bgs.3class.geo-testing-data.txt

1	O
SUMMARY	O
The	O
lithostratigraphy	O
of	O
the	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
rocks	O
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
of	O
Scotland	O
has	O
been	O
reviewed	O
.	O

The	O
Inverclyde	LEXICON
,	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
,	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
and	O
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
sedimentary	O
groups	O
can	O
be	O
recognised	O
throughout	O
the	O
region	O
,	O
as	O
can	O
the	O
component	O
formations	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
higher	O
groups	O
.	O

Formations	O
in	O
the	O
two	O
lower	O
groups	O
are	O
recognisable	O
only	O
within	O
sub-basins	O
.	O

Names	O
now	O
regarded	O
as	O
redundant	O
are	O
Tyninghame	LEXICON
,	O
Balcomie	LEXICON
,	O
Lugton	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
,	O
Dalry	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
,	O
Caaf	LEXICON
Water	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
and	O
Monkcastle	LEXICON
formations	O
.	O

Tyninghame	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
incorporated	O
within	O
the	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
a	O
broader	O
definition	O
of	O
the	O
latter	O
.	O

The	O
Balcomie	LEXICON
,	O
Lugton	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
,	O
Dalry	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
,	O
Caaf	LEXICON
Water	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
and	O
Monkcastle	LEXICON
formations	O
are	O
now	O
regarded	O
as	O
synonymous	O
with	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
,	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
,	O
Limestone	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
,	O
Upper	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
and	O
Passage	LEXICON
formations	O
respectively	O
.	O

The	O
Kilbirnie	LEXICON
Mudstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
reduced	O
to	O
a	O
member	O
within	O
the	O
Limestone	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
Troon	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
and	O
Ayrshire	LEXICON
Bauxitic	LEXICON
Clay	LEXICON
formations	O
are	O
reduced	O
to	O
members	O
within	O
the	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

Newly	O
introduced	O
lithostratigraphical	O
names	O
are	O
the	O
Bathgate	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
and	O
the	O
formations	O
within	O
it	O
,	O
namely	O
the	O
Salsburgh	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
,	O
Bathgate	LEXICON
Hills	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
and	O
Kinghorn	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
formations	O
.	O

Group	O
status	O
is	O
required	O
for	O
this	O
series	O
of	O
volcanic	O
rocks	O
because	O
they	O
markedly	O
transgress	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
and	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
sedimentary	O
group	O
boundaries	O
.	O

A	O
rationalisation	O
of	O
the	O
nomenclature	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
main	O
lithostratigraphical	O
marker	O
horizons	O
in	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
has	O
been	O
undertaken	O
,	O
standardising	O
on	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
Glasgow	O
area	O
.	O

The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
is	O
placed	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Lowstone	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
,	O
its	O
local	O
correlative	O
or	O
at	O
a	O
plane	O
of	O
disconformity	O
.	O

The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Upper	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
is	O
taken	O
in	O
the	O
Glasgow	O
and	O
Ayrshire	O
areas	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Aegiranum	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
,	O
where	O
it	O
is	O
locally	O
known	O
as	O
Skipsey	LEXICON
's	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
.	O

In	O
Fife	O
and	O
Lothian	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
Aegiranum	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
has	O
been	O
tentatively	O
re-correlated	O
upwards	O
in	O
the	O
succession	O
with	O
the	O
`	O
Buckhaven	LEXICON
Planolites	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
'	O
and	O
Montague	LEXICON
Bridge	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
respectively	O
.	O

2	O
PREFACE	O
The	O
Stratigraphy	O
Committee	O
of	O
the	O
British	O
Geological	O
Survey	O
has	O
undertaken	O
to	O
carry	O
out	O
a	O
review	O
of	O
the	O
stratigraphical	O
classification	O
and	O
nomenclature	O
for	O
all	O
parts	O
of	O
Great	O
Britain	O
for	O
which	O
modern	O
information	O
is	O
available	O
.	O

To	O
this	O
end	O
several	O
Stratigraphical	O
Framework	O
Committees	O
have	O
been	O
established	O
,	O
each	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
terms	O
of	O
reference	O
:	O
i	O
To	O
carry	O
out	O
a	O
complete	O
review	O
of	O
the	O
lithostratigraphical	O
nomenclature	O
of	O
the	O
designated	O
region	O
,	O
identifying	O
problems	O
in	O
classification	O
,	O
correlation	O
and	O
nomenclature	O
.	O

ii	O
To	O
propose	O
a	O
stratigraphical	O
framework	O
and	O
lithostratigraphical	O
nomenclature	O
down	O
to	O
formation	O
level	O
for	O
the	O
whole	O
outcrop	O
.	O

iii	O
To	O
organise	O
peer	O
review	O
of	O
the	O
scheme	O
.	O

iv	O
To	O
present	O
the	O
results	O
in	O
a	O
document	O
suitable	O
for	O
publication	O
.	O

v	O
To	O
see	O
that	O
the	O
Lexicon	O
entries	O
are	O
completed	O
for	O
their	O
area	O
of	O
responsibility	O
.	O

The	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
rocks	O
of	O
central	O
Scotland	O
have	O
been	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
a	O
committee	O
under	O
the	O
chairmanship	O
of	O
Mr	O
M	O
A	O
E	O
Browne	O
and	O
are	O
reported	O
on	O
here	O
.	O

The	O
purpose	O
of	O
all	O
SFCs	O
is	O
to	O
establish	O
a	O
framework	O
down	O
to	O
formation	O
level	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
central	O
reference	O
by	O
all	O
geologists	O
working	O
in	O
the	O
region	O
.	O

The	O
process	O
of	O
erecting	O
a	O
framework	O
requires	O
decisions	O
to	O
betaken	O
about	O
correlations	O
and	O
equivalences	O
leading	O
to	O
a	O
simplified	O
nomenclature	O
.	O

Inevitably	O
many	O
names	O
will	O
be	O
rendered	O
obsolete	O
.	O

The	O
frameworks	O
are	O
lithostratigraphical	O
and	O
though	O
each	O
is	O
set	O
against	O
a	O
chronostratigraphical	O
reference	O
column	O
the	O
finer	O
points	O
of	O
the	O
chronostratigraphy	O
of	O
the	O
succession	O
are	O
not	O
our	O
prime	O
concern	O
.	O

The	O
report	O
was	O
reviewed	O
for	O
the	O
Geological	O
Society	O
Stratigraphy	O
Commission	O
by	O
Dr	O
I	O
D	O
Somerville	O
and	O
validated	O
by	O
Dr	O
J	O
E	O
A	O
Marshall	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
the	O
Geological	O
Society	O
Stratigraphy	O
Commission	O
,	O
who	O
endorse	O
the	O
scheme	O
proposed	O
in	O
this	O
work	O
.	O

The	O
lithostratigraphical	O
rules	O
applied	O
are	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
North	O
American	O
Commission	O
on	O
Stratigraphic	O
Nomenclature	O
-LRB-	O
1983	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

It	O
is	O
expected	O
that	O
the	O
frameworks	O
will	O
be	O
refined	O
and	O
improved	O
with	O
time	O
.	O

Indeed	O
,	O
erecting	O
them	O
effectively	O
poses	O
a	O
challenge	O
to	O
stratigraphers	O
which	O
I	O
hope	O
will	O
betaken	O
up	O
to	O
contribute	O
to	O
a	O
better	O
understanding	O
of	O
British	O
stratigraphy	O
.	O

Dr	O
P	O
M	O
Allen	O
Chairman	O
British	O
Geological	O
Survey	O
Stratigraphy	O
Committee	O
Prof	O
P	O
F	O
Rawson	O
Chairman	O
Geological	O
Society	O
Stratigraphy	O
Commission	O
3	O
INTRODUCTION	O
The	O
stratigraphy	O
of	O
the	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
of	O
Scotland	O
has	O
been	O
studied	O
over	O
a	O
considerable	O
time	O
and	O
various	O
criteria	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
basis	O
for	O
sub-division	O
.	O

Formerly	O
,	O
this	O
succession	O
of	O
rocks	O
was	O
divided	O
into	O
six	O
major	O
units	O
,	O
in	O
downward	O
order	O
,	O
the	O
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
Passage	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
Upper	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
Limestone	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
and	O
the	O
Calciferous	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
,	O
each	O
containing	O
rocks	O
or	O
cycles	O
of	O
rocks	O
with	O
generally	O
similar	O
lithological	O
characteristics	O
-LRB-	O
Macgregor	O
and	O
MacGregor	O
,	O
1948	O
;	O
MacGregor	O
,	O
1960	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
boundaries	O
between	O
the	O
main	O
units	O
were	O
defined	O
by	O
marker	O
horizons	O
which	O
are	O
,	O
to	O
a	O
greater	O
or	O
lesser	O
extent	O
,	O
widespread	O
within	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
of	O
Scotland	O
.	O

The	O
Geological	O
Society	O
Special	O
Reports	O
of	O
George	O
et	O
al.	O
-LRB-	O
1976	O
-RRB-	O
on	O
the	O
Dinantian	CHRONOSTRAT
and	O
Ramsbottom	O
et	O
al	O
.	O

-LRB-	O
1978	O
-RRB-	O
on	O
the	O
Silesian	CHRONOSTRAT
set	O
out	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
faunal	O
and	O
floral	O
markers	O
that	O
underpin	O
the	O
correlation	O
of	O
the	O
lithostratigraphical	O
units	O
within	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
of	O
Scotland	O
-LRB-	O
Table	O
1	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
constraining	O
the	O
age	O
of	O
the	O
units	O
.	O

Clayton	O
-LRB-	O
1985	O
,	O
Table	O
1	O
-RRB-	O
set	O
out	O
the	O
subsequent	O
alterations	O
to	O
the	O
Dinantian	CHRONOSTRAT
miospore	O
zones	O
which	O
are	O
of	O
most	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
correlation	O
of	O
Scottish	O
pre	O
-	O
Asbian	CHRONOSTRAT
strata	O
.	O

The	O
first	O
changes	O
to	O
this	O
traditional	O
scheme	O
were	O
made	O
by	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
who	O
set	O
up	O
a	O
formal	O
lithostratigraphical	O
nomenclature	O
of	O
formation	O
and	O
group	O
names	O
for	O
the	O
late	O
Devonian	CHRONOSTRAT
and	O
early	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
rocks	O
of	O
the	O
western	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
.	O

Note	O
:	O
The	O
Laggan	LEXICON
Cottage	LEXICON
Mudstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
of	O
north	O
Arran	O
and	O
the	O
Birgidale	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
of	O
south	O
Bute	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
are	O
not	O
shown	O
.	O

Nor	O
are	O
the	O
Bathgate	O
Hills	O
,	O
Kinghornand	LEXICON
Salsburgh	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
formations	O
of	O
the	O
Bathgate	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
.	O

In	O
the	O
Lothians	O
the	O
group	O
names	O
were	O
also	O
found	O
to	O
be	O
valid	O
-LRB-	O
Chisholm	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1989	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
further	O
new	O
formations	O
were	O
erected	O
and	O
defined	O
.	O

The	O
traditional	O
group	O
names	O
above	O
the	O
Hurlet	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
were	O
replaced	O
by	O
formation	O
names	O
in	O
the	O
Airdrie	O
district	O
by	O
Hall	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
,	O
1992	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
Forsyth	O
et	O
al.	O
-LRB-	O
1996	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

These	O
changes	O
were	O
made	O
piecemeal	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
has	O
become	O
apparent	O
that	O
a	O
clarification	O
of	O
the	O
lithostratigraphical	O
nomenclature	O
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
is	O
now	O
required	O
.	O

The	O
Stratigraphical	O
Framework	O
Committee	O
has	O
built	O
on	O
the	O
foundations	O
laid	O
by	O
the	O
classification	O
of	O
the	O
Lower	CHRONOSTRAT
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
up	O
to	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Hurlet	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
,	O
or	O
its	O
equivalent	O
,	O
erected	O
by	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
Browne	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
Chisholm	O
et	O
al.	O
-LRB-	O
1989	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Above	O
this	O
,	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
widespread	O
limestones	O
,	O
marine	O
beds	O
and	O
coal	O
horizons	O
allows	O
correlations	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
across	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
on	O
a	O
basis	O
of	O
marker	O
band	O
stratigraphy	O
.	O

Most	O
of	O
the	O
traditional	O
units	O
recognised	O
above	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Hurlet	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
are	O
defined	O
by	O
marine	O
bands	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
lithological	O
markers	O
defining	O
lithostratigraphical	O
units	O
.	O

In	O
accordance	O
with	O
the	O
protocol	O
established	O
by	O
the	O
North	O
American	O
Commission	O
on	O
Stratigraphic	O
Nomenclature	O
-LRB-	O
1983	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
these	O
units	O
are	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
formations	O
and	O
have	O
been	O
assigned	O
to	O
newly	O
established	O
groups	O
-LRB-	O
Forsyth	O
et	O
al.	O
,1996	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Since	O
the	O
definitions	O
of	O
lower	O
and	O
upper	O
boundaries	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
changed	O
,	O
previous	O
descriptions	O
are	O
still	O
valid	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
view	O
of	O
their	O
general	O
familiarity	O
longstanding	O
names	O
have	O
been	O
modified	O
as	O
little	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O

Thus	O
,	O
the	O
name	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
replaces	O
the	O
term	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
revised	O
nomenclature	O
and	O
the	O
previous	O
names	O
are	O
both	O
shown	O
in	O
Table	O
1	O
.	O

Current	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
biostratigraphical	O
framework	O
is	O
also	O
summarised	O
in	O
Table	O
1	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
some	O
formations	O
extend	O
over	O
a	O
greater	O
or	O
smaller	O
age	O
range	O
than	O
is	O
shown	O
in	O
theTable	O
.	O

It	O
is	O
recognised	O
,	O
also	O
,	O
that	O
there	O
are	O
problems	O
in	O
relating	O
the	O
biostratigraphy	O
based	O
on	O
miospores	O
to	O
the	O
lithostratigraphical	O
succession	O
-LRB-	O
Neves	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1973	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
mainly	O
volcanic	O
formations	O
of	O
the	O
BathgateGroup	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
contemporaneous	O
with	O
sedimentary	O
formations	O
,	O
are	O
not	O
shown	O
on	O
the	O
Table	O
.	O

Note	O
that	O
thickness	O
ranges	O
for	O
individual	O
formations	O
are	O
not	O
given	O
in	O
the	O
descriptive	O
text	O
;	O
information	O
on	O
thickness	O
is	O
shown	O
graphically	O
in	O
Figures	O
1	O
--	O
7	O
mainly	O
based	O
on	O
published	O
1	O
:	O
50	O
000	O
map	O
sheet	O
generalised	O
vertical	O
sections	O
.	O

Browneand	O
Monro	O
-LRB-	O
1989	O
,	O
Figures	O
15	O
--	O
20	O
-RRB-	O
presented	O
isopachyte	O
maps	O
for	O
the	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
their	O
Figures	O
16	O
--	O
19	O
relate	O
specifically	O
to	O
individual	O
formations	O
described	O
in	O
the	O
present	O
report	O
.	O

More	O
detailed	O
descriptions	O
of	O
the	O
strata	O
are	O
given	O
in	O
the	O
BGS	O
memoirs	O
for	O
individual	O
map	O
sheets	O
within	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
regional	O
guide	O
-LRB-	O
Cameron	O
and	O
Stephenson	O
,	O
1985	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

In	O
their	O
geological	O
conservation	O
review	O
of	O
the	O
Upper	CHRONOSTRAT
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
-LRB-	O
sensu	O
Lane	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1985	O
-RRB-	O
Cleal	O
and	O
Thomas	O
-LRB-	O
1996	O
-RRB-	O
used	O
the	O
MacGregor	O
-LRB-	O
1960	O
-RRB-	O
classification	O
for	O
the	O
Scottish	O
successions	O
.	O

Within	O
the	O
Passage	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
Roslin	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
and	O
Ayrshire	LEXICON
Bauxitic	LEXICON
Clay	LEXICON
formations	O
were	O
identified	O
.	O

The	O
latter	O
formation	O
is	O
now	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
member	O
within	O
the	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
of	O
the	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
.	O

Their	O
newly	O
named	O
Roslin	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
a	O
redundant	O
term	O
synonymous	O
with	O
the	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

In	O
the	O
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Group	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
Cleal	O
and	O
Thomas	O
recognised	O
Productive	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
and	O
Barren	LEXICON
Red	LEXICON
formations	O
.	O

The	O
names	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
long	O
redundant	O
terminology	O
and	O
are	O
judged	O
to	O
be	O
unacceptable	O
in	O
a	O
Scottish	O
context	O
since	O
:	O
-	O
i	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
Scottish	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
succession	O
,	O
Inverclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
excepted	O
,	O
is	O
productive	O
of	O
coal	O
ii	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
character	O
of	O
the	O
so-called	O
Barren	LEXICON
Red	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
is	O
diagenetic	O
,	O
not	O
stratigraphical	O
in	O
origin	O
.	O

Also	O
,	O
the	O
strata	O
are	O
not	O
barren	O
of	O
coal	O
.	O

Within	O
rocks	O
now	O
assigned	O
to	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
,	O
Loftus	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
set	O
up	O
the	O
Burdiehouse	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
term	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
used	O
on	O
published	O
BGS	O
maps	O
and	O
is	O
not	O
adopted	O
here	O
,	O
though	O
`	O
Burdiehouse	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
'	O
remains	O
a	O
valid	O
bed	O
name	O
.	O

Similarly	O
Jameson	O
-LRB-	O
1987	O
-RRB-	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
Petershill	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
for	O
a	O
sedimentary	O
unit	O
in	O
the	O
Bathgate	LEXICON
Hills	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
of	O
which	O
it	O
could	O
now	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
member	O
.	O

Wilson	O
-LRB-	O
1974	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
marine	O
faunas	O
of	O
south-east	O
Scotland	O
,	O
set	O
up	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
and	O
Upper	LEXICON
Lothian	LEXICON
groups	O
for	O
strata	O
now	O
assigned	O
to	O
the	O
Inverclyde	LEXICON
and	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
groups	O
.	O

As	O
groups	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
qualifed	O
by	O
`	O
Upper	O
'	O
and	O
`	O
Lower	O
'	O
according	O
to	O
protocol	O
,	O
these	O
two	O
terms	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
accepted	O
and	O
in	O
any	O
case	O
Wilson	O
later	O
-LRB-	O
1989	O
,	O
Figure	O
2	O
-RRB-	O
used	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
and	O
Inverclyde	LEXICON
groups	O
instead	O
of	O
these	O
two	O
divisions	O
.	O

In	O
the	O
Appendix	O
to	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
the	O
only	O
rock	O
unit	O
not	O
clearly	O
assigned	O
status	O
is	O
the	O
Downie	LEXICON
's	LEXICON
Loup	LEXICON
Sandstones	LEXICON
of	O
the	O
Stirling	O
area	O
.	O

The	O
unit	O
is	O
now	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

A	O
list	O
of	O
valid	O
lithostratigraphical	O
units	O
for	O
the	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
of	O
Scotland	O
is	O
given	O
in	O
Appendix	O
1	O
.	O

A	O
list	O
of	O
obsolete	O
terms	O
-LRB-	O
together	O
with	O
approximate	O
current	O
equivalents	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
those	O
of	O
reduced	O
status	O
are	O
given	O
in	O
Appendix	O
2	O
.	O

Extrusive	O
volcanic	O
rocks	O
of	O
broadly	O
basaltic	O
composition	O
are	O
common	O
in	O
the	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
of	O
Scotland	O
.	O

They	O
range	O
from	O
thin	O
local	O
developments	O
to	O
widespread	O
volcanic	O
piles	O
of	O
considerable	O
thickness	O
and	O
age	O
range	O
.	O

The	O
lavas	O
form	O
a	O
mildly	O
alkaline	O
suite	O
intermediate	O
between	O
the	O
sodic	O
series	O
of	O
the	O
British	O
Tertiary	CHRONOSTRAT
Province	O
and	O
the	O
potassic	O
series	O
of	O
Tristan	O
da	O
Cunha	O
.	O

The	O
range	O
isankaramite-basalt-hawaiite-mugearite-benmoreite-trachyte-rhyolite	O
.	O

Traditionally	O
,	O
the	O
basic	O
rocks	O
have	O
been	O
classified	O
petrographically	O
by	O
the	O
nature	O
and	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
phenocrysts	O
into	O
six	O
types	O
,	O
each	O
named	O
after	O
a	O
locality	O
-LRB-	O
MacGregor	O
,	O
1928	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
nomenclature	O
has	O
been	O
modified	O
and	O
brought	O
into	O
line	O
with	O
current	O
petrological	O
usage	O
-LRB-	O
Macdonald	O
,	O
1975	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
the	O
equivalent	O
names	O
are	O
given	O
in	O
Table	O
2	O
.	O

The	O
major	O
occurrences	O
of	O
lavas	O
are	O
in	O
isolated	O
,	O
often	O
fault-bounded	O
blocks	O
,	O
each	O
with	O
its	O
own	O
internal	O
stratigraphy	O
.	O

However	O
,	O
Macdonald	O
-LRB-	O
1975	O
-RRB-	O
identified	O
magma	O
associations	O
,	O
a	O
concept	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
basis	O
for	O
distinguishing	O
different	O
formations	O
.	O

3.1	O
Palaeogeography	O
The	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
palaeogeography	O
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
of	O
Scotland	O
-LRB-	O
MVS	O
-RRB-	O
was	O
essentially	O
that	O
of	O
an	O
evolving	O
graben	O
flanked	O
by	O
positive	O
regions	O
.	O

Depocentres	O
within	O
the	O
graben	O
subsided	O
at	O
different	O
rates	O
at	O
different	O
times	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
location	O
and	O
trend	O
also	O
changed	O
through	O
time	O
-LRB-	O
see	O
isopach	O
maps	O
by	O
Browne	O
and	O
Monro	O
,	O
1989	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
graben	O
was	O
initiated	O
during	O
the	O
late	O
Devonian	CHRONOSTRAT
by	O
a	O
phase	O
of	O
rifting	O
that	O
affected	O
all	O
of	O
central	O
and	O
northern	O
Britain	O
-LRB-	O
Leeder	O
,	O
1988	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Rifting	O
continued	O
into	O
the	O
early	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
,	O
but	O
thermal	O
subsidence	O
is	O
thought	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
the	O
dominant	O
process	O
in	O
late	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
times	O
.	O

However	O
,	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
graben	O
was	O
not	O
simple	O
,	O
because	O
minor	O
phases	O
of	O
compression	O
affected	O
the	O
region	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
mid	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
-LRB-	O
e.g.	O
Read	O
,	O
1988	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5	O
The	O
basin	O
fill	O
was	O
composed	O
largely	O
of	O
siliciclastic	O
sediment	O
carried	O
into	O
the	O
graben	O
by	O
rivers	O
.	O

Input	O
was	O
generally	O
along	O
the	O
axis	O
of	O
the	O
graben	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
major	O
contributions	O
coming	O
also	O
from	O
the	O
sides	O
.	O

Axial	O
flow	O
from	O
the	O
south-west	O
was	O
established	O
during	O
the	O
late	O
Devonian	CHRONOSTRAT
and	O
continued	O
into	O
the	O
early	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
Inverclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Read	O
and	O
Johnson	O
,	O
1967	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

There	O
was	O
then	O
a	O
major	O
reversal	O
of	O
the	O
axial	O
palaeoslope	O
and	O
flow	O
from	O
the	O
north-east	O
became	O
established	O
in	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Greensmith	O
,	O
1965	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Flow	O
from	O
this	O
direction	O
appears	O
to	O
have	O
continued	O
into	O
the	O
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Kirk	O
,	O
1983	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
though	O
accompanied	O
or	O
replaced	O
by	O
lateral	O
input	O
from	O
the	O
north	O
during	O
deposition	O
of	O
the	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
e.g.	O
Muir	O
,	O
1963	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Input	O
from	O
the	O
south	O
was	O
generally	O
minor	O
.	O

The	O
rivers	O
drained	O
eventually	O
to	O
the	O
sea	O
,	O
though	O
this	O
was	O
generally	O
situated	O
at	O
some	O
distance	O
to	O
the	O
south	O
and	O
only	O
periodically	O
spread	O
its	O
influence	O
into	O
the	O
region	O
.	O

Marine	O
faunas	O
are	O
present	O
,	O
but	O
rare	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
Inverclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
,	O
and	O
become	O
more	O
common	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
diverse	O
,	O
up	O
through	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
.	O

Marine	O
influence	O
reached	O
its	O
peak	O
during	O
deposition	O
of	O
the	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
and	O
decreased	O
thereafter	O
.	O

Cyclic	O
variations	O
in	O
global	O
sea	O
level	O
,	O
linked	O
to	O
climatic	O
cyclicity	O
-LRB-	O
Veevers	O
and	O
Powell	O
,	O
1987	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
made	O
their	O
maximum	O
impact	O
during	O
the	O
same	O
period	O
,	O
producing	O
cyclothemic	O
-LRB-	O
`	O
Yoredale	O
'	O
-RRB-	O
sequences	O
in	O
which	O
marine	O
limestones	O
marking	O
highstands	O
of	O
sea	O
level	O
interbed	O
with	O
the	O
background	O
siliciclastic	O
sediment	O
.	O

The	O
earliest	O
highstand	O
to	O
have	O
inundated	O
the	O
whole	O
graben	O
produced	O
the	O
Hurlet	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
marker	O
band	O
that	O
separates	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
and	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
groups	O
.	O

The	O
palaeogeography	O
has	O
been	O
illustrated	O
by	O
Cope	O
et	O
al.	O
-LRB-	O
editors	O
,	O
1992	O
;	O
maps	O
S8a	O
,	O
S9	O
,	O
D1	O
to	O
D4	O
,	O
and	O
C1	O
to	O
C9	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Browne	O
and	O
Monro	O
-LRB-	O
1989	O
,	O
Figures	O
5	O
,	O
6	O
,	O
8	O
,	O
9	O
,	O
12	O
,	O
13	O
,	O
16,17	O
,	O
20	O
,	O
21	O
and	O
23	O
-RRB-	O
also	O
presented	O
palaeogeographical	O
maps	O
or	O
the	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
of	O
central	O
Scotland	O
.	O

The	O
MVS	O
trends	O
east-north-east	O
and	O
was	O
flanked	O
to	O
the	O
northwest	O
by	O
the	O
eroded	O
remains	O
of	O
the	O
Caledonian	O
Mountains	O
north	O
of	O
the	O
Highland	O
Boundary	O
Fault	O
and	O
separated	O
from	O
basins	O
to	O
the	O
south	O
-LRB-	O
Tweed	O
and	O
Solway	O
Firth	O
basins	O
and	O
the	O
Northumberland	O
Trough	O
-RRB-	O
by	O
the	O
Southern	O
Uplands	O
block	O
.	O

However	O
,	O
this	O
was	O
breached	O
by	O
narrow	O
basins	O
trending	O
north-north-west	O
-LRB-	O
Stranraer	O
,	O
Sanquhar	O
--	O
Thornhill	O
--	O
Dumfries	O
,	O
Lauderdale	O
and	O
Abbey	O
St	O
Bathans	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Under	O
the	O
North	O
Sea	O
,	O
the	O
Forth	O
Approaches	O
Basin	O
forms	O
an	O
eastern	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
MVS	O
.	O

Unlike	O
the	O
Tweed	O
Basin	O
and	O
the	O
Northumberland	O
Trough	O
,	O
the	O
MVS	O
and	O
Forth	O
Approaches	O
Basin	O
are	O
not	O
constrained	O
to	O
the	O
east	O
by	O
the	O
Mid	O
North	O
SeaHigh	O
-LRB-	O
Gatliff	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1994	O
,	O
Figure	O
12	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
a	O
seaward	O
continuation	O
of	O
the	O
Southern	O
Uplands	O
.	O

The	O
MVS	O
could	O
have	O
been	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
North	O
Sea	O
Central	O
Graben	O
where	O
a	O
predecessor	O
structural	O
feature	O
allowed	O
the	O
mid	O
-	O
and	O
late	O
-	O
Devonian	CHRONOSTRAT
sea	O
to	O
reach	O
the	O
Orcadian	O
Basin	O
from	O
the	O
southeast	O
-LRB-	O
Marshall	O
et	O
al.	O
,1996	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
Ulster	O
Basin	O
may	O
be	O
a	O
southwestward	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
MVS	O
in	O
Ireland	O
-LRB-	O
Jackson	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1995	O
,	O
Figure	O
25	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
end	O
-	O
Devonian	CHRONOSTRAT
landscape	O
of	O
the	O
MVS	O
was	O
probably	O
varied	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
hilly	O
ground	O
within	O
the	O
graben	O
-LRB-	O
Browne	O
and	O
Monro	O
,	O
1989	O
,	O
Figure	O
5	O
-RRB-	O
representing	O
the	O
remnant	O
high	O
between	O
the	O
Lower	CHRONOSTRAT
Devonian	CHRONOSTRAT
Lanark	O
and	O
Strathmore	O
sedimentary	O
basins	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
on	O
the	O
northern	O
-LRB-	O
Highlands	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
southern	O
-LRB-	O
Southern	O
Uplands	O
-RRB-	O
margins	O
.	O

The	O
lower	O
ground	O
,	O
with	O
fringing	O
alluvial	O
cones	O
,	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
dominated	O
by	O
extensive	O
alluvial	O
plains	O
and	O
aeolian	O
dune	O
fields	O
.	O

The	O
dunes	O
may	O
perhaps	O
have	O
been	O
marginal	O
to	O
the	O
late	O
Devonian	CHRONOSTRAT
sea	O
situated	O
in	O
the	O
Central	O
Graben	O
area	O
-LRB-	O
Cope	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1992	O
,	O
map	O
D4	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
main	O
source	O
of	O
extrabasinal	O
sediment	O
provided	O
to	O
the	O
MVS	O
was	O
the	O
eroded	O
Caledonian	O
Mountains	O
to	O
the	O
north	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
Southern	O
Uplands	O
block	O
provided	O
some	O
sediment	O
to	O
the	O
southern	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
graben	O
.	O

Lava	O
and	O
volcanic	O
detritus	O
were	O
provided	O
from	O
within	O
the	O
graben	O
from	O
the	O
major	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
eruptive	O
centres	O
which	O
were	O
active	O
at	O
various	O
times	O
and	O
were	O
large	O
enough	O
to	O
act	O
as	O
barriers	O
both	O
to	O
the	O
transport	O
of	O
sediment	O
and	O
to	O
incursions	O
of	O
the	O
sea	O
.	O

Intrabasinal	O
sediment	O
was	O
made	O
available	O
by	O
intra	O
-	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
earth	O
movements	O
associated	O
with	O
basin	O
inversion	O
and	O
possible	O
pop-up	O
structures	O
resulting	O
from	O
lateral	O
fault	O
displacement	O
.	O

The	O
climate	O
was	O
hot	O
during	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
time	O
,	O
and	O
changed	O
from	O
semi	O
arid	O
at	O
the	O
beginning	O
to	O
wet	O
equatorial	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
reversion	O
to	O
semi	O
arid	O
conditions	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
.	O

The	O
changes	O
reflect	O
northward	O
plate	O
movement	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
MVS	O
about	O
10	O
degrees	O
south	O
of	O
the	O
equator	O
initially	O
but	O
on	O
the	O
equator	O
by	O
mid	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
times	O
.	O

The	O
oldest	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
-LRB-	O
Courceyan	CHRONOSTRAT
to	O
Chadian	CHRONOSTRAT
-RRB-	O
rocks	O
-LRB-	O
Inverclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
:	O
Kinnesswood	LEXICON
,	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
and	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
formations	O
-RRB-	O
were	O
laid	O
down	O
whilst	O
the	O
climate	O
was	O
semi-arid	O
and	O
are	O
characterised	O
by	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
carbonate	O
beds	O
and	O
nodules	O
and	O
the	O
absence	O
of	O
carbonaceous	O
rocks	O
,	O
especially	O
coal	O
.	O

Because	O
of	O
the	O
semi-arid	O
climate	O
,	O
the	O
sandstone-dominated	O
Kinnesswood	LEXICON
and	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
formations	O
contain	O
calcareous	O
and	O
dolomitic	O
pedogenic	O
horizons	O
-LRB-	O
cornstones	O
-RRB-	O
formed	O
on	O
stable	O
alluvial	O
plains	O
,	O
whilst	O
the	O
mudstone-dominated	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
characterised	O
by	O
ferroan	O
dolomite	O
beds	O
-LRB-	O
cementstones	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
evaporites	O
-LRB-	O
mainly	O
gypsum	O
preserved	O
-RRB-	O
laid	O
down	O
in	O
alluvial	O
plains	O
and	O
marginal	O
marine	O
flats	O
subject	O
to	O
periodic	O
desiccation	O
and	O
fluctuating	O
salinity	O
.	O

The	O
open	O
sea	O
lay	O
to	O
the	O
south	O
of	O
the	O
MVS	O
with	O
the	O
more	O
marine	O
faunas	O
in	O
the	O
`	O
cementstones	O
'	O
being	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
Solway	O
Firth	O
Basin	O
.	O

Initial	O
access	O
of	O
the	O
seawaters	O
is	O
shown	O
as	O
being	O
from	O
the	O
east	O
-LRB-	O
Cope	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1992	O
,	O
maps	O
C2	O
,	O
C3	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Sandy	O
alluvial	O
fans	O
are	O
a	O
feature	O
of	O
the	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
along	O
the	O
southern	O
edge	O
of	O
the	O
MVS	O
.	O

The	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Chadian	CHRONOSTRAT
to	O
Brigantian	CHRONOSTRAT
,	O
Table	O
1	O
-RRB-	O
is	O
a	O
varied	O
sequence	O
of	O
rocks	O
,	O
both	O
sedimentary	O
and	O
volcanic	O
,	O
but	O
like	O
the	O
succeeding	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
and	O
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
,	O
is	O
characterised	O
by	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
carbonaceous	O
beds	O
,	O
including	O
coal	O
.	O

In	O
the	O
western	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
MVS	O
the	O
succession	O
is	O
dominated	O
by	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Cope	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1992	O
,	O
map	O
C4	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
marine	O
incursions	O
are	O
limited	O
to	O
the	O
overlying	O
Lawmuir	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Brigantian	CHRONOSTRAT
-RRB-	O
.	O

In	O
the	O
east	O
,	O
in	O
Lothian	O
and	O
Fife	O
-LRB-	O
Cope	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1992	O
,	O
map	O
C5	O
;	O
Browne	O
and	O
Monro	O
,	O
1989	O
,	O
Figures	O
8	O
,	O
9	O
-RRB-	O
the	O
succession	O
is	O
largely	O
fluviodeltaic	O
and	O
lacustrine	O
,	O
with	O
marine	O
incursions	O
from	O
time	O
to	O
time	O
during	O
the	O
Asbian	CHRONOSTRAT
and	O
the	O
Brigantian	CHRONOSTRAT
.	O

A	O
feature	O
of	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
in	O
the	O
east	O
is	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
oil	O
shales	O
and	O
freshwater	O
limestones	O
as	O
minor	O
but	O
important	O
components	O
.	O

These	O
reflect	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
substantial	O
lakes	O
-LRB-	O
`	O
Lake	O
Cadell	O
'	O
-RRB-	O
characterised	O
by	O
the	O
accumulation	O
of	O
the	O
abundant	O
algal	O
remains	O
that	O
form	O
a	O
substantial	O
proportion	O
of	O
both	O
lithologies	O
.	O

The	O
northerly-trending	O
structural	O
feature	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Bo	O
'n	O
ess	O
Line	O
-LRB-	O
see	O
Rippon	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1996	O
,	O
Figure	O
1	O
-RRB-	O
may	O
have	O
been	O
influential	O
in	O
determining	O
these	O
differences	O
between	O
the	O
west	O
and	O
east	O
MVS	O
.	O

However	O
,	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
the	O
West	LEXICON
Lothian	LEXICON
Oil	LEXICON
Shale	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
may	O
partly	O
be	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
control	O
exercised	O
by	O
the	O
volcanic	O
pile	O
of	O
the	O
Kinghorn	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
south	O
Fife	O
,	O
acting	O
as	O
a	O
barrier	O
to	O
ingress	O
of	O
the	O
sea	O
from	O
the	O
east	O
.	O

From	O
the	O
latest	O
Visean	CHRONOSTRAT
to	O
earliest	O
Namurian	CHRONOSTRAT
-LRB-	O
Cope	O
et	O
al.	O
,1992	O
,	O
maps	O
C6	O
,	O
C7	O
-RRB-	O
onwards	O
,	O
widespread	O
uniform	O
lithofacies	O
were	O
established	O
throughout	O
the	O
MVS	O
and	O
the	O
main	O
differences	O
between	O
the	O
sub-basins	O
reflect	O
varying	O
rates	O
of	O
subsidence	O
and	O
differential	O
fault	O
block	O
movements	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
Ayrshire	O
.	O

The	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
late	O
Visean	CHRONOSTRAT
to	O
early	O
Westphalian	CHRONOSTRAT
-RRB-	O
is	O
characterised	O
by	O
cyclic	O
sequences	O
with	O
coalsand	O
marine	O
shelf	O
limestones	O
.	O

The	O
Hurlet	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Group	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
marine	O
incursion	O
to	O
be	O
recognised	O
throughout	O
all	O
the	O
sub-basins	O
of	O
the	O
MVS	O
,	O
although	O
even	O
it	O
is	O
missing	O
locally	O
in	O
Ayrshire	O
-LRB-	O
Browne	O
and	O
Monro	O
,	O
1989	O
,	O
Figure12	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
dominance	O
of	O
marine	O
processes	O
in	O
the	O
Scottish	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
was	O
at	O
its	O
greatest	O
during	O
the	O
deposition	O
of	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
late	O
Brigantian	CHRONOSTRAT
-RRB-	O
.	O

At	O
this	O
timeshelf	O
seas	O
covered	O
the	O
whole	O
of	O
the	O
MVS	O
from	O
time	O
to	O
time	O
-LRB-	O
Browne	O
and	O
Monro	O
,	O
1989	O
,	O
Figures	O
12	O
,	O
16	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
major	O
deltas	O
periodically	O
prograded	O
southwards	O
.	O

The	O
resulting	O
`	O
Yoredale	O
'	O
cycles	O
were	O
most	O
marine	O
in	O
Ayrshire	O
,	O
Glasgow	O
and	O
eastLothian	O
,	O
areas	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
Southern	O
Uplands	O
block	O
,	O
which	O
supplied	O
little	O
sediment	O
.	O

Coal-forming	O
conditions	O
were	O
dominant	O
during	O
Pendleian	CHRONOSTRAT
times	O
when	O
the	O
cyclic	O
fluviodeltaic	O
sequences	O
of	O
the	O
Limestone	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Browne	O
and	O
Monro	O
,	O
1989	O
,	O
Figure	O
13	O
-RRB-	O
were	O
laid	O
down	O
.	O

Marine	O
incursions	O
were	O
few	O
during	O
deposition	O
of	O
this	O
formation	O
but	O
beds	O
withLingula	O
and	O
non-marine	O
bivalves	O
are	O
common	O
.	O

North	O
Ayrshire	O
and	O
Glasgow	O
showed	O
the	O
most	O
marine	O
influence	O
at	O
this	O
time	O
.	O

During	O
the	O
deposition	O
of	O
the	O
Upper	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Pendleian	CHRONOSTRAT
to	O
Arnsbergian	CHRONOSTRAT
-RRB-	O
,	O
marine	O
processes	O
again	O
prevailed	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
accumulation	O
of	O
further	O
`	O
Yoredale	O
'	O
cycles	O
,	O
but	O
marine	O
shelf	O
limestones	O
are	O
generally	O
less	O
well-developed	O
than	O
in	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

Major	O
southwardly	O
prograding	O
deltas	O
were	O
again	O
a	O
feature	O
.	O

The	O
overlying	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Arnsbergian	CHRONOSTRAT
to	O
Langsettian	CHRONOSTRAT
-RRB-	O
is	O
characterised	O
by	O
alluvial	O
deposits	O
-LRB-	O
Browne	O
and	O
Monro	O
,	O
1989	O
,	O
Figure	O
17	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
with	O
minerogenic	O
palaeosols	O
rather	O
than	O
coals	O
,	O
except	O
locally	O
-LRB-	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
Westfield	O
Basin	O
in	O
central	O
Fife	O
;	O
Figure	O
6	O
-RRB-	O
where	O
intra	O
-	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
tectonics	O
favoured	O
peat	O
accumulation	O
.	O

Marine	O
incursions	O
across	O
the	O
extensive	O
alluvial	O
plains	O
were	O
short-lived	O
and	O
Cope	O
et	O
al.	O
-LRB-	O
1992	O
,	O
map	O
C7	O
-RRB-	O
showed	O
these	O
limited	O
to	O
the	O
east	O
MVS	O
.	O

However	O
,	O
marine	O
strata	O
are	O
known	O
from	O
the	O
Douglas	O
Coalfield	O
basin	O
adjacent	O
to	O
the	O
Southern	O
UplandFault	O
.	O

In	O
Ayrshire	O
,	O
the	O
succession	O
is	O
largely	O
represented	O
by	O
volcanic	O
rocks	O
and	O
their	O
weathering	O
products	O
-LRB-	O
Troon	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
and	O
Ayrshire	LEXICON
Bauxitic	LEXICON
Clay	LEXICON
members	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

From	O
early	O
in	O
the	O
Westphalian	CHRONOSTRAT
-LRB-	O
Cope	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1992	O
,	O
map	O
C8	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
coal-forming	O
conditions	O
were	O
again	O
established	O
across	O
the	O
MVS	O
and	O
cyclic	O
fluviodeltaic	O
sequences	O
with	O
non-marine	O
faunas	O
were	O
laid	O
down	O
to	O
form	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
and	O
Middle	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
.	O

Marine	O
incursions	O
were	O
few	O
during	O
deposition	O
of	O
these	O
formations	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
Upper	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Cope	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1992	O
,	O
map	O
C9	O
-RRB-	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
return	O
to	O
alluvial	O
conditions	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
marine	O
incursions	O
.	O

In	O
this	O
highest	O
unit	O
,	O
coal	O
seams	O
are	O
generally	O
thin	O
and	O
few	O
in	O
number	O
,	O
and	O
lacustrine	O
deposits	O
are	O
also	O
rare	O
.	O

The	O
common	O
red	O
colours	O
may	O
be	O
of	O
secondary	O
origin	O
.	O

4	O
INVERCLYDE	O
GROUP	O
The	O
Inverclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
comprises	O
the	O
Kinnesswood	LEXICON
,	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
,	O
and	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
formations	O
.	O

These	O
are	O
characterised	O
by	O
sandstones	O
with	O
pedogenic	O
carbonate	O
-LRB-	O
`	O
cornstones	O
'	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
by	O
silty	O
mudstones	O
containing	O
thin	O
beds	O
of	O
dolomite	O
and	O
limestone	O
-LRB-	O
`	O
cementstone	O
'	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
group	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Kinnesswood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
where	O
the	O
dominantly	O
sandstone	O
lithologies	O
of	O
the	O
underlying	O
Stratheden	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
late	O
Devonian	CHRONOSTRAT
:	O
defined	O
by	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
,	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
are	O
succeeded	O
by	O
carbonate-bearing	O
strata	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
.	O

Lateral	O
variations	O
are	O
shown	O
inFigure	O
1	O
.	O

The	O
name	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
group	O
is	O
Tournaisian	CHRONOSTRAT
in	O
age	O
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
Courceyan	CHRONOSTRAT
to	O
early	O
Chadian	CHRONOSTRAT
.	O

The	O
recent	O
discovery	O
-LRB-	O
Smith	O
,	O
1996	O
-RRB-	O
of	O
miospores	O
of	O
Tournaisian	CHRONOSTRAT
age	O
-LRB-	O
LN	O
--	O
PC	O
biozones	O
-RRB-	O
from	O
a	O
green	O
siltstone	O
near	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Kinnesswood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
the	O
Gass	O
Water	O
,	O
New	O
Cumnock	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
66702158	O
-RSB-	O
confirms	O
that	O
this	O
formation	O
may	O
straddle	O
the	O
Devonian	CHRONOSTRAT
-	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
boundary	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
most	O
of	O
it	O
is	O
of	O
early	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
age	O
.	O

The	O
same	O
author	O
reports	O
that	O
a	O
sample	O
from	O
the	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
contains	O
miospores	O
indicative	O
of	O
the	O
PC	O
biozone	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
younger	O
CM	O
biozone	O
normally	O
recorded	O
from	O
that	O
unit	O
.	O

4.1	O
Kinnesswood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Kinnesswood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
predominantly	O
of	O
purple-red	O
,	O
yellow	O
,	O
white	O
and	O
grey-purple	O
,	O
fine	O
-	O
to	O
coarse-grained	O
sandstones	O
which	O
are	O
mostly	O
crossbedded	O
and	O
arranged	O
in	O
upward-fining	O
units	O
.	O

Fine-grained	O
,	O
planar	O
or	O
poorly	O
bedded	O
sandstones	O
,	O
red	O
mudstones	O
and	O
nodules	O
and	O
thin	O
beds	O
of	O
concretionary	O
carbonate	O
-LRB-	O
cornstone	O
-RRB-	O
also	O
occur	O
.	O

The	O
cross-bedded	O
sandstones	O
were	O
deposited	O
in	O
river	O
channels	O
and	O
the	O
fine-grained	O
sandstones	O
and	O
mudstones	O
represent	O
overbank	O
deposits	O
formed	O
on	O
the	O
associated	O
floodplains	O
.	O

The	O
cornstones	O
,	O
which	O
characterise	O
the	O
formation	O
,	O
were	O
developed	O
in	O
soil	O
profiles	O
on	O
the	O
floodplains	O
under	O
the	O
influence	O
of	O
a	O
fluctuating	O
water	O
table	O
in	O
a	O
semiarid	O
climate	O
.	O

The	O
cornstones	O
range	O
from	O
immature	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
sandstones	O
have	O
a	O
partly	O
carbonate	O
matrix	O
with	O
ill-defined	O
concretions	O
,	O
to	O
mature	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
well-defined	O
nodules	O
-LRB-	O
glaebules	O
-RRB-	O
are	O
elongated	O
in	O
a	O
vertical	O
sense	O
and	O
are	O
overlain	O
by	O
laminar	O
and	O
pisolitic	O
structures	O
.	O

The	O
laminar	O
structures	O
,	O
which	O
develop	O
parallel	O
to	O
the	O
bedding	O
,	O
may	O
be	O
brecciated	O
and	O
the	O
carbonate	O
replaced	O
by	O
chert	O
.	O

Name	O
:	O
The	O
name	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Chisholm	O
and	O
Dean	O
-LRB-	O
1974	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
extended	O
throughout	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
to	O
replace	O
the	O
term	O
`	O
Cornstone	LEXICON
Beds	LEXICON
'	O
,	O
a	O
unit	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
`	O
Upper	LEXICON
Old	LEXICON
Red	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
'	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
Kinnesswood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
1	O
,	O
column	O
11	O
-RRB-	O
is	O
the	O
hillside	O
to	O
the	O
east	O
of	O
the	O
village	O
of	O
Kinnesswood	O
at	O
Kinnesswood	O
Row	O
-LSB-	O
base	O
of	O
unit	O
at	O
NO	O
18050363	O
,	O
top	O
at	O
NO	O
1814	O
0362	O
-RSB-	O
.	O

Intra	O
-	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
erosion	O
has	O
removed	O
the	O
top	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
in	O
the	O
type	O
area	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
BGS	O
Glenrothes	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
2562	O
0134	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No.NO	O
20	O
SE/385	O
-RRB-	O
provides	O
a	O
complete	O
reference	O
section	O
-LRB-	O
Figure1	O
,	O
column	O
12	O
-RRB-	O
between	O
362.4	O
m	O
and	O
449.3	O
m	O
depth	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
transitional	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Kinnesswood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
taken	O
in	O
the	O
type	O
area	O
between	O
strata	O
with	O
cornstones	O
and	O
the	O
underlying	O
aeolian	O
sandstones	O
without	O
cornstones	O
,	O
the	O
Knox	LEXICON
Pulpit	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Stratheden	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
-RRB-	O
.	O

In	O
most	O
areas	O
the	O
top	O
is	O
conformable	O
beneath	O
the	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
but	O
in	O
the	O
type	O
area	O
is	O
erosional	O
beneath	O
strata	O
of	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Pathhead	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-RRB-	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
,	O
about	O
640	O
m	O
,	O
is	O
attained	O
in	O
the	O
Edinburgh	O
area	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
1	O
,	O
column	O
19	O
-RRB-	O
based	O
on	O
Mitchell	O
and	O
Mykura	O
-LRB-	O
1962	O
,	O
p.	O
31	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

4.2	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
characterised	O
by	O
generally	O
grey	O
mudstones	O
and	O
siltstones	O
,	O
with	O
nodules	O
and	O
beds	O
of	O
ferroan	O
dolomite	O
-LRB-	O
cementstone	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
the	O
beds	O
are	O
generally	O
less	O
than	O
0.3	O
m	O
thick	O
.	O

Gypsum	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
a	O
much	O
lesser	O
extent	O
anhydrite	O
,	O
and	O
pseudomorphs	O
after	O
halite	O
occur	O
.	O

Desiccation	O
cracks	O
are	O
common	O
and	O
the	O
rocks	O
frequently	O
show	O
evidence	O
of	O
brecciation	O
during	O
diagenesis	O
.	O

Both	O
these	O
features	O
are	O
associated	O
with	O
reddening	O
of	O
the	O
strata.Where	O
present	O
,	O
the	O
restricted	O
fauna	O
is	O
characterised	O
by	O
the	O
bivalve	O
Modiolus	O
latus	O
,	O
but	O
ostracods	O
are	O
more	O
abundant	O
.	O

Thin	O
sandstones	O
are	O
present	O
in	O
many	O
areas	O
,	O
and	O
thick	O
localised	O
sandstones	O
are	O
also	O
now	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
formation	O
.	O

Name	O
:	O
The	O
name	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
was	O
first	O
used	O
by	O
Browne	O
-LRB-	O
1980	O
-RRB-	O
to	O
replace	O
the	O
traditional	O
term	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Beds	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
or	O
Series	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
which	O
referred	O
-LRB-	O
though	O
without	O
formal	O
definition	O
-RRB-	O
to	O
the	O
mudstone	O
-	O
cementstone	O
sequence	O
at	O
Ballagan	O
Glen	O
-LRB-	O
Young	O
1867a	O
,	O
b	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
name	O
is	O
now	O
defined	O
to	O
acknowledge	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
sandstones	O
,	O
which	O
locally	O
may	O
be	O
thick	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
term	O
encompasses	O
the	O
strata	O
in	O
the	O
Lothians	O
that	O
were	O
earlier	O
-LRB-	O
Chisholm	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1989	O
-RRB-	O
called	O
Tyninghame	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
well	O
exposed	O
in	O
the	O
Ballagan	O
Glen	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
5731	O
8022	O
-RSB-	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
-LRB-	O
partial	O
-RRB-	O
type	O
section	O
is	O
defined	O
here	O
just	O
south	O
of	O
Perth	O
in	O
the	O
East	O
Dron	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
1360	O
1572	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NO	O
11	O
NW/24	O
-RRB-	O
from	O
the	O
bedrock	O
surface	O
at	O
15.26	O
m	O
to	O
224.80	O
m	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
1	O
,	O
column	O
7	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
lithological	O
boundary	O
between	O
strata	O
characterised	O
by	O
a	O
mudstone-cementstone	O
association	O
and	O
the	O
underlying	O
cornstone-bearing	O
sandstone	O
of	O
the	O
Kinnesswood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
highest	O
unit	O
of	O
mudstone	O
and	O
cementstone	O
in	O
any	O
particular	O
area	O
.	O

The	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
usually	O
overlies	O
the	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
but	O
see	O
Table	O
1	O
for	O
West	O
and	O
East	O
Lothian	O
area	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
900	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
West	O
Lothian	O
area	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
1	O
,	O
column	O
18	O
,	O
intermediate	O
thickness	O
illustrated	O
-RRB-	O
based	O
on	O
Mitchell	O
and	O
Mykura	O
-LRB-	O
1962	O
,	O
p.	O
38	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

4.3	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
predominantly	O
of	O
white	O
,	O
fine	O
-	O
to	O
coarse-grained	O
sandstone	O
,	O
commonly	O
pebbly	O
,	O
with	O
beds	O
of	O
redbrown	O
or	O
grey	O
mudstone	O
.	O

Pedogenic	O
limestone	O
,	O
as	O
nodules	O
or	O
beds	O
,	O
and	O
calcite	O
cemented	O
concretionary	O
sandstones	O
are	O
also	O
present	O
in	O
some	O
areas	O
.	O

In	O
more	O
northerly	O
areas	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
sandstones	O
are	O
conglomeratic	O
,	O
with	O
pebbles	O
of	O
quartz	O
and	O
`	O
Highland	O
'	O
rock	O
types	O
.	O

Elsewhere	O
the	O
clasts	O
are	O
largely	O
of	O
intrabasinal	O
limestone	O
or	O
mudstone	O
.	O

These	O
strata	O
were	O
laid	O
down	O
in	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
fluviatile	O
environments	O
ranging	O
from	O
braided	O
stream	O
to	O
floodplain	O
with	O
well	O
developed	O
overbank	O
deposits	O
.	O

Name	O
:	O
The	O
formation	O
name	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
for	O
sandstone-dominated	O
strata	O
,	O
with	O
cornstones	O
,	O
overlying	O
the	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
the	O
west	O
of	O
the	O
8	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
.	O

Its	O
use	O
is	O
now	O
extended	O
throughout	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
,	O
so	O
replacing	O
the	O
term	O
Balcomie	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Browne	O
,	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
in	O
Fife	O
.	O

The	O
`	O
Upper	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
'	O
of	O
the	O
Pentland	O
Hills	O
-LRB-	O
Mitchell	O
and	O
Mykura	O
,	O
1962	O
,	O
p.	O
38	O
-RRB-	O
may	O
also	O
belong	O
to	O
this	O
formation	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
partial	O
type	O
sections	O
-LRB-	O
composite	O
stratotype	O
-RRB-	O
of	O
theClyde	O
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
are	O
in	O
the	O
Barnhill	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
4269	O
7571	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
47	O
NW/2	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
just	O
east	O
of	O
Dumbarton	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
occurs	O
at	O
104.9	O
m	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
Knocknairshill	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
3056	O
7438	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
37	O
SW/10	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
east	O
of	O
Greenock	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
occurs	O
at	O
222.9	O
m.	O
Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
transitional	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
lithological	O
boundary	O
between	O
strata	O
consisting	O
predominantly	O
of	O
white	O
sandstone	O
with	O
pedogenic	O
limestone	O
and	O
the	O
underlying	O
mudstone-cementstone	O
association	O
of	O
the	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
overlain	O
variously	O
by	O
sedimentary	O
or	O
volcanic	O
formations	O
of	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Table	O
1	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
greater	O
than	O
300	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Glasgow	O
area	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
1	O
,	O
columns	O
4	O
and	O
5	O
-RRB-	O
according	O
to	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
,	O
p.	O
11	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5	O
STRATHCLYDE	O
GROUP	O
The	O
name	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
in	O
the	O
west	O
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
ascending	O
sequence	O
comprises	O
Clyde	O
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
Kirkwood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
and	O
Lawmuir	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
name	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
extended	O
to	O
the	O
east	O
;	O
in	O
Fife	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
sequence	O
is	O
best	O
known	O
,	O
the	O
group	O
comprises	O
five	O
sedimentary	O
formations	O
,	O
while	O
in	O
the	O
Lothians	O
it	O
includes	O
both	O
volcanic	O
and	O
sedimentary	O
formations	O
-LRB-	O
Table	O
1	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
lithologies	O
within	O
the	O
group	O
consist	O
of	O
interbedded	O
sandstones	O
,	O
siltstones	O
and	O
mudstones	O
with	O
common	O
seatearths	O
,	O
coals	O
and	O
sideritic	O
ironstones	O
.	O

Lateral	O
variations	O
are	O
shown	O
in	O
Figure	O
2	O
.	O

The	O
group	O
ranges	O
in	O
age	O
from	O
late	O
Chadian	CHRONOSTRAT
to	O
Brigantian	CHRONOSTRAT
.	O

The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
group	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Fife	LEXICON
Ness	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
Fife	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Gullane	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
the	O
Lothians	O
and	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
the	O
central	O
and	O
western	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
.	O

The	O
group	O
represents	O
a	O
lithological	O
change	O
from	O
the	O
cornstone	O
and	O
cementstone-bearing	O
strata	O
of	O
the	O
Inverclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
to	O
a	O
seatrock	O
and/or	O
coal-bearing	O
sequence	O
in	O
which	O
volcanic	O
rocks	O
may	O
be	O
common	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
.	O

FIFE	O
In	O
Fife	O
,	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
comprises	O
the	O
Fife	LEXICON
Ness	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
Anstruther	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
Pittenweem	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
Sandy	LEXICON
Craig	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
and	O
the	O
Pathhead	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

These	O
units	O
were	O
originally	O
described	O
by	O
Forsyth	O
and	O
Chisholm	O
-LRB-	O
1977	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
first	O
called	O
formations	O
by	O
Browne	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

A	O
similar	O
range	O
of	O
lithologies	O
is	O
present	O
in	O
each	O
formation	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
emphasis	O
varies	O
between	O
one	O
formation	O
and	O
the	O
next	O
.	O

The	O
range	O
of	O
depositional	O
environments	O
is	O
also	O
similar	O
throughout	O
,	O
with	O
fluviatile	O
,	O
deltaic	O
,	O
lacustrine	O
and	O
marine	O
deposits	O
alternating	O
,	O
often	O
in	O
thin	O
cycles	O
.	O

5.1	O
Fife	LEXICON
Ness	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Fife	LEXICON
Ness	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
dominantly	O
of	O
off-white	O
and	O
reddish-brown	O
or	O
purplish-grey	O
sandstone	O
arranged	O
in	O
upward-fining	O
cycles	O
.	O

Marine	O
strata	O
are	O
absent	O
.	O

Argillaceous	O
beds	O
are	O
commonly	O
poorly-bedded	O
and	O
seatearths	O
are	O
present	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
are	O
no	O
coal	O
seams	O
.	O

Bedded	O
dolomite	O
is	O
rare	O
and	O
the	O
associated	O
non-marine	O
faunas	O
comprise	O
ostracods	O
,	O
spirorbids	O
and	O
algal	O
nodules	O
.	O

The	O
formation	O
is	O
essentially	O
fluvial	O
and	O
lacustrine	O
in	O
origin	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
sections	O
are	O
those	O
on	O
the	O
Fife	O
coast	O
at	O
Fluke	O
Dub	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
6228	O
1061	O
to	O
NO	O
6205	O
1071	O
-RSB-	O
and	O
at	O
Fife	O
Ness	O
-LSB-	O
NO6328	O
1014	O
to	O
NO	O
636	O
054	O
-RSB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
conformable	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Fife	LEXICON
Ness	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
lies	O
in	O
a	O
lithological	O
transition	O
and	O
is	O
taken	O
above	O
the	O
highest	O
bed	O
of	O
carbonate	O
conglomerate	O
in	O
the	O
Fluke	O
Dub	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
`	O
Balcomie	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
'	O
-LRB-	O
now	O
regarded	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
see	O
above	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
faulted	O
against	O
the	O
Anstruther	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
the	O
type	O
section	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
exceeds	O
230	O
min	O
east	O
Fife	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
19	O
-RRB-	O
according	O
to	O
Forsyth	O
and	O
Chisholm	O
-LRB-	O
1977	O
,	O
Table	O
1	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5.2	O
Anstruther	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Anstruther	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
dominantly	O
of	O
mudstone	O
,	O
siltstone	O
and	O
sandstone	O
in	O
thin	O
cycles	O
.	O

Non-marine	O
limestone	O
and	O
dolomite	O
are	O
also	O
developed	O
,	O
usually	O
as	O
thin	O
beds	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
contain	O
oncolites	O
and	O
stromatolites	O
.	O

Minor	O
components	O
include	O
marine	O
mudstone	O
and	O
siltstone	O
and	O
a	O
few	O
algal-rich	O
oilshale	O
beds	O
.	O

Sandstone	O
,	O
generally	O
off-white	O
and	O
fine	O
-	O
to	O
medium-grained	O
,	O
is	O
subordinate	O
to	O
the	O
argillaceous	O
rocks	O
,	O
but	O
thick	O
,	O
upward-fining	O
,	O
multi-storey	O
sandstones	O
are	O
locally	O
developed	O
.	O

Thin	O
beds	O
of	O
coal	O
and	O
ironstone	O
are	O
present	O
.	O

The	O
overall	O
pattern	O
of	O
sedimentation	O
is	O
of	O
upward-coarsening	O
lakedelta	O
cycles	O
,	O
with	O
thinner	O
upward-fining	O
fluvial	O
units	O
erosively	O
capping	O
them	O
.	O

The	O
marine	O
faunas	O
are	O
usually	O
restricted	O
.	O

The	O
abundant	O
but	O
restricted	O
non-marine	O
faunas	O
are	O
dominated	O
by	O
Naiadites	O
obesus	O
,	O
with	O
Paracarbonicola	O
in	O
the	O
lower	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
.	O

The	O
formation	O
is	O
distinguished	O
from	O
the	O
Fife	LEXICON
Ness	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
below	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
lower	O
proportion	O
of	O
sandstone	O
in	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
from	O
the	O
overlying	O
Pittenweem	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
by	O
the	O
relative	O
paucity	O
of	O
its	O
marine	O
faunas	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
Partial	O
type	O
sections	O
in	O
the	O
Anstruther	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
occur	O
on	O
the	O
Fife	O
coast	O
at	O
Anstruther	O
Wester	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
5670	O
0310	O
to	O
NO5635	O
0300	O
-RSB-	O
,	O
at	O
Billow	O
Ness	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
5590	O
0269	O
-RSB-	O
and	O
atCuniger	O
Rock	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
5598	O
0265	O
to	O
NO	O
5566	O
0271	O
-RSB-	O
.	O

A	O
good	O
section	O
was	O
cored	O
in	O
the	O
Anstruther	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
56530350	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NO	O
50	O
SE/5	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Anstruther	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
not	O
known	O
at	O
9	O
outcrop	O
but	O
would	O
be	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
lithological	O
change	O
from	O
sandstone-dominated	O
sequences	O
of	O
the	O
underlying	O
Fife	LEXICON
Ness	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
into	O
mudstone-rich	O
cyclical	O
deposits	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Cuniger	LEXICON
Rock	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
exceeds	O
810	O
m	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
19	O
-RRB-	O
according	O
to	O
Forsyth	O
and	O
Chisholm	O
-LRB-	O
1977	O
,	O
Table	O
1	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5.3	O
Pittenweem	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Pittenweem	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
dominantly	O
of	O
mudstone	O
and	O
siltstone	O
.	O

Beds	O
of	O
non-marine	O
limestone	O
and	O
dolomite	O
are	O
less	O
common	O
than	O
in	O
the	O
Anstruther	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

Marine	O
mudstone	O
,	O
siltstone	O
and	O
limestone	O
occur	O
as	O
minor	O
,	O
but	O
important	O
,	O
components	O
.	O

A	O
few	O
algal-rich	O
oil	O
shale	O
beds	O
are	O
also	O
present.Generally	O
fine	O
to	O
medium-grained	O
sandstone	O
is	O
subordinate	O
to	O
the	O
argillaceous	O
rocks	O
,	O
but	O
locally	O
thick	O
,	O
upward-fining	O
,	O
multi-storey	O
sandstones	O
occur	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
thin	O
beds	O
of	O
coal	O
and	O
ironstone	O
.	O

The	O
overall	O
pattern	O
of	O
sedimentation	O
is	O
of	O
upward-coarsening	O
deltaic	O
cycles	O
,	O
with	O
thinner	O
upward-fining	O
fluvial	O
units	O
erosively	O
capping	O
them	O
.	O

The	O
marine	O
faunas	O
,	O
which	O
occur	O
in	O
thin	O
`	O
marine	O
bands	O
'	O
are	O
usually	O
diverse	O
and	O
sometimes	O
abundant	O
.	O

The	O
abundant	O
but	O
restricted	O
non-marine	O
faunas	O
are	O
dominated	O
by	O
the	O
bivalve	O
Naiadites	O
obesus	O
.	O

The	O
formation	O
is	O
distinguished	O
from	O
those	O
adjacent	O
by	O
the	O
comparative	O
diversity	O
of	O
the	O
marine	O
faunas	O
,	O
which	O
probably	O
all	O
belong	O
to	O
the	O
Macgregor	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Bands	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
see	O
below	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
Type	O
sections	O
in	O
the	O
Pittenweem	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
occur	O
on	O
the	O
shore	O
near	O
Pittenweem	O
at	O
Cuniger	O
Rock	O
-LRB-	O
basal	O
contact	O
-RRB-	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
5566	O
0271	O
to	O
NO	O
5510	O
0249	O
-RSB-	O
and	O
from	O
700	O
m	O
-LRB-	O
top	O
contact	O
-RRB-	O
to	O
830	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Kilconquhar	O
Bore	O
No.	O
79/1	O
-LSB-	O
NO4845	O
0305	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Ref	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NO	O
40	O
SE/26	O
-RRB-	O
near	O
Elie	O
.	O

A	O
good	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
full	O
succession	O
is	O
also	O
exposed	O
on	O
the	O
shore	O
at	O
St	O
Andrews	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
506	O
173	O
to	O
513	O
169	O
-RSB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
conformable	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Pittenweem	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
lies	O
in	O
a	O
transitional	O
sequence	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Cuniger	LEXICON
Rock	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
St	LEXICON
Andrews	LEXICON
Castle	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
now	O
known	O
to	O
be	O
over	O
260	O
m	O
in	O
east	O
Fife	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
19	O
-RRB-	O
based	O
on	O
its	O
development	O
in	O
the	O
partial	O
type	O
sections	O
-LRB-	O
see	O
above	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Forsyth	O
and	O
Chisholm	O
-LRB-	O
1977	O
,	O
Table	O
1	O
-RRB-	O
only	O
state	O
that	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
over	O
220	O
m	O
thick	O
.	O

5.4	O
Macgregor	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Bands	LEXICON
:	O
The	O
Macgregor	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Bands	LEXICON
were	O
named	O
by	O
Wilson	O
-LRB-	O
1974	O
-RRB-	O
in	O
the	O
Lothians	O
,	O
but	O
appear	O
to	O
be	O
best	O
developed	O
in	O
east	O
Fife	O
,	O
where	O
they	O
are	O
probably	O
all	O
found	O
within	O
the	O
Pittenweem	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

At	O
least	O
5	O
marine	O
beds	O
exist	O
in	O
the	O
partial	O
type	O
sections	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
-LRB-	O
Table	O
3	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
comprise	O
c.	O
6	O
%	O
of	O
its	O
thickness	O
,	O
which	O
here	O
may	O
be260	O
m.	O

They	O
represent	O
the	O
first	O
fully	O
marine	O
incursions	O
to	O
affect	O
east	O
central	O
Scotland	O
in	O
Carboniferous	CHRONOSTRAT
times	O
-LRB-	O
seeWilson	O
,	O
1989	O
,	O
Figure	O
7	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
and	O
contain	O
rich	O
and	O
distinctive	O
faunas	O
.	O

Whilst	O
the	O
faunas	O
are	O
largely	O
facies	O
controlled	O
-LRB-	O
Chisholm	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1989	O
;	O
Wilson	O
,	O
1974	O
,	O
Figure	O
3	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
all	O
the	O
major	O
fossil	O
groups	O
except	O
trilobites	O
are	O
represented.Corals	O
are	O
scarce	O
.	O

Punctospirifer	O
sabricosta	O
,	O
Pteronitesangustatus	O
and	O
Streblopteria	O
redesdalensis	O
are	O
thought	O
to	O
be	O
diagnostic	O
of	O
the	O
Macgregor	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Bands	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
seeWilson	O
,	O
1974	O
;	O
1989	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Correlation	O
:	O
The	O
Macgregor	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Bands	LEXICON
are	O
recognisable	O
as	O
a	O
group	O
but	O
no	O
single	O
marine	O
bed	O
can	O
be	O
correlated	O
over	O
an	O
appreciable	O
distance	O
with	O
confidence	O
-LRB-	O
Wilson	O
,	O
1974	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
strata	O
including	O
the	O
Macgregor	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Bands	LEXICON
show	O
a	O
large	O
degree	O
of	O
lateral	O
variation	O
,	O
and	O
hence	O
it	O
can	O
not	O
be	O
confirmed	O
that	O
the	O
marine	O
band	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Aberlady	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
the	O
Spilmersford	O
Borehole	O
is	O
thesame	O
as	O
that	O
in	O
the	O
Skateraw	O
Borehole	O
or	O
the	O
Cove	O
shore	O
section	O
.	O

However	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
macrofaunal	O
and	O
miospore	O
evidence	O
,	O
Wilson	O
-LRB-	O
1974	O
,	O
p.	O
42	O
-RRB-	O
correlated	O
the	O
Macgregor	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Bands	LEXICON
in	O
the	O
Spilmersford	O
Borehole	O
-LRB-	O
as	O
a	O
group	O
in	O
the	O
basal	O
47	O
m	O
of	O
what	O
is	O
now	O
the	O
Aberlady	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-RRB-	O
with	O
the	O
Cove	O
marine	O
bands	O
at	O
Cove	O
Harbour	O
,	O
Thornton	O
Burn	O
and	O
the	O
BGS	O
Borehole	O
at	O
Skateraw	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
the	O
Lamberton	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
of	O
the	O
Burnmouth	O
district	O
.	O

The	O
Lamberton	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
was	O
correlated	O
with	O
the	O
Dun	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
of	O
Northumberland	O
on	O
general	O
lithological	O
grounds	O
by	O
Fowler	O
-LRB-	O
1926	O
;	O
see	O
also	O
Greig	O
,	O
1988	O
,	O
p.	O
42	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5.5	O
Sandy	LEXICON
Craig	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Sandy	LEXICON
Craig	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
characterised	O
by	O
mudstone	O
and	O
siltstone	O
with	O
a	O
minor	O
percentage	O
of	O
algal-rich	O
oil	O
shale	O
.	O

The	O
Macgregor	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Bands	LEXICON
of	O
the	O
Pittenweem	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
east	O
Fife	O
.	O

Thin	O
beds	O
of	O
non-marine	O
limestone	O
and	O
dolomite	O
are	O
also	O
developed	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
contain	O
oncolites	O
and	O
stromatolites	O
.	O

Multicoloured	O
,	O
mainly	O
fine	O
-	O
to	O
medium-grained	O
sandstone	O
is	O
subordinate	O
to	O
the	O
argillaceous	O
rocks	O
,	O
but	O
thick	O
,	O
upward-fining	O
,	O
multi-storey	O
sandstones	O
are	O
locally	O
developed	O
.	O

Greenish	O
grey	O
clayrock	O
and	O
calcareous	O
marl	O
occur	O
,	O
as	O
also	O
do	O
thin	O
beds	O
of	O
coal	O
and	O
ironstone	O
.	O

Nodular	O
beds	O
of	O
pedogenic	O
limestone	O
and	O
dolomite	O
-LRB-	O
cornstone	O
-RRB-	O
are	O
also	O
present	O
.	O

The	O
overall	O
pattern	O
of	O
sedimentation	O
within	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
of	O
upward-coarsening	O
deltaic	O
cycles	O
,	O
with	O
thinner	O
upward-fining	O
fluvial	O
units	O
erosively	O
capping	O
them	O
.	O

Marine	O
faunas	O
are	O
very	O
rare	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
usually	O
restricted	O
,	O
consisting	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
only	O
of	O
the	O
brachiopod	O
Lingula	O
.	O

The	O
abundant	O
but	O
restricted	O
non-marine	O
faunas	O
are	O
dominated	O
by	O
the	O
bivalve	O
Curvirimula	O
.	O

The	O
formation	O
is	O
distinguished	O
from	O
its	O
neighbours	O
by	O
the	O
relative	O
rarity	O
of	O
marine	O
beds	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
local	O
presence	O
of	O
cornstones	O
.	O

Type	O
sections	O
:	O
Partial	O
type	O
sections	O
in	O
the	O
Sandy	LEXICON
Craig	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
occur	O
at	O
Pittenweem	O
Harbour	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
5518	O
0236	O
to	O
NO	O
5452	O
0238	O
-RSB-	O
,	O
nearby	O
at	O
Sandy	O
Craig	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
5453	O
0215	O
to	O
NO	O
5419	O
0226	O
-RSB-	O
and	O
from	O
203	O
m	O
to	O
700	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Kilconquhar	O
Bore	O
No	O
.	O

79/1	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
4845	O
0305	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NO	O
40	O
SE/26	O
-RRB-	O
near	O
Elie	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
conformable	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Sandy	LEXICON
Craig	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
lies	O
in	O
a	O
transitional	O
sequence	O
and	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
St	LEXICON
Andrews	LEXICON
Castle	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
now	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
West	LEXICON
Braes	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Browne	O
1986	O
,	O
Figure	O
2	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
as	O
now	O
define	O
dis	O
about	O
670	O
m	O
in	O
east	O
Fife	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
19	O
-RRB-	O
according	O
to	O
Browne	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
,	O
Figure	O
2	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5.6	O
Pathhead	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Pathhead	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
predominantly	O
of	O
mudstone	O
and	O
siltstone	O
with	O
beds	O
of	O
limestone	O
and	O
dolomite.Pale	O
coloured	O
,	O
fine	O
to	O
medium-grained	O
sandstone	O
is	O
subordinate	O
to	O
the	O
argillaceous	O
rocks	O
.	O

Thin	O
beds	O
of	O
coal	O
and	O
ironstone	O
also	O
occur	O
.	O

The	O
overall	O
pattern	O
of	O
sedimentation	O
within	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
of	O
upward-coarsening	O
deltaic	O
cycles	O
,	O
with	O
thinner	O
upward-fining	O
fluvial	O
units	O
erosively	O
capping	O
them	O
.	O

Marine	O
bands	O
are	O
more	O
common	O
than	O
in	O
the	O
underlying	O
formations	O
and	O
their	O
faunas	O
are	O
usually	O
diverse	O
and	O
abundant	O
.	O

The	O
non-marine	O
faunas	O
are	O
dominated	O
by	O
Curvirimula	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
is	O
on	O
the	O
coast	O
at	O
Pathhead	O
-LSB-	O
NO	O
54190226	O
to	O
NO	O
5381	O
0212	O
-RSB-	O
between	O
St	O
Monans	O
and	O
Pittenweem	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
conformable	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Pathhead	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
lies	O
in	O
a	O
transitional	O
sequence	O
,	O
the	O
boundary	O
being	O
drawn	O
now	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
West	LEXICON
Braes	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
.	O

This	O
marker	O
horizon	O
is	O
chosen	O
as	O
the	O
base	O
in	O
preference	O
to	O
the	O
lithological	O
change	O
from	O
sandstone	O
to	O
mudstone	O
,	O
slightly	O
lower	O
in	O
the	O
sequence	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
originally	O
used	O
-LRB-	O
Forsyth	O
and	O
Chisholm	O
,	O
1977	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Hurlet	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
as	O
now	O
defined	O
is	O
about	O
220	O
m	O
in	O
east	O
Fife	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
19	O
-RRB-	O
according	O
to	O
Browne	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
,	O
Figure	O
2	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

LOTHIANS	O
In	O
the	O
Lothians	O
,	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
the	O
Gullane	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
overlain	O
by	O
the	O
West	LEXICON
Lothian	LEXICON
Oil	LEXICON
Shale	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
in	O
West	O
Lothian	O
,	O
Midlothian	O
and	O
south	O
Fife	O
-RRB-	O
or	O
the	O
Aberlady	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
in	O
East	O
Lothian	O
and	O
Berwickshire	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Two	O
volcanic	O
formations	O
are	O
present	O
;	O
the	O
Arthur	LEXICON
's	LEXICON
Seat	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
Mid	O
and	O
West	O
Lothian	O
and	O
the	O
Garleton	LEXICON
Hills	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
East	O
Lothian	O
.	O

The	O
formation	O
names	O
were	O
established	O
by	O
Chisholm	O
et	O
al.	O
-LRB-	O
1989	O
-RRB-	O
to	O
replace	O
the	O
earlier	O
Oil	LEXICON
Shale	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
terminology	O
-LRB-	O
Table	O
1	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5.7	O
Arthur	LEXICON
's	LEXICON
Seat	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Arthur	LEXICON
's	LEXICON
Seat	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
lavas	O
,	O
tuffs	O
and	O
volcaniclastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
produced	O
by	O
one	O
short-lived	O
episode	O
of	O
volcanic	O
activity	O
.	O

The	O
lavas	O
are	O
mildly	O
alkaline	O
and	O
show	O
a	O
limited	O
range	O
of	O
composition.The	O
basic	O
rocks	O
are	O
silica-undersaturated	O
.	O

They	O
are	O
macroporphyritic	O
in	O
the	O
range	O
ankaramite	O
--	O
ol	O
+	O
cpx	O
+	O
pl-phyric	O
basalt	O
--	O
pl-phyric	O
hawaiite	O
--	O
mugearite	O
.	O

The	O
main	O
outcrop	O
is	O
in	O
Holyrood	O
Park	O
,	O
Edinburgh	O
with	O
a	O
faultedblock	O
on	O
Calton	O
Hill	O
.	O

The	O
Craiglockhart	O
Hills	O
in	O
Edinburgh	O
may	O
be	O
a	O
faulted	O
outlier	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
rocks	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
9	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Volcanic	O
rocks	O
at	O
Corston	O
Hill	O
,	O
Torweaving	O
Hill	O
,	O
Black	O
Hill	O
,	O
Harperrig	O
,	O
Buteland	O
Hill	O
andCock	O
Burn	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
8	O
-RRB-	O
may	O
belong	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
eruptive	O
episode	O
.	O

A	O
borehole	O
at	O
D'Arcy	O
in	O
the	O
Midlothian	O
Coalfield	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
10	O
-RRB-	O
may	O
have	O
proved	O
an	O
eastward	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
.	O

Other	O
smaller	O
separated	O
outcrops	O
are	O
correlated	O
with	O
this	O
formation	O
.	O

The	O
depositional	O
environment	O
was	O
terrestrial	O
,	O
probably	O
on	O
a	O
coastal	O
plain	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
area	O
is	O
in	O
Holyrood	O
Park	O
,	O
Edinburgh	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
28	O
73	O
-RSB-	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
natural	O
sections	O
here	O
are	O
incomplete	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
lithological	O
change	O
from	O
underlying	O
clastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
to	O
lavas	O
,	O
tuffs	O
or	O
volcaniclastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
;	O
this	O
,	O
though	O
,	O
is	O
nowhere	O
exposed	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
,	O
a	O
presumed	O
transition	O
to	O
the	O
sedimentary	O
lithologies	O
of	O
the	O
Gullane	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
is	O
likewise	O
unexposed	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
may	O
be	O
in	O
excess	O
of	O
300	O
m	O
-LRB-	O
Mitchell	O
and	O
Mykura	O
,	O
1962	O
,	O
p.	O
43	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5.8	O
Garleton	LEXICON
Hills	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Garleton	LEXICON
Hills	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
lavas	O
,	O
tuffs	O
and	O
subordinate	O
volcaniclastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
produced	O
by	O
a	O
single	O
episode	O
of	O
volcanic	O
activity	O
.	O

The	O
lavas	O
are	O
mildly	O
alkaline	O
and	O
show	O
a	O
limited	O
range	O
of	O
composition	O
.	O

11	O
The	O
basic	O
rocks	O
are	O
hypersthene-normative	O
.	O

They	O
are	O
macroporphyritic	O
in	O
the	O
range	O
ankaramite	O
--	O
ol	O
+	O
cpx	O
+	O
pl-phyricbasalt	O
--	O
pl-phyric	O
hawaiite	O
--	O
mugearite	O
--	O
trachyte	O
.	O

The	O
rocks	O
crop	O
out	O
in	O
a	O
belt	O
from	O
North	O
Berwick	O
to	O
Dirletonon	O
the	O
coast	O
to	O
the	O
Dunbar-Gifford	O
Fault	O
east	O
of	O
Haddington	O
with	O
their	O
main	O
outcrop	O
in	O
the	O
Garleton	O
Hills	O
-LRB-	O
Table	O
1	O
,	O
East	O
Lothian	O
area	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

A	O
further	O
outcrop	O
occurs	O
between	O
the	O
Dunbar-Gifford	O
Fault	O
and	O
the	O
Lammermuir	O
Fault	O
,	O
east	O
of	O
Gifford	O
.	O

The	O
formation	O
has	O
been	O
proved	O
under	O
younger	O
rocks	O
as	O
far	O
west	O
as	O
Spilmersford	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
continue	O
in	O
that	O
direction	O
to	O
join	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
Arthur	LEXICON
's	LEXICON
Seat	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
columns	O
8and	O
11	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
depositional	O
environment	O
was	O
terrestrial	O
,	O
probably	O
on	O
a	O
coastal	O
plain	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
area	O
is	O
the	O
Garleton	O
Hills	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
54	O
85	O
-RSB-	O
,	O
where	O
there	O
are	O
many	O
natural	O
exposures	O
.	O

A	O
section	O
of	O
a	O
thinner	O
development	O
occurs	O
from	O
287.27	O
to	O
554.19	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Spilmersford	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
4570	O
6902	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No.NT	O
46	O
NE/73	O
-RRB-	O
southwest	O
of	O
Haddington	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
lithological	O
change	O
from	O
underlying	O
clastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
to	O
lavas	O
,	O
tuffs	O
or	O
volcaniclastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
.	O

This	O
is	O
gradational	O
and	O
is	O
drawn	O
where	O
volcanic	O
rocks	O
predominate	O
over	O
sedimentary	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
Spilmersford	O
Borehole	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NT	O
46	O
NE/73	O
-RRB-	O
at	O
554.19	O
m	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
East	O
Linton	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
5966	O
7709	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg.No	O
.	O

NT	O
57	O
NE/2	O
-RRB-	O
at	O
104.22	O
m.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
gradational	O
to	O
the	O
Gullane	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
Spilmersford	O
Borehole	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
may	O
be	O
about380	O
m	O
-LRB-	O
McAdam	O
and	O
Tulloch	O
,	O
1985	O
,	O
Figure	O
18	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5.9	O
Gullane	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Gullane	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
a	O
cyclical	O
sequence	O
predominantly	O
of	O
pale	O
coloured	O
,	O
fine	O
-	O
to	O
coarse-grained	O
sandstone	O
interbedded	O
with	O
grey	O
mudstone	O
and	O
siltstone	O
.	O

Subordinate	O
lithologies	O
are	O
coal	O
,	O
seatrock	O
,	O
ostracod-rich	O
limestone/dolomite	O
,	O
sideritic	O
ironstone	O
and	O
rarely	O
,	O
marine	O
beds	O
with	O
only	O
restricted	O
faunas	O
.	O

The	O
depositional	O
environment	O
was	O
predominantly	O
fluviodeltaic	O
,	O
into	O
lakes	O
that	O
only	O
occasionally	O
became	O
marine	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
is	O
from	O
155.44	O
to	O
287.27	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Spilmersford	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
4570	O
6902	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No.NT	O
46	O
NE/73	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Other	O
sections	O
are	O
recorded	O
from	O
47.93	O
to197	O
.94	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Birnieknowes	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
7580	O
7317	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NT	O
77	O
SE/9	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
on	O
the	O
coast	O
at	O
Cove	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
12	O
-RRB-	O
near	O
Cockburnspath	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
79	O
71	O
-RSB-	O
in	O
the	O
Oldhamstocks	O
Basin	O
-LRB-	O
Lagios	O
,	O
1983	O
;	O
Andrews	O
and	O
Nabi	O
,	O
1996	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
Garleton	LEXICON
Hills	LEXICON
or	O
Arthur	LEXICON
's	LEXICON
Seat	LEXICON
volcanic	O
formations	O
,	O
where	O
present	O
,	O
or	O
at	O
the	O
lowest	O
coal	O
or	O
carbonaceous	O
or	O
rooty	O
beds	O
where	O
volcanic	O
rocks	O
are	O
absent	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Macgregor	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Bands	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Wilson	O
,	O
1989	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
estimated	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
560	O
m	O
in	O
West	O
Lothian	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
8	O
;	O
Mitchell	O
and	O
Mykura	O
,	O
1962	O
,	O
Figure	O
9	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5.10	O
Aberlady	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Aberlady	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
a	O
cyclical	O
sequence	O
predominantly	O
of	O
pale	O
coloured	O
sandstone	O
interbedded	O
with	O
grey	O
siltstone	O
and	O
grey	O
mudstone	O
.	O

Subordinate	O
but	O
common	O
lithologies	O
are	O
coal	O
,	O
seatrock	O
,	O
ostracod-rich	O
limestone/dolomite	O
and	O
sideritic	O
ironstone	O
,	O
and	O
marine	O
bands	O
orbioclastic	O
limestones	O
with	O
relatively	O
rich	O
and	O
diverse	O
faunas	O
.	O

The	O
last-named	O
feature	O
distinguishes	O
the	O
unit	O
from	O
the	O
Gullane	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
depositional	O
environment	O
was	O
fluviodeltaic	O
,	O
into	O
lakes	O
and	O
marine	O
embayments	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
Aberlady	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
11	O
-RRB-	O
is	O
from	O
21.64	O
to	O
155.44	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Spilmersford	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
4570	O
6902	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NT	O
46	O
NE/73	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Other	O
characteristic	O
sections	O
occur	O
from	O
28.88	O
to	O
168.10	O
min	O
the	O
Skateraw	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
7373	O
7546	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No.NT	O
77	O
NW/47	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
-LRB-	O
partially	O
-RRB-	O
on	O
the	O
coast	O
at	O
Cove	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
78	O
71	O
-RSB-	O
in	O
the	O
Oldhamstocks	O
Basin	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
12	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
at	O
Kilspindie	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
46	O
80	O
-RSB-	O
by	O
Aberlady	O
Bay	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
lies	O
in	O
a	O
transitional	O
sequence	O
and	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
lowest	O
of	O
the	O
Macgregor	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Bands	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
formation	O
is	O
laterally	O
equivalent	O
to	O
and	O
has	O
a	O
laterally	O
transitional	O
boundary	O
with	O
the	O
West	LEXICON
Lothian	LEXICON
Oil	LEXICON
Shale	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
to	O
the	O
west	O
,	O
being	O
distinguished	O
from	O
it	O
chiefly	O
by	O
the	O
rarity	O
of	O
oil	O
shales	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Hurlet	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
140	O
m	O
-LRB-	O
Chisholm	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1989	O
,	O
section	O
4.4	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5.11	O
West	LEXICON
Lothian	LEXICON
Oil	LEXICON
Shale	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
West	LEXICON
Lothian	LEXICON
Oil	LEXICON
Shale	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
characterised	O
by	O
seams	O
of	O
oil	O
shale	O
in	O
a	O
cyclical	O
sequence	O
predominantly	O
of	O
pale	O
coloured	O
sandstones	O
interbedded	O
with	O
grey	O
siltstones	O
and	O
mudstones	O
.	O

Subordinate	O
lithologies	O
are	O
coal	O
,	O
ostracod-rich	O
limestone/dolomite	O
,	O
sideritic	O
ironstone	O
and	O
marine	O
beds	O
,	O
including	O
bioclastic	O
limestones	O
with	O
rich	O
and	O
relatively	O
diverse	O
faunas	O
.	O

Thick	O
,	O
pale	O
green-grey	O
or	O
grey	O
argillaceous	O
beds	O
containing	O
derived	O
volcanic	O
detrital	O
`	O
marl	O
'	O
are	O
present	O
.	O

The	O
environment	O
of	O
deposition	O
was	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
Aberlady	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
but	O
with	O
oilshales	O
formed	O
in	O
large	O
freshwater	O
lagoons	O
,	O
rich	O
in	O
algae	O
and	O
other	O
organic	O
matter	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
area	O
is	O
West	O
Lothian	O
,	O
where	O
a	O
composite	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
has	O
been	O
built	O
up	O
from	O
numerous	O
boreholes	O
drilled	O
to	O
prove	O
the	O
oil	O
shale	O
seams	O
.	O

The	O
base	O
is	O
well	O
exposed	O
in	O
the	O
Water	O
of	O
Leith	O
near	O
Redhall	O
in	O
Edinburgh	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
9	O
-RRB-	O
-LRB-	O
Chisholm	O
and	O
Brand	O
,1994	O
,	O
p.	O
100	O
,	O
localities	O
1	O
--	O
4	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
and	O
partly	O
exposed	O
sections	O
inmost	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
on	O
the	O
coast	O
from	O
South	O
Queensferry	O
to	O
Blackness	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
1378	O
to	O
NT	O
0580	O
-RSB-	O
.	O

12	O
Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Humbie	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
local	O
equivalent	O
of	O
the	O
lowest	O
of	O
the	O
Macgregor	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Bands	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
formation	O
is	O
laterally	O
equivalent	O
to	O
the	O
Aberlady	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
to	O
the	O
east	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Bathgate	LEXICON
Hills	LEXICON
and	O
Burntisland	LEXICON
volcanic	O
formations	O
to	O
the	O
west	O
and	O
north	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Hurlet	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
in	O
excess	O
of	O
1120	O
m	O
in	O
west	O
Lothian	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
8	O
;	O
Chisholm	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1989	O
,	O
section	O
4.5	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

WESTERN	O
AREAS	O
In	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
western	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
,	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
comprises	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
Kirkwood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
and	O
the	O
Lawmuir	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
,	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

However	O
,	O
the	O
ClydePlateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
locally	O
underlain	O
by	O
the	O
Birgidale	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
on	O
Bute	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
Laggan	LEXICON
Cottage	LEXICON
Mudstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
on	O
Arran	O
.	O

5.12	O
Birgidale	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Birgidale	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
cyclically	O
deposited	O
grey	O
mudstones	O
,	O
quartz	O
pebble-bearing	O
sandstones	O
and	O
seatearths	O
with	O
coal	O
seams	O
.	O

The	O
depositional	O
environment	O
was	O
fluviodeltaic	O
,	O
mainly	O
river	O
channel	O
and	O
floodplains	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
is	O
from	O
32.8	O
m	O
to	O
54.1	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Birgidale	O
Knock	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
0158	O
5935	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
05NE/2	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
the	O
type	O
area	O
being	O
in	O
south	O
Bute	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
sharp	O
,	O
probably	O
erosional	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
overlain	O
by	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
16	O
m	O
thick	O
according	O
to	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
,	O
p.	O
13	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5.13	O
Laggan	LEXICON
Cottage	LEXICON
Mudstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Laggan	LEXICON
Cottage	LEXICON
Mudstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
grey	O
carbonaceous	O
mudstone	O
with	O
subordinate	O
sandstones	O
.	O

Plant	O
remains	O
occur	O
but	O
no	O
coal	O
seams	O
are	O
developed	O
.	O

The	O
depositional	O
environment	O
was	O
fluviodeltaic	O
,	O
mainly	O
floodplain	O
or	O
lacustrine	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
area	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
neighbourhood	O
of	O
Laggan	O
Cottage	O
,	O
north-east	O
Arran	O
-LSB-	O
NR	O
986	O
501	O
-RSB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
white	O
sandstones	O
forming	O
the	O
Millstone	LEXICON
Point	LEXICON
Sandstones	LEXICON
-LSB-	O
NR	O
9887	O
5013	O
-RSB-	O
of	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
formation	O
is	O
overlain	O
by	O
lavas	O
and	O
tuffs	O
of	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LSB-	O
NR	O
9855	O
5035	O
-RSB-	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
7	O
m	O
thick	O
according	O
to	O
Paterson	O
andHall	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
,	O
p.	O
14	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5.14	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
lavas	O
,	O
tuffs	O
and	O
volcaniclastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
which	O
were	O
produced	O
by	O
one	O
major	O
episode	O
of	O
subaerial	O
volcanic	O
activity	O
.	O

The	O
lavas	O
are	O
mildly	O
alkaline	O
and	O
show	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
in	O
composition	O
.	O

The	O
basic	O
rocks	O
are	O
mostly	O
hypersthene-normative	O
with	O
a	O
few	O
being	O
silica-undersaturated	O
nepheline-normative	O
.	O

The	O
more	O
fractionated	O
rocks	O
are	O
all	O
hypersthene-quartz-normative	O
in	O
composition	O
.	O

The	O
range	O
in	O
rock	O
type	O
is	O
ankaramite	O
--	O
ol	O
+	O
cpx	O
+	O
pl-phyric	O
basal	O
pl-phyrichawaiite	O
--	O
mugearite	O
--	O
benmoreite	O
--	O
trachyte	O
--	O
rhyolite	O
.	O

Benmoreite	O
is	O
rare	O
and	O
the	O
end	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
range	O
are	O
uncommon	O
.	O

In	O
the	O
north-western	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
,	O
the	O
Kilpatrick	O
--	O
Campsie	O
--	O
Gargunnock	O
blocks	O
,	O
the	O
sequence	O
is	O
dominated	O
by	O
pl-phyric	O
hawaiites	O
,	O
pl-phyric	O
basalts	O
are	O
less	O
abundant	O
and	O
cpx-phyric	O
types	O
are	O
uncommon	O
.	O

In	O
the	O
south-western	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
MidlandValley	O
,	O
Renfrew	O
Hills	O
and	O
Lanark	O
blocks	O
,	O
macroporphyritic	O
ol	O
+	O
cpx-basalts	O
and	O
microporphyritic	O
hawaiites	O
are	O
uncommon	O
.	O

Name	O
:	O
The	O
name	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Monro	O
-LRB-	O
1982	O
-RRB-	O
to	O
replace	O
earlier	O
terms	O
such	O
as	O
Clyde	O
Plateau	O
Lavas	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
sections	O
of	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
are	O
in	O
the	O
Campsie	O
Glen	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
6098	O
8001	O
-RSB-	O
where	O
the	O
local	O
base	O
exceptionally	O
is	O
in	O
sharp	O
contact	O
with	O
the	O
underlying	O
Ballagan	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-RRB-	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
Lawmuir	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
5183	O
7310	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
57	O
SW/162	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
west	O
of	O
Bearsden	O
in	O
Glasgow	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
top	O
occurs	O
at	O
a	O
depth	O
of281	O
.12	O
m	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
lithological	O
change	O
from	O
the	O
underlying	O
clastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
into	O
lavas	O
,	O
tuffs	O
or	O
volcaniclastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
.	O

This	O
contact	O
is	O
normally	O
sharp	O
,	O
representing	O
a	O
gentle	O
but	O
irregular	O
unconformity	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
marked	O
by	O
a	O
change	O
to	O
the	O
volcaniclastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
of	O
the	O
Kirkwood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
exceeds	O
420	O
min	O
the	O
Campsie	O
Fells	O
-LRB-	O
Forsyth	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1996	O
,	O
p.	O
9	O
-RRB-	O
;	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
,	O
p.	O
13	O
-RRB-	O
suggest	O
a	O
figure	O
as	O
high	O
as	O
800	O
m.	O
5.15	O
Kirkwood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Kirkwood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
tuffaceous	O
mudstones	O
and	O
tuffs	O
overlying	O
the	O
basaltic	O
lavas	O
of	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
PlateauVolcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
formation	O
is	O
locally	O
intercalated	O
with	O
non-tuffaceous	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
,	O
sometimes	O
with	O
marine	O
horizons	O
developed	O
.	O

The	O
tuffaceous	O
mudstones	O
and	O
tuffs	O
vary	O
in	O
colour	O
from	O
dark	O
reddish	O
brown	O
to	O
greenish	O
grey	O
.	O

Non-tuffaceous	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
,	O
sandstones	O
,	O
13	O
siltstones	O
and	O
limestones	O
,	O
generally	O
grey	O
in	O
colour	O
,	O
also	O
occur	O
within	O
a	O
restricted	O
area	O
intercalated	O
with	O
volcaniclastic	O
rocks	O
.	O

These	O
strata	O
were	O
largely	O
formed	O
by	O
the	O
reworking	O
of	O
materials	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
underlying	O
volcanic	O
rocks	O
but	O
some	O
direct	O
air-fall	O
tuffs	O
may	O
be	O
present	O
.	O

The	O
Kirkwood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
shows	O
extensive	O
subaerial	O
weathering	O
and	O
lateritisation	O
,	O
the	O
products	O
of	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
intense	O
tropical	O
weathering	O
.	O

Name	O
:	O
The	O
name	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Monro	O
-LRB-	O
1982	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
Kirkwood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
occurs	O
between	O
39.77	O
m	O
and	O
75.30	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Kirkwood	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
38854716	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
34	O
NE/11	O
-RRB-	O
near	O
Kilmarnock	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
lithological	O
change	O
from	O
the	O
underlying	O
lavas	O
of	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
into	O
volcaniclastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks.The	O
top	O
is	O
generally	O
a	O
transition	O
to	O
the	O
clastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
of	O
the	O
Lawmuir	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
36	O
m	O
in	O
Ayrshire	O
-LRB-	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
,	O
1986	O
,	O
p.	O
13	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

5.16	O
Lawmuir	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Lawmuir	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
mudstones	O
,	O
siltstones	O
and	O
sandstones	O
with	O
seatrocks	O
,	O
coals	O
and	O
limestones	O
.	O

In	O
the	O
north	O
of	O
Glasgow	O
around	O
Milngavie	O
,	O
the	O
lower	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
dominated	O
by	O
fluvial	O
sandstones	O
with	O
a	O
local	O
development	O
of	O
quartz	O
conglomerate	O
.	O

In	O
the	O
south	O
of	O
Glasgow	O
around	O
Paisley	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column14	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
fluvial	O
sandstones	O
are	O
interbedded	O
with	O
thick	O
,	O
poorly	O
bedded	O
siltstones	O
and	O
mudstones	O
with	O
a	O
few	O
thin	O
coals	O
.	O

In	O
one	O
small	O
area	O
these	O
coals	O
coalesce	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
single	O
seam	O
20	O
m	O
thick	O
.	O

The	O
upper	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
partly	O
arranged	O
in	O
cyclothems	O
,	O
with	O
several	O
marine	O
incursions	O
represented	O
by	O
marine	O
limestones	O
over	O
a	O
large	O
area	O
.	O

A	O
non-marine	O
limestone	O
-LRB-	O
Baldernock	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
-RRB-	O
also	O
occurs	O
near	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
sequence	O
.	O

Name	O
:	O
The	O
name	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Paterson	O
and	O
Hall	O
-LRB-	O
1986	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
Lawmuir	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
between	O
11.75	O
m	O
and	O
266.2	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Lawmuir	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
51837310	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
57	O
SW/162	O
-RRB-	O
west	O
of	O
Bearsdennear	O
Glasgow	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
lithological	O
change	O
from	O
the	O
underlying	O
volcaniclastic	O
strata	O
of	O
the	O
Kirkwood	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
into	O
clastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
.	O

The	O
boundary	O
is	O
often	O
transitional	O
,	O
with	O
interdigitation	O
between	O
sedimentary	O
and	O
volcaniclastic	O
rocks	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Hurlet	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
precise	O
relationship	O
between	O
the	O
Lawmuir	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
and	O
the	O
Pathhead	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
Fife	O
is	O
not	O
known	O
because	O
of	O
a	O
major	O
geographical	O
gap	O
in	O
information	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
areas	O
.	O

It	O
is	O
possible	O
that	O
the	O
marine	O
bands	O
in	O
the	O
upper	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Lawmuir	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
are	O
equivalent	O
to	O
all	O
the	O
marine	O
bands	O
in	O
the	O
Pathhead	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
in	O
which	O
case	O
the	O
non-marine	O
lower	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Lawmuir	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
would	O
be	O
equivalent	O
to	O
the	O
Sandy	LEXICON
Craig	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
Fife	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
300	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Glasgow	O
area	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
14	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

6	O
BATHGATE	O
GROUP	O
The	O
Bathgate	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
is	O
a	O
newly	O
defined	O
lithostratigraphical	O
unit	O
comprising	O
the	O
Salsburgh	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
Kinghorn	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
and	O
the	O
Bathgate	LEXICON
Hills	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

These	O
formations	O
are	O
generally	O
characterised	O
by	O
olivine-rich	O
microporphyritic	O
basalts	O
ofDalmeny	O
and	O
Hillhouse	O
types	O
with	O
some	O
macroporphyriticolivine-basalts	O
of	O
Craiglockhart	O
and	O
Dunsapie	O
types	O
.	O

Bedded	O
tuffs	O
and	O
volcanic	O
detritus	O
also	O
occur	O
.	O

The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
group	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
an	O
upward	O
transition	O
from	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
in	O
most	O
areas	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
the	O
Rashiehill	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
8386	O
7301	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No.NS	O
87	O
SW/22	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
west	O
of	O
Slamannan	O
,	O
and	O
at	O
a	O
supposed	O
unconformity	O
in	O
Salsburgh	O
No.	O
1A	O
oil	O
well	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
8166	O
6487	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
86	O
SW/89	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
highest	O
known	O
lava	O
interdigitated	O
in	O
the	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
in	O
the	O
Central	O
Coalfield	O
area	O
.	O

The	O
group	O
is	O
of	O
limited	O
geographical	O
extent	O
-LRB-	O
Falkirk	O
,	O
Fife	O
,	O
Lanarkshire	O
,	O
West	O
Lothian	O
-RRB-	O
but	O
interdigitates	O
with	O
a	O
large	O
thickness	O
of	O
sedimentary	O
formations	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
upper	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
and	O
the	O
larger	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
volcanic	O
formations	O
are	O
separated	O
from	O
one	O
another	O
by	O
the	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
,	O
but	O
their	O
petrographical	O
similarity	O
and	O
restricted	O
geographical	O
extent	O
justify	O
their	O
treatment	O
as	O
a	O
single	O
group	O
.	O

6.1	O
Salsburgh	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
newly	O
named	O
Salsburgh	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
greenish	O
grey	O
tuffs	O
and	O
highly	O
altered	O
basaltic	O
lavas	O
interbedded	O
with	O
strata	O
of	O
the	O
West	LEXICON
Lothian	LEXICON
Oil-Shale	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

Nothing	O
is	O
known	O
of	O
the	O
chemistry	O
of	O
these	O
rocks	O
or	O
their	O
petrographic	O
characteristics	O
.	O

The	O
formation	O
is	O
only	O
known	O
from	O
the	O
Salsburgh	O
No.	O
1A	O
oil	O
well	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
81666487	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
86	O
SW/89	O
-RRB-	O
northwest	O
of	O
Shotts	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
is	O
from	O
1114.65	O
m	O
to	O
1216.15	O
m	O
in	O
this	O
well	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
6	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
unconformable	O
on	O
supposed	O
Lower	CHRONOSTRAT
Devonian	CHRONOSTRAT
rocks	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
top	O
is	O
a	O
transition	O
into	O
sedimentary	O
strata	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
102	O
m.	O
6.2	O
Bathgate	LEXICON
Hills	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Bathgate	LEXICON
Hills	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
lavas	O
,	O
tuffs	O
and	O
volcaniclastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
produced	O
by	O
along-lived	O
series	O
of	O
episodes	O
of	O
volcanic	O
activity	O
.	O

The	O
lavas	O
are	O
mostly	O
relatively	O
primitive	O
,	O
silica-undersaturated	O
rocks	O
with	O
a	O
restricted	O
range	O
of	O
composition	O
.	O

The	O
basic	O
rocks	O
are	O
commonly	O
nepheline-normative	O
basanites	O
.	O

The	O
lavas	O
are	O
mostly	O
ankaramites	O
and	O
microporphyritic	O
ol	O
+	O
cpx-phyricbasalts	O
with	O
rare	O
micro-porphyritic	O
hawaiites	O
.	O

The	O
depositional	O
environment	O
was	O
mainly	O
terrestrial	O
,	O
at	O
times	O
into	O
water	O
,	O
at	O
times	O
into	O
hot	O
springs	O
.	O

The	O
volcanic	O
rocks	O
interdigitate	O
and	O
interact	O
with	O
clastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
of	O
various	O
formations	O
.	O

Weathered	O
ferruginous	O
palaeosols	O
-LRB-	O
redboles	O
-RRB-	O
are	O
developed	O
.	O

The	O
main	O
outcrop	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
BathgateHills	O
,	O
West	O
Lothian	O
where	O
the	O
rocks	O
crop	O
out	O
in	O
a	O
belt	O
from	O
Bathgate	O
to	O
Bo	O
'n	O
ess	O
on	O
the	O
coast	O
.	O

The	O
formation	O
has	O
been	O
proved	O
under	O
younger	O
rocks	O
as	O
far	O
west	O
as	O
Rashiehill	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
5	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
directly	O
overlies	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

Name	O
:	O
The	O
name	O
was	O
first	O
used	O
by	O
Smith	O
et	O
al.	O
-LRB-	O
1994	O
-RRB-	O
to	O
replace	O
earlier	O
terms	O
such	O
as	O
`	O
Bathgate	O
lavas	O
'	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
now	O
formally	O
defined	O
here	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
area	O
is	O
the	O
natural	O
exposures	O
in	O
the	O
Bathgate	O
Hills	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
98	O
75	O
-RSB-	O
.	O

A	O
good	O
section	O
318.8	O
m	O
thick	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
26lava	O
flows	O
interdigitate	O
with	O
clastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
,	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
Rashiehill	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
8386	O
7301	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No.NS	O
87	O
SW/22	O
-RRB-	O
from	O
791.6	O
m	O
to	O
1110.4	O
m.	O
Upper	LEXICON
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
lithological	O
change	O
from	O
underlying	O
clastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
,	O
to	O
lavas	O
,	O
tuffs	O
or	O
volcaniclastic	O
sediments	O
or	O
at	O
an	O
upward	O
change	O
from	O
the	O
petrologically	O
wider	O
range	O
of	O
volcanic	O
rocks	O
that	O
form	O
the	O
Clyde	LEXICON
Plateau	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

In	O
the	O
former	O
case	O
the	O
boundary	O
is	O
gradational	O
and	O
is	O
taken	O
where	O
volcanic	O
rocks	O
predominate	O
over	O
sedimentary	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
likewise	O
gradational	O
.	O

The	O
formation	O
is	O
laterally	O
equivalent	O
to	O
,	O
and	O
interdigitates	O
with	O
,	O
the	O
West	LEXICON
Lothian	LEXICON
Oil	LEXICON
Shale	LEXICON
,	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
,	O
Limestone	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
,	O
Upper	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
and	O
Passage	LEXICON
formations	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
recorded	O
for	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
319	O
m	O
-LRB-	O
see	O
above	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

6.3	O
Kinghorn	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
newly	O
named	O
Kinghorn	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
consists	O
of	O
basaltic	O
lava	O
flows	O
,	O
mainly	O
of	O
subaerial	O
origin	O
but	O
locally	O
subaqueous	O
with	O
pillows	O
and	O
hyaloclastic	O
textures	O
.	O

Volcaniclastic	O
sedimentary	O
rocks	O
with	O
subordinate	O
tuffs	O
also	O
occur	O
.	O

The	O
lavas	O
are	O
dominantly	O
ol	O
-	O
and	O
ol	O
-	O
cpx-phyricwith	O
rare	O
ol-cpx-pl-phyric	O
basalts	O
.	O

They	O
are	O
mostly	O
microporphyritic	O
but	O
some	O
macroporphyritic	O
varieties	O
also	O
occur	O
.	O

The	O
limited	O
analyses	O
available	O
suggest	O
that	O
the	O
lavasare	O
mostly	O
hypersthene-normative	O
.	O

Name	O
:	O
The	O
name	O
is	O
introduced	O
here	O
to	O
replace	O
earlier	O
informal	O
names	O
such	O
as	O
`	O
Burntisland	O
lavas	O
'	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
is	O
on	O
the	O
Fife	O
coast	O
between	O
Kinghorn	O
and	O
Kirkcaldy	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
254	O
863	O
to	O
NT	O
278	O
882	O
-RSB-	O
.	O

In	O
this	O
area	O
,	O
the	O
Kinghorn	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
known	O
to	O
interdigitate	O
with	O
sedimentary	O
strata	O
of	O
the	O
Pathhead	LEXICON
and	O
Sandy	LEXICON
Craig	LEXICON
formations	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
2	O
,	O
column	O
18	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
and	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
are	O
usually	O
transitional	O
to	O
sedimentary	O
units	O
belonging	O
to	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
and	O
possibly	O
the	O
basal	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
over	O
422	O
m	O
in	O
Seafield	O
No	O
1	O
Shaft	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
2769	O
8953	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NT28	O
NE/35	O
-RRB-	O
just	O
south	O
of	O
Kirkcaldy	O
.	O

7	O
CLACKMANNAN	O
GROUP	O
The	O
name	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
was	O
first	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Airdrie	O
district	O
by	O
Hall	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
,	O
1992	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
Forsyth	O
et	O
al.	O
-LRB-	O
1996	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
LimestoneCoal	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
Upper	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
and	O
the	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

These	O
formations	O
are	O
characterised	O
by	O
strongly	O
cyclical	O
sequences	O
of	O
sandstone	O
,	O
siltstone	O
,	O
mudstone	O
,	O
limestone	O
,	O
coal	O
and	O
seatearth	O
,	O
the	O
proportions	O
differing	O
in	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
formations	O
.	O

Thus	O
,	O
beds	O
of	O
limestone	O
are	O
more	O
conspicuous	O
in	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
and	O
Upper	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
formations	O
than	O
elsewhere	O
,	O
coals	O
are	O
most	O
common	O
in	O
the	O
Limestone	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
and	O
sandstones	O
and	O
seatearths	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
prominent	O
constituents	O
of	O
the	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

Depositional	O
environments	O
,	O
likewise	O
,	O
show	O
an	O
underlying	O
similarity	O
,	O
being	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
repeated	O
advance	O
and	O
retreat	O
of	O
fluviodeltaic	O
systems	O
into	O
an	O
embayment	O
of	O
varying	O
salinity	O
.	O

The	O
Lower	LEXICON
and	O
Upper	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
formations	O
contain	O
the	O
highest	O
proportion	O
of	O
marine	O
deposits	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
dominated	O
by	O
alluvial	O
deposits	O
;	O
the	O
Limestone	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
occupies	O
an	O
intermediate	O
position	O
.	O

The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Clackmannan	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
where	O
a	O
cyclical	O
sequence	O
of	O
marine	O
limestone-bearing	O
strata	O
rests	O
conformably	O
on	O
various	O
formations	O
of	O
the	O
Strathclyde	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Table	O
1	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
.	O

This	O
group	O
is	O
mostly	O
Namurian	CHRONOSTRAT
in	O
age	O
,	O
but	O
ranges	O
from	O
late	O
Visean	CHRONOSTRAT
to	O
early	O
Langsettian	CHRONOSTRAT
.	O

7.1	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
3	O
-RRB-	O
comprises	O
repeated	O
upward-coarsening	O
cycles	O
of	O
limestone	O
,	O
mudstone	O
,	O
siltstone	O
and	O
sandstone	O
.	O

The	O
cycles	O
may	O
be	O
capped	O
by	O
thin	O
beds	O
of	O
seatearth	O
and	O
coal	O
.	O

The	O
limestones	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
almost	O
all	O
marine	O
and	O
fossiliferous	O
,	O
are	O
pale	O
to	O
dark	O
grey	O
in	O
colour	O
.	O

The	O
mudstones	O
-LRB-	O
many	O
of	O
which	O
also	O
contain	O
marine	O
fossils	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
siltstones	O
are	O
predominantly	O
grey	O
to	O
black	O
.	O

Nodular	O
clayband	O
ironstones	O
and	O
limestones	O
are	O
well	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
mudstones	O
.	O

The	O
sandstones	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
usually	O
fine	O
-	O
to	O
medium-grained	O
,	O
are	O
generally	O
off-white	O
to	O
grey	O
.	O

Except	O
locally	O
,	O
coal	O
seams	O
are	O
thin	O
-LRB-	O
0.3	O
m	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
few	O
in	O
number	O
.	O

Other	O
minor	O
lithologies	O
include	O
cannel	O
and	O
blackband	O
ironstone	O
.	O

A	O
few	O
non-marine	O
faunal	O
beds	O
are	O
known	O
.	O

Upward-fining	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
succession	O
,	O
dominated	O
by	O
fine	O
-	O
to	O
medium-grained	O
sandstone	O
but	O
lacking	O
limestone	O
,	O
also	O
occur	O
.	O

In	O
the	O
western	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
the	O
sequence	O
is	O
condensed	O
,	O
the	O
intervals	O
between	O
limestones	O
being	O
dominated	O
by	O
mudstone	O
.	O

In	O
Ayrshire	O
the	O
term	O
Lugton	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
has	O
been	O
used	O
-LRB-	O
Paterson	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1990	O
,	O
Table	O
3	O
-RRB-	O
but	O
as	O
this	O
name	O
is	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
synonymous	O
with	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
the	O
latter	O
name	O
is	O
now	O
adopted	O
throughout	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
.	O

Name	O
:	O
The	O
formation	O
was	O
formerly	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
;	O
the	O
change	O
to	O
formation	O
status	O
-LRB-	O
Forsyth	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1996	O
-RRB-	O
involves	O
no	O
change	O
to	O
the	O
boundary	O
definitions	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
is	O
from	O
81.98	O
m	O
to	O
292.51	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Wester	O
Gartshore	O
Colliery	O
Underground	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
6824	O
7239	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
67	O
SE/99	O
-RRB-	O
at	O
Kirkintilloch	O
northwest	O
of	O
Airdrie	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
3	O
,	O
column	O
4	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Hurlet	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
and	O
the	O
top	O
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
Top	LEXICON
Hosie	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
or	O
their	O
local	O
correlatives	O
;	O
Figure	O
3	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
240	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Lathallan-Radernie	O
area	O
of	O
east	O
Fife	O
-LRB-	O
Forsyth	O
and	O
Chisholm	O
,	O
1977	O
,	O
p.	O
60	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Table	O
4	O
is	O
a	O
proposed	O
rationalisation	O
of	O
the	O
principal	O
named	O
horizons	O
across	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
of	O
Scotland	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
Glasgow	O
nomenclature	O
as	O
the	O
standard	O
-LRB-	O
based	O
onWilson	O
,	O
1989	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

7.2	O
Limestone	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Limestone	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
4	O
-RRB-	O
comprises	O
sandstone	O
,	O
siltstone	O
and	O
mudstone	O
in	O
repeated	O
cycles	O
.	O

The	O
majority	O
coarsen	O
upwards	O
,	O
but	O
some	O
fine	O
upwards	O
.	O

The	O
cycles	O
are	O
usually	O
capped	O
by	O
seatearth	O
and	O
coal	O
.	O

The	O
siltstone	O
and	O
mudstone	O
are	O
usually	O
grey	O
to	O
black	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
sandstone	O
is	O
usually	O
fine	O
-	O
to	O
medium-grained	O
and	O
off-white	O
to	O
grey	O
.	O

Coal	O
seams	O
are	O
common	O
and	O
many	O
exceed	O
0.3	O
min	O
thickness	O
.	O

Minor	O
lithologies	O
include	O
cannel	O
,	O
and	O
blackband	O
and	O
clayband	O
ironstone	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
nodular	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
bedded	O
.	O

Non-marine	O
limestone	O
is	O
rare	O
.	O

Beds	O
containing	O
large	O
numbers	O
of	O
shells	O
-LRB-	O
coquinas	O
-RRB-	O
of	O
Lingula	O
or	O
of	O
the	O
non-marine	O
bivalves	O
Naiadites	O
and	O
Curvirimula	O
occur	O
in	O
the	O
fine	O
grained	O
rocks	O
,	O
including	O
ironstones	O
and	O
cannel	O
.	O

Because	O
of	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
preservation	O
,	O
these	O
shells	O
usually	O
do	O
not	O
form	O
conspicuous	O
musselbands	O
like	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
.	O

Marine	O
shells	O
are	O
present	O
in	O
some	O
fine-grained	O
strata	O
but	O
marine	O
limestones	O
are	O
not	O
a	O
feature	O
,	O
being	O
present	O
only	O
locally	O
towards	O
the	O
bottom	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
.	O

Upward-fining	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
succession	O
,	O
dominated	O
by	O
fine	O
to	O
locally	O
coarse-grained	O
sandstone	O
,	O
are	O
widely	O
developed	O
,	O
and	O
thick	O
multi-storey	O
sandstones	O
are	O
present	O
.	O

Locally	O
,	O
successions	O
may	O
be	O
particularly	O
sandy	O
or	O
argillaceous	O
.	O

The	O
Johnstone	LEXICON
Shell	LEXICON
Bed	LEXICON
and	O
Black	LEXICON
Metals	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Bands	LEXICON
can	O
be	O
correlated	O
throughout	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
coal	O
seams	O
are	O
not	O
so	O
easily	O
correlated	O
and	O
retain	O
their	O
local	O
names	O
.	O

In	O
Ayrshire	O
the	O
terms	O
Dalry	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
and	O
Kilbirnie	LEXICON
Mudstone	LEXICON
formations	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
.	O

These	O
names	O
were	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
Greenock	O
district	O
-LRB-	O
Paterson	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1990	O
,	O
Table	O
3	O
-RRB-	O
as	O
formations	O
within	O
the	O
Limestone	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
Dalry	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
now	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
redundant	O
term	O
synonymous	O
with	O
Limestone	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
and	O
the	O
Kilbirnie	LEXICON
Mudstone	LEXICON
Member	LEXICON
lies	O
within	O
this	O
.	O

Name	O
:	O
The	O
formation	O
was	O
formerly	O
called	O
Limestone	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
:	O
the	O
change	O
affects	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
the	O
unit	O
but	O
its	O
boundaries	O
remain	O
the	O
same	O
-LRB-	O
Forsyth	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1996	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
Type	O
sections	O
are	O
represented	O
by	O
two	O
boreholes	O
in	O
northeast	O
Glasgow	O
;	O
the	O
upper	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
from316	O
m	O
to	O
539.5	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Cardowan	O
No	O
2	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
6706	O
6752	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
66	O
NE/66	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
the	O
lower	O
part	O
from	O
0	O
m	O
to	O
106.7	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Cardowan	O
No	O
13	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
6706	O
6875	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
66	O
NE/104	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
Top	LEXICON
Hosie	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
,	O
and	O
the	O
top	O
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Index	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
in	O
excess	O
of550	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Clackmannan	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
Central	O
Coalfield	O
-LRB-	O
Browne	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1985	O
,	O
p.	O
11	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

7.3	O
Upper	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Upper	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
5	O
-RRB-	O
is	O
characterised	O
by	O
repeated	O
upward-coarsening	O
cycles	O
comprising	O
grey	O
limestone	O
overlain	O
by	O
grey	O
to	O
black	O
mudstones	O
and	O
calcareous	O
mudstones	O
,	O
siltstones	O
and	O
paler	O
sandstones	O
capped	O
by	O
seatrocks	O
and	O
coal	O
.	O

The	O
limestones	O
contain	O
marine	O
faunas	O
and	O
are	O
usually	O
argillaceous	O
.	O

The	O
sandstones	O
are	O
generally	O
off-white	O
and	O
fine	O
-	O
to	O
medium-grained	O
.	O

The	O
coals	O
are	O
usually	O
less	O
than	O
0.6	O
m	O
thick	O
.	O

Minor	O
lithologies	O
present	O
include	O
ironstone	O
and	O
cannel	O
.	O

Upward-fining	O
sequences	O
of	O
coarse	O
to	O
fine-grained	O
sandstones	O
passing	O
up	O
into	O
finer-grained	O
rocks	O
are	O
also	O
present	O
.	O

In	O
Ayrshire	O
the	O
term	O
Caaf	LEXICON
Water	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
has	O
been	O
used	O
on	O
published	O
1:10	O
000	O
maps	O
dating	O
between	O
1988	O
and	O
1992	O
,	O
but	O
as	O
this	O
is	O
synonymous	O
with	O
Upper	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
the	O
latter	O
name	O
is	O
now	O
adopted	O
throughout	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
.	O

Standard	O
names	O
for	O
the	O
individual	O
limestone	O
beds	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
thoughout	O
the	O
region	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
5	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Name	O
:	O
The	O
name	O
replaces	O
the	O
term	O
Upper	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Group	LEXICON
,	O
but	O
the	O
boundary	O
definitions	O
are	O
unaffected	O
-LRB-	O
Forsyth	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1996	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
Upper	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
the	O
Mossneuk	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
8723	O
8609	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS88	O
NE/204	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
south	O
of	O
Alloa	O
,	O
between	O
335	O
and	O
770.3	O
metres	O
depth	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
5	O
,	O
column	O
6	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Index	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
or	O
,	O
locally	O
,	O
at	O
a	O
plane	O
of	O
disconformity	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
Castlecary	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
over	O
600	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Clackmannan	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
Central	O
Coalfield	O
-LRB-	O
Browne	O
etal.	O
,	O
1985	O
,	O
p.	O
11	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

7.4	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
6	O
-RRB-	O
is	O
characterised	O
by	O
an	O
alternation	O
of	O
fine	O
-	O
to	O
coarse-grained	O
sandstones	O
-LRB-	O
with	O
some	O
conglomerates	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
structureless	O
clayrocks	O
-LRB-	O
including	O
some	O
high-alumina	O
seatclay	O
,	O
fireclay	O
and	O
bauxitic	O
clay	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
clayrocks	O
are	O
commonly	O
mottled	O
reddish	O
brown	O
and	O
greenish	O
grey	O
.	O

Upward-fining	O
cycles	O
predominate	O
over	O
upward-coarsening	O
cycles	O
.	O

Bedded	O
greyand	O
black	O
siltstones	O
and	O
mudstones	O
are	O
also	O
present	O
,	O
and	O
beds	O
of	O
limestone	O
,	O
ironstone	O
,	O
cannel	O
and	O
coal	O
.	O

Marine	O
17	O
faunas	O
,	O
diverse	O
and	O
closely	O
spaced	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
,	O
become	O
progressively	O
impoverished	O
upwards	O
.	O

In	O
Ayrshire	O
the	O
terms	O
Monkcastle	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
,	O
Troon	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
and	O
AyrshireBauxitic	LEXICON
Clay	LEXICON
formations	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
.	O

The	O
Ayrshire	LEXICON
Bauxitic	LEXICON
Clay	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
Irvine	O
district	O
by	O
Monro	O
-LRB-	O
1982	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
Monkcastle	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
and	O
Troon	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
formations	O
were	O
introduced	O
in	O
published	O
1:10	O
000	O
maps	O
dating	O
between	O
1988	O
and	O
1992	O
.	O

The	O
Monkcastle	LEXICON
Sandstone	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
is	O
now	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
synonymous	O
with	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
,	O
so	O
the	O
latter	O
name	O
is	O
now	O
adopted	O
throughout	O
the	O
Midland	O
Valley	O
.	O

The	O
Troon	LEXICON
Volcanic	LEXICON
and	O
Ayrshire	LEXICON
Bauxitic	LEXICON
Clay	LEXICON
formations	O
are	O
reduced	O
to	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
.	O

Name	O
:	O
The	O
name	O
replaces	O
the	O
term	O
Passage	O
Group	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
boundary	O
definitions	O
are	O
unchanged	O
-LRB-	O
Forsyth	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1996	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
occurs	O
between	O
48.95	O
m	O
and	O
368.15	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Saltgreen	O
No.	O
1	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS9196	O
8608	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Ref	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
98	O
NW/197	O
-RRB-	O
south	O
of	O
Clackmannan	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
6	O
,	O
column	O
6	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
Castlecary	LEXICON
Limestone	LEXICON
or	O
at	O
a	O
plane	O
of	O
disconformity	O
where	O
the	O
base	O
is	O
erosive	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Lowstone	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
or	O
a	O
correlative	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
380	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Clackmannan	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
Central	O
Coalfield	O
-LRB-	O
Browne	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1985	O
,	O
p.	O
10	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

8	O
COAL	O
MEASURES	O
The	O
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
7	O
-RRB-	O
are	O
now	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
lithostratigraphical	O
group	O
-LRB-	O
Forsyth	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1996	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

It	O
comprises	O
repeated	O
cycles	O
of	O
sandstone	O
,	O
siltstone	O
and	O
mudstone	O
with	O
coal	O
and	O
seatearth	O
,	O
arranged	O
in	O
bothupward-fining	O
and	O
upward-coarsening	O
units	O
.	O

The	O
strata	O
are	O
generally	O
grey	O
in	O
colour	O
but	O
are	O
extensively	O
reddened	O
towards	O
the	O
top	O
.	O

A	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
alluvial	O
and	O
lacustrine	O
environments	O
of	O
deposition	O
is	O
represented	O
.	O

These	O
include	O
wetland	O
forest	O
and	O
soils	O
-LRB-	O
coal	O
and	O
seatrock	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
floodplain	O
-LRB-	O
planty	O
or	O
rooted	O
siltstone	O
and	O
mudstone	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
river	O
and	O
delta	O
distributary	O
channel	O
-LRB-	O
thick	O
sandstones	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
prograding	O
deltas	O
-LRB-	O
upward-coarsening	O
sequences	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
shallow	O
lakes	O
-LRB-	O
mudstones	O
with	O
non-marine	O
faunas	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Marine	O
bands	O
are	O
rare	O
but	O
provide	O
important	O
stratigraphical	O
markers	O
.	O

In	O
Scotland	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
is	O
now	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Lowstone	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
,	O
its	O
local	O
correlative	O
,	O
or	O
at	O
a	O
plane	O
of	O
disconformity	O
.	O

Present	O
practice	O
therefore	O
differs	O
in	O
detail	O
from	O
that	O
adopted	O
by	O
MacGregor	O
-LRB-	O
1960	O
-RRB-	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
group	O
is	O
still	O
drawn	O
at	O
a	O
slightly	O
higher	O
stratigraphical	O
level	O
than	O
in	O
England	O
and	O
Wales	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
lies	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Subcrenatum	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
,	O
and	O
so	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Langsettian	CHRONOSTRAT
-LRB-	O
Westphalian	CHRONOSTRAT
A	CHRONOSTRAT
-RRB-	O
Stage	O
.	O

This	O
horizon	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
recognised	O
in	O
Scotland	O
though	O
it	O
may	O
correlate	O
with	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
higher	O
marine	O
bands	O
of	O
the	O
Passage	LEXICON
Formation	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
No.	O
6	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
with	O
the	O
Porteous	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
of	O
the	O
Douglas	O
Coalfield	O
.	O

Lower	O
,	O
Middle	O
and	O
Upper	O
divisions	O
recognised	O
in	O
the	O
older	O
classification	O
are	O
retained	O
and	O
regarded	O
now	O
as	O
informal	O
formations	O
.	O

The	O
boundary	O
between	O
Lower	LEXICON
and	O
Middle	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
Vanderbeckei	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
,	O
and	O
that	O
between	O
Middle	LEXICON
and	O
Upper	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
at	O
the	O
Aegiranum	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
latter	O
boundary	O
thus	O
lies	O
at	O
a	O
lower	O
level	O
in	O
the	O
sequence	O
than	O
the	O
Middle	LEXICON
/	O
Upper	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
boundary	O
in	O
England	O
and	O
Wales	O
.	O

8.1	O
Lower	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Lower	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
comprise	O
sandstone	O
,	O
siltstone	O
and	O
mudstone	O
in	O
repeated	O
cycles	O
which	O
most	O
commonly	O
coarsen	O
upwards	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
fine	O
upwards	O
,	O
with	O
seatearth	O
and	O
coal	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
.	O

The	O
mudstone	O
and	O
siltstone	O
are	O
usually	O
grey	O
to	O
black	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
sandstone	O
is	O
fine	O
-	O
to	O
medium-grained	O
and	O
off-white	O
to	O
grey	O
in	O
colour	O
.	O

Coal	O
seams	O
are	O
common	O
and	O
many	O
exceed	O
0.3	O
m	O
in	O
thickness	O
.	O

Minor	O
lithologies	O
include	O
cannel	O
and	O
blackband	O
and	O
clayband	O
ironstone	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
nodular	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
bedded	O
.	O

Bands	O
composed	O
mainly	O
of	O
non-marine	O
bivalves	O
,	O
the	O
characteristic	O
`	O
musselbands	O
'	O
,	O
usually	O
occur	O
in	O
mudstone	O
or	O
ironstone	O
.	O

Upward-fining	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
succession	O
,	O
dominated	O
by	O
fine	O
to	O
coarse-grained	O
sandstone	O
,	O
are	O
widely	O
developed	O
and	O
thick	O
multi-storey	O
sandstones	O
are	O
a	O
feature	O
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
is	O
between	O
187.5	O
m	O
and	O
301.19	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Clyde	O
Bridge	O
,	O
Motherwell	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
7380	O
5622	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
75	O
NW/68	O
-RRB-	O
in	O
the	O
west	O
Central	O
Coalfield	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
7	O
,	O
column	O
4	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
is	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
see	O
above	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
lies	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Vanderbeckei	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
220	O
m	O
to240	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Sealab	O
No.	O
2	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
3272	O
8449	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGSReg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NT	O
38	O
SW/1	O
-RRB-	O
in	O
the	O
Firth	O
of	O
Forth	O
.	O

The	O
variation	O
in	O
thickness	O
is	O
a	O
function	O
of	O
correction	O
for	O
a	O
stratal	O
dip	O
ranging	O
between	O
35	O
and	O
40	O
?E	O
-LRB-	O
uncorrected	O
thickness	O
about	O
288	O
m	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

8.2	O
Middle	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Middle	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
are	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
similar	O
lithologies	O
to	O
the	O
Lower	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
.	O

Type	O
section	O
:	O
The	O
type	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
top	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Middle	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
from	O
Skipsey	LEXICON
's	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
to	O
the	O
Drumpark	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
-RRB-	O
is	O
from	O
9.5	O
m	O
to	O
26	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Dalzell	O
Works	O
,	O
Motherwell	O
Bore	O
No	O
.	O

4	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
7571	O
5672	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
75	O
NE/316	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
for	O
the	O
lower	O
part	O
-LRB-	O
from	O
the	O
Drumpark	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
to	O
the	O
Queenslie	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
-RRB-	O
is	O
from	O
18.29	O
m	O
to	O
187.5	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Clyde	O
Bridge	O
,	O
Motherwell	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
7380	O
5622	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGSReg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
75	O
NW/68	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

A	O
section	O
containing	O
a	O
full	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Vanderbeckei	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
is	O
present	O
from	O
15.24	O
m	O
to	O
37.49	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Moffat	O
Mills	O
Water	O
Bore	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
7898	O
6499	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Ref	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
76	O
SE/77A	O
-RRB-	O
east	O
of	O
Airdrie	O
.	O

All	O
three	O
of	O
these	O
sections	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
west	O
Central	O
Coalfield	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
7	O
,	O
column	O
4	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Middle	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
is	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Vanderbeckei	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
or	O
its	O
local	O
equivalent	O
.	O

Where	O
this	O
horizon	O
can	O
not	O
be	O
established	O
,	O
the	O
closest	O
approximation	O
based	O
on	O
non-marine	O
bivalve	O
faunas	O
18	O
is	O
taken	O
.	O

In	O
North	O
Ayrshire	O
this	O
is	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
Shale	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
.	O

The	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
Middle	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
is	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
Aegiranum	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
about	O
350	O
m	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
dip-corrected	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
Sealab	O
No.	O
1A	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NT	O
3230	O
8568	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NT	O
38	O
NW/31	O
-RRB-	O
in	O
the	O
Firth	O
of	O
Forth	O
and	O
on	O
the	O
exposures	O
on	O
the	O
Fife	O
coast	O
between	O
East	O
Wemyss	O
and	O
Buckhaven	O
.	O

8.3	O
Upper	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
Lithology	O
:	O
The	O
Upper	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
comprise	O
sandstone	O
,	O
siltstone	O
and	O
mudstone	O
in	O
repeated	O
cycles	O
which	O
most	O
commonly	O
fine	O
upwards	O
.	O

The	O
mudstone	O
occurs	O
most	O
commonly	O
as	O
structureless	O
beds	O
and	O
seatearth	O
.	O

The	O
sequences	O
are	O
usually	O
reddish	O
brown	O
and	O
purplish	O
grey	O
in	O
colour	O
due	O
to	O
oxidation	O
of	O
originally	O
grey	O
strata	O
beneath	O
the	O
Permian	CHRONOSTRAT
unconformity	O
,	O
but	O
some	O
reddening	O
may	O
be	O
primary	O
,	O
related	O
to	O
periods	O
of	O
lowered	O
water	O
table	O
during	O
deposition	O
.	O

Coal	O
seams	O
are	O
not	O
common	O
,	O
are	O
normally	O
less	O
than	O
0.3	O
m	O
thick	O
and	O
may	O
be	O
replaced	O
,	O
totally	O
or	O
in	O
part	O
,	O
by	O
red	O
-LRB-	O
haematitic	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
darkgrey	O
carbonaceous	O
diagenetic	O
limestone	O
.	O

Brecciation	O
textures	O
may	O
occur	O
and	O
nodular	O
pedogenic	O
carbonate	O
is	O
present	O
in	O
some	O
clay/silt	O
grade	O
rocks	O
in	O
Fife	O
.	O

Type	O
sections	O
:	O
The	O
partial	O
type	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
Upper	LEXICON
Coal	LEXICON
Measures	LEXICON
is	O
from	O
surface	O
to	O
285	O
m	O
in	O
the	O
Hallside	O
Borehole	O
-LSB-	O
NS	O
66935974	O
-RSB-	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
Reg	O
.	O

No	O
.	O

NS	O
65	O
NE/66	O
-RRB-	O
southeast	O
of	O
Glasgow	O
in	O
the	O
west	O
Central	O
Coalfield	O
-LRB-	O
Figure	O
7	O
,	O
column	O
4	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

Upper	O
and	O
lower	O
boundaries	O
:	O
The	O
base	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
was	O
formerly	O
taken	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
Aegiranum	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
-LRB-	O
MacGregor	O
,1960	O
-RRB-	O
but	O
is	O
now	O
drawn	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
of	O
this	O
bed	O
-LRB-	O
Forsyth	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
1996	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

In	O
Fife	O
and	O
Lothian	O
the	O
Aegiranum	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
has	O
recently	O
been	O
tentatively	O
re-correlated	O
with	O
the	O
`	O
Buckhaven	LEXICON
Planolites	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
'	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
newly	O
defined	O
name	O
-LRB-	O
BGS	O
,	O
1997	O
-RRB-	O
and	O
the	O
Montague	LEXICON
Bridge	LEXICON
Marine	LEXICON
Band	LEXICON
that	O
has	O
been	O
referred	O
to	O
by	O
Tulloch	O
and	O
Walton	O
-LRB-	O
1958	O
,	O
pp.	O
114	O
--	O
115	O
-RRB-	O
.	O

The	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
is	O
eroded	O
,	O
at	O
an	O
unconformity	O
of	O
regional	O
extent	O
beneath	O
Permian	CHRONOSTRAT
strata	O
.	O

Thickness	O
:	O
The	O
maximum	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
formation	O
probably	O
exceeds	O
1200	O
m	O
under	O
the	O
Firth	O
of	O
Forth	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
interpretation	O
of	O
commercial	O
seismic	O
data	O
.	O