IMPORTANT NOTE: v2.0rc1 is out; all development will be on that now. Please see new doc/developer-notes.mkd
Gitolite is an access control layer on top of git, which allows access control down to the branch level, including specifying who can and cannot rewind a given branch.
Gitolite comes with a huge amount of documentation. If you're absolutely new, the suggested reading order is this:
If you run into trouble start here. If you're migrating from gitosis, read this.
And here's some information on some of the projects and people using gitolite (and who, in turn, have helped shape its features).
Once you've installed it and started using it, you'll want to explore some of
the more powerful features. The documentation is best read online
here or you can read it in your clone's doc/ directory. All the
longer documents have tables of contents, so you can quickly get a feel for
what is covered right at the top.
In this document:
Gitolite lets you use a single user on a server to host many git repositories
and provide access to many developers, without having to give them real
userids on or shell access to the server. The essential magic in doing this
is ssh's pubkey access and the authorized_keys file, and the inspiration was
an older program called gitosis.
Gitolite can restrict who can read from (clone/fetch) or write to (push) a repository. It can also restrict who can push to what branch or tag, which is very important in a corporate environment. Gitolite can be installed without requiring root permissions, and with no additional software than git itself and perl. It also has several other neat features described below and elsewhere in the doc/ directory.
Gitolite is separate from git, and needs to be installed and configured. So... why do we bother?
Gitolite is useful in any server that is going to host multiple git repositories, each with many developers, where some sort of access control is required.
In theory, this can be done with plain old Unix permissions: each user is a
member of one or more groups, each group "owns" one or more repositories, and
using unix permissions (especially the setgid bit -- chmod g+s) you can
allow/disallow users access to repos.
But there are several disadvantages here:
- every user needs a userid and password on the server. This is usually a killer, especially in tightly controlled environments
- adding/removing access rights involves complex
usermod -G ...mumblings which most admins would rather not deal with - viewing (aka auditing) the current set of permissions requires running multiple commands to list directories and their permissions/ownerships, users and their group memberships, and then correlating all these manually
- auditing historical permissions or permission changes is pretty much impossible without extraneous tools
- errors or omissions in setting the permissions exactly can cause problems of either kind: false accepts or false rejects
- without going into ACLs it is not possible to give someone read-only access to a repo; they either get read-write access or no access
- it is absolutely impossible to restrict pushing by branch name or tag name.
Gitolite does away with all this:
- it uses ssh magic to remove the need to give actual unix userids to developers
- it uses a simple but powerful config file format to specify access rights
- access control changes are affected by modifying this file, adding or removing user's public keys, and "compiling" the configuration
- this also makes auditing trivial -- all the data is in one place, and changes to the configuration are also logged, so you can audit them.
- finally, the config file allows distinguishing between read-only and read-write access, not only at the repository level, but at the branch level within repositories.
The most important feature I needed was per-branch permissions. This is pretty much mandatory in a corporate environment, and is almost the single reason I started thinking about writing gitolite.
It's not just "read-only" versus "read-write". Rewinding a branch (aka "non
fast forward push") is potentially dangerous, but sometimes needed. So is
deleting a branch (which is really just an extreme form of rewind). I needed
something in between allowing anyone to do it (the default) and disabling it
completely (receive.denyNonFastForwards or receive.denyDeletes).
Here're some more features. All of them, and more, are documented in detail somewhere in gitolite's doc/ subdirectory.
- simple, yet powerful, config file syntax, including specifying gitweb/daemon access. You'll need this power if you manage lots of users+repos+combinations of access
- apart from branch-name based restrictions, you can also restrict by
file/dir name changed (i.e., output of
git diff --name-only) - if your requirements are still too complex, you can split up the config file and delegate authority over parts of it
- easy to specify gitweb owner, description and gitweb/daemon access
- easy to sync gitweb (http) authorisation with gitolite's access config
- comprehensive logging [aka: management does not think "blame" is just a synonym for "annotate" :-)]
- "personal namespace" prefix for each dev
- migration guide and simple converter for gitosis conf file
- "exclude" (or "deny") rights at the branch/tag level
- specify repos using patterns (patterns may include creator's name)
- define powerful operations on the server side, even github-like forking
Most installation problems are caused by not knowing ssh. Take a look at this transcript to see how simple it actually is, if your server's ssh daemon is behaving itself. Someone also wrote a tutorial, see here.
If I suspect your problem is an ssh issue, I will probably ignore it. Please learn how gitolite uses ssh and then methodically go through the ssh trouble shooting document. These two documents contain everything I could possibly tell you. I have nothing to add.
Even for other topics, please look through at least the table of contents of at least the numbered documents to see if your question is already answered, before asking.
Due to the environment in which this was created and the need it fills, I consider this a "security" program, albeit a very modest one.
For the first person to find a security hole in it, defined as allowing a normal user (not the gitolite admin) to read a repo, or write/rewind a ref, that the config file says he shouldn't, and caused by a bug in code that is in the "master" branch, (not in the other branches, or the configuration file or in Unix, perl, shell, etc.)... well I can't afford 1000 USD rewards like djb, so you'll have to settle for 5000 INR (Indian Rupees) as a "token" prize :-)
However, there are a few optional features (which must be explicitly enabled
in the RC file) where I just haven't had the time to reason about security
thoroughly enough. Please read the comments in conf/example.gitolite.rc for
details, looking for the word "security".
Gitolite is released under GPL v2. See COPYING for details.
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