The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
Please refer to the change log for a documentation of changes to this specification.
PMTiles is a single-file archive format for tiled data.
The recommended MIME Type for PMTiles is application/vnd.pmtiles.
A PMTiles archive consists of five main sections:
- A fixed-size 127-byte header (described in Chapter 3)
- A root directory (described in Chapter 4)
- JSON metadata (described in Chapter 5)
- Optional leaf directories (described in Chapter 4)
- The actual tile data
These sections are normally in the same order as in the list above, but it is possible to relocate all sections other than the header arbitrarily. The only two restrictions are that the header is at the start of the archive, and the root directory MUST be contained in the first 16,384 bytes (16 KiB) so that latency-optimized clients can retrieve the root directory in advance and ensure that it is complete.
Root Directory Metadata Leaf Directories Tile Data
Length Length Length Length
<--------------> <--------> <----------------> <--------->
+--------+----------------+----------+------------------+-----------+
| | | | | |
| Header | Root Directory | Metadata | Leaf Directories | Tile Data |
| | | | | |
+--------+----------------+----------+------------------+-----------+
^ ^ ^ ^
Root Dir Metadata Leaf Dirs Tile Data
Offset Offset Offset Offset
The Header has a length of 127 bytes and is always at the start of the archive. It includes everything needed to decode the rest of the PMTiles archive properly.
Offset 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
000000 | Magic Number | V | Root Directory Offset |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
000010 | Root Directory Length | Metadata Offset |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
000020 | Metadata Length | Leaf Directories Offset |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
000030 | Leaf Directories Length | Tile Data Offset |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
000040 | Tile Data Length | Num of Addressed Tiles |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
000050 | Number of Tile Entries | Number of Tile Contents |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
000060 | C | IC | TC | TT |MinZ|MaxZ| Min Position | Max
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
000070 Position |CenZ| Center Position |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
The magic number is a fixed 7-byte field whose value is always PMTiles in UTF-8 encoding (0x50 0x4D 0x54 0x69 0x6C 0x65 0x73)
The version is a fixed 1-byte field whose value is always 3 (0x03).
The Root Directory Offset is an 8-byte field whose value gives the offset of the first byte of the root directory. This address offset is relative to the first byte of the archive.
This field is encoded as a little-endian 64-bit unsigned integer.
The Root Directory Length is an 8-byte field specifying the number of bytes in the root directory.
This field is encoded as a little-endian 64-bit unsigned integer.
The Metadata Offset is an 8-byte field whose value gives the offset of the first byte of the metadata. This address offset is relative to the first byte of the archive.
This field is encoded as a little-endian 64-bit unsigned integer.
The Metadata Length is an 8-byte field specifying the number of bytes of metadata.
This field is encoded as a little-endian 64-bit unsigned integer.
The Leaf Directories Offset is an 8-byte field whose value gives the offset of the first byte of the leaf directories. This address offset is relative to the first byte of the archive.
This field is encoded as a little-endian 64-bit unsigned integer.
The Leaf Directories Length is an 8-byte field specifying the accumulated size (in bytes) of all leaf directories. A value of 0 indicates that there are no leaf directories included in this PMTiles archive.
This field is encoded as a little-endian 64-bit unsigned integer.
The Tile Data Offset is an 8-byte field whose value gives the offset of the first byte of the tile data. This address offset is relative to the first byte of the archive.
This field is encoded as a little-endian 64-bit unsigned integer.
The Tile Data Length is an 8-byte field specifying the accumulated size (in bytes) of all tiles in the tile data section.
This field is encoded as a little-endian 64-bit unsigned integer.
The Number of Addressed Tiles is an 8-byte field specifying the total number of tiles in the PMTiles archive, before RunLength Encoding.
A value of 0 indicates that the number is unknown.
This field is encoded as a little-endian 64-bit unsigned integer.
The Number of Tile Entries is an 8-byte field specifying the total number of tile entries: entries where RunLength is greater than 0.
A value of 0 indicates that the number is unknown.
This field is encoded as a little-endian 64-bit unsigned integer.
The Number of Tile Contents is an 8-byte field specifying the total number of blobs in the tile data section.
A value of 0 indicates that the number is unknown.
This field is encoded as a little-endian 64-bit unsigned integer.
Clustered is a 1-byte field specifying if the data of the individual tiles in the data section is ordered by their TileID (clustered) or not (not clustered). Therefore, Clustered means that:
- offsets are either contiguous with the previous offset+length, or refer to a lesser offset when writing with deduplication.
- the first tile entry in the directory has offset 0.
The field can have one of the following values:
| Value | Meaning |
|---|---|
0x00 |
Not clustered |
0x01 |
Clustered |
The Internal Compression is a 1-byte field specifying the compression of the root directory, metadata, and all leaf directories.
The encoding of this field is described in Chapter 3.3.
The Tile Compression is a 1-byte field specifying the compression of all tiles.
The encoding of this field is described in Chapter 3.3.
The Tile Type is a 1-byte field specifying the type of tiles.
The field can have one of the following values:
| Value | Meaning |
|---|---|
0x00 |
Unknown / Other |
0x01 |
MVT Vector Tile |
0x02 |
PNG |
0x03 |
JPEG |
0x04 |
WebP |
0x05 |
AVIF |
The Min Zoom is a 1-byte field specifying the minimum zoom of the tiles.
This field is encoded as an 8-bit unsigned integer.
The Max Zoom is a 1-byte field specifying the maximum zoom of the tiles. It must be greater than or equal to the min zoom.
This field is encoded as an 8-bit unsigned integer.
The Min Position is an 8-byte field that includes the minimum latitude and minimum longitude of the bounds.
The encoding of this field is described in Chapter 3.4.
The Max Position is an 8-byte field including the maximum latitude and maximum longitude of the bounds.
The encoding of this field is described in Chapter 3.4.
The Center Zoom is a 1-byte field specifying the center zoom (LOD) of the tiles. A reader MAY use this as the initial zoom when displaying tiles from the PMTiles archive.
This field is encoded as an 8-bit unsigned integer.
The Center Position is an 8-byte field that includes the latitude and longitude of the center position. A reader MAY use this as the initial center position when displaying tiles from the PMTiles archive.
The encoding of this field is described in Chapter 3.4.
Compression is an enum with the following values:
| Value | Meaning |
|---|---|
0x00 |
Unknown |
0x01 |
None |
0x02 |
gzip |
0x03 |
brotli |
0x04 |
zstd |
A Position is encoded into 8 bytes. Bytes 0 through 3 (the first 4 bytes) represent the longitude, and bytes 4 through 7 (the last 4 bytes) represent the latitude.
To encode a latitude or a longitude into 4 bytes, use the following method:
- Multiply the value by 10,000,000.
- Convert the result into a little-endian 32-bit signed integer.
To decode a latitude or a longitude from 4 bytes, use the following method:
- Read bytes as a little-endian 32-bit signed integer.
- Divide the read value by 10,000,000.
A directory is simply a list of entries. Each entry describes either where a specific tile can be found in the tile data section or where a leaf directory can be found in the leaf directories section.
The number of entries in the root directory and in the leaf directories is left to the implementation and can vary depending on what the writer has optimized for (cost, bandwidth, latency, etc.). However, the size of the header plus the compressed size of the root directory MUST NOT exceed 16384 bytes to allow latency-optimized clients to retrieve the root directory in its entirety. Therefore, the maximum compressed size of the root directory is 16257 bytes (16384 bytes - 127 bytes). A sophisticated writer might need several attempts to optimize this.
The order of leaf directories SHOULD be ascending by starting TileID.
It is discouraged to create an archive with more than one level of leaf directories. If you are implementing a writer and discover this need, please open an issue.
Each directory entry consists of the following properties:
- TileID
- Offset
- Length
- RunLength
Specifies the ID of the tile or the first tile in the leaf directory.
The TileID corresponds to a cumulative position on the series of Hilbert curves starting at zoom level 0.
| Z | X | Y | TileID |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| ... | |||
| 12 | 3423 | 1763 | 19078479 |
Specifies the offset of the first byte of the tile or leaf directory. This address offset is relative to the first byte of the tile data section for tile entries and relative to the first byte of the leaf directories section for leaf directory entries.
Specifies the number of bytes of this tile or leaf directory. This size always indicates the compressed size, if the tile or leaf directory is compressed. The length MUST be greater than 0.
Specifies the number of tiles for which this entry is valid. A run length of 0 means that this entry is for a leaf directory and not for a tile.
| TileID | Offset | Length | RunLength | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5 |
1337 |
42 |
1 |
Tile 5 is located at bytes 1337–1378 of the tile data section. |
5 |
1337 |
42 |
3 |
Tiles 5, 6, and 7 are located at bytes 1337–1378 of the tile data section. |
5 |
1337 |
42 |
0 |
A leaf directory whose first tile has an ID of 5 is located at byte 1337–1378 of the leaf directories section. |
A directory can only be encoded in its entirety. It is not possible to encode a single directory entry by itself.
Appendix A.1 includes a pseudocode implementation of encoding a directory.
An encoded directory consists of five parts in the following order:
- The number of entries contained in the directory (MUST be greater than 0)
- TileIDs of all entries
- RunLengths of all entries
- Lengths of all entries
- Offsets of all entries
The number of entries included in this directory.
This field is encoded as a little-endian variable-width integer.
The TileIDs are delta-encoded, i.e., the number to be written is the difference to the last TileID.
For example, the TileIDs 5, 42, and 69 would be encoded as 5 (5 - 0), 37 (42 - 5), and 27 (69 - 42).
Each delta-encoded TileID is encoded as a little-endian variable-width integer.
The RunLengths are simply encoded as is, each as a little-endian variable-width integer.
The lengths are simply encoded as is, each as a little-endian variable-width integer. Each length MUST be greater than 0.
Offsets are encoded either as Offset + 1 or 0, if they are equal to the sum of offset and length of the previous entry (tile blobs are contiguous).
Each offset is encoded as a little-endian variable-width integer.
After encoding, each directory is compressed according to the internal compression field of the header. Leaf directories are compressed individually and not as a whole section.
Decoding a directory works similarly to encoding, but in reverse. Appendix A.2 includes a pseudocode implementation of decoding a directory. The basic steps are the following:
- Decompress the data according to the internal compression.
- Read a variable-width integer indicating how many entries are included in the directory (let's call this
n). - Read
nnumber of variable-width integers, which are the delta-encoded TileIDs of all entries. ¹ - Read
nnumber of variable-width integers, which are the RunLengths of all entries. - Read
nnumber of variable-width integers, which are the Lengths of all entries. - Read
nnumber of variable-width integers, which are the Offsets of all entries. ¹
¹ Please refer to Section 4.2 for details on how Tile ID and Offset are encoded.
The metadata section MUST contain a valid JSON object encoded in UTF-8, which MAY include additional metadata related to the tileset that is not already covered in the header section.
If the Tile Type in the header has a value of MVT Vector Tile, the object MUST contain a key of vector_layers as described in the TileJSON 3.0 specification.
Additionally, this specification defines the following keys, which MAY be included in the object:
| Key | Description | Type |
|---|---|---|
name |
A name describing the tileset | string |
description |
A text description of the tileset | string |
attribution |
An attribution to be displayed when the map is shown to a user. Implementations MAY decide to treat this as HTML or literal text. | string |
type |
The type of the tileset | a string with a value of either overlay or baselayer |
version |
The version number of the tileset | a string containing a valid version according to Semantic Versioning 2.0.0 |
write_varint(x, y) = write 'y' as a little-endian variable-width integer to 'x'
compress(x) = compress 'x' according to internal compression
entries = list of entries in this directory
buffer = the output byte-buffer
last_id = 0
for entry in entries {
write_varint(buffer, entry.tile_id - last_id)
last_id = entry.tile_id
}
for entry in entries {
write_varint(buffer, entry.run_length)
}
for entry in entries {
write_varint(buffer, entry.length)
}
next_byte = 0
for (index, entry) in entries {
if index > 0 && entry.offset == next_byte {
write_varint(buffer, 0)
} else {
write_varint(buffer, entry.offset + 1)
}
next_byte = entry.offset + entry.length
}
compress(buffer)read_var_int(x) = read little-endian variable-width integer from 'x'
decompress(x) = decompress 'x' according to internal compression
input_buffer = the input byte-buffer
buffer = decompress(input_buffer)
num_entries = read_varint(buffer)
entries = empty list of entries
last_id = 0
for i in num_entries {
value = read_varint(buffer)
last_id = last_id + value
entries[i] = Entry { tile_id: last_id }
}
for i in num_entries {
entries[i].run_length = read_varint(buffer)
}
for i in num_entries {
entries[i].length = read_varint(buffer)
}
for i in num_entries {
value = read_varint(buffer)
if value == 0 && i > 0 {
// offset = 0 -> entry is directly after previous entry
prev_entry = entries[i - 1];
entries[i].offset = prev_entry.offset + prev_entry.length;
} else {
entries[i].offset = value - 1;
}
}