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ldlt-balex.latex
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ldlt-balex.latex
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\documentclass[11pt]{article}\makeatletter
\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
{\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
{\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{xunicode}
\catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
\catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
\catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
\def\textJapanese{\fontspec{IPAMincho}}
\def\textChinese{\fontspec{HAN NOM A}\XeTeXlinebreaklocale "zh"\XeTeXlinebreakskip = 0pt plus 1pt }
\def\textKorean{\fontspec{Baekmuk Gulim} }
\setmonofont{Courier New}
\setsansfont{Noto Sans}
\setromanfont{Baskerville}
\else
\IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
{\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
\PrerenderUnicode{–}
}%
{\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
\usepackage[english,greek]{babel}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage[]{ucs}
\uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
\uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
\uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
\uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
\uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
\uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
\uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
\def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
\def\textJapanese{}
\def\textChinese{}
\IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\usepackage{times}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
\ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
\ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
\ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
\ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
\else \z@
\ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
\edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
\@chnum
\if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
\if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
\if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
\z@ \@chclass
\if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
\if \@nextchar !6 \else
\if \@nextchar @7 \else
\if \@nextchar (8 \else
\if \@nextchar )9 \else
10
\@chnum
\if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
\if \@nextchar p4 \else
\if \@nextchar b5 \else
\z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
\fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
% Fallback characters (thanks to Andrew Dunning)
\usepackage{newunicodechar}
\newfontfamily{\fallbackfontMUFI}{Junicode}
\DeclareTextFontCommand{\textfallbackMUFI}{\fallbackfontMUFI}
\newunicodechar{⸝}{\textfallbackMUFI{⸝}}
\newunicodechar{⸵}{\textfallbackMUFI{}} % MUFI PUA
\newunicodechar{⍪}{\textfallbackMUFI{}} % MUFI PUA
\newunicodechar{⟨}{\textfallbackMUFI{⟨}}
\newunicodechar{⟩}{\textfallbackMUFI{⟩}}
% Asterisk character for gap.
%\newunicodechar{∗}{\textfallbackMUFI{*}}
% Siglum character
\newfontfamily{\siglumcharacter}{Zapf Dingbats}
\DeclareTextFontCommand{\textsiglumcharacter}{\siglumcharacter}
\newunicodechar{✠}{\textsiglumcharacter{✠}}
% Stigma
\newfontfamily{\fallbackfontStigma}{New Athena Unicode}
\DeclareTextFontCommand{\textfallbackStigma}{\fallbackfontStigma}
\newunicodechar{Ϛ}{\textfallbackStigma{Ϛ}}
\newunicodechar{ϛ}{\textfallbackStigma{ϛ}}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\gap{\lower 2pt \hbox{ * * * }}
\def\sic#1{†#1†}
\def\supplied#1{⟨#1⟩}
\def\surplus#1{[#1]}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{18pt}{22pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }
\newenvironment{copyrightPage}{}{}
\newenvironment{acknowledgmentsPage}{}{}
\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\usepackage[letterpaper,
twoside,
paperheight=185mm,
paperwidth=129mm,
layoutheight=165mm,
layoutwidth=115mm,
textheight=145mm,
textwidth=90mm,
headsep=5mm,
top=20mm,
outer=15mm,
bottom=30mm,
inner=10mm,
hoffset=5mm,
voffset=10mm
]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}
\usepackage{microtype}
\usepackage{soul}
\usepackage{leading}
\usepackage{setspace}
% Allow alignment of images
\usepackage[export]{adjustbox}
\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\graphicspath{ {./images/} }
\usepackage{marginnote}
\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}
% Remove numbers from sections
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage{titletoc}
\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}
\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}
\pagestyle{fancy}
% Reledmac options
\usepackage{reledmac}
\lineation{page}
\linenummargin{inner}
\Xnotenumfont{\normalfont\bfseries}
% Settings for familiar notes (e.g., apparatus fontium)
\Xbeforenotes[A]{2em} % Space before apparatus begins
\Xafterrule[A]{0.75em} % Space after note rule
\Xarrangement[A]{paragraph}
\Xnumberonlyfirstinline[A]
\Xragged[A]{R}
% Settings for apparatus criticus notes
\Xbeforenotes[B]{2em} % Space before apparatus begins
\Xafterrule[B]{0.75em} % Space after note rule
\Xarrangement[B]{paragraph}
\Xragged[B]{R}
\Xnumberonlyfirstinline[B]
\Xafternote[B]{0.5em}
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000
\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
{-2ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{3ex \@plus .2ex}%
{\reset@font\LARGE\fontfamily{lmr}}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
{5ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
{2.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
{\reset@font\fontfamily{lmr}\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
{4ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{2ex \@plus .2ex}%
{\reset@font\fontfamily{lmr}\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
{3ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
{1ex \@plus .2ex}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\fontfamily{lmr}\textit}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
{1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
{-1em}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\textbf}}
\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
\@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
\parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
\parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
\bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
\endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
\pagenumbering{roman}
\def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
\def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
\def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
\def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
\def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
\cleardoublepage
\def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
\setcounter{chapter}{0}
\setcounter{section}{0}
\pagenumbering{arabic}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}
\def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
\def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
\def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
\def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
\cleardoublepage
\setcounter{chapter}{0}
\setcounter{section}{0}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}
\def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
\def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
\def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
\appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
\list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
{\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
\leftmargin\labelwidth
\advance\leftmargin\labelsep
\@openbib@code
\usecounter{enumiv}%
\let\p@enumiv\@empty
\renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
}%
\sloppy
\clubpenalty4000
\@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
\widowpenalty4000%
\sfcode`\.\@m}%
{\def\@noitemerr
{\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
\endlist}
\let\origdoublepage\cleardoublepage
\renewcommand{\cleardoublepage}{%
\clearpage
{\pagestyle{empty}\origdoublepage}%
}
\newenvironment{msitemlist}[1]{%
\list{}%
{\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
\leftmargin\labelwidth
\advance\leftmargin\labelsep
\@openbib@code
\usecounter{enumiv}%
\let\p@enumiv\@empty
\renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
}%
\sloppy
\clubpenalty4000
\@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
\widowpenalty4000%
\sfcode`\.\@m}%
{\def\@noitemerr
{\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
\endlist}
\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
\begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
{%
\setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
\setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
\setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
\setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
\def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
}
{\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
\begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
{%
\setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
\setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
\setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
\setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
\def\makelabel##1{\upshape\sffamily ##1}}%
}
{\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
{\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
\phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%
\pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
\hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
}{}
\def\TheFullDate{2022 (revised: 2022)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2022}
\title{Bellum Alexandrinum}
\author{}\makeatletter
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
\clearpage
\if@twoside
\ifodd\c@page
\hbox{}\newpage
\if@twocolumn
\hbox{}\newpage
\fi
\fi
\fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
\topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
\parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
\itemsep 1pt}
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{\LARGE\uppercase{Bellum Alexandrinum}} % Title
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% Editor(s)
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Edited By
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{\Large Cynthia Damon, et al.} % Editor list
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{\Large Society for Classical Studies}\\
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{\large Library of Digital Latin Texts}\\
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{\normalsize Samuel J. Huskey, General Editor}\\
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{\large Volume 1}\\
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{\normalsize 2022}
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\centering
{\LARGE The Digital Latin Library}\\650 Parrington Oval, Carnegie Building 101, Norman, OK 73071, USA
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\small
{The Digital Latin Library} publishes the \textit{Library of Digital Latin Texts} under the authority of The University of Oklahoma. Individual volumes are reviewed and sponsored by the Society for Classical Studies, the Medieval Academy of America, or the Renaissance Society of America, depending on the era of the text(s).
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Volumes are published under the Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-SA 4.0): \url{https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode}.
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\textcopyright \thinspace Cynthia Damon, et al., 2022.
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\begin{acknowledgmentsPage}
{\LARGE Acknowledgments}
\begin{itemize}
\item TEI XML encoding: Samuel J. Huskey.
\item Programming for automatic generation of TEI XML: Virgina K. Felkner.
\item Coauthor of content related to section 2.5: Dallas Simons.
\item Coauthor of content related to sections 12.1–2 and 13.5: Tom Vozar.
\item Coauthor of content related to section 26.1–2: Marcie Persyn.
\item Coauthor of content related to sections 35.3 and 36.4–5: Maria Kovalchuk.
\item Coauthor of content related to sections 47.2, 49.1, and 49.2–3: Tim Warnock.
\item Coauthor of content related to section 60.2: Isabella Reinhardt.
\item Coauthor of content related to sections 63.5 and 66.3–4: Brian Credo.
\item Coauthor of content related to sections 67.1 and 68.1: Amelia Bensch-Schaus.
\item Coauthor of content related to sections 72.2–3 and 74.4: Wes Hanson.
\end{itemize}
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\frontmatter
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\begin{docTitle} \begin{titlePart} \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum}\end{titlePart} \end{docTitle} \begin{byline} Cynthia Damon, et al.\end{byline}
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\section[{Preface}]{\centering\uppercase{\so{Preface}}}\label{preface}
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\par
This edition of the \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum}, a text of unknown authorship belonging to the \textit{Corpus Caesarianum}, is the product of collaborations involving nearly 100 people. The text and critical apparatus were prepared under Cynthia Damon’s direction by students at the University of Pennsylvania between 2014 and 2019, as were the supplementary materials included in this edition: detailed textual notes on difficult passages (\textit{Studies on the Text of the Bellum Alexandrinum}), an appendix of singular readings (the Appendix critica), folio-by-folio transcriptions of the five manuscript witnesses used in the constitution of the text, and a translation. Damon converted the apparatus into a spreadsheet, and the LDLT team led by Sam Huskey at the University of Oklahoma converted both the text and the apparatus into the machine-readable form that underlies the version you are reading, either at the interactive LDLT website or as an on-demand .pdf. Damon and Huskey wrote this preface.\label{ftn1}\footnote{The processes summarized here have been the subject of several talks at the annual meeting of the Society for Classical Studies and will be described more fully in Damon and Huskey (in preparation).}
\subsection{Why a new edition of the \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum}?}
\par
There are two answers to that question. The traditional answer is that the discoveries that underpin Damon's recent critical edition of Caesar’s \textit{Civil War} (Oxford, 2015) should also be used to reassess the text of the \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum}, which rests on the same manuscript witnesses.\label{ftn3}\footnote{OUP site: \xref{https://global.oup.com/academic/product/c-iuli-caesaris-commentarii-de-bello-civili-bellum-civile-or-civil-war-9780199659746?cc=us&lang=en&}{https://global.oup.com/academic/product/c-iuli-caesaris-commentarii-de-bello-civili-bellum-civile-or-civil-war-9780199659746?cc=us\&lang=en\&}.} But the real answer is that in the digital era we urgently need new editors, and that creating an edition such as this is an excellent way to expose students to the editing process. The next generation of critical editions, {\itshape digital} critical editions, can improve significantly on past editions, but only if there is a next generation of editors who possess the skills required for bringing them to fruition. That is why students, both graduate and undergraduate, have been involved in every step of this edition's preparation, from collating manuscripts to encoding the edition's data in XML according to the LDLT's guidelines. Their training has blended the methods of traditional textual criticism with digital humanities approaches to texts as data. The goal has been to prepare the next generation of editors to work on a digital paradigm.
\subsubsection{What is New?}
\paragraph{The text and apparatus:}\label{preface-what-is-new-text}
\par
As can be seen from the Conspectus editionum, our text differs from that of Andrieu 1954, which we used as our base text, in nearly 100 places. Eleven of these changes are a consequence of the new stemma, in which the manuscript that differs the most from the rest, S, is treated as a witness to the hyparchetype nu rather than as an independent witness to the archetype.\label{ftn4}\footnote{42.2 exercitus alendos, 49.2 causae, 57.3 †in†, 60.1 educerentur, 60.3 animaduerteret, 61.6 sibi usui, 62.1 auxiliares, 62.2 Marcello fauebant, 64.3 derectam, 66.1 praefecit, 66.5 inceptum. See further the lists in Damon 2015b, 46 (note 93) and 48 (note 99).} In fifty-three places we print the archetype (or a possibly archetypal reading) where other editors emend it.\label{ftn5}\footnote{1.5 expectans, 7.2 casum, 7.2 ut … absumeretur, 8.2 Paratonio, 10.2 accessissent, 10.2 exposuissent, 12.3 miserant, 12.4 Caesaris, 13.5 Lycias, 13.5 et, 14.1 Rhodios, 14.1 Ponticos, 14.1 hos, 16.1 uictis, 19.2 certiorem, 20.4 perturbatos, 26.2 adducit, 26.2 multiplici praesidio, 27.5 constantiaque, 27.7 adiuncti his, 31.3 partibus, 32.1 magnae, 33.5 itinere terrestri, 36.5 siue amicus siue inimicus, 40.2 aperto, 42.3 Iadertinorum, 48.3 minuebat, 49.1 in ea, 51.2 uoluntate, 51.3 describerentur, 53.4 Laterensis, 54.3 indicaretur, 55.1 cohortibus, 55.5 Q. Sestio, 56.2 temporum, 56.2 animus, 57.1 Leptim, 59.1 detraxerunt, 60.1 educerentur, 60.2 esset \textsuperscript{2}, 60.5 educit, 61.6 sibi usui, 64.3 derectam, 66.1 legionibus, 66.1 praefecit, 66.5 inceptum, 67.1 Caesaris, 68.1 defensionem, 68.2 natura, 70.8 si, 72.2 superioribus … oppido, 75.1 operibus, 78.2 quod.} We print thirteen new emendations and propose a number of others.\label{ftn6}\footnote{11.2 ⟨suorum⟩ {\itshape Khan}, 15.3 ⟨moram⟩ {\itshape Lewis}, 16.2 ⟨exercitus⟩ {\itshape scripsimus}, 17.2 ⟨et hanc⟩ et illam [urbem] {\itshape scripsimus}, 35.3 ⟨constat⟩ {\itshape scripsimus}, 44.4 has adiunxit {\itshape scripsimus}, 60.3 animaduerteret causa {\itshape Reinhardt}, 61.4 adductus {\itshape scripsimus}, 62.1 auxiliares {\itshape scripsimus}, 67.1 ⟨et coactus⟩ {\itshape Bensch-Schaus}, 73.3 aggerere tum {\itshape scripsimus}, 74.3 contemptione {\itshape scripsimus}, 75.1 operibus reuocat {\itshape Naqvi}. Emendations proposed but not printed: 20.3 ⟨et⟩ sine ratione {\itshape Callaghan}, 26.2 {\itshape ⟨gap⟩ }adducit{\itshape Persyn}, 27.5 Mithridates [magna cum prudentia] {\itshape D. Simons}, 57.1 adducebatur {\itshape J. Simons}, 58.1 ueteranas {\itshape J. Simons.} There are also more than 40 new suggestions introduced at the end of apparatus notes with the formulas {\itshape an … ?} or {\itshape nisi mauis}.} We also revive fourteen.\label{ftn7}\footnote{2.1 ⟨armatorum⟩{\itshape Fischer}, 7.2 esse {\itshape Nipperdey}, 15.8 ⟨nisi⟩ qui {\itshape Fleischer, }17.3 quosque {\itshape Lipsius, }25.1 Caesaris praesidia {\itshape ed. pr., }36.5 aduentu sin {\itshape Hoffmann, }40.2 circumire ac transcendere {\itshape Nipperdey, }42.2 exercitus alendos {\itshape M, }45.2 distentis {\itshape Hoffmann, }49.2 simul et {\itshape Latinius, }55.1 legionem quintam in castra remittit {\itshape ed. pr., }58.1 Torius {\itshape ς}, 70.4 quamquam {\itshape Dinter}, 74.4 in procliuem {\itshape Nipperdey}.} In the process of our work we silently corrected dozens of errors in the apparatus of Andrieu 1954 and Klotz 1927. More broadly, we hope to have improved the apparatus everywhere by making the arguments relevant to the constitution of the text more salient and more explicit (see further below for our policy on apparatus notes).
\paragraph{The machine-readable form:}\label{preface-what-is-new-machine}
\par
From the layout of the page to the typographical conventions used to represent manuscripts and other details about the text, traditional critical editions in print rely on complex visual cues to communicate information to readers who understand how to read and interpret those cues. For the most part, that information is inaccessible to a different type of reader: machines that can process and visualize information. If that information is presented in a way that both humans and machines can read and interpret, we can leverage the computational power of machines to open up new ways of exploring texts.\par
This is the first “born digital” edition of the \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum}. It is encoded in Extensible Markup Language (XML) according to the guidelines of the LDLT. That means that the typographical conventions familiar to readers of traditional editions will still be rendered on screen or paper in their familiar form, but machines can also recognize them as more than just strings of characters. Rather, what a human reads as a crux (†), a machine can read in its own language. That is why this edition can be read in an online viewing platform, visualized with any number of data visualization tools, queried like a database, or rendered in a traditional form as a print-ready PDF.
\subsection{I. The \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum}}
\par
The work now known as the \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum} or {\itshape War in Alexandria} was completed after the assassination of Caesar in 44 BCE, probably in connection with an attempt by Caesar’s supporters to produce an edition of texts narrating Caesar’s military achievements (see the Letter to Balbus prefaced to {\itshape Gallic War} 8, written by Aulus Hirtius). The title is misleading, since only the first of the five campaigns described in the work occurred in Alexandria. The Caesarian commanders and theaters of war are as follows: Caesar in Alexandria (chh. 1-33; September 48 -February 47), Domitius Calvinus in Pontus (34-41; September-October 48), Cornificius, Gabinius, and Vatinius in Illyricum (42-47; October 48 - January 47), Q. Cassius in Spain (48-64; May-December 48), Caesar in Pontus (65-78; March-May 47).\label{ftn8}\footnote{The dates (Julian) are taken from Raaflaub and Ramsey 2017. } None of Caesar’s officers is known to have participated in all of these overlapping campaigns. As a result, the narrative, like Caesar’s own commentaries, must rest on sources written by various hands. The identity of the person who compiled these reports and turned them into a coherent narrative is unknown now and was unclear already in antiquity (Suetonius, {\itshape Jul}. 56.1). Between the copy from which Suetonius draws several excerpts and the nearly 200 medieval manuscripts that survive the history of the text is hard to discern, but it is clear that all of the surviving witnesses ultimately rest on a single copy of the text that was produced during the Carolingian period: they share significant errors that must go back to a single source. For the {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum}, a work of just under 11,000 words, they number about 150. \label{ftn9}\footnote{The word count used by Gaertner and Hausburg is 10513 (see, e.g., 2013, 286).} The most striking are the gaps (12.1, 17.3, 17.6, 22.2) and the insoluble problems (2.5 †obiectis†, 22.2 †multum†, 57.2 †noctu†, 57.3 †in†). But almost every page of the critical apparatus shows one or more spots where the reading of the archetype is not the reading in the text.
\subsection{II. Constituting the text}
\subsubsection{A. The stemma}
\par
The foundations of the present edition are Damon 2015a and Damon 2015b.\label{ftn10}\footnote{For a fuller discussion of the history of the text and of editorial work on the Caesarian corpus see the Preface to Damon 2015a and the first chapter of Damon 2015b.} The{\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum} rests on the same five independent manuscript witnesses as Caesar’s {\itshape Bellum ciuile}. We looked for evidence that would challenge the stemma proposed for the {\itshape Bellum ciuile}, but found nothing conclusive.\label{ftn11}\footnote{As was the case for the {\itshape Bellum ciuile}, the “good readings” in {\bfseries S}, which have traditionally been taken as evidence of agreement in error by the hyparchetypes mu and pi and proof that they have a common ancestor, can be explained as scribal emendations. Examples are given in the description of {\bfseries S} below.} Accordingly, we used the same bipartite stemma.
\subsubsection{B. The witnesses}
\label{ftn12}\footnotetext{More detailed versions of the following paragraphs are given in Damon 2015a, xxii-xxvi and 2015b, 55-61.}
\paragraph{1. The archetype}\label{preface-constituting-the-text-witnesses-archetype}
\par
The stemma allowed us to reconstruct the text of the archetype of the {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum} in most of the hundreds of places where the manuscripts disagree, but as was mentioned earlier, that archetype has to be emended in roughly 140 spots. Regular sources of error in the archetype include abbreviations, {\itshape scriptura continua}, and inversions. Some of the archetype’s original readings seem to have been altered in such a way that both the original reading and the correction (or “correction”) were visible to the scribes of the two hyparchetypes, {\bfseries mu} (the common source of {\bfseries M} and {\bfseries U}) and {\bfseries nu} (the common source of {\bfseries S} and {\bfseries pi}, the common source of {\bfseries T} and {\bfseries V}).\label{ftn13}\footnote{Possible instances can be found throughout the apparatus, but the clearest examples are these: 9.3 dediticiis {\itshape U}\textsuperscript{\itshape c}{\itshape SV et M}\textsuperscript{\itshape mr} : dedi(c/t)iis {\itshape MU}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac}{\itshape T}; 10.6 successuros {\itshape M}\textsuperscript{\itshape c}{\itshape US} : successoros {\itshape M}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac} : succens(u/o)res {\itshape T}\textsuperscript{\itshape c}{\itshape V} : succensuros {\itshape T}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac }; 15.5 pugnae {\itshape MT}\textsuperscript{\itshape c} : pugna {\itshape UST}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac}{\itshape V}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac} : pugnandi {\itshape V}\textsuperscript{\itshape c}; 26.2 ibi suum {\itshape UST et M}\textsuperscript{\itshape mr} : suum ibi {\itshape MV}; 32.3 precari {\itshape MT}\textsuperscript{\itshape c}{\itshape V} : precare {\itshape UST}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac}; 45.1 cum Vatinium {\itshape MUV} : eum uatinium {\itshape T} : eum uatinium cum {\itshape S}; 46.2 contra illo remigante {\itshape M} ({\itshape cf. BG 7.28.1 contra ueniretur}) : contra illum remigantem {\itshape SV} : contra illo remigantem {\itshape UT}; 56.4 creabat {\itshape UST} : credebat {\itshape MV}; 57.3 ex {\itshape USV} : et {\itshape MT} ; 58.3 inscriptum {\itshape UST} : scriptum {\itshape MV}; 60.4 esse {\itshape U}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac}{\itshape STV} : eum {\itshape MU}\textsuperscript{\itshape c}; 73.2 triarium {\itshape MS} : traiarium {\itshape UTV}; 74.4 in procliuem {\itshape Nipperdey} : in proelium {\itshape ST }: in bellum {\itshape V} : praeruptam in proelium {\itshape U }: in praeruptam {\itshape M. }Other examples of innovations in the archetype that aim to repair the text include: 27.1 [a]; 29.3 [fluminum]; 70.3 [non]; 78.3 [legibus].} Disagreement among our manuscript witnesses also arises from other features of the archetype, such as variant readings and glosses.\label{ftn14}\footnote{Variants: 12.1 classiariorum {\itshape USTV et M supra lineam} : nauigatorum {\itshape M}; 24.1 statuit {\itshape UTV et M supra lineam} : constituit {\itshape M }({\itshape deest S}); 27.5 prudentia {\itshape MUS}\textsuperscript{\itshape c}{\itshape V et T supra lineam} : potentia {\itshape S}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac}{\itshape T}; 34.1 prouincias {\itshape USTV et M supra lineam} : regiones {\itshape M}; 46.4 dubitabant {\itshape USTV et M supra lineam} : dubitarent {\itshape M}; 73.3 discederet {\itshape USTV et M supra lineam} : cessaret {\itshape M}. Glosses: 17.2 [urbem]; 27.5 [uirtutum … imprudentia]; 37.3 [rex]; 46.1 [fortunae].}
\paragraph{2. The hyparchetypes}\label{preface-constituting-the-text-witnesses-hyparchetypes}
\par
The hyparchetypes that transmitted the archetype’s text to the extant manuscripts are hard to discern in this tradition; our work on the {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum} turned up no new and conclusive evidence for them.\label{ftn15}\footnote{The most suggestive evidence from the \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum} is discussed at Damon 2015b, 34-36.}\textsuperscript{}
\subparagraph{a. μ}\label{preface-constituting-the-text-witnesses-hyparchetypes-a}
\par
Numerous innovations common to {\bfseries M} and {\bfseries U} are consistent with descent from a hyparchetype, {\bfseries μ}. In the {\itshape BAlex} the most telling are these, where the reading in {\bfseries ν} is likely to be archetypal: \begin{itemize}
\item 4.2 militem {\itshape STV} : milites {\itshape MU }
\item 7.1 Alexandrini {\itshape STV} : Alexandrinis {\itshape MU}
\item 16.2 qui {\itshape STV }: quis {\itshape MU}
\item 19.2 certiorem {\itshape STV} : fortiorem {\itshape MU}
\item 27.7 adiuncti his {\itshape STV}: adiunctis (h)iis {\itshape MU}
\item 33.2 imperia {\itshape ST} : imperio {\itshape MU} : imperiam {\itshape V }: imperium {\itshape M}\textsuperscript{\itshape mr }
\item 37.2 cum uereretur {\itshape S} : uereretur {\itshape TV }: ueritus {\itshape MU}
\item 55.3 adfectus {\itshape STV }: a(d/f)fecit {\itshape MU}
\item 56.2 dolore {\itshape STV} : dolori {\itshape MU }
\item 74.3 quem\textsuperscript{1} {\itshape STV} : quem cum legione {\itshape M} : cum legione quem {\itshape U}
\item 75.1 oppressus {\itshape STV} : oppressos {\itshape MU}\end{itemize} \par
Significant innovations unique to {\bfseries M} or {\bfseries U} show that neither is descended from the other. Innovations of the sort that could not be corrected by conjecture, for example, include the following: \begin{itemize}
\item 1.2 operibus {\itshape om.} {\bfseries M}
\item 1.2 uidentur {\itshape om.} {\bfseries M}
\item 2.3 in … locis {\itshape om. }{\bfseries M }({\itshape uerba 4})
\item 9.1 negotium {\itshape om.} {\bfseries M}
\item 14.5 sic … Africae {\itshape om. }{\bfseries M} ({\itshape uerba 8})
\item 16.4 falleret {\itshape om. }{\bfseries M}
\item 17.1 ad insulam {\itshape om.} {\bfseries M}
\item 26.1 Caesaris {\itshape om.} {\bfseries M}
\item 27.5 undique {\itshape om. }{\bfseries M}
\item 37.5 pro uallo {\itshape om.} {\bfseries M}
\item 40.4 non amplius {\itshape om.}{\itshape\bfseries }{\bfseries M}
\item 44.2 misit {\itshape om}. {\bfseries M}
\item 45.2 aduersam {\itshape om}. {\bfseries M}
\item 57.6 prouincia {\itshape om.} {\bfseries M}
\item 58.2 Pompei {\itshape om.} {\bfseries M}
\item 58.3 milites adeo fatebantur {\itshape om.} {\bfseries M}
\item 61.1 Marcellus {\itshape om. }{\bfseries M}
\item 63.2 Marcellus {\itshape om. }{\bfseries M}
\item 67.2 populi Romani {\itshape per compendia om}. {\bfseries M}
\item 76.1 acri {\itshape om}. {\bfseries M}
\item 6.3 uero {\itshape om. }{\bfseries U}
\item 18.4 ex his {\itshape om.} {\bfseries U}
\item 30.3 numero {\itshape om.} {\bfseries U}
\item 50.1 faceret quae {\itshape om}. {\bfseries U}\end{itemize} \par
As was the case in the {\itshape Bellum ciuile}, the relative lengths of these two lists suggests that {\bfseries U} is a more faithful copy of {\bfseries μ} than {\bfseries M} is; this is borne out by other sorts of singular readings, which are far more numerous in {\bfseries M} than in {\bfseries U}, as can be seen in the \hyperref[appendix-critica]{Appendix critica}.\par
Where {\bfseries μ} and {\bfseries ν} diverge, as they do more than 60 times in the \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum}, {\bfseries μ} more often offers a good reading, either by conjecture or by preserving the archetype.
\subparagraph{b. ν}\label{preface-constituting-the-text-witnesses-hyparchetypes-b}
\par
Innovations common to {\bfseries S} and {\bfseries π} are consistent with descent from a hyparchetype, {\bfseries ν}. In the {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum} the most telling are these, where the reading in {\bfseries μ} is likely to be archetypal: \begin{itemize}
\item 19.2 quod {\itshape MU} : {\itshape om. STV}
\item 25.1 commeatum {\itshape MU} : commeatumque {\itshape STV}
\item 44.3 non {\itshape MU} : {\itshape om. STV}
\item 44.3 iusta ad {\itshape MU} : iuxta ad {\itshape STV}
\item 48.2 esset MU : {\itshape om. STV}
\item 49.2 causae {\itshape MU}: causa {\itshape STV }
\item 5.3 isdem {\itshape MU} : idem {\itshape STV}
\item 56.6 ut {\itshape MU}: {\itshape om. STV}
\item 59.1 tamque {\itshape MU} : ta(m/n)quam {\itshape STV}
\item 61.4 confligeret {\itshape MU} : confligere {\itshape STV}
\item 68.1 frequentes {\itshape MUT }: frequenter {\itshape SV}
\item 70.8 ei MU : {\itshape om. STV}
\item 71.1 proficisceretur {\itshape STV} : proficisceretur existimabat {\itshape MU}\end{itemize} \par
Significant innovations unique to {\bfseries S} or {\bfseries π} show that neither is descended from the other. Omissions of the sort that could not be corrected by conjecture, for example, include the following: \begin{itemize}
\item 1.5 rei … alterius {\itshape om.} {\bfseries S }({\itshape uerba 4})
\item 2.1 magnumque … adduxerant {\itshape om.} {\bfseries S }({\itshape uerba 12})
\item 15.8 atque … exposceret {\itshape om.} {\bfseries S }({\itshape uerba 16})
\item 17.5 constiterunt … litore {\itshape om.} {\bfseries S }({\itshape uerba 12})
\item 19.6 pugnabatur … ({\itshape 24.2}) ut ad {\itshape om.} {\bfseries S}
\item 27.5 constantiaque … imprudentia {\itshape om. }{\bfseries S }({\itshape uerba 5})
\item 31.1 uirum {\itshape om.} {\bfseries S}\textsuperscript{}
\item 57.5 namque {\itshape om.} {\bfseries S}
\item 74.4 inanem {\itshape om}. {\bfseries S}
\item 8.3 qui {\itshape MUS} : {\itshape om.} {\itshape T}
\item 14.1 eorum {\itshape MUS} : {\itshape om. TV}
\item 46.4 erant {\itshape MUS} : {\itshape om. TV}
\item 68.1 consul esset {\itshape M}\textsuperscript{\itshape c }{\itshape et uocibus perpere diuisis U }: consules sed {\itshape M}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac} : consules se {\itshape S }: consules {\itshape TV non male}
\item 70.5 se {\itshape MUS} : {\itshape om. TV}
\item 76.1 in {\itshape MUS} : {\itshape om. TV}\label{ftn16}\footnote{Textual variation between {\bfseries π} and {\bfseries μ} in some of the many passages omitted by {\bfseries S} make it unlikely that these omissions were filled by contamination from the {\bfseries μ} branch. There are also some small discrepancies between {\bfseries S} and {\bfseries μ} in text omitted by {\bfseries π} (see above on 68.1). It is therefore likely that in all of the passages listed above {\bfseries ν}'s text was complete and transmitted to one of its two descendants.}\end{itemize} \par
The relative number of words omitted in these two lists suggests that {\bfseries π} is a more faithful copy of {\bfseries ν} than {\bfseries S} is; this is borne out by other sorts of singular readings, which are vastly more numerous in {\bfseries S} than in {\bfseries π}.\par
Where {\bfseries ν} and {\bfseries μ} diverge, {\bfseries ν} is more often in error than {\bfseries μ} is, either by preserving a corrupt archetype or by innovating.
\subparagraph{c. π}\label{preface-constituting-the-text-witnesses-hyparchetypes-c}
\par
A large number of shared innovations both link {\bfseries T} and {\bfseries V} and separate them from the rest of the tradition, more than 50 for the \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum}; the traditional siglum for the source of these innovations is {\bfseries π}.\label{ftn17}\footnote{Hering (1963, 40) lists six substantial omissions common to {\bfseries T} and {\bfseries V} in the {\itshape BG}. There is another at {\itshape BHisp} 40.2. (The relationship between {\bfseries T} and {\bfseries V} is the same for all fourteen books of the Caesarian corpus.)} The separative innovations in the {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum} also include a handful of brief omissions (see above), and an inversion, another variety of innovation that, once made, tends to persist in an uncontaminated tradition: 35.2 suo regno {\itshape MUS} : regno suo {\itshape TV}. Finally, among the innovations unique to these two manuscripts in the {\itshape BAlex} are some two dozen that repair the corrupt archetype and, once made, are unlikely to have been removed except by accident: \begin{itemize}
\item 15.8 in pugna occupatum animum haberent {\itshape TV} : inpugnatioccupatum animum haberent {\itshape S} : in pugna occupatum animum haberet {\itshape U }: pugna haberet occupatum animum {\itshape M}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac} : pugna occupatum animum haberet {\itshape M}\textsuperscript{\itshape c}
\item 19.1 propior {\itshape TV} : prior {\itshape MUS}
\item 22.1 accessiones {\itshape TV} : accensiones {\itshape MU }({\itshape deest S})
\item 24.1 postularent {\itshape TV} : postularet ({\itshape sc. }rex) {\itshape MU uix recte }({\itshape deest S})
\item 66.4 sacerdotium {\itshape TV }: sacerdotum {\itshape S} : sacerdotio {\itshape MU}\end{itemize} \par
For the hyparchetypes discussed above, {\bfseries μ} and {\bfseries ν}, it was a simple matter to show the independence of the two earliest descendants of each ({\bfseries M} and {\bfseries U}; {\bfseries S} and {\bfseries π}). This is not the case for {\bfseries π}. A detailed discussion of the relationship between {\bfseries T} and {\bfseries V} is presented in Damon 2015b. Our work on the {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum} turned up no new and conclusive evidence. We report the readings of T and V throughout.
\paragraph{3. The extant manuscripts}\label{preface-constituting-the-text-witnesses-extant-manuscripts}
\par
For detailed descriptions of the five manuscripts used to constitute the text see Damon 2015a, xxxiv-lxi. Here we indicate the folio numbers in each for the text of the \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum} and the noteworthy innovations. Full transcriptions are available online at the LDLT website (see further below).
\subparagraph{a. M}\label{preface-constituting-the-text-witnesses-extant-manuscripts-m}
\par
{\bfseries M} is a manuscript in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence, shelf mark Plut. lat. 68.8.\label{ftn18}\footnote{High quality page images of {\bfseries M} can be viewed at \xref{http://mss.bmlonline.it/s.aspx?Id=AWOIs_iEI1A4r7GxML1h&c=Caesaris\%20Commentaria\#/oro/13}{https://bit.ly/3HCkcSG}.} The {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum }occupies ff. 133v-143r. {\bfseries M} offers some uniquely successful or meritorious innovations (those marked with an asterisk are particularly impressive\label{ftn19}\footnote{Also noteworthy in {\bfseries M}: 11.2 conspectu ⟨suorum⟩ {\itshape Khan} : conspectu hostium {\itshape M }: conspectu {\itshape USTV} :{\itshape an} conspectu ⟨omnium⟩{\itshape ?}; 48.1 multis {\itshape UTV} : mutis {\itshape M} : mutus {\itshape S.}}; there are of course other spots where {\bfseries M} has been joined by one or another manuscript in a successful innovation): \begin{itemize}
\item 11.1 tenuerunt {\itshape M} : tenurunt {\itshape U} : terunt {\itshape ST }: terter {\itshape V}
\item 12.4 naturale {\itshape M} : naturalem {\itshape USTV}
\item 14.5 impeditiores {\itshape M} : expeditiores {\itshape USTV}
\item 23.1 quo {\itshape M} : qui {\itshape UTV }({\itshape deest S})
\item 24.2 parceret {\itshape M} : parceret et {\itshape UTV }({\itshape deest S})
\item 42.2 exercitus alendos {\itshape M }: exercitum alendos {\itshape UTV }: exercitum alendum {\itshape S}
\item 43.3 quo {\itshape M }: quod {\itshape USTV}
\item *46.2 contra illo remigante {\itshape M} : contra illum remigantem {\itshape SV} : contra illo remigantem {\itshape UT}
\item *47.3 ea {\itshape M} : eum {\itshape USTV}
\item 48.1 animaduertere {\itshape M }: animum auertere {\itshape USTV}
\item 60.5 difficultatisque: difficultatesque {\itshape USTV}
\item 61.4 passi {\itshape M }: pass(a)e {\itshape USTV}
\item 72.2 huic {\itshape M} : hoc {\itshape USTV}\end{itemize}
\subparagraph{b. U}\label{preface-constituting-the-text-witnesses-extant-manuscripts-u}
\par
{\bfseries U} is a manuscript in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana in the Vatican, shelf mark Vaticanus lat. 3324.\label{ftn20}\footnote{Microfilm images are available online: \xref{https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.lat.3324}{https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS\textunderscore Vat.lat.3324}.} The {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum }occupies ff. 85r-95r. These folios contain, besides the text, a small number of brief marginal comments on content, either factual (e.g., “situs Alexandrie” 85v, “epibatis” 86v, “berones” 92r, “dinastas” “tarsus” 93v) or moral (e.g., “laus euphranoris” 87r, “mors euphranoris” 87v), along with the familiar “quaere” and “nota bene” symbols. The singular readings in {\bfseries U} are far fewer than those of {\bfseries M}, {\bfseries S}, {\bfseries T}, or {\bfseries V}, as can be seen in the Appendix critica.\label{ftn21}\footnote{In the \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum} {\bfseries U} has roughly 80 singular readings listed in the Appendix critica; the approximate figures for the other manuscripts are as follows: {\bfseries M }170, {\bfseries S} 260, {\bfseries T} 130, {\bfseries V} 165. Orthographical variants are not included in these figures.} The uniquely successful innovations in {\bfseries U} are few and mostly cautious\label{ftn22}\footnote{Also noteworthy in {\bfseries U}: 10.1 nudare {\itshape MSTV} : nudari {\itshape U non male; }28.3 rex {\itshape S }: L ex {\itshape MTV }: ex {\itshape U}; 44.3 magnitudo nequaquam {\itshape Larsen} ({\itshape cf. BC 3.109.2}) : magnitudine quam non {\itshape M} : magnitudine quamquam non {\itshape U} : magnitudine quaquam {\itshape S} : magnitudine quamquam {\itshape TV.}} (there are of course other spots where {\bfseries U }has been joined by one or another manuscript in a successful innovation): \begin{itemize}
\item 1.5 urbs {\itshape U} : ubrs {\itshape M} : urbis {\itshape STV non male}
\item 20.3 refugere coeperunt {\itshape U} : receperunt {\itshape M} : fugere coeperunt {\itshape T} : profugere coeperunt {\itshape V }({\itshape deest S})
\item 35.2 adductum {\itshape U} : abductum {\itshape MSTV }
\item 36.3 castra {\itshape U }: sex castra {\itshape M }: et castra {\itshape S} : ex castra {\itshape TV}
\item 49.1 hiberna {\itshape U} : hibernia {\itshape MTV }: ibernia {\itshape S}
\item 52.4 ibi T. Vasius {\itshape U et M}\textsuperscript{\itshape mr }: ibi tuasius {\itshape MTV} : ibit uasius {\itshape S}
\item 73.1 munituras {\itshape U} : munitura {\itshape M} : muniturus{\itshape ST et V}\textsuperscript{\itshape c }{\itshape ut uidetur} : munitur {\itshape V}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac}\end{itemize}
\subparagraph{c. S}\label{preface-constituting-the-text-witnesses-extant-manuscripts-s}
\par
{\bfseries S} is a manuscript in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence, shelf mark Ashburnhamensis 33. The {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum }occupies ff. 121r-134v. The manuscript has lost some folios between 124v and 125r covering {\itshape BAlex} 19.6 {\itshape pugnabatur}-24.2 {\itshape ad}; there are also some shorter gaps (see above). Thirteen of {\bfseries S}'s singular readings make it into the text in this edition, a lower number than that in previous editions (see above). But the philological acumen of the innovator\label{ftn23}\footnote{On the innovator see further Damon 2015a, li-liii. The innovations in {\bfseries S}, here as in the {\itshape Bellum ciuile}, include supplements to apparent omissions, omissions of superfluous material, alterations of inflexional endings to repair the syntax, corrections to misreadings of letters, and repairs based on material elsewhere in the text. There are also a large number of obvious mistakes, and some possible misreadings of corrections: see the apparatus for 11.3 {\itshape contentione Rhodiorum}, 26.2 {\itshape idque}, 28.2 circumuectus, 61.6 sibi usui. … The most interesting of these can be seen in the apparatus for 11.4 {\itshape altera duae}, where the nonsensical {\itshape que pertur} and {\itshape que peritur} in {\bfseries Sac} and {\bfseries Sc }respectively may contain the kernel of {\itshape apertae un-} in Kübler’s emendation.} whose legacy reaches us through {\bfseries S} is as evident here as it was in the {\itshape Bellum ciuile }(the innovations marked with an asterisk are particularly impressive \label{ftn24}\footnote{Also noteworthy in {\bfseries S}: 8.4 aduersos ({\itshape sc}. impetus) ex munitionibus sustineri {\itshape MUTV} : aduersos ({\itshape sc.} nostros) ex munitionibus sustinere {\itshape S fortasse recte; }11.6 suis nauibus {\itshape MUTV} : suis {\itshape S non male}; 17.4 quo {\itshape MUTV} : qua {\itshape S fortasse recte; }26.2 idque {\itshape MUTV} ({\itshape cf. 3.4}) : idque quod {\itshape S} : quod {\itshape Landgraf}; 45.4 parati deinceps {\itshape MUTV} : deinceps{\itshape S }: paratis ( {\itshape sc. }Vatinianis) deinceps{\itshape Klotz dubitanter}; 48.1 Q. Cassius {\itshape MU} : quae cassius {\itshape TV} : cassius {\itshape S}; 48.2 sestertiis centenis {\itshape ς teste Oudendorp} : ihs c {\itshape MUT compendio indicato} : Iterum ihs c {\itshape S compendio indicato }: ihc cesar{\itshape V compendio indicato}; 72.2 unus qui {\itshape MUTV} : qui{\itshape S non male}; 78.3 Deiotaro {\itshape MUTV}: a deiotaro {\itshape S fortasse recte. }See also the immediately previous note.}): \begin{itemize}
\item 7.2 domiciliis {\itshape S} : domicilius {\itshape V et MT per compendia} : domicius{\itshape U per compendium}
\item *11.3 contentione Rhodiorum {\itshape scripsimus} ({\itshape cf. BC 1.1.1}) : contentio nerhodiorum {\itshape S }: contentio r(h)odiorum {\itshape MUTV}
\item *28.3 rex {\itshape S }: L ex {\itshape MTV }: ex {\itshape U}
\item 37.2 cum uereretur {\itshape S} : uereretur {\itshape TV }: ueritus {\itshape MU}
\item *37.3 contulit {\itshape S} : contulit rex {\itshape MUTV}
\item 44.1 classe {\itshape S} : classem {\itshape MUTV}
\item 45.1 classem magna {\itshape S} : classem magnam {\itshape M }: classe magna {\itshape UTV}
\item *49.3 quin {\itshape S} : qui {\itshape MUTV}
\item 52.4 at {\itshape S}: ad {\itshape M}\textsuperscript{\itshape c}{\itshape UTV }
\item *60.5 uitii {\itshape S} : uti {\itshape UTV} : usus {\itshape M}
\item 62.1 paucis diebus q {\itshape S }: paucis diebusque {\itshape MU} : paucisque diebus {\itshape T} : paucis diebus {\itshape V}
\item 64.2 obtinendam uenit {\itshape S} : obtinendam {\itshape MUTV }: obtinendam mittitur {\itshape Damon exempli gratia}
\item 64.3 nihilo {\itshape S} ({\itshape cf. 25.1}) : ni(c)hil {\itshape MUTV}\end{itemize}
\subparagraph{d. T}\label{preface-constituting-the-text-witnesses-extant-manuscripts-t}
\par
{\bfseries T} is a manuscript preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, shelf mark lat. 5764.\label{ftn25}\footnote{Page images of {\bfseries T} may be viewed at \xref{http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b90668596}{http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b90668596}.} The {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum }occupies ff. 122va-136ra. For the {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum} T only offers one successful innovation\label{ftn26}\footnote{Another noteworthy correction in {\bfseries T}: 12.3 non tamen {\itshape MU} : tamen {\itshape ST}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac}{\itshape V }: non {\itshape post cogitationem suppleuit T}\textsuperscript{\itshape c}{\itshape .}}(there are of course other spots where {\bfseries T }has been joined by one or another manuscript in a successful innovation): \begin{itemize}
\item 33.2 diuturnitate confirmarentur {\itshape T}\textsuperscript{\itshape c}{\itshape et M}\textsuperscript{\itshape mr} : diuturnitates confirmarentur {\itshape MUST}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac}{\itshape V }\end{itemize}
\subparagraph{e. V}\label{preface-constituting-the-text-witnesses-extant-manuscripts-v}
\par
{\bfseries V} is a manuscript preserved in the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna, shelf mark 95.\par
The \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum} occupies ff. 137vb–153rb. {\bfseries V} is unique in presenting the three non-Caesarian {\itshape Bella} under the title {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum} and numbering the {\itshape Bellum Africum} and the {\itshape Bellum Hispaniense} as Books III-IV of that work. The number of uniquely successful innovations in {\bfseries V} in the {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum} is much lower than would have been expected based the evidence of the {\itshape Bellum ciuile}\label{ftn27}\footnote{Also noteworthy in {\bfseries V}: 27.5 Mithridates magna cum prudentia {\itshape MUS}\textsuperscript{\itshape c}{\itshape et T supra lineam} : mithridates magna cum potentia {\itshape S}\textsuperscript{\itshape ac}{\itshape T} : magna cum prudentia mithridates {\itshape V feliciter}; 62.1 paucis diebus q {\itshape S }: paucis diebusque {\itshape MU} : paucisque diebus {\itshape T} : paucis diebus {\itshape V non male. }Perhaps the scribe devoted less attention to this work than to those written by Caesar himself.} (there are of course other spots where {\bfseries V} has been joined by one or another manuscript in a successful innovation, or where {\bfseries V} seems to have joined {\bfseries μ} in a good reading): \begin{itemize}
\item 59.1 esse\textsuperscript{1} {\itshape V} : esset {\itshape MUST}\end{itemize}
\subsection{III. Using this edition}
\par
The \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum} has come down to us in a very imperfect state. The ongoing process of rendering it readable and at least arguably authentic has resulted in a text that differs in hundreds of spots from that transmitted by the manuscripts. The critical apparatus of this edition is designed to facilitate scrutiny of these textual repairs. We hope that readers will accept repairs not because they are there but because they are persuasive, or better than others, or better than nothing. Some of the damage incurred in the text's transmission seems irreparable: where text has been lost, for example, or where rival repairs are equally (im)plausible. These spots are marked with \gap{} and †† respectively. But the vast majority of the problem spots are amenable to emendation, and the apparatus presents the evidence and (in brief) the arguments for the repairs adopted or proposed.
\subsubsection{A. Text}
\par
In general terms the text of this edition aims to reproduce the text of the archetype of our tradition, as emended where it seems possible to restore a text closer to the original. However, several expedients adopted to improve the legibility of the text constitute exceptions to this policy.\par
The spelling of names and common Latin words and forms is silently regularized where the manuscript variants are not relevant to understanding the text or its transmission. The lemmata in the critical apparatus match the reading in the text (except in capitalization) and therefore do not necessarily represent the spelling in the manuscripts cited.\par
Abbreviations and symbols are silently spelled out where there is no ambiguity about the full form of the word. (For the special case of numbers see below.) Roman praenomina are an exception to this general rule, since we use the standard abbreviations (C. for Gaius, Cn. for Gnaeus, L. for Lucius, and so on), regardless of what is in the text. The phrase {\itshape per compendium} in the apparatus indicates that a manuscript contains an abbreviation when this information is helpful for understanding the transmission of the text. But the absence of such an indication should not be taken to imply that the text is written in full. All of the manuscripts cited here use abbreviations to a greater ({\bfseries U}) or lesser ({\bfseries TV}) or variable ({\bfseries MS}) degree. The phrase {\itshape compendio indicato} indicates that a word is presented as an abbreviation in the manuscript but that the significance of the abbreviation is unclear.\par
We have silently regularized the manuscripts' inconsistent and discrepant representations of cardinal and ordinal numbers. For one, two, and three we use the inflected forms, and for most cardinal numbers higher than three we use Roman numerals, since the inflected forms of large numerical adjectives and adverbs are cumbersome in Latin and less perspicuous than their symbolic counterparts. However, we do spell out {\itshape mille} and the inflected forms of {\itshape milia}. Ordinal numbers are spelled out; this is particularly useful in connection with legions, where the difference between, say, “five legions” and “the fifth legion” is significant. Distributive numbers, which are infrequent in this text, are also spelled out.\par
We used modern punctuation in the text since the punctuation in the manuscripts is neither consistent nor reliable. The terminal punctuation for main clauses is generally a full stop. Where a series of actions seems to gain from presentation as a series, on the other hand, we use commas instead of full stops. But in many instances there was rather little to tip the balance. In extended passages of indirect statement we use semicolons to indicate sentence breaks. Commas are used to articulate the text where clause structure and word order are not sufficient (see further below). We occasionally use paired dashes to indicate a gap between the narrative and an embedded utterance such as an editorializing comment by the author, an afterthought, or a “snippet” of indirect statement, where commas don't suffice.\label{ftn28}\footnote{See Damon (2020) on such parentheses. } Where such utterances extend for a sentence or more and full stops don't suffice we use parentheses rather than dashes. Single dashes precede instances of anacoluthon. Pointed and square brackets indicate additions to (⟨ ⟩) and excisions from ([ ]) the text that involve complete words. Where syllables or individual letters are added or excised the change is not signaled in the text but the relevant information can be found in the apparatus. In general Incertus’ prose requires more punctuation than Caesar’s. For passages where the periodic style consists of a heavily punctuated accumulation of clauses see, e.g., 1.4-5 ({\itshape Caesar … poterat}), 14.5 ({\itshape Erant … uidebantur}), 24.1-2 ({\itshape Caesar … puerum}), 35.2 ({\itshape Domitius … fuisset}), 42.2-3 ({\itshape Namque … sociorum}), 43.1 ({\itshape Gabinius … gerebat}), 44.1 ({\itshape Vatinius … praeparationis}), 44.3-4 ({\itshape Quod … persequeretur}), 48.1 ({\itshape Iis … cupiebat}).\par
Paragraphs are generally those established by Jungermann's 1606 edition, which serve as the basis for the modern citation system. Units within the paragraphs are numbered as in Andrieu 1954.\par
The features of the text described so far are available in both online and print versions of the LDLT edition.\label{ftn29}\footnote{Since the edition itself is an XML file, it is important to note that “online and print versions” refer to visualizations of the data in that file. The LDLT's official online reading application is based on the \xref{https://github.com/TEIC/CETEIcean}{CETEIcean} application developed by Hugh Cayless and Raffaele Viglianti. This edition can be viewed in the LDLT's online reading application at The print version is available as a PDF in the code repository for this edition.} But the LDLT's official online version has one important feature that cannot be reproduced on paper: dynamic swapping. Unlike traditional editions, in which variant readings are collected in a critical apparatus at the bottom of each page, the LDLT's online reading application not only places the critical apparatus in the margin where the variation occurs, but also allows readers to swap variant readers into the text so that they can be evaluated \textit{in situ}. Every attempt has been made to eliminate the possibility of introducing novel readings into the text. This is a hazard when variants in two places are related to each other: If a reader swaps one of the variants into the text, the one related to it elsewhere should be swapped, too. Otherwise, this dynamic swapping feature could create a version of the text that never existed previously. This is why we opted not to encode certain combinations of variants to enable the swapping feature, since the application, at least at the time this was written, was not able to render them reliably.
\subsubsection{B. Critical apparatus}
\par
There is an entry in the apparatus criticus if any of the following circumstances applies for a word or phrase in the text:\begin{enumerate}
\item[1] If the reading of the archetype is uncertain: {\bfseries μ}≠{\bfseries ν}, or {\bfseries MS}≠{\bfseries Uπ}, etc. In choices between equally authoritative variants we have put in the text the one that offers the best sense and style. Or, if these criteria fail, the {\itshape lectio difficilior.} If no other criterion suffices, we follow {\bfseries U}, which is the least deviant manuscript. In some places these criteria pull in different directions.
\item[2] If there may be a disagreement between {\bfseries μ} and {\bfseries ν}: {\bfseries μS}≠{\bfseries π}, {\bfseries U}≠{\bfseries Mν}, etc. We list this category separately from (1) because it is often difficult, owing to the waywardness of {\bfseries S}, to determine the reading of {\bfseries ν}. The same is true, but to a much lesser extent, about {\bfseries μ}, owing to {\bfseries M}'s propensity to stray.
\item[3] If the manuscript evidence warrants display for some other reason. Readings unique to a particular manuscript—\textit{lectiones singulares} or singular readings—are generally recorded in the \hyperref[appendix-critica]{Appendix critica} if the text is not in doubt, but multi-word omissions are also reported in the apparatus since they provide crucial information about the shape of hyparchetype families. When other sorts of singular readings are reported in the apparatus, they are mentioned for their value as emendations. Where two manuscripts have different singular readings at the same spot we generally record this in the apparatus.\label{ftn30}\footnote{In some cases the \hyperref[appendix-critica]{Appendix critica} seemed the more appropriate home for the information, especially when unrelated errors were typical of their manuscripts or where one of the two errors has been corrected by the scribe.}
\item[4] If the syntax is faulty, showing omissions, problems of agreement, etc. The problem is fixed in the text if possible, even if the solution adopted is only one of several possible solutions. But sometimes a lacuna (indicated by \gap{}) is indicated instead.\label{ftn31}\footnote{For the more difficult examples of categories (4)–(7) there are notes explaining our reasoning in \hyperref[commentary]{Studies on the Text of the Bellum Alexandrinum}. These are signaled by a diamond (◊) in the apparatus note.}
\item[5] If the usage is or appears to be problematic. In this situation, the problem is usually fixed in the text, unless it can be attributed to the author himself. This large category is subject to some limitations. \begin{enumerate}
\item[a] We rarely make notes involving the regularization of acceptable syntax. A very common type of emendation involves verb forms. E.g., where in a series of historical present tense verbs one finds a perfect. These generally require trivial textual intervention. But readers can spot these discrepancies for themselves and decide about the suitability of the preserved reading and the repairs available. The fact that someone before them has also queried the text is unlikely to help resolve the problem, and such notes, which would be very very numerous, would clog the apparatus.\label{ftn32}\footnote{The {\bfseries α} and {\bfseries β} branches of the tradition of the {\itshape BG} frequently differ over verb tenses, which leads one to suspect that in our tradition, which is limited to the {\bfseries β} branch, tense errors will be numerous (see further Damon 2015b, 100-104).} Emendations of this sort (and of those discussed below) can be seen in the Conspectus editionum. However, where such emendations remove a contradiction within the text they are usually either accepted or at least reported. Similarly if they help address an otherwise problematic passage or draw attention to a notable feature of the text such as a \textit{constructio ad sensum}. (This logic and these exceptions also apply to the following two categories.)
\item[b] We rarely make notes involving the addition or excision or interchange of verb prefixes.
\item[c] We rarely make notes involving the addition or excision of the connectives {\itshape et} and -{\itshape que}, or the interchange of -{\itshape que} and -{\itshape ue}. A glance at the apparatus will show that these words are frequently overlooked or added by our manuscripts.
\item[d] We rarely make notes involving diction. Unlike categories (a)–(c), such notes sometimes involve substantial changes to the text, and the presumed innovations have to be explained as substitutions (deliberate or unconscious) by the scribe.\label{ftn33}\footnote{Or additions. We also refrain from making notes about possible intrusive glosses, as long as they don't interfere with the comprehension of the text.} Spotting this sort of problem is an almost infinite task, as there are many words in the text for which one could think of a more apt, a more common, or at least a different expression. The fact that in the {\itshape BG} tradition there are numerous synonym-variants between the {\bfseries α} and {\bfseries β} branches (see Damon 2015b, 100-104) almost guarantees that some of the expressions in our text were not those originally chosen by the author, and one advantage of notes on diction would be to call attention to anomalies, but at the cost of suggesting, even if only gently, that dictional anomalies need to be fixed. Readers who are sensitive enough to diction to look to the apparatus when an expression seems odd already have what they need to analyse the situation. This is obviously a matter for editorial judgment, and “rarely” does not mean “never.”
\end{enumerate}
\item[6] If the sense is or appears to be problematic on grounds of either history or logic. Such a problem is fixed in the text unless it can be attributed to the author himself. A number of these passages involve names.\label{ftn34}\footnote{For example, we printed the transmitted spelling, even though epigraphic evidence suggests that it is wrong, at 42.3 \textit{Iadertinorum} and 48.2 \textit{Medobrigam}. Incertus might not have known the local or accepted spelling of these rather out of the way toponyms. Like Caesar, Incertus is inconsistent in his use of the \textit{tria nomina}, both at an individual’s introduction, where he sometimes supplies the \textit{praenomen} and sometimes doesn’t, and subsequently. Q. Cassius Longinus, for example, is sometimes called Cassius, sometimes Longinus.}
\item[7] If the text is or appears to be suspect on other grounds. Numbers are responsible for most of this category. Sometimes no solution can be proposed but it still seems worth marking the problem.
\end{enumerate}\par
Parallel passages are often cited in the apparatus to defend the text, a variant, or an emendation, but only when the available parallels are rare; regular usage speaks for itself. In directing the reader to parallels we use \textit{uide} [{\itshape u}.] for passages illustrating the matter, \textit{confer} [{\itshape cf}.] for passages illustrating the expression. If a parallel from the Caesarian corpus is given, it is the best one, and often the only one, unless “etc.” follows, in which case there are up to five or so pertinent parallels. If parallels are given for distinct aspects of the phrase in question, \textit{et} is interposed between citations. If a parallel is given from outside of the Caesarian corpus, no adequate parallel exists within the corpus. Where the cited parallel nevertheless provides only indifferent support for the reading it defends, the reading can be assessed accordingly.\par
In this edition the readings of all of the principal manuscripts are stated for every lemma. This makes it easy for the reader to follow the behavior and affiliations of the manuscripts over large stretches of text. It also facilitates the task of assessing the arguments about readings in the text, since the lemmata and the evidence for them are listed alongside the conflicting evidence.\par
Orthographical variants and the related category of abbreviations abound in this tradition (see Damon 2015a, xxiii). They are generally ignored in the apparatus, unless a variant helps explain subsequent innovations, as is sometimes the case for abbreviations in particular. \par
Citations for works of classical literature are given in the abbreviated forms standardized by the {\itshape OLD} and Liddell-Scott-Jones. (With space-saving exceptions for the six works in the \textit{corpus Caesarianum}, which appear as {\itshape BG}, Hirt., {\itshape BC}, {\itshape BAlex}, {\itshape BAfr}, {\itshape BHisp}.) Citations without titles refer to the \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum.}\par
Scholars are cited by name only, or by name and date if it is necessary to distinguish among their works. Full bibliographic information is given in the \hyperref[bibliography]{List of works cited}.\label{ftn35}\footnote{In the long history of work on the text of the \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum} some emendations have lost their source. Where other editors ascribe a reading to “{\itshape edd}.,” we have named the earliest source we can find. We use {\itshape\bfseries ς} if we can verify that a reading is in a manuscript other than those used here to constitute the text. (This usually means that the reading is in {\bfseries L} or {\bfseries N} or {\bfseries R.}) Otherwise we give the earliest edition in which it appears. Emendations credited to the first edition (“ed. pr.”) are presumably drawn from a manuscript source.}
\subsubsection{C. Appendix critica}
\par
In the Appendix critica we record the singular readings of the principal manuscripts in passages where the text is not in doubt. (Where a singular reading is useful for the constitution of the text it is recorded in the critical apparatus.) This collection of readings illustrates the character of the witnesses to the text, allowing the reader to see both the frequency and the types of errors in each. Lemmata are provided to show the nature of the error. The spelling of the lemma is that of the printed text. Orthographical variants are not registered in the Appendix. An erroneous reading ascribed to {\bfseries M}\textsuperscript{\bfseries ac} (or {\bfseries M}\textsuperscript{\bfseries c}) implies that {\bfseries M}\textsuperscript{\bfseries c} (or {\bfseries M}\textsuperscript{\bfseries ac}) has the reading of the lemma. All singular omissions are listed. Omissions notable for length or content are also reported in the apparatus criticus. An asterisk marks errors in {\bfseries M} that prompted a correction—not necessarily a successful one—by {\bfseries M}\textsuperscript{\bfseries mr}.
\subsection{Additional materials in the LDLT edition:}
\subsubsection{Studies on the Text of the Bellum Alexandrinum}
\par
Twenty-three notes on difficult spots in the text by members of the Latin 540 classes in 2015 and 2017. These present in depth the arguments that underlie the various remedies suggested in the edition's critical apparatus. They are signaled in the relevant apparatus note by a diamond (◊) before the lemma.
\subsubsection{Transcriptions of the manuscript witnesses (MUSTV)}
\par
The five manuscript witnesses used to constitute the text were transcribed by members of the Postbac Latin seminars in 2014 and 2016, and by highschool volunteers in the summer of 2016. The transcriptions were checked and doublechecked by the transcribing teams, by other class members, and by the Latin 540 students who used the transcriptions to generate the critical apparatus. Machine-collation was used to locate discrepancies that needed verification; we used the collation tool at juxtacommons.org. (For the process see Damon and Huskey, forthcoming.) Errors certainly remain, and many features of the original are not reflected in these simple documents, but they are helpful maps for finding a particular bit of text in a manuscript book or a page image. Abbreviations are filled out unless obscure (as is sometimes the case with monetary amounts, for example), punctuation is ignored, and capitalization is reproduced rather erratically. Where a manuscript contains a correction the transcription records the corrected form, not the original reading; the original readings were recorded elsewhere and are taken account of in the apparatus and Appendix critica.
\subsubsection{Translation}
\par
The students in the two Latin 540 classes produced a translation of the {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum} in the course of their work on the text. It is a work of many hands and makes no claim to stylistic merit or even consistency. It is designed to communicate our interpretation of the text, particularly where we have emended it.
\subsubsection{Conspectus editionum}
\par
A list of the 98 places where the reading of the LDLT {\itshape Bellum Alexandrinum} differs from that of Andrieu 1954, which we used as our base text. (Differences of orthography and punctuation are not reported.)
\subsection{Acknowledgements}
\par
As we said at the outset, this edition rests on the work of many contributors. It couldn’t have been done without them, or without the financial and other forms of support for research provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and our two home institutions, the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Oklahoma. Our largest debts are recorded below, but the process has been a long one and we are grateful to all who kept us company along the way, even on the “paths not (or not yet) taken” that are an inevitable part of a project as complex as this one proved to be. Information on the collaborations and support that resulted in the platform and protocols that host and govern this edition can be found at the \xref{https://digitallatin.org/}{Digital Latin Library} and the \xref{https://ldlt.digitallatin.org/}{Library of Digital Latin Texts}.\par
Students at the University of Pennsylvania transcribed and collated the manuscript witnesses and produced the text, critical apparatus, appendix critica, and translation. The contributors were undergraduates, students in the Postbac program, and graduate students in Classical Studies and Ancient History, along with some Philadelphia-area high school students: Adrienne Atkins, Katie Becker, Amelia Bensch-Schaus, Jacob Bickford, Nicholas Bolig, Victoria Burmeister, Sean Carpenter, Greg Callaghan, Brian Credo, Maxwell Dietrich, Alexis Frankel, Kathleen Garland, Nikola Golubovic, Wesley Hanson, Zachary Herbster, Xinyi Huang, Molly Hutt, Johanna Kaiser, Elizabeth Keyser, Scheherazade Khan, Peter Kotiuga, Maria Kovalchuk, Shenda Kuang, Amy Lewis, Scotland Long, Nicole Love, Daniel Mackey, Kate Murphy, Addie McKenzie, Theodora Naqvi, Jeffrey Nolte, Kristen Patterson, Marcie Persyn, Harrison Powell, Isaac Rand, Annamaria Rapsomanikis, Rudolf Rauk, Isabella Reinhardt, Joshua Renfro, Janelle Sadarananda, Jessica Shaw, Dallas Simons, Julia Simons, Brandon Stark, Benjamin Turnbull, Tom Vozar, Tim Warnock, Joseph Watkins, Duo Xu, Yingchao Zhu. You will find the names of some of these students in the edition itself as the sources of emendations to the text and authors of notes on difficult spots in the text. Special mention goes to: Sean Carpenter, who with the support of a grant from Penn’s Undergraduate Research Mentoring Program developed a transcription protocol compatible with automatic collation and produced directories of manuscript abbreviations; Dallas Simons, who helped edit the apparatus notes and prepared page images from early editions for Optical Character Recognition (one of those paths not yet taken, for which we also received help and advice from Greg Crane, Uwe Springmann, and Katie Rawson); Amy Lewis, who helped edit the apparatus notes and appendix critica; and Zachary Elliott, who along with his wife Molly Cowan tested approaches to automating the conversion of traditional apparatus notes into spreadsheet form. Support both financial and technical was provided by Penn’s \xref{https://pricelab.sas.upenn.edu/fellows/damon-cynthia}{Price Lab for Digital Humanities}.\par
We owe a debt of gratitude to many people at the University of Oklahoma. Virginia K. Felkner perfected the scripts used to reduce the amount of manual encoding we had to do. Mark Laufersweiler and Tyler Pearson of the Data Analytics, Visualization, and Informatics Syndicate provided invaluable advice on that and other aspects of the project. Tara Carlisle, Director of the Digital Scholarship Laboratory, facilitated meetings and made many helpful suggestions. Logan Cox made important contributions to the DLL's digital infrastructure. The Office of the Vice President for Research supported this and other DLL projects by providing physical and virtual spaces for them.\par
Several people beyond the walls of the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Oklahoma deserve special mention. Hugh Cayless (Duke University), co-author of the "\xref{https://digitallatin.github.io/guidelines/LDLT-Guidelines.html}{Guidelines for Encoding Critical Editions for the Library of Digital Latin Texts}" and architect of the application for reading this edition online, has been instrumental in all aspects of this project. Tom Elliott (New York University) and Alex Ward provided advice on scholarly and technical matters. Finally, this project could not have come to fruition without the support of the leadership of the Society for Classical Studies, particularly former Executive Director Adam Blistein and current Executive Director Helen Cullyer and those who have served as Vice President of Publications and Research during our work: Michael Gagarin, Donald Mastronarde, Kathryn Gutzwiller, and Colin Whiting.
\newpage
\thispagestyle{plain}
\section[{Bibliography}]{\centering\uppercase{\so{Bibliography}}}\label{bibliography}
\vspace{2\baselineskip} % Whitespace
\pagestyle{fancy}
\vspace{1.25em} % Whitespace
\subsection{Manuscripts}
\vspace{1.5em}
\begin{msitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [ω]{ω} Common source of
\begin{msitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [μ]{μ} Common source of \cite{M} and \cite{U}
\bibitem [ν]{ν} Common source of \cite{S} and \cite{π}
\end{msitemlist}
\end{msitemlist}
\vspace{1.5em}
{\large{Descendants of μ}}
\begin{msitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [M]{M} Florence, BML Plut. lat 68.8 (s. xii\textsuperscript{4} or xiii\textsuperscript{1}) \url{http://teca.bmlonline.it/ImageViewer/servlet/ImageViewer?idr=TECA0000807118\#page/1/mode/1up}
\vspace{1em}
{\large{Hands in M}}
\begin{msitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [M\textsuperscript{ac}]{Mac} The uncorrected reading in M. Equivalent to M.
\bibitem [M\textsuperscript{c}]{Mc} Corrections by the original scribe, who usually recovers the reading of the exemplar.
\bibitem [M\textsuperscript{mr}]{Mmr} Corrections by one or more later hands ({\itshape manus recentior}), sometimes recovering the exemplar, sometimes not.
\bibitem [M*]{M8} An asterisk marks readings in M that prompted a correction—not necessarily a successful one—by M\textsuperscript{mr}.
\end{msitemlist}
\bibitem [U]{U} Vatican, BAV Vat. lat. 3324 (s. xi\textsuperscript{4} or xii\textsuperscript{1})
\vspace{1em}
{\large{Hands in U}}
\begin{msitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [U\textsuperscript{ac}]{Uac} The uncorrected reading in U. Equivalent to U.
\bibitem [U\textsuperscript{c}]{Uc} Corrections by the original scribe or a close contemporary.
\end{msitemlist}
\end{msitemlist}
\vspace{1.5em}
{\large{Descendants of v}}
\begin{msitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [S]{S} Florence, BML Ashburnham 33 (s. x\textsuperscript{2–3})
\vspace{1em}
{\large{Hands in S}}
\begin{msitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [S\textsuperscript{ac}]{Sac} The uncorrected reading in S, Equivalent to S.
\bibitem [S\textsuperscript{c}]{Sc} Corrections made by the original scribe or a close contemporary.
\end{msitemlist}
\bibitem [π]{π} Common source of \cite{T} and \xref{V}{V}.
\begin{msitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [T]{T} Paris, BNF lat. 5764 (s. xi\textsuperscript{3–4}). \url{http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10542010c}
\vspace{1em}
{\large{Hands in T}}
\begin{msitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [T\textsuperscript{ac}]{Tac} The uncorrected reading in T, Equivalent to T.
\bibitem [T\textsuperscript{c}]{Tc} Corrections made by the original scribe or a close contemporary.
\end{msitemlist}
\bibitem [V]{V} Vienna, ÖN 95 (s. xii)
\vspace{1em}
{\large{Hands in V}}
\begin{msitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [V\textsuperscript{ac}]{Vac} The uncorrected reading in V. Equivalent to V.
\bibitem [V\textsuperscript{c}]{Vc} Corrections made by the original scribe or a close contemporary.
\end{msitemlist}
\end{msitemlist}
\end{msitemlist}
\vspace{1.5em}
{\large{Occasionally cited}}
\begin{msitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [N]{N} Naples, BN IV.C.11 (s. xi), cited where \cite{S} is lacunose.
\bibitem [ϛ]{stigma} A reading found in one or more later manuscripts.
\end{msitemlist}
\vspace{1.25em} % Whitespace
\subsection{Early Editions}
\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [ed. pr.]{edprin} G. Bussi, ed. Romae: In domo Petri de Maximis [= Sweynheym and Pannartz]. 12 May 1469. URL: \url{http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/\textasciitilde db/0006/bsb00064880/images/}
\bibitem [Aldus]{Aldus} G. Giocondo, ed. Venice. 1513. URL: \url{http://digital.onb.ac.at/OnbViewer/viewer.faces?doc=ABO\textunderscore \%2BZ221957000}
\bibitem [Beroaldus]{Beroaldus} P. Beroaldus, ed. \textit{Caii Iulii Caesaris commentarios Belli Gallici, Ciuilis Pompeiani, Alexandrini, Africi, ac Hispaniensis}. Bologna. 1504. URL: \url{http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10140427\textunderscore 00001.html}\end{bibitemlist}
\vspace{1.25em} % Whitespace
\subsection{Modern Editions}
\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [Andrieu]{Andrieu} J. Andrieu, ed. \textit{Pseudo-César, Guerre d’Alexandrie}. Paris. 1954.
\bibitem [Bentley]{Bentley} T. Bentley, ed. \textit{Caii Julii Caesaris de bello gallico et ciuili nec non A. Hirtii aliorumque de bellis Alexandrino, Africano, et Hispaniensi commentarii. Notas et animaduersiones addidit Tho. Bentleius. Accessere conjecturae et emendationes Jacobi Jurini}. London. 1742.
\bibitem [Cellarius]{Cellarius} C. Cellarius, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris Commentarii de bello gallico et ciuili. Cum utriusque supplementis ab A. Hirtio vel Oppio adiectis}. Leipzig. 1705.
\bibitem [Clarke]{Clarke} S. Clarke, ed. \textit{C. Julii Caesaris quae extant, accuratissime cum libris editis et mss optimis collata, recognita et correcta. Accesserunt annotationes Samuelis Clarke}. London. 1720 (1\textsuperscript{st} ed. 1712).
\bibitem [Dauisius 1706]{Dauisius1706} J. Davies, ed. \textit{C. Julii Caesaris quae exstant omnia ... cum eiusdem animadversionibus ac notis Pet. Ciacconii, Fr. Hotomanni, Joan. Brantii, Dionys. Vossii et aliorum}. Cambridge. 1706. URL: \url{http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10217527\textunderscore 00001.html}
\bibitem [Dauisius 1727]{Dauisius1727} J. Davies, ed. \textit{C. Julii Caesaris et Auli Hirtii quae exstant omnia recensuit ac selectis ... aliorum notis suas addidit Joannes Davisius; accedunt ejusdem secundae curae necnon metaphrasis graeca librorum VII de bello gallico}. Cambridge. 1727.
\bibitem [Dinter]{Dinter} B. Dinter, ed. \textit{C. Iuli Caesaris commentarii cum A. Hirti aliorumque supplementis . III: C. Iuli Caesaris commentarii commentarii de bello Alexandrino, Africano, Hispaniensi. Caesaris Hirtiique fragmenta}. Leipzig. 1887. URL: \url{https://books.google.com/books?id=luswAQAAMAAJ\&pg=PP1\#v=onepage\&q\&f=false}
\bibitem [Dübner]{Dübner} F. Dübner, ed. \textit{C. Julii Caesaris commentarii de bellis Gallico et civili, aliorum, de bellis Alexandrino, Africano et Hispaniensi. Tomus secundus}. Paris. 1867. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112023932624}
\bibitem [Du Pontet]{Du-Pontet} R. Du Pontet, ed. \textit{C. Iuli Caesaris Commentariorum. Pars 2}. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1900.
\bibitem [Hoffmann 1857]{Hoffmann1857} E. Hoffmann, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris commentarii cum supplementis A. Hirtii et aliorum. Volumen alterum}. Vienna. 1857
\bibitem [Hoffmann 1890]{Hoffmann1890} E. Hoffmann, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris commentarii cum supplementis A. Hirtii et aliorum. Vol. II: Commentarii de bello ciuili. Accedunt commentarii de bello Alexandrino, Africano, Hispaniensi}. New edition. Vienna. 1890. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112099806678}.
\bibitem [Jungermann]{Jungermann} G. Jungermann, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris quae exstant ... praeterea ... notae, adnotationes, commentarii Rhellicani, Glareani, Glandorpii, Camerarii, Bruti, Manutii, Sambuci, Vrsini, Ciacconii, Hotmani, Brantii}. Frankfurt. 1606. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822038197299}.
\bibitem [Klotz]{Klotz} A. Klotz, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris commentarii. Vol. III: Bellum Alexandrinum, Bellum Africum, Bellum Hispaniense, Fragmenta}. Leipzig. 1927.
\bibitem [Kraner]{Kraner} F. Kraner, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris commentarii cum supplementis A. Hirtii et aliorum}. Editio stereotypa. Leipzig. 1861. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c070407321}.
\bibitem [Kübler 1896a]{Kübler1896a} B. Kübler, ed. \textit{C Iulii Caesaris commentarii. Vol. III, pars prior, commentarius de bello Alexandrino}. Editio maior. Leipzig: Teubner, 1896.\url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435027192681}
\bibitem [Lipsius]{Lipsius} J. Lipsius, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris commentarii ... eiusdem ... fragmenta}. Antwerp. 1586. URL: \url{https://books.google.com/books?id=6BYsAQAAMAAJ\&pg=PP1\#v=onepage\&q\&f=false}. See also \cite{Oudendorp}.
\bibitem [Manutius]{Manutius} Aldus Manutius, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris commentarii ab Aldo Manutio Paulli filio Aldi nepote emendati et scholiis illustrati}. Venice. 1597. (First edition 1571.) URL: \url{http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10171445-1}.
\bibitem [Morus]{Morus} S. F. N. Morus, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris commentarii de bello Gallico et civili; accedunt libri de bello Alexandrino Africano et Hispaniensi e recensione Francisci Oudendorpii; curavit editionem Sam. Fr. Nathan. Morus}. Leipzig. 1780. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015022638830}.
\bibitem [Nipperdey]{Nipperdey} K. Nipperdey, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris commentarii}. Leipzig. 1847. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015063012838}.
\bibitem [Oehler]{Oehler} F. Oehler, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris commentarii cum supplementis A. Hirtii et aliorum}. Leipzig. 1852. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015007036885}.
\bibitem [Oudendorp]{Oudendorp} F. Oudendorp, ed., \textit{C. Julii Caesaris De bellis gallico et civili pompejano; nec non A. Hirtii aliorumque de bellis Alexandrino, Africano et Hispaniensi commentarii ad MSStorum fidem expressi, cum integris notis Dionysii Vossii, Joannis Davisii et Samuelis Clarkii cura et studio Francisci Oudendorpii qui suas animadversiones ac varias lectiones adjecit}. Leiden. 1737. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101066876309}.
\bibitem [Scaliger]{Scaliger} J. Scaliger, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris quae extant}. Amsterdam. 1661. (First edition 1635.) URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31175035195554}.
\bibitem [Schneider]{Schneider} R. Schneider, ed. \textit{Bellum Alexandrinum}. Berlin. 1888. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015039572113}.
\bibitem [Stephanus]{Stephanus} R. Estienne, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris rerum ab se gestarum comentarii}. Paris. 1544. URL: \url{https://books.google.com/books?id=CtcPAAAAQAAJ}.
\bibitem [Strada]{Strada} J. Strada, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris rerum gestarum commentarii XIV}. Frankfurt. 1575. URL: \url{https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSqXfrpOspMC}
\bibitem [Ursinus]{Ursinus} F. Orsini, ed. \textit{C. Iulii Caesaris commentarii novis emendationibus illustrati ... ejusdem fragmenta ... ex bibliotheca Fulvii Ursini}. Antwerp. 1595. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5327351141}.
\bibitem [Vascosanus]{Vascosanus} M. Vascosanus, ed. Paris. 1543.
\end{bibitemlist}
\vspace{1.25em} % Whitespace
\subsection{Other Sources}
\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem [Baehrens]{Baehrens1912} Baehrens, W. A. \textit{Beitraege Zur Lateinischen Syntax}. Leipzig. 1912.
\bibitem [Barwick]{Barwick} Barwick, K. \textit{Caesars Commentarii und das Corpus Caesarianum}. Leipzig. 1938.
\bibitem [Broughton]{Broughton} Broughton, T. Robert S. \textit{The Magistrates of the Roman Republic}. 2 vols. Cleveland. 1968.
\bibitem [Brown]{Brown} Brown, Virginia. \textit{The Textual Transmission of Caesar’s Civil War}. Leiden. 1972.
\bibitem [Carter]{Carter} Carter, J. M., trans. \textit{Julius Caesar, The Civil War}. Oxford. 1997.
\bibitem [Castiglioni]{Castiglioni} Castiglioni, L. ‘Intorno a Cesare ed ai suoi continuatori (Bellum Civile, Africanum, Alexandrinum)’. \textit{Athenaeum} n.s. 11 (1924): 229–40.
\bibitem [Ciaffi-Griffa]{Ciaffi-Griffa} Ciaffi, Raffaele and Ludovico Griffa, eds. \textit{Gaio Giulio Cesare, Opere}. Turin. 2008. (First editions 1952 and 1973.)
\bibitem [Cornelissen]{Cornelissen} Cornelissen, J. J. ‘Adversaria critica’. \textit{Mnemosyne} 17 (1889): 44–55.
\bibitem [Damon 2015a]{Damon2015a} Damon, C., ed. \textit{C. Iuli Caesaris commentariorum: Libri III de bello civili}. Oxford. 2015.
\bibitem [Damon 2015b]{Damon2015b} Damon, Cynthia. \textit{Studies on the text of Caesar’s Bellum civile}. Oxford. 2015.
\bibitem [Damon 2020]{Damon2020} Damon, Cynthia. ‘On (authorial and other) parentheses in Caesar’s commentarii.’ In L. Curtis and I. Peirano Garrison, eds. \textit{The lives of Latin texts}. Cambridge, MA. 55–89. 2020.
\bibitem [Domaszewski]{Domaszewski} A. von Domaszewski. ‘Die Heere der Bürgerkriege in den Jahren 49 bis 42 vor Christus’. \textit{Neue Heidelberger Jahrbücher} 4 (1894): 157–188.
\bibitem [Fischer]{Fischer} Fischer, Eduard. \textit{Das achte Buch vom Gallischem Kriege und das Bellum Alexandrinum: Eine Studie}. Passau. 1880. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.\$b62477}
\bibitem [Fleischer]{Fleischer} Fleischer, Curt. ‘Zu Caesar und seinen Fortsetzern’. \textit{Neue Jahrbücher für Philologie und Pädagogik} 119 (1879): 849–67. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3013858?urlappend=\%3Bseq=899}.
\bibitem [Forchhammer]{Forchhammer} Forchhammer, J. N. G. \textit{Quaestiones criticae de vera commentarios de bellis civili, Alexandrino, Africano, Hispaniensi emendandi ratione}. Copenhagen. 1852. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101065205849}.
\bibitem [Gaertner-Hausburg]{Gaertner-Hausburg} Gaertner, J. F., and B. Hausburg. \textit{Caesar and the Bellum Alexandrinum: An analysis of style, narrative technique, and the reception of Greek historiography}. \textit{Hypomnemata} 192. Göttingen. 2013.
\bibitem [Gemoll]{Gemoll} Gemoll, W. ‘Zu Caesar und seinen Fortsetzern’. \textit{Jahrbücher für klassische Philologie} 119 (1879): 267–70. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3013858?urlappend=\%3Bseq=317}.
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\bibitem [Hedicke]{Hedicke} Hedicke, Edmundus. ‘Scholia in Caesarem et Sallustium (Varia II)’. \textit{Programm des königlichen Gymnasiums zu Quedlinburg} (1879): 9–18.
\bibitem [Hering]{Hering} Hering, Wolfgang. \textit{Die Recensio der Caesarhandschriften}. Berlin. 1963.
\bibitem [Hübner]{Hübner} Emil Hübner, ed. \textit{Inscriptiones Hispanie Latinae. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Vol. II}. Berlin: G. Reimerum. 1869–92. URL: \url{http://arachne.uni-koeln.de/books/CILvII1869}.
\bibitem [Kraffert]{Kraffert} Kraffert, Hermann. \textit{Beiträge zur Kritik und Erklärung lateinischer Autoren}. Aurich. 1882.
\bibitem [Kübler 1896b]{Kübler1896b} Kübler, B.. ‘Recisamenta critica’. \textit{Philologus} 55 (1896): 154–59. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015029918151?urlappend=\%3Bseq=214}.
\bibitem [Landgraf 1888]{Landgraf1888} Landgraf, G. \textit{Untersuchungen zu Caesar und seinen Fortsetzern insbesondere über Autorschaft und Komposition des Bellum Alexandrinum und Africanum}. Erlangen. 1888. URL: \url{https://archive.org/details/untersuchungenzu00landuoft}.
\bibitem [Landgraf 1889]{Landgraf1889} Landgraf, G. \textit{Der Bericht des C. Asinius Pollio über die spanischen Unruhen des Jahres 48 v. Chr. (Bellum Alexandrinum 48–64) auf Grund des codex Ashburnhamensis}. Erlangen et Leipzig. 1889. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044085186245}.
\bibitem [Landgraf 1891a]{Landgraf1891a} Landgraf, G. ‘Zum Bellum Alexandrinum’. In \textit{Commentationes Woelfflinianae}. Leipzig. 1891. 15–21. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015022622206?urlappend=\%3Bseq=25}.
\bibitem [Landgraf 1891b]{Landgraf1891b} Landgraf, G. ‘Das Bellum Alexandrinum und der codex Ashburnhamensis’. \textit{Programm des Kgl. Wilhelmsgymnasiums in München für das Studienjahr 1890/91}. Munich. 1891. 1–23.
\bibitem [Larsen]{Larsen} Larsen, Sophus C. \textit{Studia in libellum incerti auctoris de bello Alexandrino}. Copenhagen. 1886. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc2.ark:/13960/t3cz4fm0n}.
\bibitem [Latinius]{Latinius} Latinius, Latinus. \textit{Bibliotheca sacra et profana: Sive, Observationes, correctiones, coniecturae, \& variae lectiones in sacros et profanos scriptores, e marginalibus notis codicum eiusdem a Dominico Macro ... collectae et nunc primum ... editae}. 2 vols. Rome. 1677. URL: \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101076454485}.
\bibitem [Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr]{Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr} Leumann, Manu et al. \textit{Lateinische Grammatik}. 3 vols. Munich. 1965-79.
\bibitem [Löfstedt]{Löfstedt} Löfstedt, Einar. ‘Vermischte Beiträge zur lateinische Sprachkunde’. \textit{Eranos} 8 (1908): 86–87.
\bibitem [Madvig]{Madvig} Madvig, J. N. “‘Capitulum III: Caesar, Sallustius.’” In Adversaria critica ad scriptores graecos et latinos. Vol. 2 : \textit{Emendationes latinae}. Copenhagen. 1873. 281–85. \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924021596675}.
\bibitem [Markland]{Markland} Markland, Jeremiah. \textit{Epistola critica ad eruditissimum virum Franciscum Hare ... in qua Horatii loca aliquot et aliorum veterum emendantur}. Cambridge. 1723. \url{https://books.google.com/books?id=7\textunderscore JWAAAAcAAJ\&pg=PP3\#v=onepage\&q\&f=false}.
\bibitem [Menge]{Menge} Menge, R. ‘Bellum Alexandrinum: Erklärt von Rud. Schneider’. \textit{Neue philologische Rundschau} 8 . 1889. 120–27. \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044098630197?urlappend=\%3Bseq=154}.
\bibitem [Mitchell]{Mitchell} Mitchell, S. “‘The treaty between Rome and Lycia of 46 BC (MS2070).’” In R. Pintaudi, ed., Papyri graecae Schøyen (P. Schøyen I). Florence. 2005. 161–259.
\bibitem [Müller]{Müller} Müller, H. J. Footnote to a Nachtrag on \cite{Schneider} (1888). \textit{Jahresberichte des philologischen Vereins zu Berlin} 14 (1888): 348. \url{https://books.google.com/books?id=9uToXfcovpwC\&pg=PA348\#v=onepage\&q\&f=false}.
\bibitem [Pinkster]{Pinkster} Pinkster, Harm. \textit{The Oxford Latin Syntax. Volume 1, The Simple Clause}. Oxford. 2015.
\bibitem [Preuss]{Preuss} Preuss, Siegmund. \textit{Vollstandiges Lexicon zu den pseudo-casarianischen Schriftwerken}. Erlangen. 1884. \url{https://books.google.com/books?id=QlEIAAAAQAAJ\&newbks=1\&newbks\textunderscore redir=0\&pg=PA1\#v=onepage\&q\&f=false}.
\bibitem [Raaflaub]{Raaflaub} Raaflaub, Kurt A., ed. \textit{The Landmark Julius Caesar. The complete works: Gallic War, Civil War, Alexandrian War, African War, and Spanish War}. New York. 2017.
\bibitem [Rice Holmes]{Rice-Holmes} Rice Holmes, T. \textit{The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire Vol. 3}. Oxford. 1923.
\bibitem [Schambach 1879–1882]{Schambach1879-1882} Schambach, Otfried. ‘Zu Caesar und seinen Fortsetzern’. \textit{Jahrbücher für klassische Philologie} 119 (1879): 867–70 \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/iau.31858020803346?urlappend=\%3Bseq=883} and 125 (1882): 215–24 \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/iau.31858020803403?urlappend=\%3Bseq=233}.
\bibitem [Schambach 1881]{Schambach1881} Schambach, Otfried. ‘Die Reiterei bei Caesar’. Mühlhausen in Thüringen. 1881. \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044080867435}.
\bibitem [Schiller 1883]{Schiller1883} Schiller, Heinrich. ‘Zu Caesar Bell. Civ. III, 112, 2 und Hirtius Bell. Alex. 8, 2’. \textit{Philologus} 42 (1883): 773–77. \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101076472131?urlappend=\%3Bseq=785}.
\bibitem [Schiller 1889]{Schiller1889} Schiller, Heinrich. Review of \cite{Schneider}. \textit{Berliner philologische Wochenschrift} 9 (1889): 306–10. \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000006512101?urlappend=\%3Bseq=169}.
\bibitem [Schiller 1890a]{Schiller1890a} Schiller, Heinrich. ‘Vom Ursprung des Bellum Alexandrinum’. \textit{Blätter für das Bayerische Gymnasialschulwesen} 26 (1890): 242–51, 393–400, 511–23. \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101073027086?urlappend=\%3Bseq=256}.
\bibitem [Schiller 1890b]{Schiller1890b} Schiller, Heinrich. Review of \cite{Hoffmann1890}. \textit{Blätter für das Bayerische Gymnasialschulwesen} 26 (1890): 535–43. \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101073027086?urlappend=\%3Bseq=549}.
\bibitem [Stadler]{Stadler} Stadler, O. ‘Zu lateinischen Schriftstellern’. \textit{Berliner philologische Wochenschrift} 27.35 (1907): 1119. \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112023962035?urlappend=\%3Bseq=578}.
\bibitem [Stark]{Stark} Stark, Rudolf. ‘\textit{Bellum Alexandrinum} 19, 1’. \textit{Maia} 16 (1964): 239–42.
\bibitem [Stoffel]{Stoffel} Stoffel, E. \textit{Histoire de Jules César, Guerre civile}. 2 vols. Paris. 1887. \url{https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001193303}.
\bibitem [Talbert]{Talbert} Talbert, R.J.A., ed. \textit{Barrington atlas of the Greek and Roman world}. Princeton. 2000.
\bibitem [Townend]{Townend} Townend, G. \textit{Caesar’s War in Alexandria}. Bristol. 1988.
\bibitem [Turnebus]{Turnebus} Turnèbe, Adrien. \textit{Adriani Turnebi adversariorum tomus secundus duodecim libros continens}. Paris. 1565. 36. \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5317950051?urlappend=\%3Bseq=87}.
\bibitem [Vielhaber 1864]{Vielhaber1864} Vielhaber, Leopold. \textit{Beiträge zur Kritik des Cäsarianischen Bellum ciuile und der Fortsetzungen desselben}. Vienna. 1864.
\bibitem [Vielhaber 1869]{Vielhaber1869} Vielhaber, Leopold. Review of \cite{Dübner}. \textit{Zeitschrift für die österreichischen Gymnasien} 20 (1869): 541–76. \url{https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044098632391?urlappend=\%3Bseq=649}.
\end{bibitemlist}
\vspace{1.25em} % Whitespace
\subsection{List of People Cited by Name}
\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Atkins]{Atkins} Adrienne Atkins. Member of the Latin 540 class (spring 2015).