cwe_short_descriptions.json

[
  "The software uses a cookie to store sensitive information, but the cookie is not marked with the HttpOnly flag.",
  "The software displays information or identifiers to a user, but the display mechanism does not make it easy for the user to distinguish between visually similar or identical glyphs (homoglyphs), which may cause the user to misinterpret a glyph and perform an unintended, insecure action.",
  "The application uses multiple validation forms with the same name, which might cause the Struts Validator to validate a form that the programmer does not expect.",
  "The web application does not restrict or incorrectly restricts frame objects or UI layers that belong to another application or domain, which can lead to user confusion about which interface the user is interacting with.",
  "The web application produces links to untrusted external sites outside of its sphere of control, but it does not properly prevent the external site from modifying  security-critical properties of the window.opener object, such as the location property.",
  "The software performs a comparison between entities that must consider multiple factors or characteristics of each entity, but the comparison does not include one or more of these factors.",
  "The software performs a comparison between two entities, but the entities are of different, incompatible types that cannot be guaranteed to provide correct results when they are directly compared.",
  "The code performs a comparison between two entities, but the comparison examines the wrong factors or characteristics of the entities, which can lead to incorrect results and resultant weaknesses.",
  "The application has a validator form that either does not define a validate() method, or defines a validate() method but does not call super.validate().",
  "The developer builds a security-critical protection mechanism into the software, but the processor optimizes the execution of the program such that the mechanism is removed or modified.",
  "The product uses a mechanism that automatically optimizes code, e.g. to improve a characteristic such as performance, but the optimizations can have an unintended side effect that might violate an intended security assumption.",
  "The product uses an automated mechanism such as machine learning to recognize complex data inputs (e.g. image or audio) as a particular concept or category, but it does not properly detect or handle inputs that have been modified or constructed in a way that causes the mechanism to detect a different, incorrect concept.",
  "If a form bean does not extend an ActionForm subclass of the Validator framework, it can expose the application to other weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.",
  "The software has multiple functions, methods, procedures, macros, etc. that\n\t\t\t\t\tcontain the same code.",
  "The code contains a member element that is declared as static (but not final), in which\n\t\t\t\t\tits parent class element \n\t\t\t\t\tis not a singleton class - that is, a class element that can be used only once in\n\t\t\t\t\tthe 'to' association of a Create action.",
  "The software uses a data element that has an excessively large\n\t\t\t\t\tnumber of sub-elements with non-primitive data types such as structures or aggregated objects.",
  "The software's architecture contains too many - or too few -\n\t\t\t\t\thorizontal layers.",
  "A parent class has a virtual destructor method, but the parent has a child class that does not have a virtual destructor.",
  "The software creates an immutable text string using string concatenation operations.",
  "The software contains modules in which one module has references that cycle back to itself, i.e., there are circular dependencies.",
  "The code contains callable control elements that\n         contain an excessively large number of references to other\n         application objects external to the context of the callable,\n         i.e. a Fan-Out value that is excessively large.",
  "The software performs a data query with a large number of joins\n\t\t\t\t\tand sub-queries on a large data table.",
  "The application has a form field that is not validated by a corresponding validation form, which can introduce other weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.",
  "The software has a loop body or loop condition that contains a control element that directly or\n\t\t\t\t\tindirectly consumes platform resources, e.g. messaging, sessions, locks, or file\n\t\t\t\t\tdescriptors.",
  "The software initializes data using hard-coded values that act as network resource identifiers.",
  "The software initializes a data element using a hard-coded\n\t\t\t\t\tliteral that is not a simple integer or static constant element.",
  "The product does not have documentation that represents how it is designed.",
  "The code at one architectural layer invokes code that resides\n\t\t\t\t\tat a deeper layer than the adjacent layer, i.e., the invocation skips at least one\n\t\t\t\t\tlayer, and the invoked code is not part of a vertical utility layer that can be referenced from any horizontal layer.",
  "The software contains a class with inheritance from more than\n\t\t\t\t\tone concrete class.",
  "A named-callable or method control element has a signature that\n\t\t\t\t\tsupports a variable (variadic) number of parameters or arguments.",
  "The software uses a dedicated, central data manager component as required by design, but it contains code that performs data-access operations that do not use this data manager.",
  "The code contains a function or method that\n\t\t operates in a multi-threaded environment but owns an unsafe non-final\n\t\t                     static storable or member data element.",
  "The documentation, whether on paper or in electronic form, does\n\t\t\t\t\tnot contain descriptions of all the relevant elements of the product, such as\n\t\t\t\t\tits usage, structure, interfaces, design, implementation, configuration,\n\t\t\t\t\toperation, etc.",
  "When an application does not use an input validation framework such as the Struts Validator, there is a greater risk of introducing weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.",
  "The software performs too many data queries without using efficient data processing functionality such as stored procedures.",
  "The software does not sufficiently hide the internal representation and implementation details of data or methods, which might allow external components or modules to modify data unexpectedly, invoke unexpected functionality, or introduce dependencies that the programmer did not intend.",
  "The code has a parent class that contains references to a child class, its methods, or its members.",
  "A static code block creates an instance of a class.",
  "The software contains a function, subroutine, or method whose signature has an unnecessarily large number of\n\t\t\t\t\tparameters/arguments.",
  "The application uses deployed components from application servers, but it also uses low-level functions/methods for management of resources, instead of the API provided by the application server.",
  "The software contains a serializable data element that does not\n\t\t\t\t\thave an associated serialization method.",
  "The software contains a data query against an SQL table or view\n\t\t\t\t\tthat is configured in a way that does not utilize an index and may cause\n\t\t\t\t\tsequential searches to be performed.",
  "The implementation of the product is not consistent with the\n\t\t\t\t\tdesign as described within the relevant documentation.",
  "An invokable code block contains an exception handling block that does not contain any code, i.e. is empty.",
  "An unused validation form indicates that validation logic is not up-to-date.",
  "The software contains a serializable, storable data element such as a field or member,\n\t\t\t\t\tbut the data element contains member elements that are not\n\t\t\t\t\tserializable.",
  "The source code contains a block that does not contain any code, i.e., the block is empty.",
  "The software accesses a data resource through a database without using a\n\t\t\t\t\tconnection pooling capability.",
  "The software contains a client with a function or method that contains a large number of data accesses/queries that are sent through a data manager, i.e., does not use efficient database capabilities.",
  "A class has an inheritance level that is too high, i.e., it\n\t\t\t\t\thas a large number of parent classes.",
  "The software performs unconditional control transfer (such as a\n\t\t\t\t\t\"goto\") in code outside of a branching structure such as a switch\n\t\t\t\t\tblock.",
  "The product's architecture, source code, design, documentation,\n\t\t\t\t\tor other artifact does not follow required conventions.",
  "The code performs a comparison such as an\n        equality test between two float (floating point) values, but\n        it uses comparison operators that do not account for the\n        possibility of loss of precision.",
  "The source code does not follow\n\t\t\t\tdesired style or formatting for indentation, white\n\t\t\t\tspace, comments, etc.",
  "A parent class contains one or more child classes, but the parent class does not have a virtual destructor method.",
  "Every Action Form must have a corresponding validation form.",
  "A source code file has too many lines of\n\t\t\t\t\tcode.",
  "The code contains a class instance that calls the method or function to delete or destroy itself.",
  "The software is intended to manage data access through a particular data manager component such as a relational or non-SQL database, but it contains code that performs data access operations without using that component.",
  "A function or method contains too many\n\t\t\t\t\toperations that utilize a data manager or file resource.",
  "A function, method, procedure, etc. contains an excessive amount of code that has been\n\t\t\t\t\tcommented out within its body.",
  "A class contains an unnecessarily large number of\n\t\t\t\t\tchildren.",
  "A class contains a virtual method, but the method does not have an associated virtual destructor.",
  "The code has a synchronous call to a remote resource, but there is no timeout for the call, or the timeout is set to infinite.",
  "The software uses a large data table that contains an excessively large number of\n\t\t\t\t\tindices.",
  "Automatic filtering via a Struts bean has been turned off, which disables the Struts Validator and custom validation logic. This exposes the application to other weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.",
  "A method for a class performs an operation that directly\n\t\t\t\t\taccesses a member element from another class.",
  "The software contains a method that accesses an object but does not later invoke\n\t\t\t\t\tthe element's associated finalize/destructor method.",
  "The software uses the same control element across multiple\n\t\t\t\t\tarchitectural layers.",
  "The software uses an unnecessarily complex internal representation for its data structures or interrelationships between those structures.",
  "The software contains an index range scan for a large data table,\n\t\t\t\t\tbut the scan can cover a large number of rows.",
  "The software uses a loop with a control flow condition based on\n\t\t\t\t\ta value that is updated within the body of the loop.",
  "The software implements a Singleton design pattern but does not use appropriate locking or other synchronization mechanism to ensure that the singleton class is only instantiated once.",
  "The software uses a storable data element that does not have\n\t\t\t\t\tall of the associated functions or methods that are necessary to support\n\t\t\t\t\tcomparison.",
  "The code contains a data element with a pointer that does not have an associated copy or constructor method.",
  "The product's code, documentation, or other artifacts do not\n\t\t\t\t\tconsistently use the same naming conventions for variables, callables, groups of\n\t\t\t\t\trelated callables, I/O capabilities, data types, file names, or similar types of\n\t\t\t\t\telements.",
  "Debugging messages help attackers learn about the system and plan a form of attack.",
  "Validation fields that do not appear in forms they are associated with indicate that the validation logic is out of date.",
  "The product or code does not isolate system-dependent\n\t\t\t\t\tfunctionality into separate standalone modules.",
  "The product uses automatically-generated code that cannot be\n\t\t\t\t\texecuted without a specific runtime support component.",
  "The code uses a data representation that relies on low-level\n\t\t\t\t\tdata representation or constructs that may vary across different processors,\n\t\t\t\t\tphysical machines, OSes, or other physical components.",
  "The product relies on third-party software components that do\n\t\t\t\t\tnot provide equivalent functionality across all desirable\n\t\t\t\t\tplatforms.",
  "The product relies on third-party components that are not\n\t\t\t\t\tactively supported or maintained by the original developer or a trusted proxy\n\t\t\t\t\tfor the original developer.",
  "The product or code uses machine-dependent functionality, but\n\t\t\t\t\tit does not sufficiently encapsulate or isolate this functionality from\n\t\t\t\t\tthe rest of the code.",
  "The source code uses literal constants that may need to change\n\t\t\t\t\tor evolve over time, instead of using symbolic constants.",
  "The source code uses symbolic constants, but it does not\n\t\t\t\t\tsufficiently place the definitions of these constants into a more centralized or\n\t\t\t\t\tisolated location.",
  "The code is structured in a way that relies too much on using\n\t\t\t\t\tor setting global variables throughout various points in the code, instead of\n\t\t\t\t\tpreserving the associated information in a narrower, more local\n\t\t\t\t\tcontext.",
  "The code contains a callable, block, or other code element in\n\t\t\t\t\twhich the same variable is used to control more than one unique task or store\n\t\t\t\t\tmore than one instance of data.",
  "When a Java application uses the Java Native Interface (JNI) to call code written in another programming language, it can expose the application to weaknesses in that code, even if those weaknesses cannot occur in Java.",
  "The product's design documentation does not adequately describe\n\t\t\t\t\tcontrol flow, data flow, system initialization, relationships between tasks,\n\t\t\t\t\tcomponents, rationales, or other important aspects of the\n\t\t\t\t\tdesign.",
  "The product's documentation does not adequately define inputs,\n\t\t\t\t\toutputs, or system/software interfaces.",
  "The document does not fully define all mechanisms that are used\n\t\t\t\t\tto control or influence how product-specific programs are\n\t\t\t\t\texecuted.",
  "The source code uses comment styles or formats that are\n\t\t\t\t\tinconsistent or do not follow expected standards for the\n\t\t\t\t\tproduct.",
  "The source code contains whitespace that is inconsistent across\n\t\t\t\t\tthe code or does not follow expected standards for the\n\t\t\t\t\tproduct.",
  "The source code contains elements such as source files \n\t\t\t\t\tthat do not consistently provide a prologue or header that has been\n\t\t\t\t\tstandardized for the project.",
  "The source code contains comments that do not accurately\n\t\t\t\t\tdescribe or explain aspects of the portion of the code with which the comment is\n\t\t\t\t\tassociated.",
  "The code contains a function or method whose signature and/or associated\n\t\t\t\t\tinline documentation does not sufficiently describe the callable's inputs, outputs,\n\t\t\t\t\tside effects, assumptions, or return codes.",
  "The documentation does not sufficiently describe the techniques\n\t\t\t\t\tthat are used for error handling, exception processing, or similar\n\t\t\t\t\tmechanisms.",
  "The code uses too many unconditional branches (such as\n\t\t\t\t\t\"goto\").",
  "The software accepts XML from an untrusted source but does not validate the XML against the proper schema.",
  "The code is too complex, as calculated using a well-defined,\n\t\t\t\t\tquantitative measure.",
  "The code contains McCabe cyclomatic complexity that exceeds a\n\tdesirable maximum.",
  "The code is structured in a way that a Halstead complexity\n\t\t\t\t\tmeasure exceeds a desirable maximum.",
  "The product uses too much self-modifying\n\t\t\t\t\tcode.",
  "The code contains a callable or other code grouping in which\n\t\t\t\t\tthe nesting / branching is too deep.",
  "The product has an attack surface whose quantitative\n\t\t\t\t\tmeasurement exceeds a desirable maximum.",
  "The source code declares a variable in one scope, but the\n\t\t\t\t\tvariable is only used within a narrower scope.",
  "The code is compiled without sufficient warnings enabled, which\n\t\t\t\t\tmay prevent the detection of subtle bugs or quality\n\t\t\t\t\tissues.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes CR and LF characters before the data is included in outgoing HTTP headers.",
  "Executing commands or loading libraries from an untrusted source or in an untrusted environment can cause an application to execute malicious commands (and payloads) on behalf of an attacker.",
  "The software misinterprets an input, whether from an attacker or another product, in a security-relevant fashion.",
  "The software prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.",
  "The program contains code that is not essential for execution,\n\t     i.e. makes no state changes and has no side effects that alter\n\t     data or control flow, such that removal of the code would have no impact\n\t     to functionality or correctness.",
  "The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes output that is written to logs.",
  "The application does not use, or incorrectly uses, an input validation framework that is provided by the source language or an independent library.",
  "The ASP.NET application does not use, or incorrectly uses, the model validation framework.",
  "The program performs CPU computations using\n         algorithms that are not as efficient as they could be for the\n         needs of the developer, i.e., the computations can be\n         optimized further.",
  "The software uses a function, library, or third party component\n\t     that has been explicitly prohibited, whether by the developer or\n\t     the customer.",
  "The software does not restrict or incorrectly restricts operations within the boundaries of a resource that is accessed using an index or pointer, such as memory or files.",
  "The software initializes or sets a resource with a default that is intended to be changed by the administrator, but the default is not secure.",
  "The System-On-a-Chip (SoC) does not properly isolate shared resources between trusted and untrusted agents.",
  "The software performs operations on a memory buffer, but it can read from or write to a memory location that is outside of the intended boundary of the buffer.",
  "The product enables a Direct Memory Access (DMA) capable device before the security configuration settings are established, which allows an attacker to extract data from or gain privileges on the product.",
  "The chip does not implement or does not correctly perform access control to check whether users are authorized to access internal registers and test modes through the physical debug/test interface.",
  "The System-on-Chip (SoC) does not have unique, immutable identifiers for each of its components.",
  "The product enables components that contain untrusted firmware before memory and fabric access controls have been enabled.",
  "An ASP .NET application must enable custom error pages in order to prevent attackers from mining information from the framework's built-in responses.",
  "The program copies an input buffer to an output buffer without verifying that the size of the input buffer is less than the size of the output buffer, leading to a buffer overflow.",
  "The product uses a cryptographic primitive that uses an Initialization\n\t\t\tVector (IV), but the product does not generate IVs that are\n\t\t\tsufficiently unpredictable or unique according to the expected\n\t\t\tcryptographic requirements for that primitive.\n\t\t\t",
  "The reserved bits in a hardware design are not disabled prior to production. Typically, reserved bits are used for future capabilities and should not support any functional logic in the design.   However, designers might covertly use these bits to debug or further develop new capabilities in production hardware. Adversaries with access to these bits will write to them in hopes of compromising hardware state.",
  "A stack-based buffer overflow condition is a condition where the buffer being overwritten is allocated on the stack (i.e., is a local variable or, rarely, a parameter to a function).",
  "A heap overflow condition is a buffer overflow, where the buffer that can be overwritten is allocated in the heap portion of memory, generally meaning that the buffer was allocated using a routine such as malloc().",
  "The product implements access controls via a policy or other feature with the intention to disable or restrict accesses (reads and/or writes) to assets in a system from untrusted agents. However, implemented access controls lack required granularity, which renders the control policy too broad because it allows accesses from unauthorized agents to the security-sensitive assets.",
  "Hardware description language code incorrectly defines register defaults or hardware IP parameters to insecure values.",
  "The product defines a large address region protected from modification by the same register lock control bit. This results in a conflict between the functional requirement that some addresses need to be writable by software during operation and the security requirement that the system configuration lock bit must be set during the boot process.",
  "A write-once register in hardware design is programmable by an untrusted software component earlier than the trusted software component, resulting in a race condition issue.",
  "The hardware design control register \"sticky bits\" or write-once bit fields are improperly implemented, such that they can be reprogrammed by software.",
  "The product manages resources or behaves in a way that indirectly creates a new, distinct resource that can be used by attackers in violation of the intended policy.",
  "Any condition where the attacker has the ability to write an arbitrary value to an arbitrary location, often as the result of a buffer overflow.",
  "The product prevents direct access to a resource containing sensitive information, but it does not sufficiently limit access to metadata that is derived from the original, sensitive information.",
  "The product uses a trusted lock bit for restricting access to registers, address regions, or other resources, but the product does not prevent the value of the lock bit from being modified after it has been set.",
  "Register lock bit protection disables changes to system configuration once the bit is set. Some of the protected registers or lock bits become programmable after power state transitions (e.g., Entry and wake from low power sleep modes) causing the system configuration to be changeable.",
  "The product uses a register lock bit protection mechanism, but it does not ensure that the lock bit prevents modification of system registers or controls that perform changes to important hardware system configuration.",
  "System configuration protection may be bypassed during debug mode.",
  "The code uses boxed primitives, which may introduce inefficiencies into performance-critical operations.",
  "The software saves user-provided information into a Comma-Separated Value (CSV) file, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as a command when the file is opened by spreadsheet software.",
  "The hardware product does not properly clear sensitive information from built-in registers when the user of the hardware block changes.",
  "The software writes to a buffer using an index or pointer that references a memory location prior to the beginning of the buffer.",
  "To fulfill the need for a cryptographic primitive, the product implements a cryptographic algorithm using a non-standard, unproven, or disallowed/non-compliant cryptographic implementation.",
  "The device uses an algorithm that is predictable and generates a pseudo-random number.",
  "The device includes chicken bits or undocumented features that can create entry points for unauthorized actors.",
  "Access to security-sensitive information stored in fuses is not limited during debug.",
  "The product uses physical debug or test\n        interfaces with support for multiple access levels, but it\n        assigns the wrong debug access level to an internal asset,\n        providing unintended access to the asset from untrusted debug\n        agents.",
  "Faulty finite state machines (FSMs) in the hardware logic allow an attacker to put the system in an undefined state, to cause a denial of service (DoS) or gain privileges on the victim's system.",
  "The product does not implement or incorrectly implements wear leveling operations in limited-write non-volatile memories.",
  "The device does not contain or contains incorrectly implemented circuitry or sensors to detect and mitigate voltage and clock glitches and protect sensitive information or software contained on the device.",
  "The security-sensitive hardware module contains semiconductor defects. ",
  "The product provides an application for administrators to manage parts of the underlying operating system, but the application does not accurately identify all of the relevant entities or resources that exist in the OS; that is, the application's model of the OS's state is inconsistent with the OS's actual state.",
  "The software reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.",
  "The product has or supports multiple distributed components or sub-systems that are each required to keep their own local copy of shared data - such as state or cache - but the product does not ensure that all local copies remain consistent with each other.",
  "The product's architecture mirrors regions without ensuring that their contents always stay in sync.",
  "The CPU is not configured to provide hardware support for exclusivity of write and execute operations on memory. This allows an attacker to execute data from all of memory.",
  "The logic level used to set a system to a secure state relies on a fuse being unblown. An attacker can set the system to an insecure state merely by blowing the fuse.",
  "The product's comparison logic is performed over a series of steps rather than across the entire string in one operation. If there is a comparison logic failure on one of these steps, the operation may be vulnerable to a timing attack that can result in the interception of the process for nefarious purposes.",
  "A device's real time power consumption may be monitored during security token evaluation and the information gleaned may be used to determine the value of the reference token.",
  "The product provides software-controllable\n\t\t\tdevice functionality for capabilities such as power and\n\t\t\tclock management, but it does not properly limit\n\t\t\tfunctionality that can lead to modification of\n\t\t\thardware memory or register bits, or the ability to\n\t\t\tobserve physical side channels.",
  "Aliased or mirrored memory regions in hardware designs may have inconsistent read/write permissions enforced by the hardware. A possible result is that an untrusted agent is blocked from accessing a memory region but is not blocked from accessing the corresponding aliased memory region.\n\t\t\t",
  "The hardware does not fully clear security-sensitive values, such as keys and intermediate values in cryptographic operations, when debug mode is entered.",
  "The System-On-A-Chip (SoC) implements a Security Token mechanism to differentiate what actions are allowed or disallowed when a transaction originates from an entity. However, the Security Tokens are improperly protected.",
  "The software reads from a buffer using buffer access mechanisms such as indexes or pointers that reference memory locations after the targeted buffer.",
  "The product allows address regions to overlap, which can result in the bypassing of intended memory protection.",
  "The hardware logic does not effectively handle when single-event upsets (SEUs) occur.",
  "The product uses memory-mapped I/O registers that act as an interface to hardware functionality from software, but there is improper access control to those registers.",
  "The product is designed with access restricted to certain information, but it does not sufficiently protect against an unauthorized actor with physical access to these areas.",
  "The hardware logic for error handling and security checks can incorrectly forward data before the security check is complete.",
  "During execution of non-reentrant code, the software performs a call that unintentionally produces a nested invocation of the non-reentrant code.",
  "The product does not properly provide a capability for the product administrator to remove sensitive data at the time the product is decommissioned.  A scrubbing capability could be missing, insufficient, or incorrect.",
  "The product uses an obsolete encoding mechanism to implement access controls.",
  "The product's hardware-enforced access control for a particular resource improperly accounts for privilege discrepancies between control and write policies.\n\t\t\t   ",
  "The product released to market is released in pre-production or manufacturing configuration.",
  "The software reads from a buffer using buffer access mechanisms such as indexes or pointers that reference memory locations prior to the targeted buffer.",
  "The product implements a Security Token mechanism to differentiate what actions are allowed or disallowed when a transaction originates from an entity. However, the Security Tokens generated in the system are incorrect.",
  "Security-critical logic is not set to a known value on reset.",
  "The product performs a power or debug state transition, but it does not clear sensitive information that should no longer be accessible due to changes to information access restrictions.",
  "The credentials necessary for unlocking a device are shared across multiple parties and may expose sensitive information.",
  "The product conducts a secure-boot process that transfers bootloader code from Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) into Volatile Memory (VM), but it does not have sufficient access control or other protections for the Volatile Memory.",
  "The SameSite attribute for sensitive cookies is not set, or an insecure value is used.",
  "Signals between a hardware IP and the parent system design are incorrectly connected causing security risks.",
  "The product does not provide its\n\t\t\tusers with the ability to update or patch its\n\t\t\tfirmware to address any vulnerabilities or\n\t\t\tweaknesses that may be present.",
  "Information stored in hardware may be recovered by an attacker with the capability to capture and analyze images of the integrated circuit using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy.",
  "Performing cryptographic operations without ensuring that the supporting inputs are ready to supply valid data may compromise the cryptographic result.",
  "Wrap around errors occur whenever a value is incremented past the maximum value for its type and therefore \"wraps around\" to a very small, negative, or undefined value.",
  "A product's hardware-based access control check occurs after the asset has been accessed.",
  "Specific combinations of processor instructions lead to undesirable behavior such as locking the processor until a hard reset performed.",
  "Immutable data, such as a first-stage bootloader, device identifiers, and \"write-once\" configuration settings are stored in writable memory that can be re-programmed or updated in the field.",
  "The register contents used for attestation or measurement reporting data to verify boot flow are modifiable by an adversary.",
  "The product receives input that is expected to specify a quantity (such as size or length), but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the quantity has the required properties.",
  "The product receives input that is expected to specify an index, position, or offset into an indexable resource such as a buffer or file, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the specified index/position/offset has the required properties.",
  "The product receives input that is expected to be well-formed - i.e., to comply with a certain syntax - but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input complies with the syntax.",
  "The product receives input that is expected to be of a certain type, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input is actually of the expected type.",
  "The product receives a complex input with multiple elements or fields that must be consistent with each other, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input is actually consistent.",
  "The product receives an input value that is used as a resource identifier or other type of reference, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input is equivalent to a potentially-unsafe value.",
  "The product uses untrusted input when calculating or using an array index, but the product does not validate or incorrectly validates the index to ensure the index references a valid position within the array.",
  "The product implements a decoding mechanism to decode certain bus-transaction signals to security identifiers. If the decoding is implemented incorrectly, then untrusted agents can now gain unauthorized access to the asset.",
  "The same public key is used for signing both debug and production code.",
  "The product implements a conversion mechanism to map certain bus-transaction signals to security identifiers. However, if the conversion is incorrectly implemented, untrusted agents can gain unauthorized access to the asset.",
  "The software relies on one source of data, preventing the ability to detect if an adversary has compromised a data source.",
  "The System-on-Chip (SoC) implements a Security Identifier mechanism to differentiate what actions are allowed or disallowed when a transaction originates from an entity. However, the Security Identifiers are not correctly implemented.",
  "The product fails to adequately prevent the revealing of unnecessary and potentially sensitive system information within debugging messages.",
  "The product's debug components contain incorrect chaining or granularity of debug components.",
  "The product does not adequately protect confidential information on the device from being accessed by Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) vendors.",
  "A race condition in the hardware logic results in undermining security guarantees of the system.",
  "The lack of protections on alternate paths to access\n                control-protected assets (such as unprotected shadow registers\n                and other external facing unguarded interfaces) allows an\n                attacker to bypass existing protections to the asset that are\n\t\tonly performed against the primary path.",
  "Storing a plaintext password in a configuration file allows anyone who can read the file access to the password-protected resource making them an easy target for attackers.",
  "The software parses a formatted message or structure, but it does not handle or incorrectly handles a length field that is inconsistent with the actual length of the associated data.",
  "The device does not contain sufficient protection\n\tmechanisms to prevent physical side channels from exposing\n\tsensitive information due to patterns in physically observable\n\tphenomena such as variations in power consumption,\n\telectromagnetic emissions (EME), or acoustic emissions.",
  "The product's data removal process does not completely delete all data and potentially sensitive information within hardware components.",
  "The product implements a security identifier mechanism to differentiate what actions are allowed or disallowed when a transaction originates from an entity. A transaction is sent without a security identifier.",
  "Hardware structures shared across execution contexts (e.g., caches and branch predictors) can violate the expected architecture isolation between contexts.",
  "The product performs a power save/restore\n            operation, but it does not ensure that the integrity of\n            the configuration state is maintained and/or verified between\n\t    the beginning and ending of the operation.",
  "The software does not correctly calculate the size to be used when allocating a buffer, which could lead to a buffer overflow.",
  "Missing an ability to patch ROM code may leave a System or System-on-Chip (SoC) in a vulnerable state.",
  "The bridge incorrectly translates security attributes from either trusted to untrusted or from untrusted to trusted when converting from one fabric protocol to another.",
  "The firewall in an on-chip fabric protects the main addressed region, but it does not protect any mirrored memory or memory-mapped-IO (MMIO) regions.",
  "During runtime, the hardware allows for test or debug logic (feature) to be activated, which allows for changing the state of the hardware. This feature can alter the intended behavior of the system and allow for alteration and leakage of sensitive data by an adversary.",
  "The device does not write-protect the parametric data values for sensors that scale the sensor value, allowing untrusted software to manipulate the apparent result and potentially damage hardware or cause operational failure.",
  "The bus controller enables bits in the fabric end-point to allow responder devices to control transactions on the fabric.",
  "The address map of the on-chip fabric has protected and unprotected regions overlapping, allowing an attacker to bypass access control to the overlapping portion of the protected region.",
  "A bridge that is connected to a fabric without security features forwards transactions to the slave without checking the privilege level of the master.  Similarly, it does not check the hardware identity of the transaction received from the slave interface of the bridge.",
  " On-chip fabrics or buses either do not support or are not configured to support privilege separation or other security features, such as access control. ",
  "The device is susceptible to electromagnetic fault injection attacks, causing device internal information to be compromised or security mechanisms to be bypassed.",
  "Untrusted agents can disable alerts about signal conditions exceeding limits or the response mechanism that handles such alerts.\n\t\t\t",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component that specifies attributes that are to be initialized or updated in an object, but it does not properly control modifications of attributes of the object prototype.",
  "The product uses a non-blocking model that relies on a single threaded process\n\t\t\tfor features such as scalability, but it contains code that can block when it is invoked.",
  "Trace data collected from several sources on the\n                System-on-Chip (SoC) is stored in unprotected locations or\n                transported to untrusted agents.",
  "Sensitive information in clear text on the JTAG\n                interface may be examined by an eavesdropper, e.g.\n                by placing a probe device on the interface such as a logic\n                analyzer, or a corresponding software technique.\n            ",
  "The product manages a group of objects or resources and performs a separate memory allocation for each object, but it does not properly limit the total amount of memory that is consumed by all of the combined objects.",
  "A missing immutable root of trust in the hardware results in the ability to bypass secure boot or execute untrusted or adversarial boot code.",
  "The product assigns the address 0.0.0.0 for a database server, a cloud service/instance, or any computing resource that communicates remotely.",
  "Security-version number in hardware is mutable, resulting in the ability to downgrade (roll-back) the boot firmware to vulnerable code versions.",
  "The product contains a component that cannot be updated or patched in order to remove vulnerabilities or significant bugs.",
  "Confidential information stored in memory circuits is readable or recoverable after being cleared or erased.",
  "The Network On Chip (NoC) does not isolate or incorrectly isolates its on-chip-fabric and internal resources such that they are shared between trusted and untrusted agents, creating timing channels.",
  "The device is missing or incorrectly implements circuitry or sensors that detect and mitigate the skipping of security-critical CPU instructions when they occur.",
  "The product uses a regular expression with an inefficient, possibly exponential worst-case computational complexity that consumes excessive CPU cycles.",
  "An unauthorized agent can inject errors into a redundant block to deprive the system of redundancy or put the system in a degraded operating mode.",
  "An integer value is specified to be shifted by a negative amount or an amount greater than or equal to the number of bits contained in the value causing an unexpected or indeterminate result.",
  "The product uses a template engine to insert or process externally-influenced input, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements or syntax that can be interpreted as template expressions or other code directives when processed by the engine.",
  "A hardware device is missing or has inadequate protection features to prevent overheating.",
  "The program processes a real number with an implementation in which the number\u2019s representation does not preserve required accuracy and precision in its fractional part, causing an incorrect result.",
  "The software uses a function that accepts a format string as an argument, but the format string originates from an external source.",
  "The product attempts to close or release a resource or handle more than once, without an intervening successful open.",
  "The processor does not properly clear microarchitectural state after incorrect microcode assists or speculative execution, resulting in transient execution.",
  "The software does not correctly calculate the length of strings that can contain wide or multi-byte characters.",
  "A hardware device, or the firmware running on it, is\n                missing or has incorrect protection features to maintain\n                goals of security primitives when the device is cooled below\n                standard operating temperatures.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as control elements or syntactic markers when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "Sensitive memory is cleared according to the source code, but compiler optimizations leave the memory untouched when it is not read from again, aka \"dead store removal.\"",
  "The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes delimiters.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as parameter or argument delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as value delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as record delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as line delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as section delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as expression or command delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as input terminators when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The application does not properly handle when a leading character or sequence (\"leader\") is missing or malformed, or if multiple leaders are used when only one should be allowed.",
  "Quotes injected into an application can be used to compromise a system. As data are parsed, an injected/absent/duplicate/malformed use of quotes may cause the process to take unexpected actions.",
  "One or more system settings or configuration elements can be externally controlled by a user.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as escape, meta, or control character sequences when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as comment delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as macro symbols when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as substitution characters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as variable name delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as wildcards or matching symbols when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as whitespace when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software does not properly handle the characters that are used to mark the beginning and ending of a group of entities, such as parentheses, brackets, and braces.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes NUL characters or null bytes when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The product does not properly filter, remove, quote, or otherwise manage the invalid use of special elements in user-controlled input, which could cause adverse effect on its behavior and integrity.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes leading special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes multiple leading special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes trailing special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes multiple trailing special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes internal special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes multiple internal special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not handle or incorrectly handles when an expected special element is missing.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not handle or incorrectly handles when an additional unexpected special element is provided.",
  "The software does not properly handle input in which an inconsistency exists between two or more special characters or reserved words.",
  "The software does not terminate or incorrectly terminates a string or array with a null character or equivalent terminator.",
  "The software does not properly encode or decode the data, resulting in unexpected values.",
  "The software does not properly handle when an input uses an alternate encoding that is valid for the control sphere to which the input is being sent.",
  "The software decodes the same input twice, which can limit the effectiveness of any protection mechanism that occurs in between the decoding operations.",
  "The software does not properly handle when the same input uses several different (mixed) encodings.",
  "The software does not properly handle when an input contains Unicode encoding.",
  "The software does not properly handle when all or part of an input has been URL encoded.",
  "The software does not properly account for differences in case sensitivity when accessing or determining the properties of a resource, leading to inconsistent results.",
  "The software validates input before applying protection mechanisms that modify the input, which could allow an attacker to bypass the validation via dangerous inputs that only arise after the modification.",
  "The software validates input before it is canonicalized, which prevents the software from detecting data that becomes invalid after the canonicalization step.",
  "The software validates data before it has been filtered, which prevents the software from detecting data that becomes invalid after the filtering step.",
  "The software filters data in a way that causes it to be reduced or \"collapsed\" into an unsafe value that violates an expected security property.",
  "The product implements a protection mechanism that relies on a list of inputs (or properties of inputs) that are explicitly allowed by policy because the inputs are assumed to be safe, but the list is too permissive - that is, it allows an input that is unsafe, leading to resultant weaknesses.",
  "The product implements a protection mechanism that relies on a list of inputs (or properties of inputs) that are not allowed by policy or otherwise require other action to neutralize before additional processing takes place, but the list is incomplete, leading to resultant weaknesses.",
  "The software specifies a regular expression in a way that causes data to be improperly matched or compared.",
  "A regular expression is overly restrictive, which prevents dangerous values from being detected.",
  "The software performs a comparison that only examines a portion of a factor before determining whether there is a match, such as a substring, leading to resultant weaknesses.",
  "The software makes invalid assumptions about how protocol data or memory is organized at a lower level, resulting in unintended program behavior.",
  "The software performs a calculation that can produce an integer overflow or wraparound, when the logic assumes that the resulting value will always be larger than the original value. This can introduce other weaknesses when the calculation is used for resource management or execution control.",
  "The product subtracts one value from another, such that the result is less than the minimum allowable integer value, which produces a value that is not equal to the correct result.",
  "Integer coercion refers to a set of flaws pertaining to the type casting, extension, or truncation of primitive data types.",
  "A product calculates or uses an incorrect maximum or minimum value that is 1 more, or 1 less, than the correct value.",
  "The software performs an operation on a number that causes it to be sign extended when it is transformed into a larger data type. When the original number is negative, this can produce unexpected values that lead to resultant weaknesses.",
  "The software uses a signed primitive and performs a cast to an unsigned primitive, which can produce an unexpected value if the value of the signed primitive can not be represented using an unsigned primitive.",
  "The software uses an unsigned primitive and performs a cast to a signed primitive, which can produce an unexpected value if the value of the unsigned primitive can not be represented using a signed primitive.",
  "Truncation errors occur when a primitive is cast to a primitive of a smaller size and data is lost in the conversion.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not account for byte ordering (e.g. big-endian and little-endian) when processing the input, causing an incorrect number or value to be used.",
  "The product receives input or data, but it does\n        not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the\n        properties that are required to process the data safely and\n        correctly.",
  "The product exposes sensitive information to an actor that is not explicitly authorized to have access to that information.",
  "The code transmits data to another actor, but a portion of the data includes sensitive information that should not be accessible to that actor.",
  "When trying to keep information confidential, an attacker can often infer some of the information by using statistics.",
  "The product behaves differently or sends different responses under different circumstances in a way that is observable to an unauthorized actor, which exposes security-relevant information about the state of the product, such as whether a particular operation was successful or not.",
  "The product provides different responses to incoming requests in a way that reveals internal state information to an unauthorized actor outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "The product's behaviors indicate important differences that may be observed by unauthorized actors in a way that reveals (1) its internal state or decision process, or (2) differences from other products with equivalent functionality.",
  "The product performs multiple behaviors that are combined to produce a single result, but the individual behaviors are observable separately in a way that allows attackers to reveal internal state or internal decision points.",
  "The product operates in an environment in which its existence or specific identity should not be known, but it behaves differently than other products with equivalent functionality, in a way that is observable to an attacker.",
  "Two separate operations in a product require different amounts of time to complete, in a way that is observable to an actor and reveals security-relevant information about the state of the product, such as whether a particular operation was successful or not.",
  "The software generates an error message that includes sensitive information about its environment, users, or associated data.",
  "The software identifies an error condition and creates its own diagnostic or error messages that contain sensitive information.",
  "The application performs an operation that triggers an external diagnostic or error message that is not directly generated or controlled by the application, such as an error generated by the programming language interpreter that the software uses. The error can contain sensitive system information.",
  "The product stores, transfers, or shares a resource that contains sensitive information, but it does not properly remove that information before the product makes the resource available to unauthorized actors.",
  "The product's intended functionality exposes information to certain actors in accordance with the developer's security policy, but this information is regarded as sensitive according to the intended security policies of other stakeholders such as the product's administrator, users, or others whose information is being processed.",
  "A process is invoked with sensitive command-line arguments, environment variables, or other elements that can be seen by other processes on the operating system.",
  "The application inserts sensitive information into debugging code, which could expose this information if the debugging code is not disabled in production.",
  "The application stores sensitive data under the web document root with insufficient access control, which might make it accessible to untrusted parties.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the software does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.",
  "The application stores sensitive data under the FTP server root with insufficient access control, which might make it accessible to untrusted parties.",
  "The software does not record, or improperly records, security-relevant information that leads to an incorrect decision or hampers later analysis.",
  "The application truncates the display, recording, or processing of security-relevant information in a way that can obscure the source or nature of an attack.",
  "The application does not record or display information that would be important for identifying the source or nature of an attack, or determining if an action is safe.",
  "The software records security-relevant information according to an alternate name of the affected entity, instead of the canonical name.",
  "The product releases a resource such as memory or a file so that it can be made available for reuse, but it does not clear or \"zeroize\" the information contained in the resource before the product performs a critical state transition or makes the resource available for reuse by other entities.",
  "The product does not handle or incorrectly handles input that is not syntactically well-formed with respect to the associated specification.",
  "The software does not properly handle when the expected number of values for parameters, fields, or arguments is not provided in input, or if those values are undefined.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize sequences such as \"..\" that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when a parameter, field, or argument name is specified, but the associated value is missing, i.e. it is empty, blank, or null.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when more values are provided than expected.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when a value is not defined or supported for the associated parameter, field, or argument name.",
  "The software does not properly handle when the expected number of parameters, fields, or arguments is not provided in input, or if those parameters are undefined.",
  "If too few arguments are sent to a function, the function will still pop the expected number of arguments from the stack. Potentially, a variable number of arguments could be exhausted in a function as well.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when the number of parameters, fields, or arguments with the same name exceeds the expected amount.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when a particular parameter, field, or argument name is not defined or supported by the product.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles inputs that are related to complex structures.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when a particular structural element is not completely specified.",
  "The software does not properly handle when a particular element is not completely specified.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize \"../\" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when two or more structural elements should be consistent, but are not.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when a particular element is not the expected type, e.g. it expects a digit (0-9) but is provided with a letter (A-Z).",
  "The program calls a function that can never be guaranteed to work safely.",
  "The program uses the chroot() system call to create a jail, but does not change the working directory afterward. This does not prevent access to files outside of the jail.",
  "Using realloc() to resize buffers that store sensitive information can leave the sensitive information exposed to attack, because it is not removed from memory.",
  "The J2EE application directly manages connections, instead of using the container's connection management facilities.",
  "The J2EE application directly uses sockets instead of using framework method calls.",
  "An exception is thrown from a function, but it is not caught.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize \"/../\" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "The software performs an operation at a privilege level that is higher than the minimum level required, which creates new weaknesses or amplifies the consequences of other weaknesses.",
  "The software does not check the return value from a method or function, which can prevent it from detecting unexpected states and conditions.",
  "The software incorrectly checks a return value from a function, which prevents the software from detecting errors or exceptional conditions.",
  "Storing a password in plaintext may result in a system compromise.",
  "The storage of passwords in a recoverable format makes them subject to password reuse attacks by malicious users. In fact, it should be noted that recoverable encrypted passwords provide no significant benefit over plaintext passwords since they are subject not only to reuse by malicious attackers but also by malicious insiders. If a system administrator can recover a password directly, or use a brute force search on the available information, the administrator can use the password on other accounts.",
  "Using an empty string as a password is insecure.",
  "The software contains a hard-coded password, which it uses for its own inbound authentication or for outbound communication to external components.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize \"/dir/../filename\" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "The software stores a password in a configuration file that might be accessible to actors who do not know the password.",
  "Obscuring a password with a trivial encoding does not protect the password.",
  "If no mechanism is in place for managing password aging, users will have no incentive to update passwords in a timely manner.",
  "Allowing password aging to occur unchecked can result in the possibility of diminished password integrity.",
  "A product incorrectly assigns a privilege to a particular actor, creating an unintended sphere of control for that actor.",
  "A particular privilege, role, capability, or right can be used to perform unsafe actions that were not intended, even when it is assigned to the correct entity.",
  "Two distinct privileges, roles, capabilities, or rights can be combined in a way that allows an entity to perform unsafe actions that would not be allowed without that combination.",
  "The software does not properly assign, modify, track, or check privileges for an actor, creating an unintended sphere of control for that actor.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize multiple internal \"../\" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "The software does not properly manage privileges while it is switching between different contexts that have different privileges or spheres of control.",
  "The software does not drop privileges before passing control of a resource to an actor that does not have those privileges.",
  "The elevated privilege level required to perform operations such as chroot() should be dropped immediately after the operation is performed.",
  "The software attempts to drop privileges but does not check or incorrectly checks to see if the drop succeeded.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when it has insufficient privileges to perform an operation, leading to resultant weaknesses.",
  "During installation, installed file permissions are set to allow anyone to modify those files.",
  "A product defines a set of insecure permissions that are inherited by objects that are created by the program.",
  "A product inherits a set of insecure permissions for an object, e.g. when copying from an archive file, without user awareness or involvement.",
  "While it is executing, the software sets the permissions of an object in a way that violates the intended permissions that have been specified by the user.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize \"..\\\" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "The application does not handle or incorrectly handles when it has insufficient privileges to access resources or functionality as specified by their permissions. This may cause it to follow unexpected code paths that may leave the application in an invalid state.",
  "The software does not preserve permissions or incorrectly preserves permissions when copying, restoring, or sharing objects, which can cause them to have less restrictive permissions than intended.",
  "The software assigns the wrong ownership, or does not properly verify the ownership, of an object or resource.",
  "The software does not properly verify that a critical resource is owned by the proper entity.",
  "The software does not restrict or incorrectly restricts access to a resource from an unauthorized actor.",
  "The software does not perform or incorrectly performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.",
  "The software does not properly manage a user within its environment.",
  "When an actor claims to have a given identity, the software does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.",
  "A product requires authentication, but the product has an alternate path or channel that does not require authentication.",
  "The software performs authentication based on the name of a resource being accessed, or the name of the actor performing the access, but it does not properly check all possible names for that resource or actor.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '\\..\\filename' (leading backslash dot dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "This attack-focused weakness is caused by improperly implemented authentication schemes that are subject to spoofing attacks.",
  "The software uses an IP address for authentication.",
  "The referer field in HTTP requests can be easily modified and, as such, is not a valid means of message integrity checking.",
  "A capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the software makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes).",
  "The software does not validate, or incorrectly validates, a certificate.",
  "The software does not follow, or incorrectly follows, the chain of trust for a certificate back to a trusted root certificate, resulting in incorrect trust of any resource that is associated with that certificate.",
  "The software communicates with a host that provides a certificate, but the software does not properly ensure that the certificate is actually associated with that host.",
  "A certificate expiration is not validated or is incorrectly validated, so trust may be assigned to certificates that have been abandoned due to age.",
  "The software does not check or incorrectly checks the revocation status of a certificate, which may cause it to use a certificate that has been compromised.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '\\dir\\..\\filename' (leading backslash dot dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "The product does not adequately verify the identity of actors at both ends of a communication channel, or does not adequately ensure the integrity of the channel, in a way that allows the channel to be accessed or influenced by an actor that is not an endpoint.",
  "Simple authentication protocols are subject to reflection attacks if a malicious user can use the target machine to impersonate a trusted user.",
  "The authentication scheme or implementation uses key data elements that are assumed to be immutable, but can be controlled or modified by the attacker.",
  "The requirements for the software dictate the use of an established authentication algorithm, but the implementation of the algorithm is incorrect.",
  "The software implements an authentication technique, but it skips a step that weakens the technique.",
  "The authentication algorithm is sound, but the implemented mechanism can be bypassed as the result of a separate weakness that is primary to the authentication error.",
  "The software does not perform any authentication for functionality that requires a provable user identity or consumes a significant amount of resources.",
  "The software does not implement sufficient measures to prevent multiple failed authentication attempts within in a short time frame, making it more susceptible to brute force attacks.",
  "The use of single-factor authentication can lead to unnecessary risk of compromise when compared with the benefits of a dual-factor authentication scheme.",
  "The use of password systems as the primary means of authentication may be subject to several flaws or shortcomings, each reducing the effectiveness of the mechanism.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize 'dir\\..\\..\\filename' (multiple internal backslash dot dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "The software does not encrypt sensitive or critical information before storage or transmission.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext within a resource that might be accessible to another control sphere.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext in a file, or on disk.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext in the registry.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext in a cookie.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext in memory.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext within the GUI.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext in an executable.",
  "The software transmits sensitive or security-critical data in cleartext in a communication channel that can be sniffed by unauthorized actors.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '...' (triple dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "The use of a hard-coded cryptographic key significantly increases the possibility that encrypted data may be recovered.",
  "The software performs a key exchange with an actor without verifying the identity of that actor.",
  "Nonces should be used for the present occasion and only once.",
  "The product uses a cryptographic key or password past its expiration date, which diminishes its safety significantly by increasing the timing window for cracking attacks against that key.",
  "The product does not implement a required step in a cryptographic algorithm, resulting in weaker encryption than advertised by the algorithm.",
  "The software stores or transmits sensitive data using an encryption scheme that is theoretically sound, but is not strong enough for the level of protection required.",
  "The use of a broken or risky cryptographic algorithm is an unnecessary risk that may result in the exposure of sensitive information.",
  "The product uses an algorithm that produces a digest (output value) that does not meet security expectations for a hash function that allows an adversary to reasonably determine the original input (preimage attack), find another input that can produce the same hash (2nd preimage attack), or find multiple inputs that evaluate to the same hash (birthday attack).",
  "The product generates and uses a predictable initialization Vector (IV) with Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode, which causes algorithms to be susceptible to dictionary attacks when they are encrypted under the same key.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '....' (multiple dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "The software uses insufficiently random numbers or values in a security context that depends on unpredictable numbers.",
  "The software uses an algorithm or scheme that produces insufficient entropy, leaving patterns or clusters of values that are more likely to occur than others.",
  "The lack of entropy available for, or used by, a Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) can be a stability and security threat.",
  "True random number generators (TRNG) generally have a limited source of entropy and therefore can fail or block.",
  "The number of possible random values is smaller than needed by the product, making it more susceptible to brute force attacks.",
  "The software uses a Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) but does not correctly manage seeds.",
  "A Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) uses the same seed each time the product is initialized.",
  "A Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) is initialized from a predictable seed, such as the process ID or system time.",
  "The product uses a Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) in a security context, but the PRNG's algorithm is not cryptographically strong.",
  "A Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) uses a relatively small seed space, which makes it more susceptible to brute force attacks.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '....//' (doubled dot dot slash) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "The product uses a scheme that generates numbers or identifiers that are more predictable than required.",
  "A number or object is predictable based on observations that the attacker can make about the state of the system or network, such as time, process ID, etc.",
  "An exact value or random number can be precisely predicted by observing previous values.",
  "The software's random number generator produces a series of values which, when observed, can be used to infer a relatively small range of possibilities for the next value that could be generated.",
  "The product uses a constant value, name, or reference, but this value can (or should) vary across different environments.",
  "The software does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.",
  "The software does not properly verify that the source of data or communication is valid.",
  "The software does not verify, or incorrectly verifies, the cryptographic signature for data.",
  "The software has two different sources of the same data or information, but it uses the source that has less support for verification, is less trusted, or is less resistant to attack.",
  "The software, when processing trusted data, accepts any untrusted data that is also included with the trusted data, treating the untrusted data as if it were trusted.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '.../...//' (doubled triple dot slash) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "The software performs reverse DNS resolution on an IP address to obtain the hostname and make a security decision, but it does not properly ensure that the IP address is truly associated with the hostname.",
  "The software does not properly distinguish between different types of elements in a way that leads to insecure behavior.",
  "The web application does not, or can not, sufficiently verify whether a well-formed, valid, consistent request was intentionally provided by the user who submitted the request.",
  "The software uses a transmission protocol that does not include a mechanism for verifying the integrity of the data during transmission, such as a checksum.",
  "The software does not validate or incorrectly validates the integrity check values or \"checksums\" of a message. This may prevent it from detecting if the data has been modified or corrupted in transmission.",
  "The software's user interface does not warn the user before undertaking an unsafe action on behalf of that user. This makes it easier for attackers to trick users into inflicting damage to their system.",
  "The user interface provides a warning to a user regarding dangerous or sensitive operations, but the warning is not noticeable enough to warrant attention.",
  "The software does not implement or incorrectly implements one or more security-relevant checks as specified by the design of a standardized algorithm, protocol, or technique.",
  "The product does not properly prevent a person's private, personal information from being accessed by actors who either (1) are not explicitly authorized to access the information or (2) do not have the implicit consent of the person about whom the information is collected.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize absolute path sequences such as \"/abs/path\" that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "Security based on event locations are insecure and can be spoofed.",
  "The program contains a code sequence that can run concurrently with other code, and the code sequence requires temporary, exclusive access to a shared resource, but a timing window exists in which the shared resource can be modified by another code sequence that is operating concurrently.",
  "The software checks the status of a file or directory before accessing it, which produces a race condition in which the file can be replaced with a link before the access is performed, causing the software to access the wrong file.",
  "The software uses a signal handler that introduces a race condition.",
  "The code contains a switch statement in which the switched variable can be modified while the switch is still executing, resulting in unexpected behavior.",
  "If two threads of execution use a resource simultaneously, there exists the possibility that resources may be used while invalid, in turn making the state of execution undefined.",
  "The software checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check. This can cause the software to perform invalid actions when the resource is in an unexpected state.",
  "A product performs a series of non-atomic actions to switch between contexts that cross privilege or other security boundaries, but a race condition allows an attacker to modify or misrepresent the product's behavior during the switch.",
  "The product divides a value by zero.",
  "A software system that accepts input in the form of a slash absolute path ('/absolute/pathname/here') without appropriate validation can allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The software does not check the revocation status of a certificate after its initial revocation check, which can cause the software to perform privileged actions even after the certificate is revoked at a later time.",
  "The software does not properly determine which state it is in, causing it to assume it is in state X when in fact it is in state Y, causing it to perform incorrect operations in a security-relevant manner.",
  "The program sends non-cloned mutable data as an argument to a method or function.",
  "Sending non-cloned mutable data as a return value may result in that data being altered or deleted by the calling function.",
  "Creating and using insecure temporary files can leave application and system data vulnerable to attack.",
  "Opening temporary files without appropriate measures or controls can leave the file, its contents and any function that it impacts vulnerable to attack.",
  "The software creates a temporary file in a directory whose permissions allow unintended actors to determine the file's existence or otherwise access that file.",
  "A software system that accepts input in the form of a backslash absolute path ('\\absolute\\pathname\\here') without appropriate validation can allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "A J2EE application uses System.exit(), which also shuts down its container.",
  "Thread management in a Web application is forbidden in some circumstances and is always highly error prone.",
  "Authenticating a user, or otherwise establishing a new user session, without invalidating any existing session identifier gives an attacker the opportunity to steal authenticated sessions.",
  "Covert timing channels convey information by modulating some aspect of system behavior over time, so that the program receiving the information can observe system behavior and infer protected information.",
  "A constant symbolic reference to an object is used, even though the reference can resolve to a different object over time.",
  "An attacker can inject a drive letter or Windows volume letter ('C:dirname') into a software system to potentially redirect access to an unintended location or arbitrary file.",
  "The software detects a specific error, but takes no actions to handle the error.",
  "[PLANNED FOR DEPRECATION. SEE MAINTENANCE NOTES AND CONSIDER CWE-252, CWE-248, OR CWE-1069.] Ignoring exceptions and other error conditions may allow an attacker to induce unexpected behavior unnoticed.",
  "The software encounters an error but does not provide a status code or return value to indicate that an error has occurred.",
  "A function or operation returns an incorrect return value or status code that does not indicate an error, but causes the product to modify its behavior based on the incorrect result.",
  "The software does not properly check when a function or operation returns a value that is legitimate for the function, but is not expected by the software.",
  "Catching NullPointerException should not be used as an alternative to programmatic checks to prevent dereferencing a null pointer.",
  "Catching overly broad exceptions promotes complex error handling code that is more likely to contain security vulnerabilities.",
  "Throwing overly broad exceptions promotes complex error handling code that is more likely to contain security vulnerabilities.",
  "An attacker can inject a Windows UNC share ('\\\\UNC\\share\\name') into a software system to potentially redirect access to an unintended location or arbitrary file.",
  "The software does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource, thereby enabling an actor to influence the amount of resources consumed, eventually leading to the exhaustion of available resources.",
  "The software does not sufficiently track and release allocated memory after it has been used, which slowly consumes remaining memory.",
  "The software makes resources available to untrusted parties when those resources are only intended to be accessed by the software.",
  "A process does not close sensitive file descriptors before invoking a child process, which allows the child to perform unauthorized I/O operations using those descriptors.",
  "The program does not release or incorrectly releases a resource before it is made available for re-use.",
  "Software that does not appropriately monitor or control resource consumption can lead to adverse system performance.",
  "The software does not sufficiently monitor or control transmitted network traffic volume, so that an actor can cause the software to transmit more traffic than should be allowed for that actor.",
  "An algorithm in a product has an inefficient worst-case computational complexity that may be detrimental to system performance and can be triggered by an attacker, typically using crafted manipulations that ensure that the worst case is being reached.",
  "The software allows an entity to perform a legitimate but expensive operation before authentication or authorization has taken place.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles a compressed input with a very high compression ratio that produces a large output.",
  "The system or application is vulnerable to file system contents disclosure through path equivalence. Path equivalence involves the use of special characters in file and directory names. The associated manipulations are intended to generate multiple names for the same object.",
  "The software's resource pool is not large enough to handle peak demand, which allows an attacker to prevent others from accessing the resource by using a (relatively) large number of requests for resources.",
  "The software properly checks for the existence of a lock, but the lock can be externally controlled or influenced by an actor that is outside of the intended sphere of control.",
  "The software does not lock or does not correctly lock a resource when the software must have exclusive access to the resource.",
  "A product does not check to see if a lock is present before performing sensitive operations on a resource.",
  "The product calls free() twice on the same memory address, potentially leading to modification of unexpected memory locations.",
  "Referencing memory after it has been freed can cause a program to crash, use unexpected values, or execute code.",
  "The software uses a primary channel for administration or restricted functionality, but it does not properly protect the channel.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of trailing dot ('filedir.') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The software protects a primary channel, but it does not use the same level of protection for an alternate channel.",
  "The product opens an alternate channel to communicate with an authorized user, but the channel is accessible to other actors.",
  "The software does not properly verify the source of a message in the Windows Messaging System while running at elevated privileges, creating an alternate channel through which an attacker can directly send a message to the product.",
  "The product does not sufficiently protect all possible paths that a user can take to access restricted functionality or resources.",
  "The web application does not adequately enforce appropriate authorization on all restricted URLs, scripts, or files.",
  "The application searches for critical resources using an externally-supplied search path that can point to resources that are not under the application's direct control.",
  "The product uses a fixed or controlled search path to find resources, but one or more locations in that path can be under the control of unintended actors.",
  "The product uses a search path that contains an unquoted element, in which the element contains whitespace or other separators. This can cause the product to access resources in a parent path.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of multiple trailing dot ('filedir....') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The wrong \"handler\" is assigned to process an object.",
  "A handler is not available or implemented.",
  "The application uses a signal handler that shares state with other signal handlers, but it does not properly mask or prevent those signal handlers from being invoked while the original signal handler is still running.",
  "The software stores raw content or supporting code under the web document root with an extension that is not specifically handled by the server.",
  "The software allows the attacker to upload or transfer files of dangerous types that can be automatically processed within the product's environment.",
  "An interaction error occurs when two entities have correct behavior when running independently of each other, but when they are integrated as components in a larger system or process, they introduce incorrect behaviors that may cause resultant weaknesses.",
  "Product A handles inputs or steps differently than Product B, which causes A to perform incorrect actions based on its perception of B's state.",
  "A product acts as an intermediary or monitor between two or more endpoints, but it does not have a complete model of an endpoint's features, behaviors, or state, potentially causing the product to perform incorrect actions based on this incomplete model.",
  "A's behavior or functionality changes with a new version of A, or a new environment, which is not known (or manageable) by B.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of internal dot ('file.ordir') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "A feature, API, or function does not perform according to its specification.",
  "The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.",
  "When malformed or abnormal HTTP requests are interpreted by one or more entities in the data flow between the user and the web server, such as a proxy or firewall, they can be interpreted inconsistently, allowing the attacker to \"smuggle\" a request to one device without the other device being aware of it.",
  "The user interface does not correctly enable or configure a security feature, but the interface provides feedback that causes the user to believe that the feature is in a secure state.",
  "A UI function for a security feature appears to be supported and gives feedback to the user that suggests that it is supported, but the underlying functionality is not implemented.",
  "A UI function is obsolete and the product does not warn the user.",
  "The UI performs the wrong action with respect to the user's request.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of multiple internal dot ('file...dir') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The UI has multiple interpretations of user input but does not prompt the user when it selects the less secure interpretation.",
  "The user interface (UI) does not properly represent critical information to the user, allowing the information - or its source - to be obscured or spoofed. This is often a component in phishing attacks.",
  "The software, by default, initializes an internal variable with an insecure or less secure value than is possible.",
  "The software initializes critical internal variables or data stores using inputs that can be modified by untrusted actors.",
  "The software does not exit or otherwise modify its operation when security-relevant errors occur during initialization, such as when a configuration file has a format error, which can cause the software to execute in a less secure fashion than intended by the administrator.",
  "The software does not initialize critical variables, which causes the execution environment to use unexpected values.",
  "The code uses a variable that has not been initialized, leading to unpredictable or unintended results.",
  "The software does not properly \"clean up\" and remove temporary or supporting resources after they have been used.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of trailing space ('filedir ') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The product does not clean up its state or incorrectly cleans up its state when an exception is thrown, leading to unexpected state or control flow.",
  "Duplicate keys in associative lists can lead to non-unique keys being mistaken for an error.",
  "The accidental deletion of a data-structure sentinel can cause serious programming logic problems.",
  "The accidental addition of a data-structure sentinel can cause serious programming logic problems.",
  "A function can return a pointer to memory that is outside of the buffer that the pointer is expected to reference.",
  "The code calls sizeof() on a malloced pointer type, which always returns the wordsize/8. This can produce an unexpected result if the programmer intended to determine how much memory has been allocated.",
  "In C and C++, one may often accidentally refer to the wrong memory due to the semantics of when math operations are implicitly scaled.",
  "The application subtracts one pointer from another in order to determine size, but this calculation can be incorrect if the pointers do not exist in the same memory chunk.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of leading space (' filedir') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The application uses external input with reflection to select which classes or code to use, but it does not sufficiently prevent the input from selecting improper classes or code.",
  "The software does not properly protect an assumed-immutable element from being modified by an attacker.",
  "The web application does not sufficiently verify inputs that are assumed to be immutable but are actually externally controllable, such as hidden form fields.",
  "A PHP application does not properly protect against the modification of variables from external sources, such as query parameters or cookies. This can expose the application to numerous weaknesses that would not exist otherwise.",
  "The code uses a function that has inconsistent implementations across operating systems and versions.",
  "The behavior of this function is undefined unless its control parameter is set to a specific value.",
  "A NULL pointer dereference occurs when the application dereferences a pointer that it expects to be valid, but is NULL, typically causing a crash or exit.",
  "The code uses deprecated or obsolete functions, which suggests that the code has not been actively reviewed or maintained.",
  "The code does not have a default case in a switch statement, which might lead to complex logical errors and resultant weaknesses.",
  "The program defines a signal handler that calls a non-reentrant function.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of internal space ('file(SPACE)name') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The programmer accidentally uses the wrong operator, which changes the application logic in security-relevant ways.",
  "The code uses an operator for assignment when the intention was to perform a comparison.",
  "The code uses an operator for comparison when the intention was to perform an assignment.",
  "The code does not explicitly delimit a block that is intended to contain 2 or more statements, creating a logic error.",
  "The program omits a break statement within a switch or similar construct, causing code associated with multiple conditions to execute. This can cause problems when the programmer only intended to execute code associated with one condition.",
  "The program compares classes by name, which can cause it to use the wrong class when multiple classes can have the same name.",
  "Java packages are not inherently closed; therefore, relying on them for code security is not a good practice.",
  "The product does not sufficiently enforce boundaries between the states of different sessions, causing data to be provided to, or used by, the wrong session.",
  "The application is deployed to unauthorized actors with debugging code still enabled or active, which can create unintended entry points or expose sensitive information.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of trailing slash ('filedir/') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "A class has a cloneable() method that is not declared final, which allows an object to be created without calling the constructor. This can cause the object to be in an unexpected state.",
  "Inner classes are translated into classes that are accessible at package scope and may expose code that the programmer intended to keep private to attackers.",
  "The product has a critical public variable that is not final, which allows the variable to be modified to contain unexpected values.",
  "The product downloads source code or an executable from a remote location and executes the code without sufficiently verifying the origin and integrity of the code.",
  "The product has a method that is declared public, but returns a reference to a private data structure, which could then be modified in unexpected ways.",
  "Assigning public data to a private array is equivalent to giving public access to the array.",
  "The application does not properly prevent sensitive system-level information from being accessed by unauthorized actors who do not have the same level of access to the underlying system as the application does.",
  "The code contains a class with sensitive data, but the class is cloneable. The data can then be accessed by cloning the class.",
  "The code contains a class with sensitive data, but the class does not explicitly deny serialization. The data can be accessed by serializing the class through another class.",
  "Information sent over a network can be compromised while in transit. An attacker may be able to read or modify the contents if the data are sent in plaintext or are weakly encrypted.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of multiple leading slash ('//multiple/leading/slash') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "An object contains a public static field that is not marked final, which might allow it to be modified in unexpected ways.",
  "The product mixes trusted and untrusted data in the same data structure or structured message.",
  "The application deserializes untrusted data without sufficiently verifying that the resulting data will be valid.",
  "The application contains code that appears to be malicious in nature.",
  "The software appears to contain benign or useful functionality, but it also contains code that is hidden from normal operation that violates the intended security policy of the user or the system administrator.",
  "Non-replicating malicious code only resides on the target system or software that is attacked; it does not attempt to spread to other systems.",
  "Replicating malicious code, including viruses and worms, will attempt to attack other systems once it has successfully compromised the target system or software.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of multiple internal slash ('/multiple//internal/slash/') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "A trapdoor is a hidden piece of code that responds to a special input, allowing its user access to resources without passing through the normal security enforcement mechanism.",
  "The software contains code that is designed to disrupt the legitimate operation of the software (or its environment) when a certain time passes, or when a certain logical condition is met.",
  "The software collects personally identifiable information about a human user or the user's activities, but the software accesses this information using other resources besides itself, and it does not require that user's explicit approval or direct input into the software.",
  "A covert channel is a path that can be used to transfer information in a way not intended by the system's designers.",
  "A covert storage channel transfers information through the setting of bits by one program and the reading of those bits by another. What distinguishes this case from that of ordinary operation is that the bits are used to convey encoded information.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of multiple trailing slash ('/multiple/trailing/slash//') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "Allowing a .NET application to run at potentially escalated levels of access to the underlying operating and file systems can be dangerous and result in various forms of attacks.",
  "The product does not require that users should have strong passwords, which makes it easier for attackers to compromise user accounts.",
  "The product transmits or stores authentication credentials, but it uses an insecure method that is susceptible to unauthorized interception and/or retrieval.",
  "Login pages do not use adequate measures to protect the user name and password while they are in transit from the client to the server.",
  "The code uses a cache that contains sensitive information, but the cache can be read by an actor outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "The web application does not use an appropriate caching policy that specifies the extent to which each web page and associated form fields should be cached.",
  "Environmental variables may contain sensitive information about a remote server.",
  "The product stores a CVS, git, or other repository in a directory, archive, or other resource that is stored, transferred, or otherwise made accessible to unauthorized actors.",
  "The product generates a core dump file in a directory, archive, or other resource that is stored, transferred, or otherwise made accessible to unauthorized actors.",
  "The product stores access control list files in a directory or other container that is accessible to actors outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of multiple internal backslash ('\\multiple\\trailing\\\\slash') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "A backup file is stored in a directory or archive that is made accessible to unauthorized actors.",
  "Accessible test applications can pose a variety of security risks. Since developers or administrators rarely consider that someone besides themselves would even know about the existence of these applications, it is common for them to contain sensitive information or functions.",
  "Information written to log files can be of a sensitive nature and give valuable guidance to an attacker or expose sensitive user information.",
  "A command shell error message indicates that there exists an unhandled exception in the web application code. In many cases, an attacker can leverage the conditions that cause these errors in order to gain unauthorized access to the system.",
  "A servlet error message indicates that there exists an unhandled exception in your web application code and may provide useful information to an attacker.",
  "In many cases, an attacker can leverage the conditions that cause unhandled exception errors in order to gain unauthorized access to the system.",
  "The product places sensitive information into files or directories that are accessible to actors who are allowed to have access to the files, but not to the sensitive information.",
  "The web application uses persistent cookies, but the cookies contain sensitive information.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of trailing backslash ('filedir\\') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "Source code on a web server or repository often contains sensitive information and should generally not be accessible to users.",
  "If an include file source is accessible, the file can contain usernames and passwords, as well as sensitive information pertaining to the application and system.",
  "The software uses the singleton pattern when creating a resource within a multithreaded environment.",
  "The software does not use a standardized method for handling errors throughout the code, which might introduce inconsistent error handling and resultant weaknesses.",
  "The code contains comments that suggest the presence of bugs, incomplete functionality, or weaknesses.",
  "The program uses hard-coded constants instead of symbolic names for security-critical values, which increases the likelihood of mistakes during code maintenance or security policy change.",
  "A directory listing is inappropriately exposed, yielding potentially sensitive information to attackers.",
  "The software does not mask passwords during entry, increasing the potential for attackers to observe and capture passwords.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of single dot directory exploit ('/./') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "Certain conditions, such as network failure, will cause a server error message to be displayed.",
  "If a web server does not fully parse requested URLs before it examines them for authorization, it may be possible for an attacker to bypass authorization protection.",
  "The product makes files or directories accessible to unauthorized actors, even though they should not be.",
  "A possible shell file exists in /cgi-bin/ or other accessible directories. This is extremely dangerous and can be used by an attacker to execute commands on the web server.",
  "The ASP.NET application does not use an input validation framework.",
  "The J2EE application stores a plaintext password in a configuration file.",
  "Configuring an ASP.NET application to run with impersonated credentials may give the application unnecessary privileges.",
  "The application uses the getlogin() function in a multithreaded context, potentially causing it to return incorrect values.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of asterisk wildcard ('filedir*') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The product calls umask() with an incorrect argument that is specified as if it is an argument to chmod().",
  "The software contains dead code, which can never be executed.",
  "A function returns the address of a stack variable, which will cause unintended program behavior, typically in the form of a crash.",
  "The variable's value is assigned but never used, making it a dead store.",
  "Using Hibernate to execute a dynamic SQL statement built with user-controlled input can allow an attacker to modify the statement's meaning or to execute arbitrary SQL commands.",
  "The application relies on the existence or values of cookies when performing security-critical operations, but it does not properly ensure that the setting is valid for the associated user.",
  "The software uses a database table that includes records that should not be accessible to an actor, but it executes a SQL statement with a primary key that can be controlled by that actor.",
  "The product does not properly synchronize shared data, such as static variables across threads, which can lead to undefined behavior and unpredictable data changes.",
  "The software contains a finalize() method that does not call super.finalize().",
  "The software contains protection mechanisms to restrict access to 'realdir/filename', but it constructs pathnames using external input in the form of 'fakedir/../realdir/filename' that are not handled by those mechanisms. This allows attackers to perform unauthorized actions against the targeted file.",
  "The software contains an expression that will always evaluate to false.",
  "The software contains an expression that will always evaluate to true.",
  "The program calls a thread's run() method instead of calling start(), which causes the code to run in the thread of the caller instead of the callee.",
  "The software does not follow or incorrectly follows the specifications as required by the implementation language, environment, framework, protocol, or platform.",
  "The program violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using thread synchronization primitives.",
  "The program violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using AWT/Swing.",
  "The program violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using the java.io package.",
  "The program violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using sockets.",
  "The program violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using the class loader.",
  "The application stores a non-serializable object as an HttpSession attribute, which can hurt reliability.",
  "The software contains a protection mechanism that restricts access to a long filename on a Windows operating system, but the software does not properly restrict access to the equivalent short \"8.3\" filename.",
  "The software contains a clone() method that does not call super.clone() to obtain the new object.",
  "The software does not maintain equal hashcodes for equal objects.",
  "The program declares an array public, final, and static, which is not sufficient to prevent the array's contents from being modified.",
  "The program violates secure coding principles for mobile code by declaring a finalize() method public.",
  "The code has a return statement inside a finally block, which will cause any thrown exception in the try block to be discarded.",
  "The software contains an empty synchronized block.",
  "The software makes an explicit call to the finalize() method from outside the finalizer.",
  "The software sets a pointer to a specific address other than NULL or 0.",
  "Casting a non-structure type to a structure type and accessing a field can lead to memory access errors or data corruption.",
  "The software uses an API function that does not exist on all versions of the target platform. This could cause portability problems or inconsistencies that allow denial of service or other consequences.",
  "The software attempts to access a file based on the filename, but it does not properly prevent that filename from identifying a link or shortcut that resolves to an unintended resource.",
  "The application calls free() on a pointer to memory that was not allocated using associated heap allocation functions such as malloc(), calloc(), or realloc().",
  "The application stores sensitive data in memory that is not locked, or that has been incorrectly locked, which might cause the memory to be written to swap files on disk by the virtual memory manager. This can make the data more accessible to external actors.",
  "The software modifies the SSL context after connection creation has begun.",
  "When the J2EE container attempts to write unserializable objects to disk there is no guarantee that the process will complete successfully.",
  "The program compares object references instead of the contents of the objects themselves, preventing it from detecting equivalent objects.",
  "The product uses the wrong operator when comparing a string, such as using \"==\" when the .equals() method should be used instead.",
  "The web application uses the HTTP GET method to process a request and includes sensitive information in the query string of that request.",
  "The software uses OpenSSL and trusts or uses a certificate without using the SSL_get_verify_result() function to ensure that the certificate satisfies all necessary security requirements.",
  "The J2EE application is configured to use an insufficient session ID length.",
  "The Servlet does not catch all exceptions, which may reveal sensitive debugging information.",
  "A web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a Redirect. This simplifies phishing attacks.",
  "The software is composed of a server that relies on the client to implement a mechanism that is intended to protect the server.",
  "A client/server product performs authentication within client code but not in server code, allowing server-side authentication to be bypassed via a modified client that omits the authentication check.",
  "When multiple sockets are allowed to bind to the same port, other services on that port may be stolen or spoofed.",
  "The product does not properly check inputs that are used for loop conditions, potentially leading to a denial of service or other consequences because of excessive looping.",
  "A public or protected static final field references a mutable object, which allows the object to be changed by malicious code, or accidentally from another package.",
  "An ActionForm class contains a field that has not been declared private, which can be accessed without using a setter or getter.",
  "The program uses double-checked locking to access a resource without the overhead of explicit synchronization, but the locking is insufficient.",
  "The software, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently account for when the file is a symbolic link that resolves to a target outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the software to operate on unauthorized files.",
  "The product uses an externally controlled name or reference that resolves to a resource that is outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "The software processes an XML document that can contain XML entities with URIs that resolve to documents outside of the intended sphere of control, causing the product to embed incorrect documents into its output.",
  "The product creates a search index of private or sensitive documents, but it does not properly limit index access to actors who are authorized to see the original information.",
  "According to WASC, \"Insufficient Session Expiration is when a web site permits an attacker to reuse old session credentials or session IDs for authorization.\"",
  "The Secure attribute for sensitive cookies in HTTPS sessions is not set, which could cause the user agent to send those cookies in plaintext over an HTTP session.",
  "While adding general comments is very useful, some programmers tend to leave important data, such as: filenames related to the web application, old links or links which were not meant to be browsed by users, old code fragments, etc.",
  "The PHP application uses an old method for processing uploaded files by referencing the four global variables that are set for each file (e.g. $varname, $varname_size, $varname_name, $varname_type). These variables could be overwritten by attackers, causing the application to process unauthorized files.",
  "The product contains an assert() or similar statement that can be triggered by an attacker, which leads to an application exit or other behavior that is more severe than necessary.",
  "An ActiveX control is intended for use in a web browser, but it exposes dangerous methods that perform actions that are outside of the browser's security model (e.g. the zone or domain).",
  "If a database cursor is not closed properly, then it could become accessible to other users while retaining the same privileges that were originally assigned, leaving the cursor \"dangling.\"",
  "The software, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently account for when the name is associated with a hard link to a target that is outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the software to operate on unauthorized files.",
  "When setting a new password for a user, the product does not require knowledge of the original password, or using another form of authentication.",
  "The product uses external input to determine the names of variables into which information is extracted, without verifying that the names of the specified variables are valid. This could cause the program to overwrite unintended variables.",
  "The product adds hooks to user-accessible API functions, but it does not properly validate the arguments. This could lead to resultant vulnerabilities.",
  "An ActiveX control is intended for restricted use, but it has been marked as safe-for-scripting.",
  "The product uses a regular expression that either (1) contains an executable component with user-controlled inputs, or (2) allows a user to enable execution by inserting pattern modifiers.",
  "The product uses a regular expression that does not sufficiently restrict the set of allowed values.",
  "The product does not properly handle null bytes or NUL characters when passing data between different representations or components.",
  "In a language where the user can influence the name of a variable at runtime, if the variable names are not controlled, an attacker can read or write to arbitrary variables, or access arbitrary functions.",
  "The product calls a function, procedure, or routine with arguments that are not correctly specified, leading to always-incorrect behavior and resultant weaknesses.",
  "When the product encounters an error condition or failure, its design requires it to fall back to a state that is less secure than other options that are available, such as selecting the weakest encryption algorithm or using the most permissive access control restrictions.",
  "The software uses a more complex mechanism than necessary, which could lead to resultant weaknesses when the mechanism is not correctly understood, modeled, configured, implemented, or used.",
  "The software does not perform access checks on a resource every time the resource is accessed by an entity, which can create resultant weaknesses if that entity's rights or privileges change over time.",
  "The system's authorization functionality does not prevent one user from gaining access to another user's data or record by modifying the key value identifying the data.",
  "The software, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently handle when the file is a Windows shortcut (.LNK) whose target is outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the software to operate on unauthorized files.",
  "The software contains a mechanism for users to recover or change their passwords without knowing the original password, but the mechanism is weak.",
  "The application constructs the name of a file or other resource using input from an upstream component, but it does not restrict or incorrectly restricts the resulting name.",
  "The software stores security-critical state information about its users, or the software itself, in a location that is accessible to unauthorized actors.",
  "The software uses external input to dynamically construct an XPath expression used to retrieve data from an XML database, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes that input. This allows an attacker to control the structure of the query.",
  "The application does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes web scripting syntax in HTTP headers that can be used by web browser components that can process raw headers, such as Flash.",
  "The software contains an account lockout protection mechanism, but the mechanism is too restrictive and can be triggered too easily, which allows attackers to deny service to legitimate users by causing their accounts to be locked out.",
  "The software allows a file to be uploaded, but it relies on the file name or extension of the file to determine the appropriate behaviors. This could be used by attackers to cause the file to be misclassified and processed in a dangerous fashion.",
  "The software defines policy namespaces and makes authorization decisions based on the assumption that a URL is canonical. This can allow a non-canonical URL to bypass the authorization.",
  "The application does not conform to the API requirements for a function call that requires extra privileges. This could allow attackers to gain privileges by causing the function to be called incorrectly.",
  "The software uses obfuscation or encryption of inputs that should not be mutable by an external actor, but the software does not use integrity checks to detect if those inputs have been modified.",
  "The software, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently handle when the name is associated with a hard link to a target that is outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the software to operate on unauthorized files.",
  "The server contains a protection mechanism that assumes that any URI that is accessed using HTTP GET will not cause a state change to the associated resource. This might allow attackers to bypass intended access restrictions and conduct resource modification and deletion attacks, since some applications allow GET to modify state.",
  "The Web services architecture may require exposing a Web Service Definition Language (WSDL) file that contains information on the publicly accessible services and how callers of these services should interact with them (e.g. what parameters they expect and what types they return).",
  "The software uses external input to dynamically construct an XQuery expression used to retrieve data from an XML database, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes that input. This allows an attacker to control the structure of the query.",
  "The product does not properly compartmentalize or isolate functionality, processes, or resources that require different privilege levels, rights, or permissions.",
  "A protection mechanism relies exclusively, or to a large extent, on the evaluation of a single condition or the integrity of a single object or entity in order to make a decision about granting access to restricted resources or functionality.",
  "The software has a protection mechanism that is too difficult or inconvenient to use, encouraging non-malicious users to disable or bypass the mechanism, whether by accident or on purpose.",
  "The software uses a protection mechanism whose strength depends heavily on its obscurity, such that knowledge of its algorithms or key data is sufficient to defeat the mechanism.",
  "The product violates well-established principles for secure design.",
  "The product does not handle or incorrectly handles a file name that identifies a \"virtual\" resource that is not directly specified within the directory that is associated with the file name, causing the product to perform file-based operations on a resource that is not a file.",
  "The software utilizes multiple threads or processes to allow temporary access to a shared resource that can only be exclusive to one process at a time, but it does not properly synchronize these actions, which might cause simultaneous accesses of this resource by multiple threads or processes.",
  "The software calls a non-reentrant function in a concurrent context in which a competing code sequence (e.g. thread or signal handler) may have an opportunity to call the same function or otherwise influence its state.",
  "The software does not maintain or incorrectly maintains control over a resource throughout its lifetime of creation, use, and release.",
  "The software does not initialize or incorrectly initializes a resource, which might leave the resource in an unexpected state when it is accessed or used.",
  "The software performs an operation on a resource at the wrong phase of the resource's lifecycle, which can lead to unexpected behaviors.",
  "The software does not properly acquire or release a lock on a resource, leading to unexpected resource state changes and behaviors.",
  "The product exposes a resource to the wrong control sphere, providing unintended actors with inappropriate access to the resource.",
  "The product does not properly transfer a resource/behavior to another sphere, or improperly imports a resource/behavior from another sphere, in a manner that provides unintended control over that resource.",
  "The software constructs pathnames from user input, but it does not handle or incorrectly handles a pathname containing a Windows device name such as AUX or CON. This typically leads to denial of service or an information exposure when the application attempts to process the pathname as a regular file.",
  "The code contains a control flow path that does not reflect the algorithm that the path is intended to implement, leading to incorrect behavior any time this path is navigated.",
  "The product uses security features in a way that prevents the product's administrator from tailoring security settings to reflect the environment in which the product is being used. This introduces resultant weaknesses or prevents it from operating at a level of security that is desired by the administrator.",
  "The software uses, accesses, or otherwise operates on a resource after that resource has been expired, released, or revoked.",
  "The product does not prevent the definition of control spheres from external actors.",
  "The product does not properly control the amount of recursion which takes place,  consuming excessive resources, such as allocated memory or the program stack.",
  "The product performs the same operation on a resource two or more times, when the operation should only be applied once.",
  "The program invokes a potentially dangerous function that could introduce a vulnerability if it is used incorrectly, but the function can also be used safely.",
  "The product performs a calculation to determine how much memory to allocate, but an integer overflow can occur that causes less memory to be allocated than expected, leading to a buffer overflow.",
  "When converting from one data type to another, such as long to integer, data can be omitted or translated in a way that produces unexpected values. If the resulting values are used in a sensitive context, then dangerous behaviors may occur.",
  "The software performs a calculation that generates incorrect or unintended results that are later used in security-critical decisions or resource management.",
  "The software calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies the arguments in an incorrect order, leading to resultant weaknesses.",
  "The code does not function according to its published specifications, potentially leading to incorrect usage.",
  "The software calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies too many arguments, or too few arguments, which may lead to undefined behavior and resultant weaknesses.",
  "The software calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies an argument that is the wrong data type, which may lead to resultant weaknesses.",
  "The software calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies an argument that contains the wrong value, which may lead to resultant weaknesses.",
  "The software calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies the wrong variable or reference as one of the arguments, which may lead to undefined behavior and resultant weaknesses.",
  "The product, while copying or cloning a resource, does not set the resource's permissions or access control until the copy is complete, leaving the resource exposed to other spheres while the copy is taking place.",
  "The software does not properly prevent access to, or detect usage of, alternate data streams (ADS).",
  "The product does not check for an error after calling a function that can return with a NULL pointer if the function fails, which leads to a resultant NULL pointer dereference.",
  "The code does not sufficiently manage its control flow during execution, creating conditions in which the control flow can be modified in unexpected ways.",
  "The product uses a denylist-based protection mechanism to defend against XSS attacks, but the denylist is incomplete, allowing XSS variants to succeed.",
  "The product does not use or incorrectly uses a protection mechanism that provides sufficient defense against directed attacks against the product.",
  "The software uses multiple resources that can have the same identifier, in a context in which unique identifiers are required.",
  "The software uses low-level functionality that is explicitly prohibited by the framework or specification under which the software is supposed to operate.",
  "The product performs multiple related behaviors, but the behaviors are performed in the wrong order in ways which may produce resultant weaknesses.",
  "The software compares two entities in a security-relevant context, but the comparison is incorrect, which may lead to resultant weaknesses.",
  "The web application sends a redirect to another location, but instead of exiting, it executes additional code.",
  "The default error page of a web application should not display sensitive information about the software system.",
  "The software does not properly anticipate or handle exceptional conditions that rarely occur during normal operation of the software.",
  "The software does not correctly convert an object, resource, or structure from one type to a different type.",
  "The software does not properly return control flow to the proper location after it has completed a task or detected an unusual condition.",
  "The software uses a name or reference to access a resource, but the name/reference resolves to a resource that is outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "The product does not ensure or incorrectly ensures that structured messages or data are well-formed and that certain security properties are met before being read from an upstream component or sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software assigns an owner to a resource, but the owner is outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "The software does not follow certain coding rules for development, which can lead to resultant weaknesses or increase the severity of the associated vulnerabilities.",
  "The software does not properly handle special paths that may identify the data or resource fork of a file on the HFS+ file system.",
  "The software allows user input to control or influence paths or file names that are used in filesystem operations.",
  "The product specifies permissions for a security-critical resource in a way that allows that resource to be read or modified by unintended actors.",
  "The developer builds a security-critical protection mechanism into the software, but the compiler optimizes the program such that the mechanism is removed or modified.",
  "The software constructs all or part of a command, data structure, or record using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify how it is parsed or interpreted when it is sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software provides an Applications Programming Interface (API) or similar interface for interaction with external actors, but the interface includes a dangerous method or function that is not properly restricted.",
  "The software does not adequately filter user-controlled input for special elements with control implications.",
  "The software does not check or incorrectly checks for unusual or exceptional conditions that are not expected to occur frequently during day to day operation of the software.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles an exceptional condition.",
  "The software does not return custom error pages to the user, possibly exposing sensitive information.",
  "A protocol or its implementation supports interaction between multiple actors and allows those actors to negotiate which algorithm should be used as a protection mechanism such as encryption or authentication, but it does not select the strongest algorithm that is available to both parties.",
  "The software uses an API function, data structure, or other entity in a way that relies on properties that are not always guaranteed to hold for that entity.",
  "The software uses a one-way cryptographic hash against an input that should not be reversible, such as a password, but the software does not also use a salt as part of the input.",
  "The software properly neutralizes certain special elements, but it improperly neutralizes equivalent special elements.",
  "The software uses a one-way cryptographic hash against an input that should not be reversible, such as a password, but the software uses a predictable salt as part of the input.",
  "The application calls free() on a pointer to a memory resource that was allocated on the heap, but the pointer is not at the start of the buffer.",
  "The application attempts to return a memory resource to the system, but it calls a release function that is not compatible with the function that was originally used to allocate that resource.",
  "The application attempts to return a memory resource to the system, but calls the wrong release function or calls the appropriate release function incorrectly.",
  "The software locks a critical resource more times than intended, leading to an unexpected state in the system.",
  "The software unlocks a critical resource more times than intended, leading to an unexpected state in the system.",
  "The software declares a critical variable, field, or member to be public when intended security policy requires it to be private.",
  "The software defines a public method that reads or modifies a private variable.",
  "The software contains a conditional statement with multiple logical expressions in which one of the non-leading expressions may produce side effects. This may lead to an unexpected state in the program after the execution of the conditional, because short-circuiting logic may prevent the side effects from occurring.",
  "The software constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software allocates a reusable resource or group of resources on behalf of an actor without imposing any restrictions on the size or number of resources that can be allocated, in violation of the intended security policy for that actor.",
  "The software does not properly maintain a reference to a resource that has been allocated, which prevents the resource from being reclaimed.",
  "The software does not release a resource after its effective lifetime has ended, i.e., after the resource is no longer needed.",
  "The software does not properly maintain references to a file descriptor or handle, which prevents that file descriptor/handle from being reclaimed.",
  "The software allocates file descriptors or handles on behalf of an actor without imposing any restrictions on how many descriptors can be allocated, in violation of the intended security policy for that actor.",
  "The software does not release a file descriptor or handle after its effective lifetime has ended, i.e., after the file descriptor/handle is no longer needed.",
  "The software uses XML documents and allows their structure to be defined with a Document Type Definition (DTD), but it does not properly control the number of recursive definitions of entities.",
  "The software uses a regular expression to perform neutralization, but the regular expression is not anchored and may allow malicious or malformed data to slip through.",
  "When a security-critical event occurs, the software either does not record the event or omits important details about the event when logging it.",
  "The software logs too much information, making log files hard to process and possibly hindering recovery efforts or forensic analysis after an attack.",
  "The software constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software uses the RSA algorithm but does not incorporate Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP), which might weaken the encryption.",
  "The software defines an IOCTL that uses METHOD_NEITHER for I/O, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates the addresses that are provided.",
  "The software implements an IOCTL with functionality that should be restricted, but it does not properly enforce access control for the IOCTL.",
  "The program uses an expression in which operator precedence causes incorrect logic to be used.",
  "The application uses a protection mechanism that relies on the existence or values of a cookie, but it does not properly ensure that the cookie is valid for the associated user.",
  "The software invokes a function for normalizing paths or file names, but it provides an output buffer that is smaller than the maximum possible size, such as PATH_MAX.",
  "The software reads or writes to a buffer using an index or pointer that references a memory location prior to the beginning of the buffer.",
  "The software writes data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.",
  "The software reads or writes to a buffer using an index or pointer that references a memory location after the end of the buffer.",
  "The product allocates memory based on an untrusted, large size value, but it does not ensure that the size is within expected limits, allowing arbitrary amounts of memory to be allocated.",
  "The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but does not filter or incorrectly filters special elements before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but does not completely filter special elements before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but does not completely filter one or more instances of special elements before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but only filters a single instance of a special element before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but does not filter all instances of a special element before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but only accounts for special elements at a specified location, thereby missing remaining special elements that may exist before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but only accounts for special elements positioned relative to a marker (e.g. \"at the beginning/end of a string; the second argument\"), thereby missing remaining special elements that may exist before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but only accounts for special elements at an absolute position (e.g. \"byte number 10\"), thereby missing remaining special elements that may exist before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "The software contains hard-coded credentials, such as a password or cryptographic key, which it uses for its own inbound authentication, outbound communication to external components, or encryption of internal data.",
  "The software does not properly limit the number or frequency of interactions that it has with an actor, such as the number of incoming requests.",
  "When an application exposes a remote interface for an entity bean, it might also expose methods that get or set the bean's data. These methods could be leveraged to read sensitive information, or to change data in ways that violate the application's expectations, potentially leading to other vulnerabilities.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special characters such as \"<\", \">\", and \"&\" that could be interpreted as web-scripting elements when they are sent to a downstream component that processes web pages.",
  "The software uses a CAPTCHA challenge, but the challenge can be guessed or automatically recognized by a non-human actor.",
  "The software uses a sequential operation to read or write a buffer, but it uses an incorrect length value that causes it to access memory that is outside of the bounds of the buffer.",
  "The software uses the size of a source buffer when reading from or writing to a destination buffer, which may cause it to access memory that is outside of the bounds of the buffer.",
  "The application uses a protection mechanism that relies on the existence or values of an input, but the input can be modified by an untrusted actor in a way that bypasses the protection mechanism.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special characters that could be interpreted as web-scripting elements when they are sent to an error page.",
  "The web application does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes scripting elements within attributes of HTML IMG tags, such as the src attribute.",
  "The software utilizes a shared resource in a concurrent manner but does not attempt to synchronize access to the resource.",
  "The software utilizes a shared resource in a concurrent manner, but it does not correctly synchronize access to the resource.",
  "The program obtains a value from an untrusted source, converts this value to a pointer, and dereferences the resulting pointer.",
  "The program performs pointer arithmetic on a valid pointer, but it uses an offset that can point outside of the intended range of valid memory locations for the resulting pointer.",
  "The program accesses or uses a pointer that has not been initialized.",
  "The program dereferences a pointer that contains a location for memory that was previously valid, but is no longer valid.",
  "The program releases a resource that is still intended to be used by the program itself or another actor.",
  "The software does not restrict a reference to a Document Type Definition (DTD) to the intended control sphere. This might allow attackers to reference arbitrary DTDs, possibly causing the software to expose files, consume excessive system resources, or execute arbitrary http requests on behalf of the attacker.",
  "The software defines a signal handler that contains code sequences that are not asynchronous-safe, i.e., the functionality is not reentrant, or it can be interrupted.",
  "The software imports, requires, or includes executable functionality (such as a library) from a source that is outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes \"javascript:\" or other URIs from dangerous attributes within tags, such as onmouseover, onload, onerror, or style.",
  "The software includes web functionality (such as a web widget) from another domain, which causes it to operate within the domain of the software, potentially granting total access and control of the software to the untrusted source.",
  "The software defines a function that is used as a handler for more than one signal.",
  "The software attempts to unlock a resource that is not locked.",
  "The software contains multiple threads or executable segments that are waiting for each other to release a necessary lock, resulting in deadlock.",
  "The software performs an iteration or loop without sufficiently limiting the number of times that the loop is executed.",
  "The program contains an iteration or loop with an exit condition that cannot be reached, i.e., an infinite loop.",
  "The software records password hashes in a data store, receives a hash of a password from a client, and compares the supplied hash to the hash obtained from the data store.",
  "The software requires that an actor should only be able to perform an action once, or to have only one unique action, but the software does not enforce or improperly enforces this restriction.",
  "The software uses or specifies an encoding when generating output to a downstream component, but the specified encoding is not the same as the encoding that is expected by the downstream component.",
  "The program checks a value to ensure that it is less than or equal to a maximum, but it does not also verify that the value is greater than or equal to the minimum.",
  "The web application improperly neutralizes user-controlled input for executable script disguised with URI encodings.",
  "The software supports a session in which more than one behavior must be performed by an actor, but it does not properly ensure that the actor performs the behaviors in the required sequence.",
  "The software or the administrator places a user into an incorrect group.",
  "The program allocates or initializes a resource such as a pointer, object, or variable using one type, but it later accesses that resource using a type that is incompatible with the original type.",
  "The web application does not filter user-controlled input for executable script disguised using doubling of the involved characters.",
  "The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes invalid characters or byte sequences in the middle of tag names, URI schemes, and other identifiers.",
  "The software does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.",
  "The software performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action, but it does not correctly perform the check. This allows attackers to bypass intended access restrictions.",
  "The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controlled input for alternate script syntax.",
  "The software constructs a string for a command to executed by a separate component\nin another control sphere, but it does not properly delimit the\nintended arguments, options, or switches within that command string.",
  "The software constructs all or part of an SQL command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended SQL command when it is sent to a downstream component.",
  "If elevated access rights are assigned to EJB methods, then an attacker can take advantage of the permissions to exploit the software system.",
  "The software constructs all or part of an LDAP query using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended LDAP query when it is sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software uses or accesses a resource that has not been initialized.",
  "The software does not initialize a critical resource.",
  "The software does not properly neutralize special elements that are used in XML, allowing attackers to modify the syntax, content, or commands of the XML before it is processed by an end system.",
  "The software uses or accesses a file descriptor after it has been closed.",
  "The software uses a reference count to manage a resource, but it does not update or incorrectly updates the reference count.",
  "The software contains functionality that is not documented, not part of the specification, and not accessible through an interface or command sequence that is obvious to the software's users or administrators.",
  "The software does not properly restrict reading from or writing to dynamically-managed code resources such as variables, objects, classes, attributes, functions, or executable instructions or statements.",
  "The software does not properly restrict reading from or writing to dynamically-identified variables.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component that specifies multiple attributes, properties, or fields that are to be initialized or updated in an object, but it does not properly control which attributes can be modified.",
  "The software generates a hash for a password, but it uses a scheme that does not provide a sufficient level of computational effort that would make password cracking attacks infeasible or expensive.",
  "The software constructs all or part of an expression language (EL) statement in a Java Server Page (JSP) using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended EL statement before it is executed.",
  "The web server receives a URL or similar request from an upstream component and retrieves the contents of this URL, but it does not sufficiently ensure that the request is being sent to the expected destination.",
  "The software operates in an environment in which power is a limited resource that cannot be automatically replenished, but the software does not properly restrict the amount of power that its operation consumes.",
  "The software stores sensitive information in a file system or device that does not have built-in access control.",
  "The software stores sensitive information without properly limiting read or write access by unauthorized actors.",
  "The software establishes a communication channel to (or from) an endpoint for privileged or protected operations, but it does not properly ensure that it is communicating with the correct endpoint.",
  "The software establishes a communication channel with an endpoint and receives a message from that endpoint, but it does not sufficiently ensure that the message was not modified during transmission.",
  "The Android application uses a Broadcast Receiver that receives an Intent but does not properly verify that the Intent came from an authorized source.",
  "The Android application exports a component for use by other applications, but does not properly restrict which applications can launch the component or access the data it contains.",
  "The Android application uses an implicit intent for transmitting sensitive data to other applications.",
  "The software uses CRLF (carriage return line feeds) as a special element, e.g. to separate lines or records, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes CRLF sequences from inputs.",
  "The software uses a handler for a custom URL scheme, but it does not properly restrict which actors can invoke the handler using the scheme.",
  "The software constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.",
  "The software establishes a communication channel to handle an incoming request that has been initiated by an actor, but it does not properly verify that the request is coming from the expected origin.",
  "The software creates a communication channel to initiate an outgoing request to an actor, but it does not correctly specify the intended destination for that actor.",
  "The software uses a cross-domain policy file that includes domains that should not be trusted.",
  "The application generates a query intended to access or manipulate data in a data store such as a database, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that can modify the intended logic of the query.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes code syntax before using the input in a dynamic evaluation call (e.g. \"eval\").",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes code syntax before inserting the input into an executable resource, such as a library, configuration file, or template.",
  "The software generates a web page, but does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input that could be interpreted as a server-side include (SSI) directive.",
  "The PHP application receives input from an upstream component, but it does not restrict or incorrectly restricts the input before its usage in \"require,\" \"include,\" or similar functions.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not restrict or incorrectly restricts the input before it is used as an identifier for a resource that may be outside the intended sphere of control."
]