aria_content_in_landmark",
@@ -351,36 +270,9 @@
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             "snippet": "<meta content=\"text\" name=\"Description\">",
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-            "ruleId": "img_alt_background",
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-                "RECOMMENDATION",
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+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cmeta%20content%3D%5C%22text%5C%22%20name%3D%5C%22Description%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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         {
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@@ -405,8 +297,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<body>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
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             "level": "pass",
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         {
@@ -432,8 +324,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<body>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
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             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
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         {
@@ -459,8 +351,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<body>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
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             "level": "pass",
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             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/img_alt_background.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cbody%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_background%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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         {
@@ -473,7 +365,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]"
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-            "ruleTime": 0,
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             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
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@@ -486,8 +378,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<body>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
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             "level": "pass",
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             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_quoted_correctly.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cbody%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_quoted_correctly%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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         {
@@ -513,8 +405,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<body>",
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             "level": "pass",
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         {
@@ -540,8 +432,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div role=\"navigation\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_role_allowed.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20role%3D%5C%22navigation%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_role_allowed%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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         {
@@ -567,8 +459,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div role=\"navigation\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_keyboard_handler_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20role%3D%5C%22navigation%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_keyboard_handler_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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         {
@@ -594,8 +486,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div role=\"navigation\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_role_redundant.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22An%20explicitly-assigned%20ARIA%20role%20is%20not%20redundant%20with%20the%20implicit%20role%20of%20the%20element%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20role%3D%5C%22navigation%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_role_redundant%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -608,7 +500,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]/navigation[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 1,
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             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
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@@ -624,8 +516,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div role=\"navigation\">",
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-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
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@@ -651,8 +543,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div role=\"navigation\">",
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             "level": "pass",
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@@ -678,8 +570,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div role=\"navigation\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
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         {
@@ -705,10 +597,37 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div role=\"navigation\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_whitespace_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20role%3D%5C%22navigation%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_whitespace_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
+        {
+            "ruleId": "aria_attribute_required",
+            "value": [
+                "VIOLATION",
+                "PASS"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]",
+                "aria": "/document[1]/navigation[1]"
+            },
+            "ruleTime": 1,
+            "reasonId": "pass",
+            "message": "The required attributes for the element with the role are defined",
+            "messageArgs": [],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "bounds": {
+                "left": 8,
+                "top": 8,
+                "height": 19,
+                "width": 784
+            },
+            "snippet": "<div role=\"navigation\">",
+            "category": "Accessibility",
+            "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_attribute_required.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20required%20attributes%20for%20the%20element%20with%20the%20role%20are%20defined%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20role%3D%5C%22navigation%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_attribute_required%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+        },
         {
             "ruleId": "aria_content_in_landmark",
             "value": [
@@ -732,8 +651,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<a alt=\"skip to main content\" href=\"#navskip\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
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         },
         {
@@ -746,7 +665,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]/navigation[1]/link[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 0,
+            "ruleTime": 1,
             "reasonId": "pass",
             "message": "The element is not entirely covered by other content",
             "messageArgs": [],
@@ -759,8 +678,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<a alt=\"skip to main content\" href=\"#navskip\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
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             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/element_tabbable_unobscured.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20element%20is%20not%20entirely%20covered%20by%20other%20content%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ca%20alt%3D%5C%22skip%20to%20main%20content%5C%22%20href%3D%5C%22%23navskip%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22element_tabbable_unobscured%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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         {
@@ -786,8 +705,8 @@
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             "snippet": "<a alt=\"skip to main content\" href=\"#navskip\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/element_tabbable_visible.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20tabbable%20element%20is%20visible%20on%20the%20screen%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ca%20alt%3D%5C%22skip%20to%20main%20content%5C%22%20href%3D%5C%22%23navskip%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22element_tabbable_visible%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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@@ -813,8 +732,8 @@
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             "snippet": "<a alt=\"skip to main content\" href=\"#navskip\">",
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-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
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             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/img_alt_background.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ca%20alt%3D%5C%22skip%20to%20main%20content%5C%22%20href%3D%5C%22%23navskip%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_background%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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@@ -840,8 +759,8 @@
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             "snippet": "<a alt=\"skip to main content\" href=\"#navskip\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
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         {
@@ -855,8 +774,8 @@
                 "aria": "/document[1]/navigation[1]/link[1]"
             },
             "ruleTime": 1,
-            "reasonId": "pass_spacing",
-            "message": "The target's spacing from other targets is sufficient",
+            "reasonId": "pass_default",
+            "message": "The target's size is determined by the user agent and is not modified by the author",
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@@ -867,9 +786,9 @@
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+            "ignored": false,
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/target_spacing_sufficient.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20target's%20size%20is%20determined%20by%20the%20user%20agent%20and%20is%20not%20modified%20by%20the%20author%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ca%20alt%3D%5C%22skip%20to%20main%20content%5C%22%20href%3D%5C%22%23navskip%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass_default%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22target_spacing_sufficient%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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@@ -881,7 +800,7 @@
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@@ -902,8 +821,8 @@
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             "level": "pass",
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@@ -929,8 +848,8 @@
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@@ -943,7 +862,7 @@
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@@ -956,8 +875,8 @@
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@@ -983,8 +902,8 @@
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@@ -997,7 +916,7 @@
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@@ -1010,8 +929,8 @@
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@@ -1037,8 +956,8 @@
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             "snippet": "<a alt=\"skip to main content\" href=\"#navskip\">",
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@@ -1064,8 +983,8 @@
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             "level": "pass",
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@@ -1091,8 +1010,8 @@
             },
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@@ -1118,8 +1037,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div role=\"main\">",
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             "level": "pass",
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@@ -1132,7 +1051,7 @@
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                 "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]"
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@@ -1148,8 +1067,8 @@
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@@ -1175,8 +1094,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div role=\"main\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
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@@ -1189,7 +1108,7 @@
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@@ -1202,8 +1121,8 @@
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             "snippet": "<div role=\"main\">",
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@@ -1229,10 +1148,37 @@
             },
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         },
+        {
+            "ruleId": "aria_attribute_required",
+            "value": [
+                "VIOLATION",
+                "PASS"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]",
+                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]"
+            },
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+            "reasonId": "pass",
+            "message": "The required attributes for the element with the role are defined",
+            "messageArgs": [],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "bounds": {
+                "left": 8,
+                "top": 48,
+                "height": 74,
+                "width": 784
+            },
+            "snippet": "<div role=\"main\">",
+            "category": "Accessibility",
+            "level": "pass",
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+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_attribute_required.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20required%20attributes%20for%20the%20element%20with%20the%20role%20are%20defined%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20role%3D%5C%22main%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_attribute_required%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+        },
         {
             "ruleId": "aria_content_in_landmark",
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@@ -1256,8 +1202,8 @@
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@@ -1283,8 +1229,8 @@
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@@ -1310,8 +1256,8 @@
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@@ -1337,8 +1283,8 @@
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             "snippet": "<a name=\"navskip\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
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@@ -1364,8 +1310,8 @@
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             "snippet": "<h1>",
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             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/heading_content_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Heading%20element%20has%20descriptive%20text%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22heading_content_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1391,8 +1337,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<h1>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/heading_markup_misuse.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22heading_markup_misuse%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1418,8 +1364,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<h1>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1432,7 +1378,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/h1[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/heading[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 0,
+            "ruleTime": 1,
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
@@ -1445,8 +1391,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<h1>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/img_alt_background.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_background%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1459,7 +1405,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/h1[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/heading[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 0,
+            "ruleTime": 1,
             "reasonId": "pass",
             "message": "The contrast ratio of text with its background meets WCAG AA requirements",
             "messageArgs": [
@@ -1480,8 +1426,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<h1>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_contrast_sufficient.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20contrast%20ratio%20of%20text%20with%20its%20background%20meets%20WCAG%20AA%20requirements%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_contrast_sufficient%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%2221.00%22%2C32%2C700%2C%22%23000000%22%2C%22%23ffffff%22%2Cfalse%2Cfalse%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1494,7 +1440,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/h1[1]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/heading[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 0,
+            "ruleTime": 1,
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
@@ -1507,8 +1453,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<h1>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_quoted_correctly.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_quoted_correctly%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1534,8 +1480,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<h1>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_whitespace_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_whitespace_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1561,8 +1507,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<h1>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_accessiblename_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22An%20accessible%20name%20is%20provided%20for%20the%20element%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_accessiblename_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1588,8 +1534,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1615,8 +1561,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/element_id_unique.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22element_id_unique%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1642,8 +1588,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/img_alt_background.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_background%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1669,8 +1615,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_quoted_correctly.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_quoted_correctly%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1696,8 +1642,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_whitespace_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_whitespace_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1710,7 +1656,7 @@
                 "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/div[2]",
                 "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]"
             },
-            "ruleTime": 0,
+            "ruleTime": 1,
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
@@ -1723,8 +1669,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1753,8 +1699,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": true,
             "level": "violation",
+            "ignored": true,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/element_id_unique.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20%3Cdiv%3E%20element%20has%20the%20id%20%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%20that%20is%20already%20in%20use%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22FAIL%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Fail_2%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22element_id_unique%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%22div%22%2C%22firstDiv%22%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1780,8 +1726,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/img_alt_background.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_background%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1807,8 +1753,8 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_quoted_correctly.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_quoted_correctly%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
@@ -1834,13 +1780,13 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
+            "ignored": false,
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_whitespace_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_whitespace_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         }
     ],
-    "numExecuted": 67,
-    "ruleTime": 5,
+    "numExecuted": 65,
+    "ruleTime": 15,
     "nls": {
         "html_lang_valid": {
             "0": "The default human language of the page must be valid and specified in accordance with BCP 47",
@@ -1902,6 +1848,10 @@
             "0": "ARIA roles must be valid for the element to which they are assigned",
             "Pass_0": "Rule Passed"
         },
+        "aria_attribute_required": {
+            "0": "The required attributes for the element with a role must be defined",
+            "pass": "The required attributes for the element with the role are defined"
+        },
         "element_tabbable_unobscured": {
             "0": "When an element receives focus, it is not entirely covered by other content",
             "pass": "The element is not entirely covered by other content"
@@ -1916,7 +1866,7 @@
         },
         "target_spacing_sufficient": {
             "0": "The target must be sufficiently sized or spaced from other targets",
-            "pass_spacing": "The target's spacing from other targets is sufficient"
+            "pass_default": "The target's size is determined by the user agent and is not modified by the author"
         },
         "text_contrast_sufficient": {
             "0": "The contrast ratio of text with its background must meet WCAG AA requirements",
@@ -1954,18 +1904,18 @@
     },
     "summary": {
         "counts": {
+            "ignored": 1,
+            "elements": 13,
+            "elementsViolation": 0,
+            "elementsViolationReview": 0,
             "violation": 0,
             "potentialviolation": 0,
             "recommendation": 0,
             "potentialrecommendation": 0,
             "manual": 0,
-            "pass": 66,
-            "ignored": 1,
-            "elements": 13,
-            "elementsViolation": 0,
-            "elementsViolationReview": 0
+            "pass": 64
         },
-        "scanTime": 31,
+        "scanTime": 102,
         "ruleArchive": "Preview Rules (preview)",
         "policies": [
             "IBM_Accessibility"
@@ -1978,10 +1928,10 @@
             "manual",
             "pass"
         ],
-        "startScan": 1727716290858,
+        "startScan": 1730216530896,
         "URL": "data:text/html;charset=utf-8,%3C!DOCTYPE%20html%20PUBLIC%20%22-%2F%2FW3C%2F%2FDTD%20HTML%204.01%20Transitional%2F%2FEN%22%20%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fhtml4%2Floose.dtd%22%3E%0A%3C!--%0A%20%20%20%20%20%2F******************************************************************************%0A%20%20%20%20%20Copyright%3A%3A%202020-%20IBM%2C%20Inc%0A%0A%20%20%20%20Licensed%20under%20the%20Apache%20License%2C%20Version%202.0%20(the%20%22License%22)%3B%0A%20%20%20%20you%20may%20not%20use%20this%20file%20except%20in%20compliance%20with%20the%20License.%0A%20%20%20%20You%20may%20obtain%20a%20copy%20of%20the%20License%20at%0A%0A%20%20%20%20http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apache.org%2Flicenses%2FLICENSE-2.0%0A%0A%20%20%20%20Unless%20required%20by%20applicable%20law%20or%20agreed%20to%20in%20writing%2C%20software%0A%20%20%20%20distributed%20under%20the%20License%20is%20distributed%20on%20an%20%22AS%20IS%22%20BASIS%2C%0A%20%20%20%20WITHOUT%20WARRANTIES%20OR%20CONDITIONS%20OF%20ANY%20KIND%2C%20either%20express%20or%20implied.%0A%20%20%20%20See%20the%20License%20for%20the%20specific%20language%20governing%20permissions%20and%0A%20%20%20%20limitations%20under%20the%20License.%0A%20%20*****************************************************************************%2F%0A%0A--%3E%20%0A%3Chtml%20lang%3D%22en%22%3E%0A%0A%3Chead%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ctitle%3EHelo%20World%3C%2Ftitle%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cmeta%20charset%3D%22utf-8%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cmeta%20name%3D%22Description%22%20content%3D%22text%22%3E%0A%3C%2Fhead%3E%0A%0A%3Cbody%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20role%3D%22navigation%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22%23navskip%22%20alt%3D%22skip%20to%20main%20content%22%3E%20NavSkip%20%3C%2Fa%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20role%3D%22main%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ca%20name%3D%22navskip%22%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C!--%20xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx%20--%3E%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ch1%3EThis%20is%20a%20basic%20file%20to%20test%20that%20the%20karma-ibma%20is%20scanning%20for%20accessibility%20violations...%3C%2Fh1%3E%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20id%3D%22firstDiv%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C!--%3Cimg%20src%3D%22somfile.png%22%2F%3E--%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C!--%3Cimg%20src%3D%22somfile.png%22%2F%3E--%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20id%3D%22firstDiv%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cscript%20type%3D%22text%2Fjavascript%22%3E%0A%2F%2F%3C!%5BCDATA%5B%0A%20%20if%20(typeof(OpenAjax)%20%3D%3D%20'undefined')%20OpenAjax%20%3D%20%7B%7D%0A%20%20if%20(typeof(OpenAjax.a11y)%20%3D%3D%20'undefined')%20OpenAjax.a11y%20%3D%20%7B%7D%0A%20%20OpenAjax.a11y.ruleCoverage%20%3D%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20ruleId%3A%20%221%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20passedXpaths%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20failedXpaths%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%2C%0A%20%20%5D%3B%0A%2F%2F%5D%5D%3E%0A%3C%2Fscript%3E%20%20%20%20%0A%3C%2Fbody%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fhtml%3E%0A"
     },
-    "scanID": "00807472-eded-43ff-a7b1-e64f6e4d5233",
+    "scanID": "4c52c455-f4c2-4b51-816d-3ae99de4b8de",
     "toolID": "accessibility-checker-v3.0.0",
     "label": "JSONObjectStructureVerification.html"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accessibility-checker/test/baselines/JSONObjectStructureVerificationSelenium.html.json b/accessibility-checker/test/baselines/JSONObjectStructureVerificationSelenium.html.json
index 7a9b91432..cfd47e5a7 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker/test/baselines/JSONObjectStructureVerificationSelenium.html.json
+++ b/accessibility-checker/test/baselines/JSONObjectStructureVerificationSelenium.html.json
@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@
             "0": "Elements with certain roles should have accessible names",
             "pass": "An accessible name is provided for the element"
         },
+        "aria_attribute_required": {
+            "0": "The required attributes for the element with a role must be defined",
+            "pass": "The required attributes for the element with the role are defined"
+        },
         "aria_content_in_landmark": {
             "0": "All content must reside within an element with a landmark role",
             "Pass_0": "Rule Passed"
@@ -87,7 +91,7 @@
         },
         "target_spacing_sufficient": {
             "0": "The target must be sufficiently sized or spaced from other targets",
-            "pass_spacing": "The target's spacing from other targets is sufficient"
+            "pass_default": "The target's size is determined by the user agent and is not modified by the author"
         },
         "text_contrast_sufficient": {
             "0": "The contrast ratio of text with its background must meet WCAG AA requirements",
@@ -110,144 +114,113 @@
             "pass": "Components with a widget role should have no more than one tabbable element"
         }
     },
-    "numExecuted": 67,
+    "numExecuted": 65,
     "results": [
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
             "bounds": {
-                "height": 213,
+                "height": 0,
                 "left": 0,
                 "top": 0,
-                "width": 27332
+                "width": 0
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "message": "Lang has a valid primary lang and conforms to BCP 47",
-            "messageArgs": [],
-            "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]"
-            },
-            "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "html_lang_valid",
-            "ruleTime": 1,
-            "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
-            "value": [
-                "VIOLATION",
-                "PASS"
-            ],
-            "ignored": false,
             "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/html_lang_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Lang%20has%20a%20valid%20primary%20lang%20and%20conforms%20to%20BCP%2047%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22html_lang_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
-        },
-        {
-            "apiArgs": [],
-            "bounds": {
-                "height": 213,
-                "left": 0,
-                "top": 0,
-                "width": 27332
-            },
-            "category": "Accessibility",
-            "message": "Page language detected as \"en\"",
+            "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [
-                "en"
+                "Helo World"
             ],
             "path": {
                 "aria": "/document[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]"
+                "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]/title[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "html_lang_exists",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
+            "ruleId": "page_title_valid",
+            "snippet": "<title>",
             "value": [
                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/html_lang_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Page%20language%20detected%20as%20%5C%22en%5C%22%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22html_lang_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%22en%22%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/page_title_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ctitle%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22page_title_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%22Helo%20World%22%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
             "bounds": {
-                "height": 213,
+                "height": 0,
                 "left": 0,
                 "top": 0,
-                "width": 27332
+                "width": 0
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
+            "level": "pass",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
                 "aria": "/document[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]"
+                "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]/title[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "html_skipnav_exists",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
+            "ruleId": "aria_content_in_landmark",
+            "snippet": "<title>",
             "value": [
                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/html_skipnav_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22html_skipnav_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ctitle%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
             "bounds": {
-                "height": 213,
+                "height": 0,
                 "left": 0,
                 "top": 0,
-                "width": 27332
+                "width": 0
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
+            "level": "pass",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
                 "aria": "/document[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]"
+                "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]/meta[2]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "page_title_exists",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
+            "ruleId": "aria_content_in_landmark",
+            "snippet": "<meta content=\"text\" name=\"Description\">",
             "value": [
                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/page_title_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22page_title_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cmeta%20content%3D%5C%22text%5C%22%20name%3D%5C%22Description%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
             "bounds": {
-                "height": 213,
+                "height": 0,
                 "left": 0,
                 "top": 0,
-                "width": 27332
+                "width": 0
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
+            "level": "pass",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
                 "aria": "/document[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]"
+                "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]/meta[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "img_alt_background",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
+            "ruleId": "aria_content_in_landmark",
+            "snippet": "<meta charset=\"utf-8\">",
             "value": [
-                "RECOMMENDATION",
+                "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/img_alt_background.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_background%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cmeta%20charset%3D%5C%22utf-8%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
@@ -258,6 +231,7 @@
                 "width": 0
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
+            "level": "pass",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
@@ -266,848 +240,844 @@
             },
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
             "ruleId": "aria_content_in_landmark",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
             "snippet": "<head>",
             "value": [
                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
             "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chead%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
             "bounds": {
-                "height": 0,
-                "left": 0,
-                "top": 0,
-                "width": 0
+                "height": 999,
+                "left": 999,
+                "top": 999,
+                "width": 999
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
+            "level": "pass",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/heading[1]",
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/h1[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "img_alt_background",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<head>",
+            "reasonId": "pass",
+            "ruleId": "text_whitespace_valid",
+            "snippet": "<h1>",
             "value": [
-                "RECOMMENDATION",
+                "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/img_alt_background.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chead%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_background%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_whitespace_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_whitespace_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
             "bounds": {
-                "height": 0,
-                "left": 0,
-                "top": 0,
-                "width": 0
+                "height": 999,
+                "left": 999,
+                "top": 999,
+                "width": 999
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
+            "level": "pass",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
-            "messageArgs": [
-                "Helo World"
-            ],
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]/title[1]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/heading[1]",
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/h1[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "page_title_valid",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<title>",
+            "ruleId": "text_quoted_correctly",
+            "snippet": "<h1>",
             "value": [
                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/page_title_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ctitle%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22page_title_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%22Helo%20World%22%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_quoted_correctly.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_quoted_correctly%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
             "bounds": {
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-                "left": 0,
-                "top": 0,
-                "width": 0
+                "height": 999,
+                "left": 999,
+                "top": 999,
+                "width": 999
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "message": "Rule Passed",
-            "messageArgs": [],
+            "level": "pass",
+            "message": "The contrast ratio of text with its background meets WCAG AA requirements",
+            "messageArgs": [
+                "21.00",
+                32,
+                700,
+                "#000000",
+                "#ffffff",
+                false,
+                false
+            ],
             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]/title[1]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/heading[1]",
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/h1[1]"
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-            "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "aria_content_in_landmark",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<title>",
+            "reasonId": "pass",
+            "ruleId": "text_contrast_sufficient",
+            "snippet": "<h1>",
             "value": [
                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ctitle%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_contrast_sufficient.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20contrast%20ratio%20of%20text%20with%20its%20background%20meets%20WCAG%20AA%20requirements%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_contrast_sufficient%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%2221.00%22%2C32%2C700%2C%22%23000000%22%2C%22%23ffffff%22%2Cfalse%2Cfalse%5D%7D"
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             "path": {
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-                "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]/title[1]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/heading[1]",
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             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
             "ruleId": "img_alt_background",
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-            "snippet": "<title>",
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                 "RECOMMENDATION",
                 "PASS"
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             "category": "Accessibility",
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             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]/meta[1]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/heading[1]",
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             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "aria_content_in_landmark",
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-            "snippet": "<meta charset=\"utf-8\">",
+            "ruleId": "heading_markup_misuse",
+            "snippet": "<h1>",
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                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
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-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cmeta%20charset%3D%5C%22utf-8%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/heading_markup_misuse.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22heading_markup_misuse%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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+                "left": 999,
+                "top": 999,
+                "width": 999
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "message": "Rule Passed",
+            "level": "pass",
+            "message": "Heading element has descriptive text",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/head[1]/meta[1]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]/heading[1]",
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/h1[1]"
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             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "img_alt_background",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<meta charset=\"utf-8\">",
+            "ruleId": "heading_content_exists",
+            "snippet": "<h1>",
             "value": [
                 "RECOMMENDATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
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             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]/navigation[1]/link[1]",
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                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
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-            "level": "pass",
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             "path": {
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+                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]",
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                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
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-            "level": "pass",
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+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_keyboard_handler_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20role%3D%5C%22main%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_keyboard_handler_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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         {
             "apiArgs": [],
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             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "message": "Rule Passed",
+            "level": "pass",
+            "message": "The required attributes for the element with the role are defined",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]/navigation[1]/link[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[1]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]",
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]"
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                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_whitespace_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ca%20alt%3D%5C%22skip%20to%20main%20content%5C%22%20href%3D%5C%22%23navskip%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_whitespace_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_attribute_required.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20required%20attributes%20for%20the%20element%20with%20the%20role%20are%20defined%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20role%3D%5C%22main%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_attribute_required%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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         {
             "apiArgs": [],
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+                "top": 999,
+                "width": 999
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             "category": "Accessibility",
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                 "aria": "/document[1]/navigation[1]/link[1]",
                 "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[1]"
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-            "ruleId": "a_text_purpose",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
+            "ruleId": "widget_tabbable_single",
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                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
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+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/widget_tabbable_single.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Components%20with%20a%20widget%20role%20should%20have%20no%20more%20than%20one%20tabbable%20element%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ca%20alt%3D%5C%22skip%20to%20main%20content%5C%22%20href%3D%5C%22%23navskip%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22widget_tabbable_single%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
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+                "width": 999
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
+            "level": "pass",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
@@ -1116,856 +1086,771 @@
             },
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                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
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         },
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
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-                "left": 16,
-                "top": 16,
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+                "left": 999,
+                "top": 999,
+                "width": 999
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "message": "Components with a widget role should have no more than one tabbable element",
+            "level": "pass",
+            "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
                 "aria": "/document[1]/navigation[1]/link[1]",
                 "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "pass",
-            "ruleId": "widget_tabbable_single",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
+            "ruleId": "text_whitespace_valid",
             "snippet": "<a alt=\"skip to main content\" href=\"#navskip\">",
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                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
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+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_whitespace_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ca%20alt%3D%5C%22skip%20to%20main%20content%5C%22%20href%3D%5C%22%23navskip%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_whitespace_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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             "apiArgs": [],
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+                "top": 999,
+                "width": 999
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             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]/navigation[1]/link[1]",
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[1]"
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             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "aria_role_allowed",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<div role=\"main\">",
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+            "snippet": "<a alt=\"skip to main content\" href=\"#navskip\">",
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                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
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+                "top": 999,
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             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "message": "Rule Passed",
-            "messageArgs": [],
+            "level": "pass",
+            "message": "The contrast ratio of text with its background meets WCAG AA requirements",
+            "messageArgs": [
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+                16,
+                400,
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+                "#ffffff",
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+                false
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             "path": {
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-                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]/navigation[1]/link[1]",
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[1]"
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             "reasonId": "pass",
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                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
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+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_contrast_sufficient.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20contrast%20ratio%20of%20text%20with%20its%20background%20meets%20WCAG%20AA%20requirements%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ca%20alt%3D%5C%22skip%20to%20main%20content%5C%22%20href%3D%5C%22%23navskip%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_contrast_sufficient%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%229.40%22%2C16%2C400%2C%22%230000ee%22%2C%22%23ffffff%22%2Cfalse%2Cfalse%5D%7D"
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+                "height": 999,
+                "left": 999,
+                "top": 999,
+                "width": 999
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "message": "An explicitly-assigned ARIA role is not redundant with the implicit role of the element",
+            "level": "pass",
+            "message": "The target's size is determined by the user agent and is not modified by the author",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]/navigation[1]/link[1]",
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass",
-            "ruleId": "aria_role_redundant",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<div role=\"main\">",
+            "reasonId": "pass_default",
+            "ruleId": "target_spacing_sufficient",
+            "snippet": "<a alt=\"skip to main content\" href=\"#navskip\">",
             "value": [
-                "RECOMMENDATION",
+                "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/aria_role_redundant.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22An%20explicitly-assigned%20ARIA%20role%20is%20not%20redundant%20with%20the%20implicit%20role%20of%20the%20element%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20role%3D%5C%22main%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_role_redundant%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/target_spacing_sufficient.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20target's%20size%20is%20determined%20by%20the%20user%20agent%20and%20is%20not%20modified%20by%20the%20author%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ca%20alt%3D%5C%22skip%20to%20main%20content%5C%22%20href%3D%5C%22%23navskip%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass_default%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22target_spacing_sufficient%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
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         {
             "apiArgs": [],
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+                "height": 999,
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+                "top": 999,
+                "width": 999
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "message": "Rule Passed",
-            "messageArgs": [
-                "main",
-                "div"
-            ],
+            "level": "pass",
+            "message": "The keyboard focus indicator is visible or is not changed from the browser default",
+            "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]/navigation[1]/link[1]",
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[1]/a[1]"
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-            "reasonId": "Pass_0",
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-                "top": 213,
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-            },
-            "category": "Accessibility",
-            "message": "The <div> element has the id \"firstDiv\" that is already in use",
-            "messageArgs": [
-                "div",
-                "firstDiv"
-            ],
-            "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/div[2]"
-            },
-            "reasonId": "Fail_2",
-            "ruleId": "element_id_unique",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
-            "value": [
-                "VIOLATION",
-                "FAIL"
-            ],
-            "ignored": true,
-            "level": "violation",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/element_id_unique.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20%3Cdiv%3E%20element%20has%20the%20id%20%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%20that%20is%20already%20in%20use%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22FAIL%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Fail_2%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22element_id_unique%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%22div%22%2C%22firstDiv%22%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/img_alt_background.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_background%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
             "bounds": {
-                "height": 0,
-                "left": 16,
-                "top": 213,
-                "width": 27300
+                "height": 999,
+                "left": 0,
+                "top": 0,
+                "width": 999
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
+            "level": "pass",
             "message": "Rule Passed",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/div[2]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]",
+                "dom": "/html[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "img_alt_background",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
+            "ruleId": "html_skipnav_exists",
+            "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
             "value": [
-                "RECOMMENDATION",
+                "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/img_alt_background.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_background%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/html_skipnav_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22html_skipnav_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
             "bounds": {
-                "height": 0,
-                "left": 16,
-                "top": 213,
-                "width": 27300
+                "height": 999,
+                "left": 0,
+                "top": 0,
+                "width": 999
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "message": "Rule Passed",
+            "level": "pass",
+            "message": "Lang has a valid primary lang and conforms to BCP 47",
             "messageArgs": [],
             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/div[2]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]",
+                "dom": "/html[1]"
             },
             "reasonId": "Pass_0",
-            "ruleId": "text_quoted_correctly",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
+            "ruleId": "html_lang_valid",
+            "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
             "value": [
                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_quoted_correctly.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_quoted_correctly%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/html_lang_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Lang%20has%20a%20valid%20primary%20lang%20and%20conforms%20to%20BCP%2047%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22html_lang_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "apiArgs": [],
             "bounds": {
-                "height": 0,
-                "left": 16,
-                "top": 213,
-                "width": 27300
+                "height": 999,
+                "left": 0,
+                "top": 0,
+                "width": 999
             },
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "message": "Rule Passed",
-            "messageArgs": [],
+            "level": "pass",
+            "message": "Page language detected as \"en\"",
+            "messageArgs": [
+                "en"
+            ],
             "path": {
-                "aria": "/document[1]/main[1]",
-                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/div[2]"
+                "aria": "/document[1]",
+                "dom": "/html[1]"
             },
-            "reasonId": "pass",
-            "ruleId": "text_whitespace_valid",
-            "ruleTime": 0,
-            "snippet": "<div id=\"firstDiv\">",
+            "reasonId": "Pass_0",
+            "ruleId": "html_lang_exists",
+            "snippet": "<html lang=\"en\">",
             "value": [
                 "VIOLATION",
                 "PASS"
             ],
             "ignored": false,
-            "level": "pass",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/text_whitespace_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Rule%20Passed%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20id%3D%5C%22firstDiv%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22pass%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22text_whitespace_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/preview/doc/en-US/html_lang_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Page%20language%20detected%20as%20%5C%22en%5C%22%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%20lang%3D%5C%22en%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22PASS%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Pass_0%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22html_lang_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%22en%22%5D%7D"
         }
     ],
-    "ruleTime": 2,
+    "ruleTime": 999,
     "summary": {
         "counts": {
-            "violation": 0,
-            "potentialviolation": 0,
-            "recommendation": 0,
-            "potentialrecommendation": 0,
-            "manual": 0,
-            "pass": 66,
             "ignored": 1,
             "elements": 13,
             "elementsViolation": 0,
-            "elementsViolationReview": 0
+            "elementsViolationReview": 0,
+            "manual": 0,
+            "pass": 64,
+            "potentialrecommendation": 0,
+            "potentialviolation": 0,
+            "recommendation": 0,
+            "violation": 0
         },
-        "scanTime": 16,
+        "scanTime": 999,
         "ruleArchive": "Preview Rules (preview)",
         "policies": [
             "IBM_Accessibility"
@@ -1978,10 +1863,10 @@
             "manual",
             "pass"
         ],
-        "startScan": 1727716395161,
-        "URL": "file:///Users/thbrunet/Tom/Git/equal-access/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Slow1/aChecker.ObjectStructure/JSONObjectStructureVerificationSelenium.html"
+        "startScan": 99999999999,
+        "URL": "<URL>"
     },
-    "scanID": "63de2de2-a0ad-4b49-81bf-83ba4a3e9a0a",
+    "scanID": "uuid",
     "toolID": "accessibility-checker-v3.0.0",
     "label": "JSONObjectStructureVerificationSelenium.html"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Fast/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.Puppeteer.test.js b/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Fast/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.Puppeteer.test.js
index 2e2e69201..9537d1678 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Fast/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.Puppeteer.test.js
+++ b/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Fast/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.Puppeteer.test.js
@@ -123,7 +123,12 @@ var skipList = [
 
     // Puppeteer and embedded-chrome @media css behave differently (?)
     path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "accessibility-checker-engine", "test", "v2", "checker", "accessibility", "rules", "element_orientation_unlocked_ruleunit","act-fail4.html"),
-    path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "accessibility-checker-engine", "test", "v2", "checker", "accessibility", "rules", "element_orientation_unlocked_ruleunit","act-pass3.html")
+    path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "accessibility-checker-engine", "test", "v2", "checker", "accessibility", "rules", "element_orientation_unlocked_ruleunit","act-pass3.html"),
+
+    path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "accessibility-checker-engine", "test", "v2", "checker", "accessibility", "rules", "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit", "link_text.html"),
+    path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "accessibility-checker-engine", "test", "v2", "checker", "accessibility", "rules", "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit", "element_inline2.html"),
+    path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "accessibility-checker-engine", "test", "v2", "checker", "accessibility", "rules", "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit", "link_inline_with_block.html")
+
 ]
 
 var skipMap = {}
diff --git a/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Fast/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.test.js b/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Fast/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.test.js
index 6dab68d37..3b3b90486 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Fast/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.test.js
+++ b/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Fast/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.test.js
@@ -110,7 +110,10 @@ var skipList = [
 
     // Puppeteer and embedded-chrome @media css behave differently (?)
     path.join(testRoot, "element_orientation_unlocked_ruleunit","act-fail4.html"),
-    path.join(testRoot, "element_orientation_unlocked_ruleunit","act-pass3.html")
+    path.join(testRoot, "element_orientation_unlocked_ruleunit","act-pass3.html"),
+    path.join(testRoot, "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_text.html"),
+    path.join(testRoot, "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","element_inline2.html"),
+    path.join(testRoot, "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_inline_with_block.html")
 ]
 
 var skipMap = {}
diff --git a/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Fast/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.URL.test.js b/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Fast/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.URL.test.js
index 3c9458084..bc2578d31 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Fast/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.URL.test.js
+++ b/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Fast/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.URL.test.js
@@ -112,7 +112,12 @@ var skipList = [
 
     // Puppeteer and embedded-chrome @media css behave differently (?)
     path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "accessibility-checker-engine", "test", "v2", "checker", "accessibility", "rules", "element_orientation_unlocked_ruleunit","act-fail4.html"),
-    path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "accessibility-checker-engine", "test", "v2", "checker", "accessibility", "rules", "element_orientation_unlocked_ruleunit","act-pass3.html")
+    path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "accessibility-checker-engine", "test", "v2", "checker", "accessibility", "rules", "element_orientation_unlocked_ruleunit","act-pass3.html"),
+
+    path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "accessibility-checker-engine", "test", "v2", "checker", "accessibility", "rules", "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit", "link_text.html"),
+    path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "accessibility-checker-engine", "test", "v2", "checker", "accessibility", "rules", "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit", "element_inline2.html"),
+    path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "accessibility-checker-engine", "test", "v2", "checker", "accessibility", "rules", "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit", "link_inline_with_block.html")
+
 ]
 
 var skipMap = {}
diff --git a/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Playwright/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.Playwright.spec.mjs b/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Playwright/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.Playwright.spec.mjs
index 0efae9455..e355864cf 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Playwright/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.Playwright.spec.mjs
+++ b/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Playwright/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.Playwright.spec.mjs
@@ -105,7 +105,11 @@ var skipList = [
     path.join(testRoot, "style_before_after_review_ruleunit","D100.html"),
 
     // Misc
-    path.join(testRoot, "aria_banner_label_unique_ruleunit", "validLandMarks-testCaseFromAnn.html")
+    path.join(testRoot, "aria_banner_label_unique_ruleunit", "validLandMarks-testCaseFromAnn.html"),
+
+    path.join(testRoot, "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_text.html"),
+    path.join(testRoot, "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","element_inline2.html"),
+    path.join(testRoot, "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_inline_with_block.html")
 ]
 
 var skipMap = {}
diff --git a/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Slow1/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.Selenium.test.js b/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Slow1/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.Selenium.test.js
index 4ac5357e7..9ce4cb2ad 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Slow1/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.Selenium.test.js
+++ b/accessibility-checker/test/mocha/aChecker.Slow1/aChecker.Scans/aChecker.Content.Selenium.test.js
@@ -150,7 +150,11 @@ var skipList = [
     path.join(testRoot, "style_before_after_review_ruleunit", "D100.html"),
 
     // Misc
-    path.join(testRoot, "aria_banner_label_unique_ruleunit", "validLandMarks-testCaseFromAnn.html")
+    path.join(testRoot, "aria_banner_label_unique_ruleunit", "validLandMarks-testCaseFromAnn.html"),
+
+    path.join(testRoot, "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_text.html"),
+    path.join(testRoot, "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","element_inline2.html"),
+    path.join(testRoot, "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_inline_with_block.html")
 ]
 
 var skipMap = {}
diff --git a/accessibility-checker/test/webdriverio/test/specs/example.e2e.ts b/accessibility-checker/test/webdriverio/test/specs/example.e2e.ts
index 0f317c2d8..eb7b670e9 100644
--- a/accessibility-checker/test/webdriverio/test/specs/example.e2e.ts
+++ b/accessibility-checker/test/webdriverio/test/specs/example.e2e.ts
@@ -76,6 +76,9 @@ var skipList = [
 
     // Misc
     // path.join(testRootDir, "aria_banner_label_unique_ruleunit", "validLandMarks-testCaseFromAnn.html"),
+    path.join(testRootDir, "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_text.html"),
+    path.join(testRootDir, "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","element_inline2.html"),
+    path.join(testRootDir, "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_inline_with_block.html")
 ]
 
 var skipMap = {}
diff --git a/cypress-accessibility-checker/test/baselines/violations.json b/cypress-accessibility-checker/test/baselines/violations.json
index b5489abdf..48d3a1fab 100644
--- a/cypress-accessibility-checker/test/baselines/violations.json
+++ b/cypress-accessibility-checker/test/baselines/violations.json
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<html>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": true,
             "level": "violation",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/2024.08.06/doc/en-US/html_lang_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Page%20detected%20as%20HTML%2C%20but%20does%20not%20have%20a%20'lang'%20attribute%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22FAIL%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Fail_3%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22html_lang_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "ignored": true,
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/2024.10.01/doc/en-US/html_lang_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Page%20detected%20as%20HTML%2C%20but%20does%20not%20have%20a%20'lang'%20attribute%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Chtml%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22FAIL%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Fail_3%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22html_lang_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "ruleId": "skip_main_exists",
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<body>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": true,
             "level": "violation",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/2024.08.06/doc/en-US/skip_main_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20page%20does%20not%20provide%20a%20way%20to%20quickly%20navigate%20to%20the%20main%20content%20(ARIA%20%5C%22main%5C%22%20landmark%20or%20a%20skip%20link)%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cbody%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22FAIL%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Fail_1%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22skip_main_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "ignored": true,
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/2024.10.01/doc/en-US/skip_main_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20page%20does%20not%20provide%20a%20way%20to%20quickly%20navigate%20to%20the%20main%20content%20(ARIA%20%5C%22main%5C%22%20landmark%20or%20a%20skip%20link)%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cbody%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22FAIL%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Fail_1%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22skip_main_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "ruleId": "aria_content_in_landmark",
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<h1>",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": true,
             "level": "violation",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/2024.08.06/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Content%20is%20not%20within%20a%20landmark%20element%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22FAIL%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Fail_1%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "ignored": true,
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/2024.10.01/doc/en-US/aria_content_in_landmark.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Content%20is%20not%20within%20a%20landmark%20element%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Ch1%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22FAIL%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22Fail_1%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_content_in_landmark%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
         },
         {
             "ruleId": "img_alt_valid",
@@ -104,12 +104,42 @@
             },
             "snippet": "<img src=\"missing-alt.jpg\">",
             "category": "Accessibility",
-            "ignored": true,
             "level": "violation",
-            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/2024.08.06/doc/en-US/img_alt_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20image%20has%20neither%20an%20accessible%20name%20nor%20is%20marked%20as%20decorative%20or%20redundant%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cimg%20src%3D%5C%22missing-alt.jpg%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22FAIL%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22fail_no_alt%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+            "ignored": true,
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/2024.10.01/doc/en-US/img_alt_valid.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22The%20image%20has%20neither%20an%20accessible%20name%20nor%20is%20marked%20as%20decorative%20or%20redundant%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cimg%20src%3D%5C%22missing-alt.jpg%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22VIOLATION%22%2C%22FAIL%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22fail_no_alt%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22img_alt_valid%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%5D%7D"
+        },
+        {
+            "ruleId": "aria_accessiblename_exists",
+            "value": [
+                "RECOMMENDATION",
+                "FAIL"
+            ],
+            "path": {
+                "dom": "/html[1]/body[1]/img[1]",
+                "aria": "/document[1]/img[1]"
+            },
+            "ruleTime": 0,
+            "reasonId": "fail_no_accessible_name",
+            "message": "Element <img> with \"img\" role has no accessible name",
+            "messageArgs": [
+                "img",
+                "img"
+            ],
+            "apiArgs": [],
+            "bounds": {
+                "left": 16,
+                "top": 133,
+                "height": 32,
+                "width": 32
+            },
+            "snippet": "<img src=\"missing-alt.jpg\">",
+            "category": "Accessibility",
+            "level": "recommendation",
+            "ignored": false,
+            "help": "https://able.ibm.com/rules/archives/2024.10.01/doc/en-US/aria_accessiblename_exists.html#%7B%22message%22%3A%22Element%20%3Cimg%3E%20with%20%5C%22img%5C%22%20role%20has%20no%20accessible%20name%22%2C%22snippet%22%3A%22%3Cimg%20src%3D%5C%22missing-alt.jpg%5C%22%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%22RECOMMENDATION%22%2C%22FAIL%22%5D%2C%22reasonId%22%3A%22fail_no_accessible_name%22%2C%22ruleId%22%3A%22aria_accessiblename_exists%22%2C%22msgArgs%22%3A%5B%22img%22%2C%22img%22%5D%7D"
         }
     ],
-    "numExecuted": 30,
+    "numExecuted": 28,
     "ruleTime": 0,
     "nls": {
         "html_lang_exists": {
@@ -124,6 +154,10 @@
             "0": "Pages must provide a way to skip directly to the main content",
             "Fail_1": "The page does not provide a way to quickly navigate to the main content (ARIA \"main\" landmark or a skip link)"
         },
+        "aria_accessiblename_exists": {
+            "0": "Elements with certain roles should have accessible names",
+            "fail_no_accessible_name": "Element <{0}> with \"{1}\" role has no accessible name"
+        },
         "img_alt_valid": {
             "0": "Images must have accessible names unless they are decorative or redundant",
             "fail_no_alt": "The image has neither an accessible name nor is marked as decorative or redundant"
@@ -131,16 +165,16 @@
     },
     "summary": {
         "counts": {
+            "ignored": 4,
+            "elements": 4,
+            "elementsViolation": 0,
+            "elementsViolationReview": 0,
             "violation": 0,
             "potentialviolation": 0,
-            "recommendation": 0,
+            "recommendation": 1,
             "potentialrecommendation": 0,
             "manual": 0,
-            "pass": 26,
-            "ignored": 4,
-            "elements": 7,
-            "elementsViolation": 0,
-            "elementsViolationReview": 0
+            "pass": null
         },
         "scanTime": 4,
         "ruleArchive": "Preview Rules (preview)",
@@ -154,10 +188,10 @@
             "potentialrecommendation",
             "manual"
         ],
-        "startScan": 1724696836617,
+        "startScan": 1729712593546,
         "URL": "http://localhost:8080/test/sample-html/violations.html"
     },
-    "scanID": "3287e266-6c7a-41d9-8e27-62d66146ad2b",
+    "scanID": "799e0910-e0a0-4eb0-b566-7a0fe6e54e52",
     "toolID": "cypress-accessibility-checker-v3.0.0",
     "label": "violations"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/java-accessibility-checker/src/test/java/com/ibm/able/equalaccess/AccessibilityCheckerPlaywrightTest.java b/java-accessibility-checker/src/test/java/com/ibm/able/equalaccess/AccessibilityCheckerPlaywrightTest.java
index 4c462436d..8ba374e4f 100644
--- a/java-accessibility-checker/src/test/java/com/ibm/able/equalaccess/AccessibilityCheckerPlaywrightTest.java
+++ b/java-accessibility-checker/src/test/java/com/ibm/able/equalaccess/AccessibilityCheckerPlaywrightTest.java
@@ -183,6 +183,10 @@ private void listFiles(File f, java.util.List<File> retFiles) {
 
                 // Misc
                 // path.join(testRootDir, "aria_banner_label_unique_ruleunit", "validLandMarks-testCaseFromAnn.html"),
+
+                Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_text.html").toFile(),
+                Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","element_inline2.html").toFile(),
+                Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_inline_with_block.html").toFile()
             }));
 
             for (File testFile: testFiles) {
diff --git a/java-accessibility-checker/src/test/java/com/ibm/able/equalaccess/AccessibilityCheckerSeleniumFFTest.java b/java-accessibility-checker/src/test/java/com/ibm/able/equalaccess/AccessibilityCheckerSeleniumFFTest.java
index fabeacc68..2d282a7ee 100644
--- a/java-accessibility-checker/src/test/java/com/ibm/able/equalaccess/AccessibilityCheckerSeleniumFFTest.java
+++ b/java-accessibility-checker/src/test/java/com/ibm/able/equalaccess/AccessibilityCheckerSeleniumFFTest.java
@@ -198,10 +198,14 @@ public void getComplianceTestsuite() throws IOException {
                 Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "a_text_purpose_ruleunit", "A-slot-text-error1.html").toFile(),
                 Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit", "link_in_text.html").toFile(),
                 Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit", "block_element_inline.html").toFile(),
-                Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "aria_landmark_name_unique_ruleunit", "example_0_fail.html").toFile()
+                Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "aria_landmark_name_unique_ruleunit", "example_0_fail.html").toFile(),
 
+                Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_inline_with_block.html").toFile(),
+                Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_text.html").toFile(),
+                Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","element_inline2.html").toFile(),
+                
                 // Misc
-                // path.join(testRootDir, "aria_banner_label_unique_ruleunit", "validLandMarks-testCaseFromAnn.html"),
+                // path.join(testRootDir, "aria_banner_label_unique_ruleunit", "validLandMarks-testCaseFromAnn.html"),                
             }));
 
             for (File testFile: testFiles) {
diff --git a/java-accessibility-checker/src/test/java/com/ibm/able/equalaccess/AccessibilityCheckerSeleniumTest.java b/java-accessibility-checker/src/test/java/com/ibm/able/equalaccess/AccessibilityCheckerSeleniumTest.java
index 61512824f..f05d6a12d 100644
--- a/java-accessibility-checker/src/test/java/com/ibm/able/equalaccess/AccessibilityCheckerSeleniumTest.java
+++ b/java-accessibility-checker/src/test/java/com/ibm/able/equalaccess/AccessibilityCheckerSeleniumTest.java
@@ -242,6 +242,10 @@ private void listFiles(File f, java.util.List<File> retFiles) {
 
                 // Misc
                 // path.join(testRootDir, "aria_banner_label_unique_ruleunit", "validLandMarks-testCaseFromAnn.html"),
+
+                Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_text.html").toFile(),
+                Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","element_inline2.html").toFile(),
+                Paths.get(testRootDir.getAbsolutePath(), "target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit","link_inline_with_block.html").toFile()
             }));
 
             for (File testFile: testFiles) {
diff --git a/karma-accessibility-checker/karma.conf1b.js b/karma-accessibility-checker/karma.conf1b.js
index 22d1ad279..081716b4d 100644
--- a/karma-accessibility-checker/karma.conf1b.js
+++ b/karma-accessibility-checker/karma.conf1b.js
@@ -79,6 +79,10 @@ module.exports = function (config) {
             "test/client/**/aChecker.LocalFile.test.js",
             // host server was shutdown
             "test/client/**/aChecker.URL.test.js",
+
+            "../accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/element_inline2.html", 
+            "../accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_inline_with_block.html",  
+            "../accessibility-checker-engine/test/v2/checker/accessibility/rules/target_spacing_sufficient_ruleunit/link_text.html"
         ],
         // Frameworks to use to run the tests that we define
         // Available frameworks: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-adapter