cwe_descriptions.json

[
  "The software uses a cookie to store sensitive information, but the cookie is not marked with the HttpOnly flag.",
  "The HttpOnly flag directs compatible browsers to prevent client-side script from accessing cookies. Including the HttpOnly flag in the Set-Cookie HTTP response header helps mitigate the risk associated with Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where an attacker's script code might attempt to read the contents of a cookie and exfiltrate information obtained. When set, browsers that support the flag will not reveal the contents of the cookie to a third party via client-side script executed via XSS.",
  "The software displays information or identifiers to a user, but the display mechanism does not make it easy for the user to distinguish between visually similar or identical glyphs (homoglyphs), which may cause the user to misinterpret a glyph and perform an unintended, insecure action.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application uses multiple validation forms with the same name, which might cause the Struts Validator to validate a form that the programmer does not expect.",
  "If two validation forms have the same name, the Struts Validator arbitrarily chooses one of the forms to use for input validation and discards the other. This decision might not correspond to the programmer's expectations, possibly leading to resultant weaknesses. Moreover, it indicates that the validation logic is not up-to-date, and can indicate that other, more subtle validation errors are present.",
  "The web application does not restrict or incorrectly restricts frame objects or UI layers that belong to another application or domain, which can lead to user confusion about which interface the user is interacting with.",
  "A web application is expected to place restrictions on whether it is allowed to be rendered within frames, iframes, objects, embed or applet elements. Without the restrictions, users can be tricked into interacting with the application when they were not intending to.",
  "The web application produces links to untrusted external sites outside of its sphere of control, but it does not properly prevent the external site from modifying  security-critical properties of the window.opener object, such as the location property.",
  "When a user clicks a link to an external site (\"target\"), the target=\"_blank\" attribute causes the target site's contents to be opened in a new window or tab, which runs in the same process as the original page. The window.opener object records information about the original page that offered the link.  If an attacker can run script on the target page, then they could read or modify certain properties of the window.opener object, including the location property - even if the original and target site are not the same origin.  An attacker can modify the location property to automatically redirect the user to a malicious site, e.g. as part of a phishing attack. Since this redirect happens in the original window/tab - which is not necessarily visible, since the browser is focusing the display on the new target page - the user might not notice any suspicious redirection.",
  "The software performs a comparison between entities that must consider multiple factors or characteristics of each entity, but the comparison does not include one or more of these factors.",
  "\n\tAn incomplete comparison can lead to resultant weaknesses, e.g., by operating on the wrong object or making a security decision without considering a required factor.\n      ",
  "The software performs a comparison between two entities, but the entities are of different, incompatible types that cannot be guaranteed to provide correct results when they are directly compared.",
  "In languages that are strictly typed but support casting/conversion, such as C or C++, the programmer might assume that casting one entity to the same type as another entity will ensure that the comparison will be performed correctly, but this cannot be guaranteed.  In languages that are not strictly typed, such as PHP or JavaScript, there may be implicit casting/conversion to a type that the programmer is unaware of, causing unexpected results; for example, the string \"123\" might be converted to a number type.  See examples.",
  "The code performs a comparison between two entities, but the comparison examines the wrong factors or characteristics of the entities, which can lead to incorrect results and resultant weaknesses.",
  "This can lead to incorrect results and resultant weaknesses.  For example, the code might inadvertently compare references to objects, instead of the relevant contents of those objects, causing two \"equal\" objects to be considered unequal.",
  "The application has a validator form that either does not define a validate() method, or defines a validate() method but does not call super.validate().",
  "If the code does not call super.validate(), the Validation Framework cannot check the contents of the form against a validation form. In other words, the validation framework will be disabled for the given form.",
  "The developer builds a security-critical protection mechanism into the software, but the processor optimizes the execution of the program such that the mechanism is removed or modified.",
  "The product uses a mechanism that automatically optimizes code, e.g. to improve a characteristic such as performance, but the optimizations can have an unintended side effect that might violate an intended security assumption.",
  "The product uses an automated mechanism such as machine learning to recognize complex data inputs (e.g. image or audio) as a particular concept or category, but it does not properly detect or handle inputs that have been modified or constructed in a way that causes the mechanism to detect a different, incorrect concept.",
  "\n            ",
  "If a form bean does not extend an ActionForm subclass of the Validator framework, it can expose the application to other weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.",
  "The software has multiple functions, methods, procedures, macros, etc. that\n\t\t\t\t\tcontain the same code.",
  "The code contains a member element that is declared as static (but not final), in which\n\t\t\t\t\tits parent class element \n\t\t\t\t\tis not a singleton class - that is, a class element that can be used only once in\n\t\t\t\t\tthe 'to' association of a Create action.",
  "The software uses a data element that has an excessively large\n\t\t\t\t\tnumber of sub-elements with non-primitive data types such as structures or aggregated objects.",
  "The software's architecture contains too many - or too few -\n\t\t\t\t\thorizontal layers.",
  "A parent class has a virtual destructor method, but the parent has a child class that does not have a virtual destructor.",
  "The software creates an immutable text string using string concatenation operations.",
  "The software contains modules in which one module has references that cycle back to itself, i.e., there are circular dependencies.",
  "The code contains callable control elements that\n         contain an excessively large number of references to other\n         application objects external to the context of the callable,\n         i.e. a Fan-Out value that is excessively large.",
  "The software performs a data query with a large number of joins\n\t\t\t\t\tand sub-queries on a large data table.",
  "The application has a form field that is not validated by a corresponding validation form, which can introduce other weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.",
  "Omitting validation for even a single input field may give attackers the leeway they need to compromise the application. Although J2EE applications are not generally susceptible to memory corruption attacks, if a J2EE application interfaces with native code that does not perform array bounds checking, an attacker may be able to use an input validation mistake in the J2EE application to launch a buffer overflow attack.",
  "The software has a loop body or loop condition that contains a control element that directly or\n\t\t\t\t\tindirectly consumes platform resources, e.g. messaging, sessions, locks, or file\n\t\t\t\t\tdescriptors.",
  "The software initializes data using hard-coded values that act as network resource identifiers.",
  "The software initializes a data element using a hard-coded\n\t\t\t\t\tliteral that is not a simple integer or static constant element.",
  "The product does not have documentation that represents how it is designed.",
  "The code at one architectural layer invokes code that resides\n\t\t\t\t\tat a deeper layer than the adjacent layer, i.e., the invocation skips at least one\n\t\t\t\t\tlayer, and the invoked code is not part of a vertical utility layer that can be referenced from any horizontal layer.",
  "The software contains a class with inheritance from more than\n\t\t\t\t\tone concrete class.",
  "A named-callable or method control element has a signature that\n\t\t\t\t\tsupports a variable (variadic) number of parameters or arguments.",
  "The software uses a dedicated, central data manager component as required by design, but it contains code that performs data-access operations that do not use this data manager.",
  "The code contains a function or method that\n\t\t operates in a multi-threaded environment but owns an unsafe non-final\n\t\t                     static storable or member data element.",
  "The documentation, whether on paper or in electronic form, does\n\t\t\t\t\tnot contain descriptions of all the relevant elements of the product, such as\n\t\t\t\t\tits usage, structure, interfaces, design, implementation, configuration,\n\t\t\t\t\toperation, etc.",
  "When an application does not use an input validation framework such as the Struts Validator, there is a greater risk of introducing weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software performs too many data queries without using efficient data processing functionality such as stored procedures.",
  "The software does not sufficiently hide the internal representation and implementation details of data or methods, which might allow external components or modules to modify data unexpectedly, invoke unexpected functionality, or introduce dependencies that the programmer did not intend.",
  "The code has a parent class that contains references to a child class, its methods, or its members.",
  "A static code block creates an instance of a class.",
  "The software contains a function, subroutine, or method whose signature has an unnecessarily large number of\n\t\t\t\t\tparameters/arguments.",
  "The application uses deployed components from application servers, but it also uses low-level functions/methods for management of resources, instead of the API provided by the application server.",
  "The software contains a serializable data element that does not\n\t\t\t\t\thave an associated serialization method.",
  "The software contains a data query against an SQL table or view\n\t\t\t\t\tthat is configured in a way that does not utilize an index and may cause\n\t\t\t\t\tsequential searches to be performed.",
  "The implementation of the product is not consistent with the\n\t\t\t\t\tdesign as described within the relevant documentation.",
  "An invokable code block contains an exception handling block that does not contain any code, i.e. is empty.",
  "An unused validation form indicates that validation logic is not up-to-date.",
  "It is easy for developers to forget to update validation logic when they remove or rename action form mappings. One indication that validation logic is not being properly maintained is the presence of an unused validation form.",
  "The software contains a serializable, storable data element such as a field or member,\n\t\t\t\t\tbut the data element contains member elements that are not\n\t\t\t\t\tserializable.",
  "The source code contains a block that does not contain any code, i.e., the block is empty.",
  "The software accesses a data resource through a database without using a\n\t\t\t\t\tconnection pooling capability.",
  "The software contains a client with a function or method that contains a large number of data accesses/queries that are sent through a data manager, i.e., does not use efficient database capabilities.",
  "A class has an inheritance level that is too high, i.e., it\n\t\t\t\t\thas a large number of parent classes.",
  "The software performs unconditional control transfer (such as a\n\t\t\t\t\t\"goto\") in code outside of a branching structure such as a switch\n\t\t\t\t\tblock.",
  "The product's architecture, source code, design, documentation,\n\t\t\t\t\tor other artifact does not follow required conventions.",
  "The code performs a comparison such as an\n        equality test between two float (floating point) values, but\n        it uses comparison operators that do not account for the\n        possibility of loss of precision.",
  "\n\t   ",
  "The source code does not follow\n\t\t\t\tdesired style or formatting for indentation, white\n\t\t\t\tspace, comments, etc.",
  "A parent class contains one or more child classes, but the parent class does not have a virtual destructor method.",
  "Every Action Form must have a corresponding validation form.",
  "If a Struts Action Form Mapping specifies a form, it must have a validation form defined under the Struts Validator.",
  "A source code file has too many lines of\n\t\t\t\t\tcode.",
  "The code contains a class instance that calls the method or function to delete or destroy itself.",
  "The software is intended to manage data access through a particular data manager component such as a relational or non-SQL database, but it contains code that performs data access operations without using that component.",
  "A function or method contains too many\n\t\t\t\t\toperations that utilize a data manager or file resource.",
  "A function, method, procedure, etc. contains an excessive amount of code that has been\n\t\t\t\t\tcommented out within its body.",
  "A class contains an unnecessarily large number of\n\t\t\t\t\tchildren.",
  "A class contains a virtual method, but the method does not have an associated virtual destructor.",
  "The code has a synchronous call to a remote resource, but there is no timeout for the call, or the timeout is set to infinite.",
  "The software uses a large data table that contains an excessively large number of\n\t\t\t\t\tindices.",
  "Automatic filtering via a Struts bean has been turned off, which disables the Struts Validator and custom validation logic. This exposes the application to other weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.",
  "A method for a class performs an operation that directly\n\t\t\t\t\taccesses a member element from another class.",
  "The software contains a method that accesses an object but does not later invoke\n\t\t\t\t\tthe element's associated finalize/destructor method.",
  "The software uses the same control element across multiple\n\t\t\t\t\tarchitectural layers.",
  "The software uses an unnecessarily complex internal representation for its data structures or interrelationships between those structures.",
  "The software contains an index range scan for a large data table,\n\t\t\t\t\tbut the scan can cover a large number of rows.",
  "The software uses a loop with a control flow condition based on\n\t\t\t\t\ta value that is updated within the body of the loop.",
  "The software implements a Singleton design pattern but does not use appropriate locking or other synchronization mechanism to ensure that the singleton class is only instantiated once.",
  "The software uses a storable data element that does not have\n\t\t\t\t\tall of the associated functions or methods that are necessary to support\n\t\t\t\t\tcomparison.",
  "The code contains a data element with a pointer that does not have an associated copy or constructor method.",
  "The product's code, documentation, or other artifacts do not\n\t\t\t\t\tconsistently use the same naming conventions for variables, callables, groups of\n\t\t\t\t\trelated callables, I/O capabilities, data types, file names, or similar types of\n\t\t\t\t\telements.",
  "Debugging messages help attackers learn about the system and plan a form of attack.",
  "ASP .NET applications can be configured to produce debug binaries. These binaries give detailed debugging messages and should not be used in production environments. Debug binaries are meant to be used in a development or testing environment and can pose a security risk if they are deployed to production.",
  "Validation fields that do not appear in forms they are associated with indicate that the validation logic is out of date.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product or code does not isolate system-dependent\n\t\t\t\t\tfunctionality into separate standalone modules.",
  "The product uses automatically-generated code that cannot be\n\t\t\t\t\texecuted without a specific runtime support component.",
  "The code uses a data representation that relies on low-level\n\t\t\t\t\tdata representation or constructs that may vary across different processors,\n\t\t\t\t\tphysical machines, OSes, or other physical components.",
  "The product relies on third-party software components that do\n\t\t\t\t\tnot provide equivalent functionality across all desirable\n\t\t\t\t\tplatforms.",
  "The product relies on third-party components that are not\n\t\t\t\t\tactively supported or maintained by the original developer or a trusted proxy\n\t\t\t\t\tfor the original developer.",
  "The product or code uses machine-dependent functionality, but\n\t\t\t\t\tit does not sufficiently encapsulate or isolate this functionality from\n\t\t\t\t\tthe rest of the code.",
  "The source code uses literal constants that may need to change\n\t\t\t\t\tor evolve over time, instead of using symbolic constants.",
  "The source code uses symbolic constants, but it does not\n\t\t\t\t\tsufficiently place the definitions of these constants into a more centralized or\n\t\t\t\t\tisolated location.",
  "The code is structured in a way that relies too much on using\n\t\t\t\t\tor setting global variables throughout various points in the code, instead of\n\t\t\t\t\tpreserving the associated information in a narrower, more local\n\t\t\t\t\tcontext.",
  "The code contains a callable, block, or other code element in\n\t\t\t\t\twhich the same variable is used to control more than one unique task or store\n\t\t\t\t\tmore than one instance of data.",
  "When a Java application uses the Java Native Interface (JNI) to call code written in another programming language, it can expose the application to weaknesses in that code, even if those weaknesses cannot occur in Java.",
  "Many safety features that programmers may take for granted do not apply for native code, so you must carefully review all such code for potential problems. The languages used to implement native code may be more susceptible to buffer overflows and other attacks. Native code is unprotected by the security features enforced by the runtime environment, such as strong typing and array bounds checking.",
  "The product's design documentation does not adequately describe\n\t\t\t\t\tcontrol flow, data flow, system initialization, relationships between tasks,\n\t\t\t\t\tcomponents, rationales, or other important aspects of the\n\t\t\t\t\tdesign.",
  "The product's documentation does not adequately define inputs,\n\t\t\t\t\toutputs, or system/software interfaces.",
  "The document does not fully define all mechanisms that are used\n\t\t\t\t\tto control or influence how product-specific programs are\n\t\t\t\t\texecuted.",
  "The source code uses comment styles or formats that are\n\t\t\t\t\tinconsistent or do not follow expected standards for the\n\t\t\t\t\tproduct.",
  "The source code contains whitespace that is inconsistent across\n\t\t\t\t\tthe code or does not follow expected standards for the\n\t\t\t\t\tproduct.",
  "The source code contains elements such as source files \n\t\t\t\t\tthat do not consistently provide a prologue or header that has been\n\t\t\t\t\tstandardized for the project.",
  "The source code contains comments that do not accurately\n\t\t\t\t\tdescribe or explain aspects of the portion of the code with which the comment is\n\t\t\t\t\tassociated.",
  "The code contains a function or method whose signature and/or associated\n\t\t\t\t\tinline documentation does not sufficiently describe the callable's inputs, outputs,\n\t\t\t\t\tside effects, assumptions, or return codes.",
  "The documentation does not sufficiently describe the techniques\n\t\t\t\t\tthat are used for error handling, exception processing, or similar\n\t\t\t\t\tmechanisms.",
  "The code uses too many unconditional branches (such as\n\t\t\t\t\t\"goto\").",
  "The software accepts XML from an untrusted source but does not validate the XML against the proper schema.",
  "Most successful attacks begin with a violation of the programmer's assumptions. By accepting an XML document without validating it against a DTD or XML schema, the programmer leaves a door open for attackers to provide unexpected, unreasonable, or malicious input.",
  "The code is too complex, as calculated using a well-defined,\n\t\t\t\t\tquantitative measure.",
  "The code contains McCabe cyclomatic complexity that exceeds a\n\tdesirable maximum.",
  "The code is structured in a way that a Halstead complexity\n\t\t\t\t\tmeasure exceeds a desirable maximum.",
  "The product uses too much self-modifying\n\t\t\t\t\tcode.",
  "The code contains a callable or other code grouping in which\n\t\t\t\t\tthe nesting / branching is too deep.",
  "The product has an attack surface whose quantitative\n\t\t\t\t\tmeasurement exceeds a desirable maximum.",
  "The source code declares a variable in one scope, but the\n\t\t\t\t\tvariable is only used within a narrower scope.",
  "The code is compiled without sufficient warnings enabled, which\n\t\t\t\t\tmay prevent the detection of subtle bugs or quality\n\t\t\t\t\tissues.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes CR and LF characters before the data is included in outgoing HTTP headers.",
  "\n            ",
  "Executing commands or loading libraries from an untrusted source or in an untrusted environment can cause an application to execute malicious commands (and payloads) on behalf of an attacker.",
  "Process control vulnerabilities take two forms: 1. An attacker can change the command that the program executes: the attacker explicitly controls what the command is. 2. An attacker can change the environment in which the command executes: the attacker implicitly controls what the command means. Process control vulnerabilities of the first type occur when either data enters the application from an untrusted source and the data is used as part of a string representing a command that is executed by the application. By executing the command, the application gives an attacker a privilege or capability that the attacker would not otherwise have.",
  "The software misinterprets an input, whether from an attacker or another product, in a security-relevant fashion.",
  "The software prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.",
  "\n            ",
  "The program contains code that is not essential for execution,\n\t     i.e. makes no state changes and has no side effects that alter\n\t     data or control flow, such that removal of the code would have no impact\n\t     to functionality or correctness.",
  "The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes output that is written to logs.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application does not use, or incorrectly uses, an input validation framework that is provided by the source language or an independent library.",
  "Many modern coding languages provide developers with input validation frameworks to make the task of input validation easier and less error-prone. These frameworks will automatically check all input against specified criteria and direct execution to error handlers when invalid input is received. The improper use (i.e., an incorrect implementation or missing altogether) of these frameworks is not directly exploitable, but can lead to an exploitable condition if proper input validation is not performed later in the application. Not using provided input validation frameworks can also hurt the maintainability of code as future developers may not recognize the downstream input validation being used in the place of the validation framework.",
  "The ASP.NET application does not use, or incorrectly uses, the model validation framework.",
  "The program performs CPU computations using\n         algorithms that are not as efficient as they could be for the\n         needs of the developer, i.e., the computations can be\n         optimized further.",
  "The software uses a function, library, or third party component\n\t     that has been explicitly prohibited, whether by the developer or\n\t     the customer.",
  "The software does not restrict or incorrectly restricts operations within the boundaries of a resource that is accessed using an index or pointer, such as memory or files.",
  "The software initializes or sets a resource with a default that is intended to be changed by the administrator, but the default is not secure.",
  "The System-On-a-Chip (SoC) does not properly isolate shared resources between trusted and untrusted agents.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software performs operations on a memory buffer, but it can read from or write to a memory location that is outside of the intended boundary of the buffer.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product enables a Direct Memory Access (DMA) capable device before the security configuration settings are established, which allows an attacker to extract data from or gain privileges on the product.",
  "\n            ",
  "The chip does not implement or does not correctly perform access control to check whether users are authorized to access internal registers and test modes through the physical debug/test interface.",
  "\n      ",
  "The System-on-Chip (SoC) does not have unique, immutable identifiers for each of its components.",
  "\n\t   ",
  "The product enables components that contain untrusted firmware before memory and fabric access controls have been enabled.",
  "\n\t  ",
  "An ASP .NET application must enable custom error pages in order to prevent attackers from mining information from the framework's built-in responses.",
  "The program copies an input buffer to an output buffer without verifying that the size of the input buffer is less than the size of the output buffer, leading to a buffer overflow.",
  "A buffer overflow condition exists when a program attempts to put more data in a buffer than it can hold, or when a program attempts to put data in a memory area outside of the boundaries of a buffer. The simplest type of error, and the most common cause of buffer overflows, is the \"classic\" case in which the program copies the buffer without restricting how much is copied. Other variants exist, but the existence of a classic overflow strongly suggests that the programmer is not considering even the most basic of security protections.",
  "The product uses a cryptographic primitive that uses an Initialization\n\t\t\tVector (IV), but the product does not generate IVs that are\n\t\t\tsufficiently unpredictable or unique according to the expected\n\t\t\tcryptographic requirements for that primitive.\n\t\t\t",
  "\n\t\t\t  By design, some cryptographic primitives\n\t\t\t  (such as block ciphers) require that IVs\n\t\t\t  must have certain properties for the\n\t\t\t  uniqueness and/or unpredictability of an\n\t\t\t  IV. Primitives may vary in how important\n\t\t\t  these properties are. If these properties\n\t\t\t  are not maintained, e.g. by a bug in the\n\t\t\t  code, then the cryptography may be weakened\n\t\t\t  or broken by attacking the IVs themselves.\n\t\t\t",
  "The reserved bits in a hardware design are not disabled prior to production. Typically, reserved bits are used for future capabilities and should not support any functional logic in the design.   However, designers might covertly use these bits to debug or further develop new capabilities in production hardware. Adversaries with access to these bits will write to them in hopes of compromising hardware state.",
  "\n                ",
  "A stack-based buffer overflow condition is a condition where the buffer being overwritten is allocated on the stack (i.e., is a local variable or, rarely, a parameter to a function).",
  "A heap overflow condition is a buffer overflow, where the buffer that can be overwritten is allocated in the heap portion of memory, generally meaning that the buffer was allocated using a routine such as malloc().",
  "The product implements access controls via a policy or other feature with the intention to disable or restrict accesses (reads and/or writes) to assets in a system from untrusted agents. However, implemented access controls lack required granularity, which renders the control policy too broad because it allows accesses from unauthorized agents to the security-sensitive assets.",
  "\n                ",
  "Hardware description language code incorrectly defines register defaults or hardware IP parameters to insecure values.",
  "\n                ",
  "The product defines a large address region protected from modification by the same register lock control bit. This results in a conflict between the functional requirement that some addresses need to be writable by software during operation and the security requirement that the system configuration lock bit must be set during the boot process.",
  "\n                ",
  "A write-once register in hardware design is programmable by an untrusted software component earlier than the trusted software component, resulting in a race condition issue.",
  "\n                ",
  "The hardware design control register \"sticky bits\" or write-once bit fields are improperly implemented, such that they can be reprogrammed by software.",
  "\n                ",
  "The product manages resources or behaves in a way that indirectly creates a new, distinct resource that can be used by attackers in violation of the intended policy.",
  "\n                ",
  "Any condition where the attacker has the ability to write an arbitrary value to an arbitrary location, often as the result of a buffer overflow.",
  "The product prevents direct access to a resource containing sensitive information, but it does not sufficiently limit access to metadata that is derived from the original, sensitive information.",
  "\n\t\t\t  ",
  "The product uses a trusted lock bit for restricting access to registers, address regions, or other resources, but the product does not prevent the value of the lock bit from being modified after it has been set.",
  "\n\t\t\t  ",
  "Register lock bit protection disables changes to system configuration once the bit is set. Some of the protected registers or lock bits become programmable after power state transitions (e.g., Entry and wake from low power sleep modes) causing the system configuration to be changeable.",
  "\n        ",
  "The product uses a register lock bit protection mechanism, but it does not ensure that the lock bit prevents modification of system registers or controls that perform changes to important hardware system configuration.",
  "\n         \t",
  "System configuration protection may be bypassed during debug mode.",
  "\n     \t",
  "The code uses boxed primitives, which may introduce inefficiencies into performance-critical operations.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software saves user-provided information into a Comma-Separated Value (CSV) file, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as a command when the file is opened by spreadsheet software.",
  "User-provided data is often saved to traditional databases.  This data can be exported to a CSV file, which allows users to read the data using spreadsheet software such as Excel, Numbers, or Calc.  This software interprets entries beginning with '=' as formulas, which are then executed by the spreadsheet software.  The software's formula language often allows methods to access hyperlinks or the local command line, and frequently allows enough characters to invoke an entire script. Attackers can populate data fields which, when saved to a CSV file, may attempt information exfiltration or other malicious activity when automatically executed by the spreadsheet software.",
  "The hardware product does not properly clear sensitive information from built-in registers when the user of the hardware block changes.",
  "Hardware logic operates on data stored in registers local to the hardware block. Most hardware IPs, including cryptographic accelerators, rely on registers to buffer I/O, store intermediate values, and interface with software. The result of this is that sensitive information, such as passwords or encryption keys, can exist in locations not transparent to the user of the hardware logic. When a different entity obtains access to the IP due to a change in operating mode or conditions, the new entity can extract information belonging to the previous user if no mechanisms are in place to clear register contents. It is important to clear information stored in the hardware if a physical attack on the product is detected, or if the user of the hardware block changes. The process of clearing register contents in a hardware IP is referred to as zeroization in standards for cryptographic hardware modules such as FIPS-140-2 [REF-267].",
  "The software writes to a buffer using an index or pointer that references a memory location prior to the beginning of the buffer.",
  "This typically occurs when a pointer or its index is decremented to a position before the buffer, when pointer arithmetic results in a position before the beginning of the valid memory location, or when a negative index is used.",
  "To fulfill the need for a cryptographic primitive, the product implements a cryptographic algorithm using a non-standard, unproven, or disallowed/non-compliant cryptographic implementation.",
  "\n\t      ",
  "The device uses an algorithm that is predictable and generates a pseudo-random number.",
  "The device includes chicken bits or undocumented features that can create entry points for unauthorized actors.",
  "\n                ",
  "Access to security-sensitive information stored in fuses is not limited during debug.",
  "\n                ",
  "The product uses physical debug or test\n        interfaces with support for multiple access levels, but it\n        assigns the wrong debug access level to an internal asset,\n        providing unintended access to the asset from untrusted debug\n        agents.",
  "\n\t  ",
  "Faulty finite state machines (FSMs) in the hardware logic allow an attacker to put the system in an undefined state, to cause a denial of service (DoS) or gain privileges on the victim's system.",
  "\n                ",
  "The product does not implement or incorrectly implements wear leveling operations in limited-write non-volatile memories.",
  "\n                ",
  "The device does not contain or contains incorrectly implemented circuitry or sensors to detect and mitigate voltage and clock glitches and protect sensitive information or software contained on the device.",
  "\n        ",
  "The security-sensitive hardware module contains semiconductor defects. ",
  "\n                ",
  "The product provides an application for administrators to manage parts of the underlying operating system, but the application does not accurately identify all of the relevant entities or resources that exist in the OS; that is, the application's model of the OS's state is inconsistent with the OS's actual state.",
  "\n                ",
  "The software reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.",
  "Typically, this can allow attackers to read sensitive information from other memory locations or cause a crash.  A crash can occur when the code reads a variable amount of data and assumes that a sentinel exists to stop the read operation, such as a NUL in a string.  The expected sentinel might not be located in the out-of-bounds memory, causing excessive data to be read, leading to a segmentation fault or a buffer overflow.  The software may modify an index or perform pointer arithmetic that references a memory location that is outside of the boundaries of the buffer.  A subsequent read operation then produces undefined or unexpected results.",
  "The product has or supports multiple distributed components or sub-systems that are each required to keep their own local copy of shared data - such as state or cache - but the product does not ensure that all local copies remain consistent with each other.",
  "\n                ",
  "The product's architecture mirrors regions without ensuring that their contents always stay in sync.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The CPU is not configured to provide hardware support for exclusivity of write and execute operations on memory. This allows an attacker to execute data from all of memory.",
  "\n                ",
  "The logic level used to set a system to a secure state relies on a fuse being unblown. An attacker can set the system to an insecure state merely by blowing the fuse.",
  "\n      ",
  "The product's comparison logic is performed over a series of steps rather than across the entire string in one operation. If there is a comparison logic failure on one of these steps, the operation may be vulnerable to a timing attack that can result in the interception of the process for nefarious purposes.",
  "\n            ",
  "A device's real time power consumption may be monitored during security token evaluation and the information gleaned may be used to determine the value of the reference token.",
  "\n        ",
  "The product provides software-controllable\n\t\t\tdevice functionality for capabilities such as power and\n\t\t\tclock management, but it does not properly limit\n\t\t\tfunctionality that can lead to modification of\n\t\t\thardware memory or register bits, or the ability to\n\t\t\tobserve physical side channels.",
  "\n              ",
  "Aliased or mirrored memory regions in hardware designs may have inconsistent read/write permissions enforced by the hardware. A possible result is that an untrusted agent is blocked from accessing a memory region but is not blocked from accessing the corresponding aliased memory region.\n\t\t\t",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The hardware does not fully clear security-sensitive values, such as keys and intermediate values in cryptographic operations, when debug mode is entered.",
  "\n            ",
  "The System-On-A-Chip (SoC) implements a Security Token mechanism to differentiate what actions are allowed or disallowed when a transaction originates from an entity. However, the Security Tokens are improperly protected.",
  "Systems-On-A-Chip (Integrated circuits and hardware engines) implement Security Tokens to differentiate and identify which actions originated from which agent. These actions may be one of the directives: 'read', 'write', 'program', 'reset', 'fetch', 'compute', etc. Security Tokens are assigned to every agent in the System that is capable of generating an action or receiving an action from another agent. Multiple Security Tokens may be assigned to an agent and may be unique based on the agent's trust level or allowed privileges. Since the Security Tokens are integral for the maintenence of security in an SoC, they need to be protected properly. A common weakness afflicting Security Tokens is improperly restricting the assignment to trusted components. Consequently, an improperly protected Security Token may be able to be programmed by a malicious agent (i.e., the Security Token is mutable) to spoof the action as if it originated from a trusted agent.\n\t\t\t",
  "The software reads from a buffer using buffer access mechanisms such as indexes or pointers that reference memory locations after the targeted buffer.",
  "This typically occurs when the pointer or its index is incremented to a position beyond the bounds of the buffer or when pointer arithmetic results in a position outside of the valid memory location to name a few. This may result in exposure of sensitive information or possibly a crash.",
  "The product allows address regions to overlap, which can result in the bypassing of intended memory protection.",
  "\n            ",
  "The hardware logic does not effectively handle when single-event upsets (SEUs) occur.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product uses memory-mapped I/O registers that act as an interface to hardware functionality from software, but there is improper access control to those registers.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product is designed with access restricted to certain information, but it does not sufficiently protect against an unauthorized actor with physical access to these areas.",
  "Sections of a product intended to have restricted access may be inadvertently or intentionally rendered accessible when the implemented physical protections are insufficient. The specific requirements around how robust the design of the physical protection mechanism needs to be depends on the type of product being protected. Selecting the correct physical protection mechanism and properly enforcing it through implementation and manufacturing are critical to the overall physical security of the product.\n\t\t\t",
  "The hardware logic for error handling and security checks can incorrectly forward data before the security check is complete.",
  "\n            ",
  "During execution of non-reentrant code, the software performs a call that unintentionally produces a nested invocation of the non-reentrant code.",
  "In complex software, a single function call may lead to many different possible code paths, some of which may involve deeply nested calls. It may be difficult to foresee all possible code paths that could emanate from a given function call. In some systems, an external actor can manipulate inputs to the system and thereby achieve a wide range of possible control flows. This is frequently of concern in software that executes script from untrusted sources. Examples of such software are web browsers and PDF readers. A weakness is present when one of the possible code paths resulting from a function call alters program state that the original caller assumes to be unchanged during the call.",
  "The product does not properly provide a capability for the product administrator to remove sensitive data at the time the product is decommissioned.  A scrubbing capability could be missing, insufficient, or incorrect.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product uses an obsolete encoding mechanism to implement access controls.",
  "\n    ",
  "The product's hardware-enforced access control for a particular resource improperly accounts for privilege discrepancies between control and write policies.\n\t\t\t   ",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product released to market is released in pre-production or manufacturing configuration.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The software reads from a buffer using buffer access mechanisms such as indexes or pointers that reference memory locations prior to the targeted buffer.",
  "This typically occurs when the pointer or its index is decremented to a position before the buffer, when pointer arithmetic results in a position before the beginning of the valid memory location, or when a negative index is used. This may result in exposure of sensitive information or possibly a crash.",
  "The product implements a Security Token mechanism to differentiate what actions are allowed or disallowed when a transaction originates from an entity. However, the Security Tokens generated in the system are incorrect.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "Security-critical logic is not set to a known value on reset.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product performs a power or debug state transition, but it does not clear sensitive information that should no longer be accessible due to changes to information access restrictions.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The credentials necessary for unlocking a device are shared across multiple parties and may expose sensitive information.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product conducts a secure-boot process that transfers bootloader code from Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) into Volatile Memory (VM), but it does not have sufficient access control or other protections for the Volatile Memory.",
  "\n\t\t\t  ",
  "The SameSite attribute for sensitive cookies is not set, or an insecure value is used.",
  "The SameSite attribute controls how cookies are sent for cross-domain requests. This attribute may have three values: 'Lax', 'Strict', or 'None'. If the 'None' value is used, a website may create a cross-domain POST HTTP request to another website, and the browser automatically adds cookies to this request. This may lead to Cross-Site-Request-Forgery (CSRF) attacks if there are no additional protections in place (such as Anti-CSRF tokens).",
  "Signals between a hardware IP and the parent system design are incorrectly connected causing security risks.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product does not provide its\n\t\t\tusers with the ability to update or patch its\n\t\t\tfirmware to address any vulnerabilities or\n\t\t\tweaknesses that may be present.",
  "Without the ability to\n\t\t\tpatch or update firmware, consumers will be\n\t\t\tleft vulnerable to exploitation of any known\n\t\t\tvulnerabilities, or any vulnerabilities that\n\t\t\tare discovered in the future. This can expose\n\t\t\tconsumers to permanent risk throughout the\n\t\t\tentire lifetime of the device, which could be\n\t\t\tyears or decades. Some external protective\n\t\t\tmeasures and mitigations might be employed to\n\t\t\taid in preventing or reducing the risk of\n\t\t\tmalicious attack, but the root weakness cannot\n\t\t\tbe corrected.",
  "Information stored in hardware may be recovered by an attacker with the capability to capture and analyze images of the integrated circuit using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "Performing cryptographic operations without ensuring that the supporting inputs are ready to supply valid data may compromise the cryptographic result.",
  "Many cryptographic hardware units depend upon other hardware units to supply information to them to produce a securely encrypted result. For example, a cryptographic unit that depends on an external random-number-generator (RNG) unit for entropy must wait until the RNG unit is producing random numbers. If a cryptographic unit retrieves a private encryption key from a fuse unit, the fuse unit must be up and running before a key may be supplied.\n\t\t\t",
  "Wrap around errors occur whenever a value is incremented past the maximum value for its type and therefore \"wraps around\" to a very small, negative, or undefined value.",
  "A product's hardware-based access control check occurs after the asset has been accessed.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "Specific combinations of processor instructions lead to undesirable behavior such as locking the processor until a hard reset performed.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "Immutable data, such as a first-stage bootloader, device identifiers, and \"write-once\" configuration settings are stored in writable memory that can be re-programmed or updated in the field.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The register contents used for attestation or measurement reporting data to verify boot flow are modifiable by an adversary.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product receives input that is expected to specify a quantity (such as size or length), but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the quantity has the required properties.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product receives input that is expected to specify an index, position, or offset into an indexable resource such as a buffer or file, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the specified index/position/offset has the required properties.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product receives input that is expected to be well-formed - i.e., to comply with a certain syntax - but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input complies with the syntax.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product receives input that is expected to be of a certain type, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input is actually of the expected type.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product receives a complex input with multiple elements or fields that must be consistent with each other, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input is actually consistent.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product receives an input value that is used as a resource identifier or other type of reference, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input is equivalent to a potentially-unsafe value.",
  "\n\t\t\t  ",
  "The product uses untrusted input when calculating or using an array index, but the product does not validate or incorrectly validates the index to ensure the index references a valid position within the array.",
  "The product implements a decoding mechanism to decode certain bus-transaction signals to security identifiers. If the decoding is implemented incorrectly, then untrusted agents can now gain unauthorized access to the asset.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The same public key is used for signing both debug and production code.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product implements a conversion mechanism to map certain bus-transaction signals to security identifiers. However, if the conversion is incorrectly implemented, untrusted agents can gain unauthorized access to the asset.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The software relies on one source of data, preventing the ability to detect if an adversary has compromised a data source.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The System-on-Chip (SoC) implements a Security Identifier mechanism to differentiate what actions are allowed or disallowed when a transaction originates from an entity. However, the Security Identifiers are not correctly implemented.",
  "\n                ",
  "The product fails to adequately prevent the revealing of unnecessary and potentially sensitive system information within debugging messages.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product's debug components contain incorrect chaining or granularity of debug components.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product does not adequately protect confidential information on the device from being accessed by Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) vendors.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "A race condition in the hardware logic results in undermining security guarantees of the system.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The lack of protections on alternate paths to access\n                control-protected assets (such as unprotected shadow registers\n                and other external facing unguarded interfaces) allows an\n                attacker to bypass existing protections to the asset that are\n\t\tonly performed against the primary path.",
  "\n                ",
  "Storing a plaintext password in a configuration file allows anyone who can read the file access to the password-protected resource making them an easy target for attackers.",
  "The software parses a formatted message or structure, but it does not handle or incorrectly handles a length field that is inconsistent with the actual length of the associated data.",
  "If an attacker can manipulate the length parameter associated with an input such that it is inconsistent with the actual length of the input, this can be leveraged to cause the target application to behave in unexpected, and possibly, malicious ways. One of the possible motives for doing so is to pass in arbitrarily large input to the application. Another possible motivation is the modification of application state by including invalid data for subsequent properties of the application. Such weaknesses commonly lead to attacks such as buffer overflows and execution of arbitrary code.",
  "The device does not contain sufficient protection\n\tmechanisms to prevent physical side channels from exposing\n\tsensitive information due to patterns in physically observable\n\tphenomena such as variations in power consumption,\n\telectromagnetic emissions (EME), or acoustic emissions.",
  "\n\t  ",
  "The product's data removal process does not completely delete all data and potentially sensitive information within hardware components.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product implements a security identifier mechanism to differentiate what actions are allowed or disallowed when a transaction originates from an entity. A transaction is sent without a security identifier.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "Hardware structures shared across execution contexts (e.g., caches and branch predictors) can violate the expected architecture isolation between contexts.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product performs a power save/restore\n            operation, but it does not ensure that the integrity of\n            the configuration state is maintained and/or verified between\n\t    the beginning and ending of the operation.",
  "\n                ",
  "The software does not correctly calculate the size to be used when allocating a buffer, which could lead to a buffer overflow.",
  "Missing an ability to patch ROM code may leave a System or System-on-Chip (SoC) in a vulnerable state.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The bridge incorrectly translates security attributes from either trusted to untrusted or from untrusted to trusted when converting from one fabric protocol to another.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The firewall in an on-chip fabric protects the main addressed region, but it does not protect any mirrored memory or memory-mapped-IO (MMIO) regions.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "During runtime, the hardware allows for test or debug logic (feature) to be activated, which allows for changing the state of the hardware. This feature can alter the intended behavior of the system and allow for alteration and leakage of sensitive data by an adversary.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The device does not write-protect the parametric data values for sensors that scale the sensor value, allowing untrusted software to manipulate the apparent result and potentially damage hardware or cause operational failure.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The bus controller enables bits in the fabric end-point to allow responder devices to control transactions on the fabric.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The address map of the on-chip fabric has protected and unprotected regions overlapping, allowing an attacker to bypass access control to the overlapping portion of the protected region.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "A bridge that is connected to a fabric without security features forwards transactions to the slave without checking the privilege level of the master.  Similarly, it does not check the hardware identity of the transaction received from the slave interface of the bridge.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  " On-chip fabrics or buses either do not support or are not configured to support privilege separation or other security features, such as access control. ",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The device is susceptible to electromagnetic fault injection attacks, causing device internal information to be compromised or security mechanisms to be bypassed.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "Untrusted agents can disable alerts about signal conditions exceeding limits or the response mechanism that handles such alerts.\n\t\t\t",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component that specifies attributes that are to be initialized or updated in an object, but it does not properly control modifications of attributes of the object prototype.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product uses a non-blocking model that relies on a single threaded process\n\t\t\tfor features such as scalability, but it contains code that can block when it is invoked.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "Trace data collected from several sources on the\n                System-on-Chip (SoC) is stored in unprotected locations or\n                transported to untrusted agents.",
  "\n                ",
  "Sensitive information in clear text on the JTAG\n                interface may be examined by an eavesdropper, e.g.\n                by placing a probe device on the interface such as a logic\n                analyzer, or a corresponding software technique.\n            ",
  "\n                ",
  "The product manages a group of objects or resources and performs a separate memory allocation for each object, but it does not properly limit the total amount of memory that is consumed by all of the combined objects.",
  "\n\t\t\t  ",
  "A missing immutable root of trust in the hardware results in the ability to bypass secure boot or execute untrusted or adversarial boot code.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product assigns the address 0.0.0.0 for a database server, a cloud service/instance, or any computing resource that communicates remotely.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "Security-version number in hardware is mutable, resulting in the ability to downgrade (roll-back) the boot firmware to vulnerable code versions.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product contains a component that cannot be updated or patched in order to remove vulnerabilities or significant bugs.",
  "\n\t\t\t  ",
  "Confidential information stored in memory circuits is readable or recoverable after being cleared or erased.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The Network On Chip (NoC) does not isolate or incorrectly isolates its on-chip-fabric and internal resources such that they are shared between trusted and untrusted agents, creating timing channels.",
  "\n\t\t\t  ",
  "The device is missing or incorrectly implements circuitry or sensors that detect and mitigate the skipping of security-critical CPU instructions when they occur.",
  "\n              ",
  "The product uses a regular expression with an inefficient, possibly exponential worst-case computational complexity that consumes excessive CPU cycles.",
  "Some regular expression engines have a feature called \"backtracking\". If the token cannot match, the engine \"backtracks\" to a position that may result in a different token that can match.",
  "An unauthorized agent can inject errors into a redundant block to deprive the system of redundancy or put the system in a degraded operating mode.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "An integer value is specified to be shifted by a negative amount or an amount greater than or equal to the number of bits contained in the value causing an unexpected or indeterminate result.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The product uses a template engine to insert or process externally-influenced input, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements or syntax that can be interpreted as template expressions or other code directives when processed by the engine.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "A hardware device is missing or has inadequate protection features to prevent overheating.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The program processes a real number with an implementation in which the number\u2019s representation does not preserve required accuracy and precision in its fractional part, causing an incorrect result.",
  "The software uses a function that accepts a format string as an argument, but the format string originates from an external source.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product attempts to close or release a resource or handle more than once, without an intervening successful open.",
  "\n\t\t\t  ",
  "The processor does not properly clear microarchitectural state after incorrect microcode assists or speculative execution, resulting in transient execution.",
  "\n\t\t\t\t",
  "The software does not correctly calculate the length of strings that can contain wide or multi-byte characters.",
  "A hardware device, or the firmware running on it, is\n                missing or has incorrect protection features to maintain\n                goals of security primitives when the device is cooled below\n                standard operating temperatures.",
  "\n                ",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as control elements or syntactic markers when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "Most languages and protocols have their own special elements such as characters and reserved words. These special elements can carry control implications. If software does not prevent external control or influence over the inclusion of such special elements, the control flow of the program may be altered from what was intended. For example, both Unix and Windows interpret the symbol < (\"less than\") as meaning \"read input from a file\".",
  "Sensitive memory is cleared according to the source code, but compiler optimizations leave the memory untouched when it is not read from again, aka \"dead store removal.\"",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes delimiters.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as parameter or argument delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, an injected/absent/malformed delimiter may cause the process to take unexpected actions.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as value delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, an injected/absent/malformed delimiter may cause the process to take unexpected actions.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as record delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, an injected/absent/malformed delimiter may cause the process to take unexpected actions.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as line delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, an injected/absent/malformed delimiter may cause the process to take unexpected actions.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as section delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as expression or command delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, an injected/absent/malformed delimiter may cause the process to take unexpected actions.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as input terminators when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "For example, a \".\" in SMTP signifies the end of mail message data, whereas a null character can be used for the end of a string.",
  "The application does not properly handle when a leading character or sequence (\"leader\") is missing or malformed, or if multiple leaders are used when only one should be allowed.",
  "Quotes injected into an application can be used to compromise a system. As data are parsed, an injected/absent/duplicate/malformed use of quotes may cause the process to take unexpected actions.",
  "One or more system settings or configuration elements can be externally controlled by a user.",
  "Allowing external control of system settings can disrupt service or cause an application to behave in unexpected, and potentially malicious ways.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as escape, meta, or control character sequences when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, an injected/absent/malformed delimiter may cause the process to take unexpected actions.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as comment delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as macro symbols when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as substitution characters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as variable name delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, an injected delimiter may cause the process to take unexpected actions that result in an attack. Example: \"$\" for an environment variable.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as wildcards or matching symbols when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, an injected element may cause the process to take unexpected actions.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as whitespace when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "This can include space, tab, etc.",
  "The software does not properly handle the characters that are used to mark the beginning and ending of a group of entities, such as parentheses, brackets, and braces.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes NUL characters or null bytes when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, an injected NUL character or null byte may cause the software to believe the input is terminated earlier than it actually is, or otherwise cause the input to be misinterpreted. This could then be used to inject potentially dangerous input that occurs after the null byte or otherwise bypass validation routines and other protection mechanisms.",
  "The product does not properly filter, remove, quote, or otherwise manage the invalid use of special elements in user-controlled input, which could cause adverse effect on its behavior and integrity.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes leading special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, improperly handled leading special elements may cause the process to take unexpected actions that result in an attack.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes multiple leading special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, improperly handled multiple leading special elements may cause the process to take unexpected actions that result in an attack.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes trailing special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, improperly handled trailing special elements may cause the process to take unexpected actions that result in an attack.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes multiple trailing special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, improperly handled multiple trailing special elements may cause the process to take unexpected actions that result in an attack.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes internal special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, improperly handled internal special elements may cause the process to take unexpected actions that result in an attack.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes multiple internal special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.",
  "As data is parsed, improperly handled multiple internal special elements may cause the process to take unexpected actions that result in an attack.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not handle or incorrectly handles when an expected special element is missing.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not handle or incorrectly handles when an additional unexpected special element is provided.",
  "The software does not properly handle input in which an inconsistency exists between two or more special characters or reserved words.",
  "An example of this problem would be if paired characters appear in the wrong order, or if the special characters are not properly nested.",
  "The software does not terminate or incorrectly terminates a string or array with a null character or equivalent terminator.",
  "Null termination errors frequently occur in two different ways. An off-by-one error could cause a null to be written out of bounds, leading to an overflow. Or, a program could use a strncpy() function call incorrectly, which prevents a null terminator from being added at all. Other scenarios are possible.",
  "The software does not properly encode or decode the data, resulting in unexpected values.",
  "The software does not properly handle when an input uses an alternate encoding that is valid for the control sphere to which the input is being sent.",
  "The software decodes the same input twice, which can limit the effectiveness of any protection mechanism that occurs in between the decoding operations.",
  "The software does not properly handle when the same input uses several different (mixed) encodings.",
  "The software does not properly handle when an input contains Unicode encoding.",
  "The software does not properly handle when all or part of an input has been URL encoded.",
  "The software does not properly account for differences in case sensitivity when accessing or determining the properties of a resource, leading to inconsistent results.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software validates input before applying protection mechanisms that modify the input, which could allow an attacker to bypass the validation via dangerous inputs that only arise after the modification.",
  "Software needs to validate data at the proper time, after data has been canonicalized and cleansed. Early validation is susceptible to various manipulations that result in dangerous inputs that are produced by canonicalization and cleansing.",
  "The software validates input before it is canonicalized, which prevents the software from detecting data that becomes invalid after the canonicalization step.",
  "This can be used by an attacker to bypass the validation and launch attacks that expose weaknesses that would otherwise be prevented, such as injection.",
  "The software validates data before it has been filtered, which prevents the software from detecting data that becomes invalid after the filtering step.",
  "This can be used by an attacker to bypass the validation and launch attacks that expose weaknesses that would otherwise be prevented, such as injection.",
  "The software filters data in a way that causes it to be reduced or \"collapsed\" into an unsafe value that violates an expected security property.",
  "The product implements a protection mechanism that relies on a list of inputs (or properties of inputs) that are explicitly allowed by policy because the inputs are assumed to be safe, but the list is too permissive - that is, it allows an input that is unsafe, leading to resultant weaknesses.",
  "The product implements a protection mechanism that relies on a list of inputs (or properties of inputs) that are not allowed by policy or otherwise require other action to neutralize before additional processing takes place, but the list is incomplete, leading to resultant weaknesses.",
  "Developers often try to protect their products against malicious input by performing tests against inputs that are known to be bad, such as special characters that can invoke new commands.  However, such lists often only account for the most well-known bad inputs. Attackers may be able to find other malicious inputs that were not expected by the developer, allowing them to bypass the intended protection mechanism.",
  "The software specifies a regular expression in a way that causes data to be improperly matched or compared.",
  "When the regular expression is used in protection mechanisms such as filtering or validation, this may allow an attacker to bypass the intended restrictions on the incoming data.",
  "A regular expression is overly restrictive, which prevents dangerous values from being detected.",
  "This weakness is not about regular expression complexity. Rather, it is about a regular expression that does not match all values that are intended. Consider the use of a regexp to identify acceptable values or to spot unwanted terms. An overly restrictive regexp misses some potentially security-relevant values leading to either false positives *or* false negatives, depending on how the regexp is being used within the code. Consider the expression /[0-8]/ where the intention was /[0-9]/.  This expression is not \"complex\" but the value \"9\" is not matched when maybe the programmer planned to check for it.",
  "The software performs a comparison that only examines a portion of a factor before determining whether there is a match, such as a substring, leading to resultant weaknesses.",
  "For example, an attacker might succeed in authentication by providing a small password that matches the associated portion of the larger, correct password.",
  "The software makes invalid assumptions about how protocol data or memory is organized at a lower level, resulting in unintended program behavior.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software performs a calculation that can produce an integer overflow or wraparound, when the logic assumes that the resulting value will always be larger than the original value. This can introduce other weaknesses when the calculation is used for resource management or execution control.",
  "An integer overflow or wraparound occurs when an integer value is incremented to a value that is too large to store in the associated representation. When this occurs, the value may wrap to become a very small or negative number. While this may be intended behavior in circumstances that rely on wrapping, it can have security consequences if the wrap is unexpected. This is especially the case if the integer overflow can be triggered using user-supplied inputs. This becomes security-critical when the result is used to control looping, make a security decision, or determine the offset or size in behaviors such as memory allocation, copying, concatenation, etc.",
  "The product subtracts one value from another, such that the result is less than the minimum allowable integer value, which produces a value that is not equal to the correct result.",
  "This can happen in signed and unsigned cases.",
  "Integer coercion refers to a set of flaws pertaining to the type casting, extension, or truncation of primitive data types.",
  "Several flaws fall under the category of integer coercion errors. For the most part, these errors in and of themselves result only in availability and data integrity issues. However, in some circumstances, they may result in other, more complicated security related flaws, such as buffer overflow conditions.",
  "A product calculates or uses an incorrect maximum or minimum value that is 1 more, or 1 less, than the correct value.",
  "The software performs an operation on a number that causes it to be sign extended when it is transformed into a larger data type. When the original number is negative, this can produce unexpected values that lead to resultant weaknesses.",
  "The software uses a signed primitive and performs a cast to an unsigned primitive, which can produce an unexpected value if the value of the signed primitive can not be represented using an unsigned primitive.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software uses an unsigned primitive and performs a cast to a signed primitive, which can produce an unexpected value if the value of the unsigned primitive can not be represented using a signed primitive.",
  "Although less frequent an issue than signed-to-unsigned conversion, unsigned-to-signed conversion can be the perfect precursor to dangerous buffer underwrite conditions that allow attackers to move down the stack where they otherwise might not have access in a normal buffer overflow condition. Buffer underwrites occur frequently when large unsigned values are cast to signed values, and then used as indexes into a buffer or for pointer arithmetic.",
  "Truncation errors occur when a primitive is cast to a primitive of a smaller size and data is lost in the conversion.",
  "When a primitive is cast to a smaller primitive, the high order bits of the large value are lost in the conversion, potentially resulting in an unexpected value that is not equal to the original value. This value may be required as an index into a buffer, a loop iterator, or simply necessary state data. In any case, the value cannot be trusted and the system will be in an undefined state. While this method may be employed viably to isolate the low bits of a value, this usage is rare, and truncation usually implies that an implementation error has occurred.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not account for byte ordering (e.g. big-endian and little-endian) when processing the input, causing an incorrect number or value to be used.",
  "The product receives input or data, but it does\n        not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the\n        properties that are required to process the data safely and\n        correctly.",
  "\n\t   ",
  "The product exposes sensitive information to an actor that is not explicitly authorized to have access to that information.",
  "\n\t   ",
  "The code transmits data to another actor, but a portion of the data includes sensitive information that should not be accessible to that actor.",
  "Sensitive information could include data that is sensitive in and of itself (such as credentials or private messages), or otherwise useful in the further exploitation of the system (such as internal file system structure).\n\t ",
  "When trying to keep information confidential, an attacker can often infer some of the information by using statistics.",
  "In situations where data should not be tied to individual users, but a large number of users should be able to make queries that \"scrub\" the identity of users, it may be possible to get information about a user -- e.g., by specifying search terms that are known to be unique to that user.",
  "The product behaves differently or sends different responses under different circumstances in a way that is observable to an unauthorized actor, which exposes security-relevant information about the state of the product, such as whether a particular operation was successful or not.",
  "Discrepancies can take many forms, and variations may be detectable in timing, control flow, communications such as replies or requests, or general behavior. These discrepancies can reveal information about the product's operation or internal state to an unauthorized actor. In some cases, discrepancies can be used by attackers to form a side channel.",
  "The product provides different responses to incoming requests in a way that reveals internal state information to an unauthorized actor outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "This issue frequently occurs during authentication, where a difference in failed-login messages could allow an attacker to determine if the username is valid or not. These exposures can be inadvertent (bug) or intentional (design).",
  "The product's behaviors indicate important differences that may be observed by unauthorized actors in a way that reveals (1) its internal state or decision process, or (2) differences from other products with equivalent functionality.",
  "\n\t   Ideally, a product should provide as little information about its internal operations as possible.  Otherwise, attackers could use knowledge of these internal operations to simplify or optimize their attack.  In some cases, behavioral discrepancies can be used by attackers to form a side channel.",
  "The product performs multiple behaviors that are combined to produce a single result, but the individual behaviors are observable separately in a way that allows attackers to reveal internal state or internal decision points.",
  "\n\t   Ideally, a product should provide as little information as possible to an attacker.  Any hints that the attacker may be making progress can then be used to simplify or optimize the attack.  For example, in a login procedure that requires a username and password, ultimately there is only one decision: success or failure.  However, internally, two separate actions are performed: determining if the username exists, and checking if the password is correct.  If the product behaves differently based on whether the username exists or not, then the attacker only needs to concentrate on the password.\n\t ",
  "The product operates in an environment in which its existence or specific identity should not be known, but it behaves differently than other products with equivalent functionality, in a way that is observable to an attacker.",
  "\n\t   For many kinds of products, multiple products may be available that perform the same functionality, such as a web server, network interface, or intrusion detection system.  Attackers often perform \"fingerprinting,\" which uses discrepancies in order to identify which specific product is in use.  Once the specific product has been identified, the attacks can be made more customized and efficient.  Often, an organization might intentionally allow the specific product to be identifiable.  However, in some environments, the ability to identify a distinct product is unacceptable, and it is expected that every product would behave in exactly the same way.  In these more restricted environments, a behavioral difference might pose an unacceptable risk if it makes it easier to identify the product's vendor, model, configuration, version, etc.\n\t ",
  "Two separate operations in a product require different amounts of time to complete, in a way that is observable to an actor and reveals security-relevant information about the state of the product, such as whether a particular operation was successful or not.",
  "\n\t   In security-relevant contexts, even small variations in timing can be exploited by attackers to indirectly infer certain details about the product's internal operations.  For example, in some cryptographic algorithms, attackers can use timing differences to infer certain properties about a private key, making the key easier to guess.  Timing discrepancies effectively form a timing side channel.\n\t ",
  "The software generates an error message that includes sensitive information about its environment, users, or associated data.",
  "The software identifies an error condition and creates its own diagnostic or error messages that contain sensitive information.",
  "The application performs an operation that triggers an external diagnostic or error message that is not directly generated or controlled by the application, such as an error generated by the programming language interpreter that the software uses. The error can contain sensitive system information.",
  "The product stores, transfers, or shares a resource that contains sensitive information, but it does not properly remove that information before the product makes the resource available to unauthorized actors.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product's intended functionality exposes information to certain actors in accordance with the developer's security policy, but this information is regarded as sensitive according to the intended security policies of other stakeholders such as the product's administrator, users, or others whose information is being processed.",
  "\n\t   ",
  "A process is invoked with sensitive command-line arguments, environment variables, or other elements that can be seen by other processes on the operating system.",
  "Many operating systems allow a user to list information about processes that are owned by other users. Other users could see information such as command line arguments or environment variable settings. When this data contains sensitive information such as credentials, it might allow other users to launch an attack against the software or related resources.",
  "The application inserts sensitive information into debugging code, which could expose this information if the debugging code is not disabled in production.",
  "When debugging, it may be necessary to report detailed information to the programmer.  However, if the debugging code is not disabled when the application is operating in a production environment, then this sensitive information may be exposed to attackers.\n\t ",
  "The application stores sensitive data under the web document root with insufficient access control, which might make it accessible to untrusted parties.",
  "\n\t   Besides public-facing web pages and code, applications may store sensitive data, code that is not directly invoked, or other files under the web document root of the web server.  If the server is not configured or otherwise used to prevent direct access to those files, then attackers may obtain this sensitive data.\n\t ",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the software does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application stores sensitive data under the FTP server root with insufficient access control, which might make it accessible to untrusted parties.",
  "The software does not record, or improperly records, security-relevant information that leads to an incorrect decision or hampers later analysis.",
  "This can be resultant, e.g. a buffer overflow might trigger a crash before the product can log the event.",
  "The application truncates the display, recording, or processing of security-relevant information in a way that can obscure the source or nature of an attack.",
  "The application does not record or display information that would be important for identifying the source or nature of an attack, or determining if an action is safe.",
  "The software records security-relevant information according to an alternate name of the affected entity, instead of the canonical name.",
  "The product releases a resource such as memory or a file so that it can be made available for reuse, but it does not clear or \"zeroize\" the information contained in the resource before the product performs a critical state transition or makes the resource available for reuse by other entities.",
  "\n\t\t\t ",
  "The product does not handle or incorrectly handles input that is not syntactically well-formed with respect to the associated specification.",
  "The software does not properly handle when the expected number of values for parameters, fields, or arguments is not provided in input, or if those values are undefined.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize sequences such as \"..\" that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "This allows attackers to traverse the file system to access files or directories that are outside of the restricted directory.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when a parameter, field, or argument name is specified, but the associated value is missing, i.e. it is empty, blank, or null.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when more values are provided than expected.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when a value is not defined or supported for the associated parameter, field, or argument name.",
  "The software does not properly handle when the expected number of parameters, fields, or arguments is not provided in input, or if those parameters are undefined.",
  "If too few arguments are sent to a function, the function will still pop the expected number of arguments from the stack. Potentially, a variable number of arguments could be exhausted in a function as well.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when the number of parameters, fields, or arguments with the same name exceeds the expected amount.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when a particular parameter, field, or argument name is not defined or supported by the product.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles inputs that are related to complex structures.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when a particular structural element is not completely specified.",
  "The software does not properly handle when a particular element is not completely specified.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize \"../\" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when two or more structural elements should be consistent, but are not.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when a particular element is not the expected type, e.g. it expects a digit (0-9) but is provided with a letter (A-Z).",
  "The program calls a function that can never be guaranteed to work safely.",
  "Certain functions behave in dangerous ways regardless of how they are used. Functions in this category were often implemented without taking security concerns into account. The gets() function is unsafe because it does not perform bounds checking on the size of its input. An attacker can easily send arbitrarily-sized input to gets() and overflow the destination buffer. Similarly, the >> operator is unsafe to use when reading into a statically-allocated character array because it does not perform bounds checking on the size of its input. An attacker can easily send arbitrarily-sized input to the >> operator and overflow the destination buffer.",
  "The program uses the chroot() system call to create a jail, but does not change the working directory afterward. This does not prevent access to files outside of the jail.",
  "Improper use of chroot() may allow attackers to escape from the chroot jail. The chroot() function call does not change the process's current working directory, so relative paths may still refer to file system resources outside of the chroot jail after chroot() has been called.",
  "Using realloc() to resize buffers that store sensitive information can leave the sensitive information exposed to attack, because it is not removed from memory.",
  "When sensitive data such as a password or an encryption key is not removed from memory, it could be exposed to an attacker using a \"heap inspection\" attack that reads the sensitive data using memory dumps or other methods. The realloc() function is commonly used to increase the size of a block of allocated memory. This operation often requires copying the contents of the old memory block into a new and larger block. This operation leaves the contents of the original block intact but inaccessible to the program, preventing the program from being able to scrub sensitive data from memory. If an attacker can later examine the contents of a memory dump, the sensitive data could be exposed.",
  "The J2EE application directly manages connections, instead of using the container's connection management facilities.",
  "The J2EE standard forbids the direct management of connections. It requires that applications use the container's resource management facilities to obtain connections to resources. Every major web application container provides pooled database connection management as part of its resource management framework. Duplicating this functionality in an application is difficult and error prone, which is part of the reason it is forbidden under the J2EE standard.",
  "The J2EE application directly uses sockets instead of using framework method calls.",
  "\n            ",
  "An exception is thrown from a function, but it is not caught.",
  "When an exception is not caught, it may cause the program to crash or expose sensitive information.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize \"/../\" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software performs an operation at a privilege level that is higher than the minimum level required, which creates new weaknesses or amplifies the consequences of other weaknesses.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not check the return value from a method or function, which can prevent it from detecting unexpected states and conditions.",
  "Two common programmer assumptions are \"this function call can never fail\" and \"it doesn't matter if this function call fails\". If an attacker can force the function to fail or otherwise return a value that is not expected, then the subsequent program logic could lead to a vulnerability, because the software is not in a state that the programmer assumes. For example, if the program calls a function to drop privileges but does not check the return code to ensure that privileges were successfully dropped, then the program will continue to operate with the higher privileges.",
  "The software incorrectly checks a return value from a function, which prevents the software from detecting errors or exceptional conditions.",
  "Important and common functions will return some value about the success of its actions. This will alert the program whether or not to handle any errors caused by that function.",
  "Storing a password in plaintext may result in a system compromise.",
  "Password management issues occur when a password is stored in plaintext in an application's properties, configuration file, or memory. Storing a plaintext password in a configuration file allows anyone who can read the file access to the password-protected resource. In some contexts, even storage of a plaintext password in memory is considered a security risk if the password is not cleared immediately after it is used.",
  "The storage of passwords in a recoverable format makes them subject to password reuse attacks by malicious users. In fact, it should be noted that recoverable encrypted passwords provide no significant benefit over plaintext passwords since they are subject not only to reuse by malicious attackers but also by malicious insiders. If a system administrator can recover a password directly, or use a brute force search on the available information, the administrator can use the password on other accounts.",
  "Using an empty string as a password is insecure.",
  "The software contains a hard-coded password, which it uses for its own inbound authentication or for outbound communication to external components.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize \"/dir/../filename\" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software stores a password in a configuration file that might be accessible to actors who do not know the password.",
  "This can result in compromise of the system for which the password is used. An attacker could gain access to this file and learn the stored password or worse yet, change the password to one of their choosing.",
  "Obscuring a password with a trivial encoding does not protect the password.",
  "Password management issues occur when a password is stored in plaintext in an application's properties or configuration file. A programmer can attempt to remedy the password management problem by obscuring the password with an encoding function, such as base 64 encoding, but this effort does not adequately protect the password.",
  "If no mechanism is in place for managing password aging, users will have no incentive to update passwords in a timely manner.",
  "Security experts have often recommended that users change their passwords regularly and avoid reusing passwords. Although this can be an effective mitigation, if the expiration window is too short, it can cause users to generate poor or predictable passwords. As such, it is important to discourage creating similar passwords. It is also useful to have a password aging mechanism that notifies users when passwords are considered old and requests that they replace them with new, strong passwords. Companion documentation which stresses how important this practice is can help users understand and better support this approach.",
  "Allowing password aging to occur unchecked can result in the possibility of diminished password integrity.",
  "Just as neglecting to include functionality for the management of password aging is dangerous, so is allowing password aging to continue unchecked. Passwords must be given a maximum life span, after which a user is required to update with a new and different password.",
  "A product incorrectly assigns a privilege to a particular actor, creating an unintended sphere of control for that actor.",
  "A particular privilege, role, capability, or right can be used to perform unsafe actions that were not intended, even when it is assigned to the correct entity.",
  "Two distinct privileges, roles, capabilities, or rights can be combined in a way that allows an entity to perform unsafe actions that would not be allowed without that combination.",
  "The software does not properly assign, modify, track, or check privileges for an actor, creating an unintended sphere of control for that actor.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize multiple internal \"../\" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not properly manage privileges while it is switching between different contexts that have different privileges or spheres of control.",
  "The software does not drop privileges before passing control of a resource to an actor that does not have those privileges.",
  "In some contexts, a system executing with elevated permissions will hand off a process/file/etc. to another process or user. If the privileges of an entity are not reduced, then elevated privileges are spread throughout a system and possibly to an attacker.",
  "The elevated privilege level required to perform operations such as chroot() should be dropped immediately after the operation is performed.",
  "The software attempts to drop privileges but does not check or incorrectly checks to see if the drop succeeded.",
  "If the drop fails, the software will continue to run with the raised privileges, which might provide additional access to unprivileged users.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when it has insufficient privileges to perform an operation, leading to resultant weaknesses.",
  "During installation, installed file permissions are set to allow anyone to modify those files.",
  "A product defines a set of insecure permissions that are inherited by objects that are created by the program.",
  "A product inherits a set of insecure permissions for an object, e.g. when copying from an archive file, without user awareness or involvement.",
  "While it is executing, the software sets the permissions of an object in a way that violates the intended permissions that have been specified by the user.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize \"..\\\" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application does not handle or incorrectly handles when it has insufficient privileges to access resources or functionality as specified by their permissions. This may cause it to follow unexpected code paths that may leave the application in an invalid state.",
  "The software does not preserve permissions or incorrectly preserves permissions when copying, restoring, or sharing objects, which can cause them to have less restrictive permissions than intended.",
  "The software assigns the wrong ownership, or does not properly verify the ownership, of an object or resource.",
  "The software does not properly verify that a critical resource is owned by the proper entity.",
  "The software does not restrict or incorrectly restricts access to a resource from an unauthorized actor.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not perform or incorrectly performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not properly manage a user within its environment.",
  "Users can be assigned to the wrong group (class) of permissions resulting in unintended access rights to sensitive objects.",
  "When an actor claims to have a given identity, the software does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.",
  "A product requires authentication, but the product has an alternate path or channel that does not require authentication.",
  "The software performs authentication based on the name of a resource being accessed, or the name of the actor performing the access, but it does not properly check all possible names for that resource or actor.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '\\..\\filename' (leading backslash dot dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "This attack-focused weakness is caused by improperly implemented authentication schemes that are subject to spoofing attacks.",
  "The software uses an IP address for authentication.",
  "IP addresses can be easily spoofed. Attackers can forge the source IP address of the packets they send, but response packets will return to the forged IP address. To see the response packets, the attacker has to sniff the traffic between the victim machine and the forged IP address. In order to accomplish the required sniffing, attackers typically attempt to locate themselves on the same subnet as the victim machine. Attackers may be able to circumvent this requirement by using source routing, but source routing is disabled across much of the Internet today. In summary, IP address verification can be a useful part of an authentication scheme, but it should not be the single factor required for authentication.",
  "The referer field in HTTP requests can be easily modified and, as such, is not a valid means of message integrity checking.",
  "A capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the software makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes).",
  "Capture-replay attacks are common and can be difficult to defeat without cryptography. They are a subset of network injection attacks that rely on observing previously-sent valid commands, then changing them slightly if necessary and resending the same commands to the server.",
  "The software does not validate, or incorrectly validates, a certificate.",
  "When a certificate is invalid or malicious, it might allow an attacker to spoof a trusted entity by interfering in the communication path between the host and client. The software might connect to a malicious host while believing it is a trusted host, or the software might be deceived into accepting spoofed data that appears to originate from a trusted host.",
  "The software does not follow, or incorrectly follows, the chain of trust for a certificate back to a trusted root certificate, resulting in incorrect trust of any resource that is associated with that certificate.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software communicates with a host that provides a certificate, but the software does not properly ensure that the certificate is actually associated with that host.",
  "\n            ",
  "A certificate expiration is not validated or is incorrectly validated, so trust may be assigned to certificates that have been abandoned due to age.",
  "When the expiration of a certificate is not taken into account, no trust has necessarily been conveyed through it. Therefore, the validity of the certificate cannot be verified and all benefit of the certificate is lost.",
  "The software does not check or incorrectly checks the revocation status of a certificate, which may cause it to use a certificate that has been compromised.",
  "An improper check for certificate revocation is a far more serious flaw than related certificate failures. This is because the use of any revoked certificate is almost certainly malicious. The most common reason for certificate revocation is compromise of the system in question, with the result that no legitimate servers will be using a revoked certificate, unless they are sorely out of sync.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '\\dir\\..\\filename' (leading backslash dot dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product does not adequately verify the identity of actors at both ends of a communication channel, or does not adequately ensure the integrity of the channel, in a way that allows the channel to be accessed or influenced by an actor that is not an endpoint.",
  "In order to establish secure communication between two parties, it is often important to adequately verify the identity of entities at each end of the communication channel. Inadequate or inconsistent verification may result in insufficient or incorrect identification of either communicating entity. This can have negative consequences such as misplaced trust in the entity at the other end of the channel. An attacker can leverage this by interposing between the communicating entities and masquerading as the original entity. In the absence of sufficient verification of identity, such an attacker can eavesdrop and potentially modify the communication between the original entities.",
  "Simple authentication protocols are subject to reflection attacks if a malicious user can use the target machine to impersonate a trusted user.",
  "\n\t\t   ",
  "The authentication scheme or implementation uses key data elements that are assumed to be immutable, but can be controlled or modified by the attacker.",
  "The requirements for the software dictate the use of an established authentication algorithm, but the implementation of the algorithm is incorrect.",
  "This incorrect implementation may allow authentication to be bypassed.",
  "The software implements an authentication technique, but it skips a step that weakens the technique.",
  "Authentication techniques should follow the algorithms that define them exactly, otherwise authentication can be bypassed or more easily subjected to brute force attacks.",
  "The authentication algorithm is sound, but the implemented mechanism can be bypassed as the result of a separate weakness that is primary to the authentication error.",
  "The software does not perform any authentication for functionality that requires a provable user identity or consumes a significant amount of resources.",
  "The software does not implement sufficient measures to prevent multiple failed authentication attempts within in a short time frame, making it more susceptible to brute force attacks.",
  "The use of single-factor authentication can lead to unnecessary risk of compromise when compared with the benefits of a dual-factor authentication scheme.",
  "While the use of multiple authentication schemes is simply piling on more complexity on top of authentication, it is inestimably valuable to have such measures of redundancy. The use of weak, reused, and common passwords is rampant on the internet. Without the added protection of multiple authentication schemes, a single mistake can result in the compromise of an account. For this reason, if multiple schemes are possible and also easy to use, they should be implemented and required.",
  "The use of password systems as the primary means of authentication may be subject to several flaws or shortcomings, each reducing the effectiveness of the mechanism.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize 'dir\\..\\..\\filename' (multiple internal backslash dot dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not encrypt sensitive or critical information before storage or transmission.",
  "The lack of proper data encryption passes up the guarantees of confidentiality, integrity, and accountability that properly implemented encryption conveys.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext within a resource that might be accessible to another control sphere.",
  "Because the information is stored in cleartext, attackers could potentially read it. Even if the information is encoded in a way that is not human-readable, certain techniques could determine which encoding is being used, then decode the information.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext in a file, or on disk.",
  "The sensitive information could be read by attackers with access to the file, or with physical or administrator access to the raw disk. Even if the information is encoded in a way that is not human-readable, certain techniques could determine which encoding is being used, then decode the information.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext in the registry.",
  "Attackers can read the information by accessing the registry key. Even if the information is encoded in a way that is not human-readable, certain techniques could determine which encoding is being used, then decode the information.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext in a cookie.",
  "Attackers can use widely-available tools to view the cookie and read the sensitive information. Even if the information is encoded in a way that is not human-readable, certain techniques could determine which encoding is being used, then decode the information.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext in memory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext within the GUI.",
  "An attacker can often obtain data from a GUI, even if hidden, by using an API to directly access GUI objects such as windows and menus. Even if the information is encoded in a way that is not human-readable, certain techniques could determine which encoding is being used, then decode the information.",
  "The application stores sensitive information in cleartext in an executable.",
  "Attackers can reverse engineer binary code to obtain secret data. This is especially easy when the cleartext is plain ASCII. Even if the information is encoded in a way that is not human-readable, certain techniques could determine which encoding is being used, then decode the information.",
  "The software transmits sensitive or security-critical data in cleartext in a communication channel that can be sniffed by unauthorized actors.",
  "Many communication channels can be \"sniffed\" by attackers during data transmission. For example, network traffic can often be sniffed by any attacker who has access to a network interface. This significantly lowers the difficulty of exploitation by attackers.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '...' (triple dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The use of a hard-coded cryptographic key significantly increases the possibility that encrypted data may be recovered.",
  "The software performs a key exchange with an actor without verifying the identity of that actor.",
  "Performing a key exchange will preserve the integrity of the information sent between two entities, but this will not guarantee that the entities are who they claim they are. This may enable an attacker to impersonate an actor by modifying traffic between the two entities.  Typically, this involves a victim client that contacts a malicious server that is impersonating a trusted server. If the client skips authentication or ignores an authentication failure, the malicious server may request authentication information from the user. The malicious server can then use this authentication information to log in to the trusted server using the victim's credentials, sniff traffic between the victim and trusted server, etc.",
  "Nonces should be used for the present occasion and only once.",
  "The product uses a cryptographic key or password past its expiration date, which diminishes its safety significantly by increasing the timing window for cracking attacks against that key.",
  "While the expiration of keys does not necessarily ensure that they are compromised, it is a significant concern that keys which remain in use for prolonged periods of time have a decreasing probability of integrity. For this reason, it is important to replace keys within a period of time proportional to their strength.",
  "The product does not implement a required step in a cryptographic algorithm, resulting in weaker encryption than advertised by the algorithm.",
  "The software stores or transmits sensitive data using an encryption scheme that is theoretically sound, but is not strong enough for the level of protection required.",
  "A weak encryption scheme can be subjected to brute force attacks that have a reasonable chance of succeeding using current attack methods and resources.",
  "The use of a broken or risky cryptographic algorithm is an unnecessary risk that may result in the exposure of sensitive information.",
  "The use of a non-standard algorithm is dangerous because a determined attacker may be able to break the algorithm and compromise whatever data has been protected. Well-known techniques may exist to break the algorithm.",
  "The product uses an algorithm that produces a digest (output value) that does not meet security expectations for a hash function that allows an adversary to reasonably determine the original input (preimage attack), find another input that can produce the same hash (2nd preimage attack), or find multiple inputs that evaluate to the same hash (birthday attack).",
  "\n\t   ",
  "The product generates and uses a predictable initialization Vector (IV) with Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode, which causes algorithms to be susceptible to dictionary attacks when they are encrypted under the same key.",
  "\n\t   ",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '....' (multiple dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software uses insufficiently random numbers or values in a security context that depends on unpredictable numbers.",
  "When software generates predictable values in a context requiring unpredictability, it may be possible for an attacker to guess the next value that will be generated, and use this guess to impersonate another user or access sensitive information.",
  "The software uses an algorithm or scheme that produces insufficient entropy, leaving patterns or clusters of values that are more likely to occur than others.",
  "The lack of entropy available for, or used by, a Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) can be a stability and security threat.",
  "True random number generators (TRNG) generally have a limited source of entropy and therefore can fail or block.",
  "The rate at which true random numbers can be generated is limited. It is important that one uses them only when they are needed for security.",
  "The number of possible random values is smaller than needed by the product, making it more susceptible to brute force attacks.",
  "The software uses a Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) but does not correctly manage seeds.",
  "\n\t\t   ",
  "A Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) uses the same seed each time the product is initialized.",
  "Given the deterministic nature of PRNGs, using the same seed for each initialization will lead to the same output in the same order. If an attacker can guess (or knows) the seed, then the attacker may be able to determine the random numbers that will be produced from the PRNG.",
  "A Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) is initialized from a predictable seed, such as the process ID or system time.",
  "The use of predictable seeds significantly reduces the number of possible seeds that an attacker would need to test in order to predict which random numbers will be generated by the PRNG.",
  "The product uses a Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) in a security context, but the PRNG's algorithm is not cryptographically strong.",
  "\n            ",
  "A Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) uses a relatively small seed space, which makes it more susceptible to brute force attacks.",
  "\n\t\t   PRNGs are entirely deterministic once seeded, so it should be extremely difficult to guess the seed. If an attacker can collect the outputs of a PRNG and then brute force the seed by trying every possibility to see which seed matches the observed output, then the attacker will know the output of any subsequent calls to the PRNG. A small seed space implies that the attacker will have far fewer possible values to try to exhaust all possibilities. \n\t\t ",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '....//' (doubled dot dot slash) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product uses a scheme that generates numbers or identifiers that are more predictable than required.",
  "A number or object is predictable based on observations that the attacker can make about the state of the system or network, such as time, process ID, etc.",
  "An exact value or random number can be precisely predicted by observing previous values.",
  "The software's random number generator produces a series of values which, when observed, can be used to infer a relatively small range of possibilities for the next value that could be generated.",
  "The output of a random number generator should not be predictable based on observations of previous values. In some cases, an attacker cannot predict the exact value that will be produced next, but can narrow down the possibilities significantly. This reduces the amount of effort to perform a brute force attack. For example, suppose the product generates random numbers between 1 and 100, but it always produces a larger value until it reaches 100. If the generator produces an 80, then the attacker knows that the next value will be somewhere between 81 and 100. Instead of 100 possibilities, the attacker only needs to consider 20.",
  "The product uses a constant value, name, or reference, but this value can (or should) vary across different environments.",
  "The software does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.",
  "The software does not properly verify that the source of data or communication is valid.",
  "The software does not verify, or incorrectly verifies, the cryptographic signature for data.",
  "The software has two different sources of the same data or information, but it uses the source that has less support for verification, is less trusted, or is less resistant to attack.",
  "The software, when processing trusted data, accepts any untrusted data that is also included with the trusted data, treating the untrusted data as if it were trusted.",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '.../...//' (doubled triple dot slash) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software performs reverse DNS resolution on an IP address to obtain the hostname and make a security decision, but it does not properly ensure that the IP address is truly associated with the hostname.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not properly distinguish between different types of elements in a way that leads to insecure behavior.",
  "The web application does not, or can not, sufficiently verify whether a well-formed, valid, consistent request was intentionally provided by the user who submitted the request.",
  "When a web server is designed to receive a request from a client without any mechanism for verifying that it was intentionally sent, then it might be possible for an attacker to trick a client into making an unintentional request to the web server which will be treated as an authentic request. This can be done via a URL, image load, XMLHttpRequest, etc. and can result in exposure of data or unintended code execution.",
  "The software uses a transmission protocol that does not include a mechanism for verifying the integrity of the data during transmission, such as a checksum.",
  "If integrity check values or \"checksums\" are omitted from a protocol, there is no way of determining if data has been corrupted in transmission. The lack of checksum functionality in a protocol removes the first application-level check of data that can be used. The end-to-end philosophy of checks states that integrity checks should be performed at the lowest level that they can be completely implemented. Excluding further sanity checks and input validation performed by applications, the protocol's checksum is the most important level of checksum, since it can be performed more completely than at any previous level and takes into account entire messages, as opposed to single packets.",
  "The software does not validate or incorrectly validates the integrity check values or \"checksums\" of a message. This may prevent it from detecting if the data has been modified or corrupted in transmission.",
  "Improper validation of checksums before use results in an unnecessary risk that can easily be mitigated. The protocol specification describes the algorithm used for calculating the checksum. It is then a simple matter of implementing the calculation and verifying that the calculated checksum and the received checksum match. Improper verification of the calculated checksum and the received checksum can lead to far greater consequences.",
  "The software's user interface does not warn the user before undertaking an unsafe action on behalf of that user. This makes it easier for attackers to trick users into inflicting damage to their system.",
  "Software systems should warn users that a potentially dangerous action may occur if the user proceeds. For example, if the user downloads a file from an unknown source and attempts to execute the file on their machine, then the application's GUI can indicate that the file is unsafe.",
  "The user interface provides a warning to a user regarding dangerous or sensitive operations, but the warning is not noticeable enough to warrant attention.",
  "The software does not implement or incorrectly implements one or more security-relevant checks as specified by the design of a standardized algorithm, protocol, or technique.",
  "The product does not properly prevent a person's private, personal information from being accessed by actors who either (1) are not explicitly authorized to access the information or (2) do not have the implicit consent of the person about whom the information is collected.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize absolute path sequences such as \"/abs/path\" that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.",
  "This allows attackers to traverse the file system to access files or directories that are outside of the restricted directory.",
  "Security based on event locations are insecure and can be spoofed.",
  "Events are a messaging system which may provide control data to programs listening for events. Events often do not have any type of authentication framework to allow them to be verified from a trusted source. Any application, in Windows, on a given desktop can send a message to any window on the same desktop. There is no authentication framework for these messages. Therefore, any message can be used to manipulate any process on the desktop if the process does not check the validity and safeness of those messages.",
  "The program contains a code sequence that can run concurrently with other code, and the code sequence requires temporary, exclusive access to a shared resource, but a timing window exists in which the shared resource can be modified by another code sequence that is operating concurrently.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software checks the status of a file or directory before accessing it, which produces a race condition in which the file can be replaced with a link before the access is performed, causing the software to access the wrong file.",
  "While developers might expect that there is a very narrow time window between the time of check and time of use, there is still a race condition. An attacker could cause the software to slow down (e.g. with memory consumption), causing the time window to become larger. Alternately, in some situations, the attacker could win the race by performing a large number of attacks.",
  "The software uses a signal handler that introduces a race condition.",
  "\n            ",
  "The code contains a switch statement in which the switched variable can be modified while the switch is still executing, resulting in unexpected behavior.",
  "This issue is particularly important in the case of switch statements that involve fall-through style case statements - i.e., those which do not end with break. If the variable being tested by the switch changes in the course of execution, this could change the intended logic of the switch so much that it places the process in a contradictory state and in some cases could even result in memory corruption.",
  "If two threads of execution use a resource simultaneously, there exists the possibility that resources may be used while invalid, in turn making the state of execution undefined.",
  "The software checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check. This can cause the software to perform invalid actions when the resource is in an unexpected state.",
  "This weakness can be security-relevant when an attacker can influence the state of the resource between check and use. This can happen with shared resources such as files, memory, or even variables in multithreaded programs.",
  "A product performs a series of non-atomic actions to switch between contexts that cross privilege or other security boundaries, but a race condition allows an attacker to modify or misrepresent the product's behavior during the switch.",
  "This is commonly seen in web browser vulnerabilities in which the attacker can perform certain actions while the browser is transitioning from a trusted to an untrusted domain, or vice versa, and the browser performs the actions on one domain using the trust level and resources of the other domain.",
  "The product divides a value by zero.",
  "This weakness typically occurs when an unexpected value is provided to the product, or if an error occurs that is not properly detected. It frequently occurs in calculations involving physical dimensions such as size, length, width, and height.",
  "A software system that accepts input in the form of a slash absolute path ('/absolute/pathname/here') without appropriate validation can allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The software does not check the revocation status of a certificate after its initial revocation check, which can cause the software to perform privileged actions even after the certificate is revoked at a later time.",
  "If the revocation status of a certificate is not checked before each action that requires privileges, the system may be subject to a race condition. If a certificate is revoked after the initial check, all subsequent actions taken with the owner of the revoked certificate will lose all benefits guaranteed by the certificate. In fact, it is almost certain that the use of a revoked certificate indicates malicious activity.",
  "The software does not properly determine which state it is in, causing it to assume it is in state X when in fact it is in state Y, causing it to perform incorrect operations in a security-relevant manner.",
  "The program sends non-cloned mutable data as an argument to a method or function.",
  "The function or method that has been called can alter or delete the mutable data. This could violate assumptions that the calling function has made about its state. In situations where unknown code is called with references to mutable data, this external code could make changes to the data sent. If this data was not previously cloned, the modified data might not be valid in the context of execution.",
  "Sending non-cloned mutable data as a return value may result in that data being altered or deleted by the calling function.",
  "In situations where functions return references to mutable data, it is possible that the external code which called the function may make changes to the data sent. If this data was not previously cloned, the class will then be using modified data which may violate assumptions about its internal state.",
  "Creating and using insecure temporary files can leave application and system data vulnerable to attack.",
  "Opening temporary files without appropriate measures or controls can leave the file, its contents and any function that it impacts vulnerable to attack.",
  "The software creates a temporary file in a directory whose permissions allow unintended actors to determine the file's existence or otherwise access that file.",
  "On some operating systems, the fact that the temporary file exists may be apparent to any user with sufficient privileges to access that directory. Since the file is visible, the application that is using the temporary file could be known. If one has access to list the processes on the system, the attacker has gained information about what the user is doing at that time. By correlating this with the applications the user is running, an attacker could potentially discover what a user's actions are. From this, higher levels of security could be breached.",
  "A software system that accepts input in the form of a backslash absolute path ('\\absolute\\pathname\\here') without appropriate validation can allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "A J2EE application uses System.exit(), which also shuts down its container.",
  "It is never a good idea for a web application to attempt to shut down the application container. Access to a function that can shut down the application is an avenue for Denial of Service (DoS) attacks.",
  "Thread management in a Web application is forbidden in some circumstances and is always highly error prone.",
  "Thread management in a web application is forbidden by the J2EE standard in some circumstances and is always highly error prone. Managing threads is difficult and is likely to interfere in unpredictable ways with the behavior of the application container. Even without interfering with the container, thread management usually leads to bugs that are hard to detect and diagnose like deadlock, race conditions, and other synchronization errors.",
  "Authenticating a user, or otherwise establishing a new user session, without invalidating any existing session identifier gives an attacker the opportunity to steal authenticated sessions.",
  "\n            ",
  "Covert timing channels convey information by modulating some aspect of system behavior over time, so that the program receiving the information can observe system behavior and infer protected information.",
  "\n            ",
  "A constant symbolic reference to an object is used, even though the reference can resolve to a different object over time.",
  "An attacker can inject a drive letter or Windows volume letter ('C:dirname') into a software system to potentially redirect access to an unintended location or arbitrary file.",
  "The software detects a specific error, but takes no actions to handle the error.",
  "[PLANNED FOR DEPRECATION. SEE MAINTENANCE NOTES AND CONSIDER CWE-252, CWE-248, OR CWE-1069.] Ignoring exceptions and other error conditions may allow an attacker to induce unexpected behavior unnoticed.",
  "The software encounters an error but does not provide a status code or return value to indicate that an error has occurred.",
  "A function or operation returns an incorrect return value or status code that does not indicate an error, but causes the product to modify its behavior based on the incorrect result.",
  "This can lead to unpredictable behavior. If the function is used to make security-critical decisions or provide security-critical information, then the wrong status code can cause the software to assume that an action is safe, even when it is not.",
  "The software does not properly check when a function or operation returns a value that is legitimate for the function, but is not expected by the software.",
  "Catching NullPointerException should not be used as an alternative to programmatic checks to prevent dereferencing a null pointer.",
  "\n            ",
  "Catching overly broad exceptions promotes complex error handling code that is more likely to contain security vulnerabilities.",
  "Multiple catch blocks can get ugly and repetitive, but \"condensing\" catch blocks by catching a high-level class like Exception can obscure exceptions that deserve special treatment or that should not be caught at this point in the program. Catching an overly broad exception essentially defeats the purpose of Java's typed exceptions, and can become particularly dangerous if the program grows and begins to throw new types of exceptions. The new exception types will not receive any attention.",
  "Throwing overly broad exceptions promotes complex error handling code that is more likely to contain security vulnerabilities.",
  "Declaring a method to throw Exception or Throwable makes it difficult for callers to perform proper error handling and error recovery. Java's exception mechanism, for example, is set up to make it easy for callers to anticipate what can go wrong and write code to handle each specific exceptional circumstance. Declaring that a method throws a generic form of exception defeats this system.",
  "An attacker can inject a Windows UNC share ('\\\\UNC\\share\\name') into a software system to potentially redirect access to an unintended location or arbitrary file.",
  "The software does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource, thereby enabling an actor to influence the amount of resources consumed, eventually leading to the exhaustion of available resources.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not sufficiently track and release allocated memory after it has been used, which slowly consumes remaining memory.",
  "This is often triggered by improper handling of malformed data or unexpectedly interrupted sessions.  In some languages, developers are responsible for tracking memory allocation and releasing the memory.  If there are no more pointers or references to the memory, then it can no longer be tracked and identified for release.",
  "The software makes resources available to untrusted parties when those resources are only intended to be accessed by the software.",
  "A process does not close sensitive file descriptors before invoking a child process, which allows the child to perform unauthorized I/O operations using those descriptors.",
  "When a new process is forked or executed, the child process inherits any open file descriptors. When the child process has fewer privileges than the parent process, this might introduce a vulnerability if the child process can access the file descriptor but does not have the privileges to access the associated file.",
  "The program does not release or incorrectly releases a resource before it is made available for re-use.",
  "When a resource is created or allocated, the developer is responsible for properly releasing the resource as well as accounting for all potential paths of expiration or invalidation, such as a set period of time or revocation.",
  "Software that does not appropriately monitor or control resource consumption can lead to adverse system performance.",
  "This situation is amplified if the software allows malicious users or attackers to consume more resources than their access level permits. Exploiting such a weakness can lead to asymmetric resource consumption, aiding in amplification attacks against the system or the network.",
  "The software does not sufficiently monitor or control transmitted network traffic volume, so that an actor can cause the software to transmit more traffic than should be allowed for that actor.",
  "In the absence of a policy to restrict asymmetric resource consumption, the application or system cannot distinguish between legitimate transmissions and traffic intended to serve as an amplifying attack on target systems. Systems can often be configured to restrict the amount of traffic sent out on behalf of a client, based on the client's origin or access level. This is usually defined in a resource allocation policy. In the absence of a mechanism to keep track of transmissions, the system or application can be easily abused to transmit asymmetrically greater traffic than the request or client should be permitted to.",
  "An algorithm in a product has an inefficient worst-case computational complexity that may be detrimental to system performance and can be triggered by an attacker, typically using crafted manipulations that ensure that the worst case is being reached.",
  "The software allows an entity to perform a legitimate but expensive operation before authentication or authorization has taken place.",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles a compressed input with a very high compression ratio that produces a large output.",
  "An example of data amplification is a \"decompression bomb,\" a small ZIP file that can produce a large amount of data when it is decompressed.",
  "The system or application is vulnerable to file system contents disclosure through path equivalence. Path equivalence involves the use of special characters in file and directory names. The associated manipulations are intended to generate multiple names for the same object.",
  "Path equivalence is usually employed in order to circumvent access controls expressed using an incomplete set of file name or file path representations. This is different from path traversal, wherein the manipulations are performed to generate a name for a different object.",
  "The software's resource pool is not large enough to handle peak demand, which allows an attacker to prevent others from accessing the resource by using a (relatively) large number of requests for resources.",
  "Frequently the consequence is a \"flood\" of connection or sessions.",
  "The software properly checks for the existence of a lock, but the lock can be externally controlled or influenced by an actor that is outside of the intended sphere of control.",
  "This prevents the software from acting on associated resources or performing other behaviors that are controlled by the presence of the lock. Relevant locks might include an exclusive lock or mutex, or modifying a shared resource that is treated as a lock. If the lock can be held for an indefinite period of time, then the denial of service could be permanent.",
  "The software does not lock or does not correctly lock a resource when the software must have exclusive access to the resource.",
  "When a resource is not properly locked, an attacker could modify the resource while it is being operated on by the software. This might violate the software's assumption that the resource will not change, potentially leading to unexpected behaviors.",
  "A product does not check to see if a lock is present before performing sensitive operations on a resource.",
  "The product calls free() twice on the same memory address, potentially leading to modification of unexpected memory locations.",
  "When a program calls free() twice with the same argument, the program's memory management data structures become corrupted. This corruption can cause the program to crash or, in some circumstances, cause two later calls to malloc() to return the same pointer. If malloc() returns the same value twice and the program later gives the attacker control over the data that is written into this doubly-allocated memory, the program becomes vulnerable to a buffer overflow attack.",
  "Referencing memory after it has been freed can cause a program to crash, use unexpected values, or execute code.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software uses a primary channel for administration or restricted functionality, but it does not properly protect the channel.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of trailing dot ('filedir.') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The software protects a primary channel, but it does not use the same level of protection for an alternate channel.",
  "The product opens an alternate channel to communicate with an authorized user, but the channel is accessible to other actors.",
  "This creates a race condition that allows an attacker to access the channel before the authorized user does.",
  "The software does not properly verify the source of a message in the Windows Messaging System while running at elevated privileges, creating an alternate channel through which an attacker can directly send a message to the product.",
  "The product does not sufficiently protect all possible paths that a user can take to access restricted functionality or resources.",
  "The web application does not adequately enforce appropriate authorization on all restricted URLs, scripts, or files.",
  "Web applications susceptible to direct request attacks often make the false assumption that such resources can only be reached through a given navigation path and so only apply authorization at certain points in the path.",
  "The application searches for critical resources using an externally-supplied search path that can point to resources that are not under the application's direct control.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product uses a fixed or controlled search path to find resources, but one or more locations in that path can be under the control of unintended actors.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product uses a search path that contains an unquoted element, in which the element contains whitespace or other separators. This can cause the product to access resources in a parent path.",
  "If a malicious individual has access to the file system, it is possible to elevate privileges by inserting such a file as \"C:\\Program.exe\" to be run by a privileged program making use of WinExec.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of multiple trailing dot ('filedir....') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The wrong \"handler\" is assigned to process an object.",
  "An example of deploying the wrong handler would be calling a servlet to reveal source code of a .JSP file, or automatically \"determining\" type of the object even if it is contradictory to an explicitly specified type.",
  "A handler is not available or implemented.",
  "When an exception is thrown and not caught, the process has given up an opportunity to decide if a given failure or event is worth a change in execution.",
  "The application uses a signal handler that shares state with other signal handlers, but it does not properly mask or prevent those signal handlers from being invoked while the original signal handler is still running.",
  "During the execution of a signal handler, it can be interrupted by another handler when a different signal is sent. If the two handlers share state - such as global variables - then an attacker can corrupt the state by sending another signal before the first handler has completed execution.",
  "The software stores raw content or supporting code under the web document root with an extension that is not specifically handled by the server.",
  "If code is stored in a file with an extension such as \".inc\" or \".pl\", and the web server does not have a handler for that extension, then the server will likely send the contents of the file directly to the requester without the pre-processing that was expected. When that file contains sensitive information such as database credentials, this may allow the attacker to compromise the application or associated components.",
  "The software allows the attacker to upload or transfer files of dangerous types that can be automatically processed within the product's environment.",
  "An interaction error occurs when two entities have correct behavior when running independently of each other, but when they are integrated as components in a larger system or process, they introduce incorrect behaviors that may cause resultant weaknesses.",
  "When a system or process combines multiple independent components, this often produces new, emergent behaviors at the system level.  However, if the interactions between these components are not fully accounted for, some of the emergent behaviors can be incorrect or even insecure.",
  "Product A handles inputs or steps differently than Product B, which causes A to perform incorrect actions based on its perception of B's state.",
  "This is generally found in proxies, firewalls, anti-virus software, and other intermediary devices that monitor, allow, deny, or modify traffic based on how the client or server is expected to behave.",
  "A product acts as an intermediary or monitor between two or more endpoints, but it does not have a complete model of an endpoint's features, behaviors, or state, potentially causing the product to perform incorrect actions based on this incomplete model.",
  "A's behavior or functionality changes with a new version of A, or a new environment, which is not known (or manageable) by B.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of internal dot ('file.ordir') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "A feature, API, or function does not perform according to its specification.",
  "The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.",
  "\n            ",
  "When malformed or abnormal HTTP requests are interpreted by one or more entities in the data flow between the user and the web server, such as a proxy or firewall, they can be interpreted inconsistently, allowing the attacker to \"smuggle\" a request to one device without the other device being aware of it.",
  "The user interface does not correctly enable or configure a security feature, but the interface provides feedback that causes the user to believe that the feature is in a secure state.",
  "When the user interface does not properly reflect what the user asks of it, then it can lead the user into a false sense of security. For example, the user might check a box to enable a security option to enable encrypted communications, but the software does not actually enable the encryption. Alternately, the user might provide a \"restrict ALL'\" access control rule, but the software only implements \"restrict SOME\".",
  "A UI function for a security feature appears to be supported and gives feedback to the user that suggests that it is supported, but the underlying functionality is not implemented.",
  "A UI function is obsolete and the product does not warn the user.",
  "The UI performs the wrong action with respect to the user's request.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of multiple internal dot ('file...dir') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The UI has multiple interpretations of user input but does not prompt the user when it selects the less secure interpretation.",
  "The user interface (UI) does not properly represent critical information to the user, allowing the information - or its source - to be obscured or spoofed. This is often a component in phishing attacks.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software, by default, initializes an internal variable with an insecure or less secure value than is possible.",
  "The software initializes critical internal variables or data stores using inputs that can be modified by untrusted actors.",
  "A software system should be reluctant to trust variables that have been initialized outside of its trust boundary, especially if they are initialized by users. The variables may have been initialized incorrectly. If an attacker can initialize the variable, then they can influence what the vulnerable system will do.",
  "The software does not exit or otherwise modify its operation when security-relevant errors occur during initialization, such as when a configuration file has a format error, which can cause the software to execute in a less secure fashion than intended by the administrator.",
  "The software does not initialize critical variables, which causes the execution environment to use unexpected values.",
  "The code uses a variable that has not been initialized, leading to unpredictable or unintended results.",
  "In some languages such as C and C++, stack variables are not initialized by default. They generally contain junk data with the contents of stack memory before the function was invoked. An attacker can sometimes control or read these contents. In other languages or conditions, a variable that is not explicitly initialized can be given a default value that has security implications, depending on the logic of the program. The presence of an uninitialized variable can sometimes indicate a typographic error in the code.",
  "The software does not properly \"clean up\" and remove temporary or supporting resources after they have been used.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of trailing space ('filedir ') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The product does not clean up its state or incorrectly cleans up its state when an exception is thrown, leading to unexpected state or control flow.",
  "Often, when functions or loops become complicated, some level of resource cleanup is needed throughout execution. Exceptions can disturb the flow of the code and prevent the necessary cleanup from happening.",
  "Duplicate keys in associative lists can lead to non-unique keys being mistaken for an error.",
  "A duplicate key entry -- if the alist is designed properly -- could be used as a constant time replace function. However, duplicate key entries could be inserted by mistake. Because of this ambiguity, duplicate key entries in an association list are not recommended and should not be allowed.",
  "The accidental deletion of a data-structure sentinel can cause serious programming logic problems.",
  "Often times data-structure sentinels are used to mark structure of the data structure. A common example of this is the null character at the end of strings. Another common example is linked lists which may contain a sentinel to mark the end of the list. It is dangerous to allow this type of control data to be easily accessible. Therefore, it is important to protect from the deletion or modification outside of some wrapper interface which provides safety.",
  "The accidental addition of a data-structure sentinel can cause serious programming logic problems.",
  "Data-structure sentinels are often used to mark the structure of data. A common example of this is the null character at the end of strings or a special sentinel to mark the end of a linked list. It is dangerous to allow this type of control data to be easily accessible. Therefore, it is important to protect from the addition or modification of sentinels.",
  "A function can return a pointer to memory that is outside of the buffer that the pointer is expected to reference.",
  "The code calls sizeof() on a malloced pointer type, which always returns the wordsize/8. This can produce an unexpected result if the programmer intended to determine how much memory has been allocated.",
  "The use of sizeof() on a pointer can sometimes generate useful information. An obvious case is to find out the wordsize on a platform. More often than not, the appearance of sizeof(pointer) indicates a bug.",
  "In C and C++, one may often accidentally refer to the wrong memory due to the semantics of when math operations are implicitly scaled.",
  "The application subtracts one pointer from another in order to determine size, but this calculation can be incorrect if the pointers do not exist in the same memory chunk.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of leading space (' filedir') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The application uses external input with reflection to select which classes or code to use, but it does not sufficiently prevent the input from selecting improper classes or code.",
  "If the application uses external inputs to determine which class to instantiate or which method to invoke, then an attacker could supply values to select unexpected classes or methods. If this occurs, then the attacker could create control flow paths that were not intended by the developer. These paths could bypass authentication or access control checks, or otherwise cause the application to behave in an unexpected manner. This situation becomes a doomsday scenario if the attacker can upload files into a location that appears on the application's classpath (CWE-427) or add new entries to the application's classpath (CWE-426). Under either of these conditions, the attacker can use reflection to introduce new, malicious behavior into the application.",
  "The software does not properly protect an assumed-immutable element from being modified by an attacker.",
  "This occurs when a particular input is critical enough to the functioning of the application that it should not be modifiable at all, but it is. Certain resources are often assumed to be immutable when they are not, such as hidden form fields in web applications, cookies, and reverse DNS lookups.",
  "The web application does not sufficiently verify inputs that are assumed to be immutable but are actually externally controllable, such as hidden form fields.",
  "\n            ",
  "A PHP application does not properly protect against the modification of variables from external sources, such as query parameters or cookies. This can expose the application to numerous weaknesses that would not exist otherwise.",
  "The code uses a function that has inconsistent implementations across operating systems and versions.",
  "\n            ",
  "The behavior of this function is undefined unless its control parameter is set to a specific value.",
  "A NULL pointer dereference occurs when the application dereferences a pointer that it expects to be valid, but is NULL, typically causing a crash or exit.",
  "NULL pointer dereference issues can occur through a number of flaws, including race conditions, and simple programming omissions.",
  "The code uses deprecated or obsolete functions, which suggests that the code has not been actively reviewed or maintained.",
  "\n            ",
  "The code does not have a default case in a switch statement, which might lead to complex logical errors and resultant weaknesses.",
  "This flaw represents a common problem in software development, in which not all possible values for a variable are considered or handled by a given process. Because of this, further decisions are made based on poor information, and cascading failure results. This cascading failure may result in any number of security issues, and constitutes a significant failure in the system.",
  "The program defines a signal handler that calls a non-reentrant function.",
  "\n            ",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of internal space ('file(SPACE)name') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The programmer accidentally uses the wrong operator, which changes the application logic in security-relevant ways.",
  "These types of errors are generally the result of a typo.",
  "The code uses an operator for assignment when the intention was to perform a comparison.",
  "In many languages the compare statement is very close in appearance to the assignment statement and are often confused. This bug is generally the result of a typo and usually causes obvious problems with program execution. If the comparison is in an if statement, the if statement will usually evaluate the value of the right-hand side of the predicate.",
  "The code uses an operator for comparison when the intention was to perform an assignment.",
  "In many languages, the compare statement is very close in appearance to the assignment statement; they are often confused.",
  "The code does not explicitly delimit a block that is intended to contain 2 or more statements, creating a logic error.",
  "In some languages, braces (or other delimiters) are optional for blocks. When the delimiter is omitted, it is possible to insert a logic error in which a statement is thought to be in a block but is not. In some cases, the logic error can have security implications.",
  "The program omits a break statement within a switch or similar construct, causing code associated with multiple conditions to execute. This can cause problems when the programmer only intended to execute code associated with one condition.",
  "This can lead to critical code executing in situations where it should not.",
  "The program compares classes by name, which can cause it to use the wrong class when multiple classes can have the same name.",
  "If the decision to trust the methods and data of an object is based on the name of a class, it is possible for malicious users to send objects of the same name as trusted classes and thereby gain the trust afforded to known classes and types.",
  "Java packages are not inherently closed; therefore, relying on them for code security is not a good practice.",
  "The purpose of package scope is to prevent accidental access by other parts of a program. This is an ease-of-software-development feature but not a security feature.",
  "The product does not sufficiently enforce boundaries between the states of different sessions, causing data to be provided to, or used by, the wrong session.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application is deployed to unauthorized actors with debugging code still enabled or active, which can create unintended entry points or expose sensitive information.",
  "A common development practice is to add \"back door\" code specifically designed for debugging or testing purposes that is not intended to be shipped or deployed with the application. These back door entry points create security risks because they are not considered during design or testing and fall outside of the expected operating conditions of the application.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of trailing slash ('filedir/') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "A class has a cloneable() method that is not declared final, which allows an object to be created without calling the constructor. This can cause the object to be in an unexpected state.",
  "Inner classes are translated into classes that are accessible at package scope and may expose code that the programmer intended to keep private to attackers.",
  "Inner classes quietly introduce several security concerns because of the way they are translated into Java bytecode. In Java source code, it appears that an inner class can be declared to be accessible only by the enclosing class, but Java bytecode has no concept of an inner class, so the compiler must transform an inner class declaration into a peer class with package level access to the original outer class. More insidiously, since an inner class can access private fields in its enclosing class, once an inner class becomes a peer class in bytecode, the compiler converts private fields accessed by the inner class into protected fields.",
  "The product has a critical public variable that is not final, which allows the variable to be modified to contain unexpected values.",
  "If a field is non-final and public, it can be changed once the value is set by any function that has access to the class which contains the field. This could lead to a vulnerability if other parts of the program make assumptions about the contents of that field.",
  "The product downloads source code or an executable from a remote location and executes the code without sufficiently verifying the origin and integrity of the code.",
  "An attacker can execute malicious code by compromising the host server, performing DNS spoofing, or modifying the code in transit.",
  "The product has a method that is declared public, but returns a reference to a private data structure, which could then be modified in unexpected ways.",
  "Assigning public data to a private array is equivalent to giving public access to the array.",
  "The application does not properly prevent sensitive system-level information from being accessed by unauthorized actors who do not have the same level of access to the underlying system as the application does.",
  "The code contains a class with sensitive data, but the class is cloneable. The data can then be accessed by cloning the class.",
  "Cloneable classes are effectively open classes, since data cannot be hidden in them. Classes that do not explicitly deny cloning can be cloned by any other class without running the constructor.",
  "The code contains a class with sensitive data, but the class does not explicitly deny serialization. The data can be accessed by serializing the class through another class.",
  "Serializable classes are effectively open classes since data cannot be hidden in them. Classes that do not explicitly deny serialization can be serialized by any other class, which can then in turn use the data stored inside it.",
  "Information sent over a network can be compromised while in transit. An attacker may be able to read or modify the contents if the data are sent in plaintext or are weakly encrypted.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of multiple leading slash ('//multiple/leading/slash') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "An object contains a public static field that is not marked final, which might allow it to be modified in unexpected ways.",
  "Public static variables can be read without an accessor and changed without a mutator by any classes in the application.",
  "The product mixes trusted and untrusted data in the same data structure or structured message.",
  "A trust boundary can be thought of as line drawn through a program. On one side of the line, data is untrusted. On the other side of the line, data is assumed to be trustworthy. The purpose of validation logic is to allow data to safely cross the trust boundary - to move from untrusted to trusted. A trust boundary violation occurs when a program blurs the line between what is trusted and what is untrusted. By combining trusted and untrusted data in the same data structure, it becomes easier for programmers to mistakenly trust unvalidated data.",
  "The application deserializes untrusted data without sufficiently verifying that the resulting data will be valid.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application contains code that appears to be malicious in nature.",
  "Malicious flaws have acquired colorful names, including Trojan horse, trapdoor, timebomb, and logic-bomb. A developer might insert malicious code with the intent to subvert the security of an application or its host system at some time in the future. It generally refers to a program that performs a useful service but exploits rights of the program's user in a way the user does not intend.",
  "The software appears to contain benign or useful functionality, but it also contains code that is hidden from normal operation that violates the intended security policy of the user or the system administrator.",
  "Non-replicating malicious code only resides on the target system or software that is attacked; it does not attempt to spread to other systems.",
  "Replicating malicious code, including viruses and worms, will attempt to attack other systems once it has successfully compromised the target system or software.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of multiple internal slash ('/multiple//internal/slash/') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "A trapdoor is a hidden piece of code that responds to a special input, allowing its user access to resources without passing through the normal security enforcement mechanism.",
  "The software contains code that is designed to disrupt the legitimate operation of the software (or its environment) when a certain time passes, or when a certain logical condition is met.",
  "When the time bomb or logic bomb is detonated, it may perform a denial of service such as crashing the system, deleting critical data, or degrading system response time. This bomb might be placed within either a replicating or non-replicating Trojan horse.",
  "The software collects personally identifiable information about a human user or the user's activities, but the software accesses this information using other resources besides itself, and it does not require that user's explicit approval or direct input into the software.",
  "\"Spyware\" is a commonly used term with many definitions and interpretations. In general, it is meant to software that collects information or installs functionality that human users might not allow if they were fully aware of the actions being taken by the software. For example, a user might expect that tax software would collect a social security number and include it when filing a tax return, but that same user would not expect gaming software to obtain the social security number from that tax software's data.",
  "A covert channel is a path that can be used to transfer information in a way not intended by the system's designers.",
  "Typically the system has not given authorization for the transmission and has no knowledge of its occurrence.",
  "A covert storage channel transfers information through the setting of bits by one program and the reading of those bits by another. What distinguishes this case from that of ordinary operation is that the bits are used to convey encoded information.",
  "Covert storage channels occur when out-of-band data is stored in messages for the purpose of memory reuse. Covert channels are frequently classified as either storage or timing channels. Examples would include using a file intended to hold only audit information to convey user passwords--using the name of a file or perhaps status bits associated with it that can be read by all users to signal the contents of the file. Steganography, concealing information in such a manner that no one but the intended recipient knows of the existence of the message, is a good example of a covert storage channel.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of multiple trailing slash ('/multiple/trailing/slash//') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "Allowing a .NET application to run at potentially escalated levels of access to the underlying operating and file systems can be dangerous and result in various forms of attacks.",
  ".NET server applications can optionally execute using the identity of the user authenticated to the client. The intention of this functionality is to bypass authentication and access control checks within the .NET application code. Authentication is done by the underlying web server (Microsoft Internet Information Service IIS), which passes the authenticated token, or unauthenticated anonymous token, to the .NET application. Using the token to impersonate the client, the application then relies on the settings within the NTFS directories and files to control access. Impersonation enables the application, on the server running the .NET application, to both execute code and access resources in the context of the authenticated and authorized user.",
  "The product does not require that users should have strong passwords, which makes it easier for attackers to compromise user accounts.",
  "Authentication mechanisms often rely on a memorized secret (also known as a password) to provide an assertion of identity for a user of a system. It is therefore important that this password be of sufficient complexity and impractical for an adversary to guess. The specific requirements around how complex a password needs to be depends on the type of system being protected. Selecting the correct password requirements and enforcing them through implementation are critical to the overall success of the authentication mechanism.",
  "The product transmits or stores authentication credentials, but it uses an insecure method that is susceptible to unauthorized interception and/or retrieval.",
  "Login pages do not use adequate measures to protect the user name and password while they are in transit from the client to the server.",
  "The code uses a cache that contains sensitive information, but the cache can be read by an actor outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "\n\t   Applications may use caches to improve efficiency when communicating with remote entities or performing intensive calculations.  A cache maintains a pool of objects, threads, connections, pages, financial data, passwords, or other resources to minimize the time it takes to initialize and access these resources.  If the cache is accessible to unauthorized actors, attackers can read the cache and obtain this sensitive information.\n\t ",
  "The web application does not use an appropriate caching policy that specifies the extent to which each web page and associated form fields should be cached.",
  "Environmental variables may contain sensitive information about a remote server.",
  "The product stores a CVS, git, or other repository in a directory, archive, or other resource that is stored, transferred, or otherwise made accessible to unauthorized actors.",
  "Version control repositories such as CVS or git store version-specific metadata and other details within subdirectories. If these subdirectories are stored on a web server or added to an archive, then these could be used by an attacker. This information may include usernames, filenames, path root, IP addresses, and detailed \"diff\" data about how files have been changed - which could reveal source code snippets that were never intended to be made public.",
  "The product generates a core dump file in a directory, archive, or other resource that is stored, transferred, or otherwise made accessible to unauthorized actors.",
  "The product stores access control list files in a directory or other container that is accessible to actors outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "Exposure of these access control list files may give the attacker information about the configuration of the site or system. This information may then be used to bypass the intended security policy or identify trusted systems from which an attack can be launched.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of multiple internal backslash ('\\multiple\\trailing\\\\slash') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "A backup file is stored in a directory or archive that is made accessible to unauthorized actors.",
  "Often, older backup files are renamed with an extension such as .~bk to distinguish them from production files. The source code for old files that have been renamed in this manner and left in the webroot can often be retrieved. This renaming may have been performed automatically by the web server, or manually by the administrator.",
  "Accessible test applications can pose a variety of security risks. Since developers or administrators rarely consider that someone besides themselves would even know about the existence of these applications, it is common for them to contain sensitive information or functions.",
  "Information written to log files can be of a sensitive nature and give valuable guidance to an attacker or expose sensitive user information.",
  "\n            ",
  "A command shell error message indicates that there exists an unhandled exception in the web application code. In many cases, an attacker can leverage the conditions that cause these errors in order to gain unauthorized access to the system.",
  "A servlet error message indicates that there exists an unhandled exception in your web application code and may provide useful information to an attacker.",
  "In many cases, an attacker can leverage the conditions that cause unhandled exception errors in order to gain unauthorized access to the system.",
  "The product places sensitive information into files or directories that are accessible to actors who are allowed to have access to the files, but not to the sensitive information.",
  "The web application uses persistent cookies, but the cookies contain sensitive information.",
  "Cookies are small bits of data that are sent by the web application but stored locally in the browser. This lets the application use the cookie to pass information between pages and store variable information. The web application controls what information is stored in a cookie and how it is used. Typical types of information stored in cookies are session identifiers, personalization and customization information, and in rare cases even usernames to enable automated logins. There are two different types of cookies: session cookies and persistent cookies. Session cookies just live in the browser's memory and are not stored anywhere, but persistent cookies are stored on the browser's hard drive.   This can cause security and privacy issues depending on the information stored in the cookie and how it is accessed.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of trailing backslash ('filedir\\') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "Source code on a web server or repository often contains sensitive information and should generally not be accessible to users.",
  "There are situations where it is critical to remove source code from an area or server. For example, obtaining Perl source code on a system allows an attacker to understand the logic of the script and extract extremely useful information such as code bugs or logins and passwords.",
  "If an include file source is accessible, the file can contain usernames and passwords, as well as sensitive information pertaining to the application and system.",
  "The software uses the singleton pattern when creating a resource within a multithreaded environment.",
  "The use of a singleton pattern may not be thread-safe.",
  "The software does not use a standardized method for handling errors throughout the code, which might introduce inconsistent error handling and resultant weaknesses.",
  "If the application handles error messages individually, on a one-by-one basis, this is likely to result in inconsistent error handling. The causes of errors may be lost. Also, detailed information about the causes of an error may be unintentionally returned to the user.",
  "The code contains comments that suggest the presence of bugs, incomplete functionality, or weaknesses.",
  "Many suspicious comments, such as BUG, HACK, FIXME, LATER, LATER2, TODO, in the code indicate missing security functionality and checking. Others indicate code problems that programmers should fix, such as hard-coded variables, error handling, not using stored procedures, and performance issues.",
  "The program uses hard-coded constants instead of symbolic names for security-critical values, which increases the likelihood of mistakes during code maintenance or security policy change.",
  "If the developer does not find all occurrences of the hard-coded constants, an incorrect policy decision may be made if one of the constants is not changed. Making changes to these values will require code changes that may be difficult or impossible once the system is released to the field. In addition, these hard-coded values may become available to attackers if the code is ever disclosed.",
  "A directory listing is inappropriately exposed, yielding potentially sensitive information to attackers.",
  "A directory listing provides an attacker with the complete index of all the resources located inside of the directory. The specific risks and consequences vary depending on which files are listed and accessible.",
  "The software does not mask passwords during entry, increasing the potential for attackers to observe and capture passwords.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of single dot directory exploit ('/./') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "Certain conditions, such as network failure, will cause a server error message to be displayed.",
  "While error messages in and of themselves are not dangerous, per se, it is what an attacker can glean from them that might cause eventual problems.",
  "If a web server does not fully parse requested URLs before it examines them for authorization, it may be possible for an attacker to bypass authorization protection.",
  "For instance, the character strings /./ and / both mean current directory. If /SomeDirectory is a protected directory and an attacker requests /./SomeDirectory, the attacker may be able to gain access to the resource if /./ is not converted to / before the authorization check is performed.",
  "The product makes files or directories accessible to unauthorized actors, even though they should not be.",
  "Web servers, FTP servers, and similar servers may store a set of files underneath a \"root\" directory that is accessible to the server's users.  Applications may store sensitive files underneath this root without also using access control to limit which users may request those files, if any.  Alternately, an application might package multiple files or directories into an archive file (e.g., ZIP or tar), but the application might not exclude sensitive files that are underneath those directories.\n\t ",
  "A possible shell file exists in /cgi-bin/ or other accessible directories. This is extremely dangerous and can be used by an attacker to execute commands on the web server.",
  "The ASP.NET application does not use an input validation framework.",
  "The J2EE application stores a plaintext password in a configuration file.",
  "Storing a plaintext password in a configuration file allows anyone who can read the file to access the password-protected resource, making it an easy target for attackers.",
  "Configuring an ASP.NET application to run with impersonated credentials may give the application unnecessary privileges.",
  "The use of impersonated credentials allows an ASP.NET application to run with either the privileges of the client on whose behalf it is executing or with arbitrary privileges granted in its configuration.",
  "The application uses the getlogin() function in a multithreaded context, potentially causing it to return incorrect values.",
  "The getlogin() function returns a pointer to a string that contains the name of the user associated with the calling process. The function is not reentrant, meaning that if it is called from another process, the contents are not locked out and the value of the string can be changed by another process. This makes it very risky to use because the username can be changed by other processes, so the results of the function cannot be trusted.",
  "A software system that accepts path input in the form of asterisk wildcard ('filedir*') without appropriate validation can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.",
  "The product calls umask() with an incorrect argument that is specified as if it is an argument to chmod().",
  "The software contains dead code, which can never be executed.",
  "Dead code is source code that can never be executed in a running program. The surrounding code makes it impossible for a section of code to ever be executed.",
  "A function returns the address of a stack variable, which will cause unintended program behavior, typically in the form of a crash.",
  "Because local variables are allocated on the stack, when a program returns a pointer to a local variable, it is returning a stack address. A subsequent function call is likely to re-use this same stack address, thereby overwriting the value of the pointer, which no longer corresponds to the same variable since a function's stack frame is invalidated when it returns. At best this will cause the value of the pointer to change unexpectedly. In many cases it causes the program to crash the next time the pointer is dereferenced.",
  "The variable's value is assigned but never used, making it a dead store.",
  "After the assignment, the variable is either assigned another value or goes out of scope. It is likely that the variable is simply vestigial, but it is also possible that the unused variable points out a bug.",
  "Using Hibernate to execute a dynamic SQL statement built with user-controlled input can allow an attacker to modify the statement's meaning or to execute arbitrary SQL commands.",
  "The application relies on the existence or values of cookies when performing security-critical operations, but it does not properly ensure that the setting is valid for the associated user.",
  "Attackers can easily modify cookies, within the browser or by implementing the client-side code outside of the browser. Reliance on cookies without detailed validation and integrity checking can allow attackers to bypass authentication, conduct injection attacks such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting, or otherwise modify inputs in unexpected ways.",
  "The software uses a database table that includes records that should not be accessible to an actor, but it executes a SQL statement with a primary key that can be controlled by that actor.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product does not properly synchronize shared data, such as static variables across threads, which can lead to undefined behavior and unpredictable data changes.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software contains a finalize() method that does not call super.finalize().",
  "The Java Language Specification states that it is a good practice for a finalize() method to call super.finalize().",
  "The software contains protection mechanisms to restrict access to 'realdir/filename', but it constructs pathnames using external input in the form of 'fakedir/../realdir/filename' that are not handled by those mechanisms. This allows attackers to perform unauthorized actions against the targeted file.",
  "The software contains an expression that will always evaluate to false.",
  "The software contains an expression that will always evaluate to true.",
  "The program calls a thread's run() method instead of calling start(), which causes the code to run in the thread of the caller instead of the callee.",
  "In most cases a direct call to a Thread object's run() method is a bug. The programmer intended to begin a new thread of control, but accidentally called run() instead of start(), so the run() method will execute in the caller's thread of control.",
  "The software does not follow or incorrectly follows the specifications as required by the implementation language, environment, framework, protocol, or platform.",
  "When leveraging external functionality, such as an API, it is important that the caller does so in accordance with the requirements of the external functionality or else unintended behaviors may result, possibly leaving the system vulnerable to any number of exploits.",
  "The program violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using thread synchronization primitives.",
  "The Enterprise JavaBeans specification requires that every bean provider follow a set of programming guidelines designed to ensure that the bean will be portable and behave consistently in any EJB container. In this case, the program violates the following EJB guideline: \"An enterprise bean must not use thread synchronization primitives to synchronize execution of multiple instances.\" The specification justifies this requirement in the following way: \"This rule is required to ensure consistent runtime semantics because while some EJB containers may use a single JVM to execute all enterprise bean's instances, others may distribute the instances across multiple JVMs.\"",
  "The program violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using AWT/Swing.",
  "The Enterprise JavaBeans specification requires that every bean provider follow a set of programming guidelines designed to ensure that the bean will be portable and behave consistently in any EJB container. In this case, the program violates the following EJB guideline: \"An enterprise bean must not use the AWT functionality to attempt to output information to a display, or to input information from a keyboard.\" The specification justifies this requirement in the following way: \"Most servers do not allow direct interaction between an application program and a keyboard/display attached to the server system.\"",
  "The program violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using the java.io package.",
  "The Enterprise JavaBeans specification requires that every bean provider follow a set of programming guidelines designed to ensure that the bean will be portable and behave consistently in any EJB container. In this case, the program violates the following EJB guideline: \"An enterprise bean must not use the java.io package to attempt to access files and directories in the file system.\" The specification justifies this requirement in the following way: \"The file system APIs are not well-suited for business components to access data. Business components should use a resource manager API, such as JDBC, to store data.\"",
  "The program violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using sockets.",
  "The Enterprise JavaBeans specification requires that every bean provider follow a set of programming guidelines designed to ensure that the bean will be portable and behave consistently in any EJB container. In this case, the program violates the following EJB guideline: \"An enterprise bean must not attempt to listen on a socket, accept connections on a socket, or use a socket for multicast.\" The specification justifies this requirement in the following way: \"The EJB architecture allows an enterprise bean instance to be a network socket client, but it does not allow it to be a network server. Allowing the instance to become a network server would conflict with the basic function of the enterprise bean-- to serve the EJB clients.\"",
  "The program violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using the class loader.",
  "The Enterprise JavaBeans specification requires that every bean provider follow a set of programming guidelines designed to ensure that the bean will be portable and behave consistently in any EJB container. In this case, the program violates the following EJB guideline: \"The enterprise bean must not attempt to create a class loader; obtain the current class loader; set the context class loader; set security manager; create a new security manager; stop the JVM; or change the input, output, and error streams.\" The specification justifies this requirement in the following way: \"These functions are reserved for the EJB container. Allowing the enterprise bean to use these functions could compromise security and decrease the container's ability to properly manage the runtime environment.\"",
  "The application stores a non-serializable object as an HttpSession attribute, which can hurt reliability.",
  "A J2EE application can make use of multiple JVMs in order to improve application reliability and performance. In order to make the multiple JVMs appear as a single application to the end user, the J2EE container can replicate an HttpSession object across multiple JVMs so that if one JVM becomes unavailable another can step in and take its place without disrupting the flow of the application. This is only possible if all session data is serializable, allowing the session to be duplicated between the JVMs.",
  "The software contains a protection mechanism that restricts access to a long filename on a Windows operating system, but the software does not properly restrict access to the equivalent short \"8.3\" filename.",
  "On later Windows operating systems, a file can have a \"long name\" and a short name that is compatible with older Windows file systems, with up to 8 characters in the filename and 3 characters for the extension. These \"8.3\" filenames, therefore, act as an alternate name for files with long names, so they are useful pathname equivalence manipulations.",
  "The software contains a clone() method that does not call super.clone() to obtain the new object.",
  "All implementations of clone() should obtain the new object by calling super.clone(). If a class does not follow this convention, a subclass's clone() method will return an object of the wrong type.",
  "The software does not maintain equal hashcodes for equal objects.",
  "Java objects are expected to obey a number of invariants related to equality. One of these invariants is that equal objects must have equal hashcodes. In other words, if a.equals(b) == true then a.hashCode() == b.hashCode().",
  "The program declares an array public, final, and static, which is not sufficient to prevent the array's contents from being modified.",
  "Because arrays are mutable objects, the final constraint requires that the array object itself be assigned only once, but makes no guarantees about the values of the array elements. Since the array is public, a malicious program can change the values stored in the array. As such, in most cases an array declared public, final and static is a bug.",
  "The program violates secure coding principles for mobile code by declaring a finalize() method public.",
  "A program should never call finalize explicitly, except to call super.finalize() inside an implementation of finalize(). In mobile code situations, the otherwise error prone practice of manual garbage collection can become a security threat if an attacker can maliciously invoke a finalize() method because it is declared with public access.",
  "The code has a return statement inside a finally block, which will cause any thrown exception in the try block to be discarded.",
  "The software contains an empty synchronized block.",
  "An empty synchronized block does not actually accomplish any synchronization and may indicate a troubled section of code. An empty synchronized block can occur because code no longer needed within the synchronized block is commented out without removing the synchronized block.",
  "The software makes an explicit call to the finalize() method from outside the finalizer.",
  "While the Java Language Specification allows an object's finalize() method to be called from outside the finalizer, doing so is usually a bad idea. For example, calling finalize() explicitly means that finalize() will be called more than once: the first time will be the explicit call and the last time will be the call that is made after the object is garbage collected.",
  "The software sets a pointer to a specific address other than NULL or 0.",
  "Using a fixed address is not portable, because that address will probably not be valid in all environments or platforms.",
  "Casting a non-structure type to a structure type and accessing a field can lead to memory access errors or data corruption.",
  "The software uses an API function that does not exist on all versions of the target platform. This could cause portability problems or inconsistencies that allow denial of service or other consequences.",
  "Some functions that offer security features supported by the OS are not available on all versions of the OS in common use. Likewise, functions are often deprecated or made obsolete for security reasons and should not be used.",
  "The software attempts to access a file based on the filename, but it does not properly prevent that filename from identifying a link or shortcut that resolves to an unintended resource.",
  "The application calls free() on a pointer to memory that was not allocated using associated heap allocation functions such as malloc(), calloc(), or realloc().",
  "When free() is called on an invalid pointer, the program's memory management data structures may become corrupted. This corruption can cause the program to crash or, in some circumstances, an attacker may be able to cause free() to operate on controllable memory locations to modify critical program variables or execute code.",
  "The application stores sensitive data in memory that is not locked, or that has been incorrectly locked, which might cause the memory to be written to swap files on disk by the virtual memory manager. This can make the data more accessible to external actors.",
  "On Windows systems the VirtualLock function can lock a page of memory to ensure that it will remain present in memory and not be swapped to disk. However, on older versions of Windows, such as 95, 98, or Me, the VirtualLock() function is only a stub and provides no protection. On POSIX systems the mlock() call ensures that a page will stay resident in memory but does not guarantee that the page will not appear in the swap. Therefore, it is unsuitable for use as a protection mechanism for sensitive data. Some platforms, in particular Linux, do make the guarantee that the page will not be swapped, but this is non-standard and is not portable. Calls to mlock() also require supervisor privilege. Return values for both of these calls must be checked to ensure that the lock operation was actually successful.",
  "The software modifies the SSL context after connection creation has begun.",
  "If the program modifies the SSL_CTX object after creating SSL objects from it, there is the possibility that older SSL objects created from the original context could all be affected by that change.",
  "When the J2EE container attempts to write unserializable objects to disk there is no guarantee that the process will complete successfully.",
  "In heavy load conditions, most J2EE application frameworks flush objects to disk to manage memory requirements of incoming requests. For example, session scoped objects, and even application scoped objects, are written to disk when required. While these application frameworks do the real work of writing objects to disk, they do not enforce that those objects be serializable, thus leaving the web application vulnerable to crashes induced by serialization failure. An attacker may be able to mount a denial of service attack by sending enough requests to the server to force the web application to save objects to disk.",
  "The program compares object references instead of the contents of the objects themselves, preventing it from detecting equivalent objects.",
  "For example, in Java, comparing objects using == usually produces deceptive results, since the == operator compares object references rather than values; often, this means that using == for strings is actually comparing the strings' references, not their values.",
  "The product uses the wrong operator when comparing a string, such as using \"==\" when the .equals() method should be used instead.",
  "In Java, using == or != to compare two strings for equality actually compares two objects for equality rather than their string values for equality. Chances are good that the two references will never be equal. While this weakness often only affects program correctness, if the equality is used for a security decision, the unintended comparison result could be leveraged to affect program security.",
  "The web application uses the HTTP GET method to process a request and includes sensitive information in the query string of that request.",
  "The query string for the URL could be saved in the browser's history, passed through Referers to other web sites, stored in web logs, or otherwise recorded in other sources.  If the query string contains sensitive information such as session identifiers, then attackers can use this information to launch further attacks.\n\t ",
  "The software uses OpenSSL and trusts or uses a certificate without using the SSL_get_verify_result() function to ensure that the certificate satisfies all necessary security requirements.",
  "This could allow an attacker to use an invalid certificate to claim to be a trusted host, use expired certificates, or conduct other attacks that could be detected if the certificate is properly validated.",
  "The J2EE application is configured to use an insufficient session ID length.",
  "If an attacker can guess or steal a session ID, then they may be able to take over the user's session (called session hijacking). The number of possible session IDs increases with increased session ID length, making it more difficult to guess or steal a session ID.",
  "The Servlet does not catch all exceptions, which may reveal sensitive debugging information.",
  "When a Servlet throws an exception, the default error response the Servlet container sends back to the user typically includes debugging information. This information is of great value to an attacker. For example, a stack trace might show the attacker a malformed SQL query string, the type of database being used, and the version of the application container. This information enables the attacker to target known vulnerabilities in these components.",
  "A web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a Redirect. This simplifies phishing attacks.",
  "An http parameter may contain a URL value and could cause the web application to redirect the request to the specified URL. By modifying the URL value to a malicious site, an attacker may successfully launch a phishing scam and steal user credentials. Because the server name in the modified link is identical to the original site, phishing attempts have a more trustworthy appearance.",
  "The software is composed of a server that relies on the client to implement a mechanism that is intended to protect the server.",
  "When the server relies on protection mechanisms placed on the client side, an attacker can modify the client-side behavior to bypass the protection mechanisms resulting in potentially unexpected interactions between the client and server. The consequences will vary, depending on what the mechanisms are trying to protect.",
  "A client/server product performs authentication within client code but not in server code, allowing server-side authentication to be bypassed via a modified client that omits the authentication check.",
  "Client-side authentication is extremely weak and may be breached easily. Any attacker may read the source code and reverse-engineer the authentication mechanism to access parts of the application which would otherwise be protected.",
  "When multiple sockets are allowed to bind to the same port, other services on that port may be stolen or spoofed.",
  "On most systems, a combination of setting the SO_REUSEADDR socket option, and a call to bind() allows any process to bind to a port to which a previous process has bound with INADDR_ANY. This allows a user to bind to the specific address of a server bound to INADDR_ANY on an unprivileged port, and steal its UDP packets/TCP connection.",
  "The product does not properly check inputs that are used for loop conditions, potentially leading to a denial of service or other consequences because of excessive looping.",
  "A public or protected static final field references a mutable object, which allows the object to be changed by malicious code, or accidentally from another package.",
  "An ActionForm class contains a field that has not been declared private, which can be accessed without using a setter or getter.",
  "The program uses double-checked locking to access a resource without the overhead of explicit synchronization, but the locking is insufficient.",
  "Double-checked locking refers to the situation where a programmer checks to see if a resource has been initialized, grabs a lock, checks again to see if the resource has been initialized, and then performs the initialization if it has not occurred yet. This should not be done, as is not guaranteed to work in all languages and on all architectures. In summary, other threads may not be operating inside the synchronous block and are not guaranteed to see the operations execute in the same order as they would appear inside the synchronous block.",
  "The software, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently account for when the file is a symbolic link that resolves to a target outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the software to operate on unauthorized files.",
  "A software system that allows UNIX symbolic links (symlink) as part of paths whether in internal code or through user input can allow an attacker to spoof the symbolic link and traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files. The symbolic link can permit an attacker to read/write/corrupt a file that they originally did not have permissions to access.",
  "The product uses an externally controlled name or reference that resolves to a resource that is outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "The software processes an XML document that can contain XML entities with URIs that resolve to documents outside of the intended sphere of control, causing the product to embed incorrect documents into its output.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product creates a search index of private or sensitive documents, but it does not properly limit index access to actors who are authorized to see the original information.",
  "Web sites and other document repositories may apply an indexing routine against a group of private documents to facilitate search.  If the index's results are available to parties who do not have access to the documents being indexed, then attackers could obtain portions of the documents by conducting targeted searches and reading the results.  The risk is especially dangerous if search results include surrounding text that was not part of the search query. This issue can appear in search engines that are not configured (or implemented) to ignore critical files that should remain hidden; even without permissions to download these files directly, the remote user could read them.",
  "According to WASC, \"Insufficient Session Expiration is when a web site permits an attacker to reuse old session credentials or session IDs for authorization.\"",
  "The Secure attribute for sensitive cookies in HTTPS sessions is not set, which could cause the user agent to send those cookies in plaintext over an HTTP session.",
  "While adding general comments is very useful, some programmers tend to leave important data, such as: filenames related to the web application, old links or links which were not meant to be browsed by users, old code fragments, etc.",
  "An attacker who finds these comments can map the application's structure and files, expose hidden parts of the site, and study the fragments of code to reverse engineer the application, which may help develop further attacks against the site.",
  "The PHP application uses an old method for processing uploaded files by referencing the four global variables that are set for each file (e.g. $varname, $varname_size, $varname_name, $varname_type). These variables could be overwritten by attackers, causing the application to process unauthorized files.",
  "These global variables could be overwritten by POST requests, cookies, or other methods of populating or overwriting these variables. This could be used to read or process arbitrary files by providing values such as \"/etc/passwd\".",
  "The product contains an assert() or similar statement that can be triggered by an attacker, which leads to an application exit or other behavior that is more severe than necessary.",
  "\n            ",
  "An ActiveX control is intended for use in a web browser, but it exposes dangerous methods that perform actions that are outside of the browser's security model (e.g. the zone or domain).",
  "ActiveX controls can exercise far greater control over the operating system than typical Java or javascript. Exposed methods can be subject to various vulnerabilities, depending on the implemented behaviors of those methods, and whether input validation is performed on the provided arguments. If there is no integrity checking or origin validation, this method could be invoked by attackers.",
  "If a database cursor is not closed properly, then it could become accessible to other users while retaining the same privileges that were originally assigned, leaving the cursor \"dangling.\"",
  "For example, an improper dangling cursor could arise from unhandled exceptions. The impact of the issue depends on the cursor's role, but SQL injection attacks are commonly possible.",
  "The software, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently account for when the name is associated with a hard link to a target that is outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the software to operate on unauthorized files.",
  "Failure for a system to check for hard links can result in vulnerability to different types of attacks. For example, an attacker can escalate their privileges if a file used by a privileged program is replaced with a hard link to a sensitive file (e.g. /etc/passwd). When the process opens the file, the attacker can assume the privileges of that process.",
  "When setting a new password for a user, the product does not require knowledge of the original password, or using another form of authentication.",
  "This could be used by an attacker to change passwords for another user, thus gaining the privileges associated with that user.",
  "The product uses external input to determine the names of variables into which information is extracted, without verifying that the names of the specified variables are valid. This could cause the program to overwrite unintended variables.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product adds hooks to user-accessible API functions, but it does not properly validate the arguments. This could lead to resultant vulnerabilities.",
  "Such hooks can be used in defensive software that runs with privileges, such as anti-virus or firewall, which hooks kernel calls. When the arguments are not validated, they could be used to bypass the protection scheme or attack the product itself.",
  "An ActiveX control is intended for restricted use, but it has been marked as safe-for-scripting.",
  "This might allow attackers to use dangerous functionality via a web page that accesses the control, which can lead to different resultant vulnerabilities, depending on the control's behavior.",
  "The product uses a regular expression that either (1) contains an executable component with user-controlled inputs, or (2) allows a user to enable execution by inserting pattern modifiers.",
  "Case (2) is possible in the PHP preg_replace() function, and possibly in other languages when a user-controlled input is inserted into a string that is later parsed as a regular expression.",
  "The product uses a regular expression that does not sufficiently restrict the set of allowed values.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product does not properly handle null bytes or NUL characters when passing data between different representations or components.",
  "\n            ",
  "In a language where the user can influence the name of a variable at runtime, if the variable names are not controlled, an attacker can read or write to arbitrary variables, or access arbitrary functions.",
  "The resultant vulnerabilities depend on the behavior of the application, both at the crossover point and in any control/data flow that is reachable by the related variables or functions.",
  "The product calls a function, procedure, or routine with arguments that are not correctly specified, leading to always-incorrect behavior and resultant weaknesses.",
  "\n            ",
  "When the product encounters an error condition or failure, its design requires it to fall back to a state that is less secure than other options that are available, such as selecting the weakest encryption algorithm or using the most permissive access control restrictions.",
  "By entering a less secure state, the product inherits the weaknesses associated with that state, making it easier to compromise. At the least, it causes administrators to have a false sense of security. This weakness typically occurs as a result of wanting to \"fail functional\" to minimize administration and support costs, instead of \"failing safe.\"",
  "The software uses a more complex mechanism than necessary, which could lead to resultant weaknesses when the mechanism is not correctly understood, modeled, configured, implemented, or used.",
  "Security mechanisms should be as simple as possible. Complex security mechanisms may engender partial implementations and compatibility problems, with resulting mismatches in assumptions and implemented security. A corollary of this principle is that data specifications should be as simple as possible, because complex data specifications result in complex validation code. Complex tasks and systems may also need to be guarded by complex security checks, so simple systems should be preferred.",
  "The software does not perform access checks on a resource every time the resource is accessed by an entity, which can create resultant weaknesses if that entity's rights or privileges change over time.",
  "The system's authorization functionality does not prevent one user from gaining access to another user's data or record by modifying the key value identifying the data.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently handle when the file is a Windows shortcut (.LNK) whose target is outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the software to operate on unauthorized files.",
  "The shortcut (file with the .lnk extension) can permit an attacker to read/write a file that they originally did not have permissions to access.",
  "The software contains a mechanism for users to recover or change their passwords without knowing the original password, but the mechanism is weak.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application constructs the name of a file or other resource using input from an upstream component, but it does not restrict or incorrectly restricts the resulting name.",
  "This may produce resultant weaknesses. For instance, if the names of these resources contain scripting characters, it is possible that a script may get executed in the client's browser if the application ever displays the name of the resource on a dynamically generated web page. Alternately, if the resources are consumed by some application parser, a specially crafted name can exploit some vulnerability internal to the parser, potentially resulting in execution of arbitrary code on the server machine. The problems will vary based on the context of usage of such malformed resource names and whether vulnerabilities are present in or assumptions are made by the targeted technology that would make code execution possible.",
  "The software stores security-critical state information about its users, or the software itself, in a location that is accessible to unauthorized actors.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software uses external input to dynamically construct an XPath expression used to retrieve data from an XML database, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes that input. This allows an attacker to control the structure of the query.",
  "The net effect is that the attacker will have control over the information selected from the XML database and may use that ability to control application flow, modify logic, retrieve unauthorized data, or bypass important checks (e.g. authentication).",
  "The application does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes web scripting syntax in HTTP headers that can be used by web browser components that can process raw headers, such as Flash.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software contains an account lockout protection mechanism, but the mechanism is too restrictive and can be triggered too easily, which allows attackers to deny service to legitimate users by causing their accounts to be locked out.",
  "Account lockout is a security feature often present in applications as a countermeasure to the brute force attack on the password based authentication mechanism of the system. After a certain number of failed login attempts, the users' account may be disabled for a certain period of time or until it is unlocked by an administrator. Other security events may also possibly trigger account lockout. However, an attacker may use this very security feature to deny service to legitimate system users. It is therefore important to ensure that the account lockout security mechanism is not overly restrictive.",
  "The software allows a file to be uploaded, but it relies on the file name or extension of the file to determine the appropriate behaviors. This could be used by attackers to cause the file to be misclassified and processed in a dangerous fashion.",
  "An application might use the file name or extension of of a user-supplied file to determine the proper course of action, such as selecting the correct process to which control should be passed, deciding what data should be made available, or what resources should be allocated. If the attacker can cause the code to misclassify the supplied file, then the wrong action could occur. For example, an attacker could supply a file that ends in a \".php.gif\" extension that appears to be a GIF image, but would be processed as PHP code. In extreme cases, code execution is possible, but the attacker could also cause exhaustion of resources, denial of service, exposure of debug or system data (including application source code), or being bound to a particular server side process. This weakness may be due to a vulnerability in any of the technologies used by the web and application servers, due to misconfiguration, or resultant from another flaw in the application itself.",
  "The software defines policy namespaces and makes authorization decisions based on the assumption that a URL is canonical. This can allow a non-canonical URL to bypass the authorization.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application does not conform to the API requirements for a function call that requires extra privileges. This could allow attackers to gain privileges by causing the function to be called incorrectly.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software uses obfuscation or encryption of inputs that should not be mutable by an external actor, but the software does not use integrity checks to detect if those inputs have been modified.",
  "When an application relies on obfuscation or incorrectly applied / weak encryption to protect client-controllable tokens or parameters, that may have an effect on the user state, system state, or some decision made on the server. Without protecting the tokens/parameters for integrity, the application is vulnerable to an attack where an adversary traverses the space of possible values of the said token/parameter in order to attempt to gain an advantage. The goal of the attacker is to find another admissible value that will somehow elevate their privileges in the system, disclose information or change the behavior of the system in some way beneficial to the attacker. If the application does not protect these critical tokens/parameters for integrity, it will not be able to determine that these values have been tampered with. Measures that are used to protect data for confidentiality should not be relied upon to provide the integrity service.",
  "The software, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently handle when the name is associated with a hard link to a target that is outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the software to operate on unauthorized files.",
  "Failure for a system to check for hard links can result in vulnerability to different types of attacks. For example, an attacker can escalate their privileges if a file used by a privileged program is replaced with a hard link to a sensitive file (e.g. AUTOEXEC.BAT). When the process opens the file, the attacker can assume the privileges of that process, or prevent the program from accurately processing data.",
  "The server contains a protection mechanism that assumes that any URI that is accessed using HTTP GET will not cause a state change to the associated resource. This might allow attackers to bypass intended access restrictions and conduct resource modification and deletion attacks, since some applications allow GET to modify state.",
  "The HTTP GET method and some other methods are designed to retrieve resources and not to alter the state of the application or resources on the server side. Furthermore, the HTTP specification requires that GET requests (and other requests) should not have side effects. Believing that it will be enough to prevent unintended resource alterations, an application may disallow the HTTP requests to perform DELETE, PUT and POST operations on the resource representation. However, there is nothing in the HTTP protocol itself that actually prevents the HTTP GET method from performing more than just query of the data. Developers can easily code programs that accept a HTTP GET request that do in fact create, update or delete data on the server. For instance, it is a common practice with REST based Web Services to have HTTP GET requests modifying resources on the server side. However, whenever that happens, the access control needs to be properly enforced in the application. No assumptions should be made that only HTTP DELETE, PUT, POST, and other methods have the power to alter the representation of the resource being accessed in the request.",
  "The Web services architecture may require exposing a Web Service Definition Language (WSDL) file that contains information on the publicly accessible services and how callers of these services should interact with them (e.g. what parameters they expect and what types they return).",
  "\n            ",
  "The software uses external input to dynamically construct an XQuery expression used to retrieve data from an XML database, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes that input. This allows an attacker to control the structure of the query.",
  "The net effect is that the attacker will have control over the information selected from the XML database and may use that ability to control application flow, modify logic, retrieve unauthorized data, or bypass important checks (e.g. authentication).",
  "The product does not properly compartmentalize or isolate functionality, processes, or resources that require different privilege levels, rights, or permissions.",
  "When a weakness occurs in functionality that is accessible by lower-privileged users, then without strong boundaries, an attack might extend the scope of the damage to higher-privileged users.",
  "A protection mechanism relies exclusively, or to a large extent, on the evaluation of a single condition or the integrity of a single object or entity in order to make a decision about granting access to restricted resources or functionality.",
  "The software has a protection mechanism that is too difficult or inconvenient to use, encouraging non-malicious users to disable or bypass the mechanism, whether by accident or on purpose.",
  "The software uses a protection mechanism whose strength depends heavily on its obscurity, such that knowledge of its algorithms or key data is sufficient to defeat the mechanism.",
  "This reliance on \"security through obscurity\" can produce resultant weaknesses if an attacker is able to reverse engineer the inner workings of the mechanism. Note that obscurity can be one small part of defense in depth, since it can create more work for an attacker; however, it is a significant risk if used as the primary means of protection.",
  "The product violates well-established principles for secure design.",
  "This can introduce resultant weaknesses or make it easier for developers to introduce related weaknesses during implementation. Because code is centered around design, it can be resource-intensive to fix design problems.",
  "The product does not handle or incorrectly handles a file name that identifies a \"virtual\" resource that is not directly specified within the directory that is associated with the file name, causing the product to perform file-based operations on a resource that is not a file.",
  "Virtual file names are represented like normal file names, but they are effectively aliases for other resources that do not behave like normal files. Depending on their functionality, they could be alternate entities. They are not necessarily listed in directories.",
  "The software utilizes multiple threads or processes to allow temporary access to a shared resource that can only be exclusive to one process at a time, but it does not properly synchronize these actions, which might cause simultaneous accesses of this resource by multiple threads or processes.",
  "\n\t   ",
  "The software calls a non-reentrant function in a concurrent context in which a competing code sequence (e.g. thread or signal handler) may have an opportunity to call the same function or otherwise influence its state.",
  "The software does not maintain or incorrectly maintains control over a resource throughout its lifetime of creation, use, and release.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not initialize or incorrectly initializes a resource, which might leave the resource in an unexpected state when it is accessed or used.",
  "This can have security implications when the associated resource is expected to have certain properties or values, such as a variable that determines whether a user has been authenticated or not.",
  "The software performs an operation on a resource at the wrong phase of the resource's lifecycle, which can lead to unexpected behaviors.",
  "When a developer wants to initialize, use or release a resource, it is important to follow the specifications outlined for how to operate on that resource and to ensure that the resource is in the expected state. In this case, the software wants to perform a normally valid operation, initialization, use or release, on a resource when it is in the incorrect phase of its lifetime.",
  "The software does not properly acquire or release a lock on a resource, leading to unexpected resource state changes and behaviors.",
  "\n\t   ",
  "The product exposes a resource to the wrong control sphere, providing unintended actors with inappropriate access to the resource.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product does not properly transfer a resource/behavior to another sphere, or improperly imports a resource/behavior from another sphere, in a manner that provides unintended control over that resource.",
  "The software constructs pathnames from user input, but it does not handle or incorrectly handles a pathname containing a Windows device name such as AUX or CON. This typically leads to denial of service or an information exposure when the application attempts to process the pathname as a regular file.",
  "Not properly handling virtual filenames (e.g. AUX, CON, PRN, COM1, LPT1) can result in different types of vulnerabilities. In some cases an attacker can request a device via injection of a virtual filename in a URL, which may cause an error that leads to a denial of service or an error page that reveals sensitive information. A software system that allows device names to bypass filtering runs the risk of an attacker injecting malicious code in a file with the name of a device.",
  "The code contains a control flow path that does not reflect the algorithm that the path is intended to implement, leading to incorrect behavior any time this path is navigated.",
  "This weakness captures cases in which a particular code segment is always incorrect with respect to the algorithm that it is implementing. For example, if a C programmer intends to include multiple statements in a single block but does not include the enclosing braces (CWE-483), then the logic is always incorrect. This issue is in contrast to most weaknesses in which the code usually behaves correctly, except when it is externally manipulated in malicious ways.",
  "The product uses security features in a way that prevents the product's administrator from tailoring security settings to reflect the environment in which the product is being used. This introduces resultant weaknesses or prevents it from operating at a level of security that is desired by the administrator.",
  "If the product's administrator does not have the ability to manage security-related decisions at all times, then protecting the product from outside threats - including the product's developer - can become impossible. For example, a hard-coded account name and password cannot be changed by the administrator, thus exposing that product to attacks that the administrator can not prevent.",
  "The software uses, accesses, or otherwise operates on a resource after that resource has been expired, released, or revoked.",
  "The product does not prevent the definition of control spheres from external actors.",
  "Typically, a product defines its control sphere within the code itself, or through configuration by the product's administrator. In some cases, an external party can change the definition of the control sphere. This is typically a resultant weakness.",
  "The product does not properly control the amount of recursion which takes place,  consuming excessive resources, such as allocated memory or the program stack.",
  "The product performs the same operation on a resource two or more times, when the operation should only be applied once.",
  "The program invokes a potentially dangerous function that could introduce a vulnerability if it is used incorrectly, but the function can also be used safely.",
  "The product performs a calculation to determine how much memory to allocate, but an integer overflow can occur that causes less memory to be allocated than expected, leading to a buffer overflow.",
  "When converting from one data type to another, such as long to integer, data can be omitted or translated in a way that produces unexpected values. If the resulting values are used in a sensitive context, then dangerous behaviors may occur.",
  "The software performs a calculation that generates incorrect or unintended results that are later used in security-critical decisions or resource management.",
  "When software performs a security-critical calculation incorrectly, it might lead to incorrect resource allocations, incorrect privilege assignments, or failed comparisons among other things. Many of the direct results of an incorrect calculation can lead to even larger problems such as failed protection mechanisms or even arbitrary code execution.",
  "The software calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies the arguments in an incorrect order, leading to resultant weaknesses.",
  "While this weakness might be caught by the compiler in some languages, it can occur more frequently in cases in which the called function accepts variable numbers or types of arguments, such as format strings in C. It also can occur in languages or environments that do not enforce strong typing.",
  "The code does not function according to its published specifications, potentially leading to incorrect usage.",
  "When providing functionality to an external party, it is important that the software behaves in accordance with the details specified. When requirements of nuances are not documented, the functionality may produce unintended behaviors for the caller, possibly leading to an exploitable state.",
  "The software calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies too many arguments, or too few arguments, which may lead to undefined behavior and resultant weaknesses.",
  "The software calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies an argument that is the wrong data type, which may lead to resultant weaknesses.",
  "This weakness is most likely to occur in loosely typed languages, or in strongly typed languages in which the types of variable arguments cannot be enforced at compilation time, or where there is implicit casting.",
  "The software calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies an argument that contains the wrong value, which may lead to resultant weaknesses.",
  "The software calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies the wrong variable or reference as one of the arguments, which may lead to undefined behavior and resultant weaknesses.",
  "The product, while copying or cloning a resource, does not set the resource's permissions or access control until the copy is complete, leaving the resource exposed to other spheres while the copy is taking place.",
  "The software does not properly prevent access to, or detect usage of, alternate data streams (ADS).",
  "An attacker can use an ADS to hide information about a file (e.g. size, the name of the process) from a system or file browser tools such as Windows Explorer and 'dir' at the command line utility. Alternately, the attacker might be able to bypass intended access restrictions for the associated data fork.",
  "The product does not check for an error after calling a function that can return with a NULL pointer if the function fails, which leads to a resultant NULL pointer dereference.",
  "While unchecked return value weaknesses are not limited to returns of NULL pointers (see the examples in CWE-252), functions often return NULL to indicate an error status. When this error condition is not checked, a NULL pointer dereference can occur.",
  "The code does not sufficiently manage its control flow during execution, creating conditions in which the control flow can be modified in unexpected ways.",
  "The product uses a denylist-based protection mechanism to defend against XSS attacks, but the denylist is incomplete, allowing XSS variants to succeed.",
  "While XSS might seem simple to prevent, web browsers vary so widely in how they parse web pages, that a denylist cannot keep track of all the variations. The \"XSS Cheat Sheet\" [REF-714] contains a large number of attacks that are intended to bypass incomplete denylists.",
  "The product does not use or incorrectly uses a protection mechanism that provides sufficient defense against directed attacks against the product.",
  "This weakness covers three distinct situations. A \"missing\" protection mechanism occurs when the application does not define any mechanism against a certain class of attack. An \"insufficient\" protection mechanism might provide some defenses - for example, against the most common attacks - but it does not protect against everything that is intended. Finally, an \"ignored\" mechanism occurs when a mechanism is available and in active use within the product, but the developer has not applied it in some code path.",
  "The software uses multiple resources that can have the same identifier, in a context in which unique identifiers are required.",
  "If the software assumes that each resource has a unique identifier, the software could operate on the wrong resource if attackers can cause multiple resources to be associated with the same identifier.",
  "The software uses low-level functionality that is explicitly prohibited by the framework or specification under which the software is supposed to operate.",
  "The use of low-level functionality can violate the specification in unexpected ways that effectively disable built-in protection mechanisms, introduce exploitable inconsistencies, or otherwise expose the functionality to attack.",
  "The product performs multiple related behaviors, but the behaviors are performed in the wrong order in ways which may produce resultant weaknesses.",
  "The software compares two entities in a security-relevant context, but the comparison is incorrect, which may lead to resultant weaknesses.",
  "\n            ",
  "The web application sends a redirect to another location, but instead of exiting, it executes additional code.",
  "The default error page of a web application should not display sensitive information about the software system.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not properly anticipate or handle exceptional conditions that rarely occur during normal operation of the software.",
  "The software does not correctly convert an object, resource, or structure from one type to a different type.",
  "The software does not properly return control flow to the proper location after it has completed a task or detected an unusual condition.",
  "The software uses a name or reference to access a resource, but the name/reference resolves to a resource that is outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "The product does not ensure or incorrectly ensures that structured messages or data are well-formed and that certain security properties are met before being read from an upstream component or sent to a downstream component.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software assigns an owner to a resource, but the owner is outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "This may allow the resource to be manipulated by actors outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "The software does not follow certain coding rules for development, which can lead to resultant weaknesses or increase the severity of the associated vulnerabilities.",
  "The software does not properly handle special paths that may identify the data or resource fork of a file on the HFS+ file system.",
  "If the software chooses actions to take based on the file name, then if an attacker provides the data or resource fork, the software may take unexpected actions. Further, if the software intends to restrict access to a file, then an attacker might still be able to bypass intended access restrictions by requesting the data or resource fork for that file.",
  "The software allows user input to control or influence paths or file names that are used in filesystem operations.",
  "\n            ",
  "The product specifies permissions for a security-critical resource in a way that allows that resource to be read or modified by unintended actors.",
  "When a resource is given a permissions setting that provides access to a wider range of actors than required, it could lead to the exposure of sensitive information, or the modification of that resource by unintended parties. This is especially dangerous when the resource is related to program configuration, execution or sensitive user data.",
  "The developer builds a security-critical protection mechanism into the software, but the compiler optimizes the program such that the mechanism is removed or modified.",
  "The software constructs all or part of a command, data structure, or record using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify how it is parsed or interpreted when it is sent to a downstream component.",
  "Software has certain assumptions about what constitutes data and control respectively. It is the lack of verification of these assumptions for user-controlled input that leads to injection problems. Injection problems encompass a wide variety of issues -- all mitigated in very different ways and usually attempted in order to alter the control flow of the process. For this reason, the most effective way to discuss these weaknesses is to note the distinct features which classify them as injection weaknesses. The most important issue to note is that all injection problems share one thing in common -- i.e., they allow for the injection of control plane data into the user-controlled data plane. This means that the execution of the process may be altered by sending code in through legitimate data channels, using no other mechanism. While buffer overflows, and many other flaws, involve the use of some further issue to gain execution, injection problems need only for the data to be parsed. The most classic instantiations of this category of weakness are SQL injection and format string vulnerabilities.",
  "The software provides an Applications Programming Interface (API) or similar interface for interaction with external actors, but the interface includes a dangerous method or function that is not properly restricted.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not adequately filter user-controlled input for special elements with control implications.",
  "The software does not check or incorrectly checks for unusual or exceptional conditions that are not expected to occur frequently during day to day operation of the software.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not handle or incorrectly handles an exceptional condition.",
  "The software does not return custom error pages to the user, possibly exposing sensitive information.",
  "A protocol or its implementation supports interaction between multiple actors and allows those actors to negotiate which algorithm should be used as a protection mechanism such as encryption or authentication, but it does not select the strongest algorithm that is available to both parties.",
  "When a security mechanism can be forced to downgrade to use a less secure algorithm, this can make it easier for attackers to compromise the software by exploiting weaker algorithm. The victim might not be aware that the less secure algorithm is being used. For example, if an attacker can force a communications channel to use cleartext instead of strongly-encrypted data, then the attacker could read the channel by sniffing, instead of going through extra effort of trying to decrypt the data using brute force techniques.",
  "The software uses an API function, data structure, or other entity in a way that relies on properties that are not always guaranteed to hold for that entity.",
  "This can lead to resultant weaknesses when the required properties change, such as when the software is ported to a different platform or if an interaction error (CWE-435) occurs.",
  "The software uses a one-way cryptographic hash against an input that should not be reversible, such as a password, but the software does not also use a salt as part of the input.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software properly neutralizes certain special elements, but it improperly neutralizes equivalent special elements.",
  "The software may have a fixed list of special characters it believes is complete. However, there may be alternate encodings, or representations that also have the same meaning. For example, the software may filter out a leading slash (/) to prevent absolute path names, but does not account for a tilde (~) followed by a user name, which on some *nix systems could be expanded to an absolute pathname. Alternately, the software might filter a dangerous \"-e\" command-line switch when calling an external program, but it might not account for \"--exec\" or other switches that have the same semantics.",
  "The software uses a one-way cryptographic hash against an input that should not be reversible, such as a password, but the software uses a predictable salt as part of the input.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application calls free() on a pointer to a memory resource that was allocated on the heap, but the pointer is not at the start of the buffer.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application attempts to return a memory resource to the system, but it calls a release function that is not compatible with the function that was originally used to allocate that resource.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application attempts to return a memory resource to the system, but calls the wrong release function or calls the appropriate release function incorrectly.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software locks a critical resource more times than intended, leading to an unexpected state in the system.",
  "When software is operating in a concurrent environment and repeatedly locks a critical resource, the consequences will vary based on the type of lock, the lock's implementation, and the resource being protected. In some situations such as with semaphores, the resources are pooled and extra locking calls will reduce the size of the total available pool, possibly leading to degraded performance or a denial of service. If this can be triggered by an attacker, it will be similar to an unrestricted lock (CWE-412). In the context of a binary lock, it is likely that any duplicate locking attempts will never succeed since the lock is already held and progress may not be possible.",
  "The software unlocks a critical resource more times than intended, leading to an unexpected state in the system.",
  "When software is operating in a concurrent environment and repeatedly unlocks a critical resource, the consequences will vary based on the type of lock, the lock's implementation, and the resource being protected. In some situations such as with semaphores, the resources are pooled and extra calls to unlock will increase the count for the number of available resources, likely resulting in a crash or unpredictable behavior when the system nears capacity.",
  "The software declares a critical variable, field, or member to be public when intended security policy requires it to be private.",
  "The software defines a public method that reads or modifies a private variable.",
  "If an attacker modifies the variable to contain unexpected values, this could violate assumptions from other parts of the code. Additionally, if an attacker can read the private variable, it may expose sensitive information or make it easier to launch further attacks.",
  "The software contains a conditional statement with multiple logical expressions in which one of the non-leading expressions may produce side effects. This may lead to an unexpected state in the program after the execution of the conditional, because short-circuiting logic may prevent the side effects from occurring.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software allocates a reusable resource or group of resources on behalf of an actor without imposing any restrictions on the size or number of resources that can be allocated, in violation of the intended security policy for that actor.",
  "The software does not properly maintain a reference to a resource that has been allocated, which prevents the resource from being reclaimed.",
  "This does not necessarily apply in languages or frameworks that automatically perform garbage collection, since the removal of all references may act as a signal that the resource is ready to be reclaimed.",
  "The software does not release a resource after its effective lifetime has ended, i.e., after the resource is no longer needed.",
  "When a resource is not released after use, it can allow attackers to cause a denial of service by causing the allocation of resources without triggering their release. Frequently-affected resources include memory, CPU, disk space, power or battery, etc.",
  "The software does not properly maintain references to a file descriptor or handle, which prevents that file descriptor/handle from being reclaimed.",
  "This can cause the software to consume all available file descriptors or handles, which can prevent other processes from performing critical file processing operations.",
  "The software allocates file descriptors or handles on behalf of an actor without imposing any restrictions on how many descriptors can be allocated, in violation of the intended security policy for that actor.",
  "This can cause the software to consume all available file descriptors or handles, which can prevent other processes from performing critical file processing operations.",
  "The software does not release a file descriptor or handle after its effective lifetime has ended, i.e., after the file descriptor/handle is no longer needed.",
  "When a file descriptor or handle is not released after use (typically by explicitly closing it), attackers can cause a denial of service by consuming all available file descriptors/handles, or otherwise preventing other system processes from obtaining their own file descriptors/handles.",
  "The software uses XML documents and allows their structure to be defined with a Document Type Definition (DTD), but it does not properly control the number of recursive definitions of entities.",
  "If the DTD contains a large number of nested or recursive entities, this can lead to explosive growth of data when parsed, causing a denial of service.",
  "The software uses a regular expression to perform neutralization, but the regular expression is not anchored and may allow malicious or malformed data to slip through.",
  "When performing tasks such as validating against a set of allowed inputs (allowlist), data is examined and possibly modified to ensure that it is well-formed and adheres to a list of safe values. If the regular expression is not anchored, malicious or malformed data may be included before or after any string matching the regular expression. The type of malicious data that is allowed will depend on the context of the application and which anchors are omitted from the regular expression.",
  "When a security-critical event occurs, the software either does not record the event or omits important details about the event when logging it.",
  "When security-critical events are not logged properly, such as a failed login attempt, this can make malicious behavior more difficult to detect and may hinder forensic analysis after an attack succeeds.",
  "The software logs too much information, making log files hard to process and possibly hindering recovery efforts or forensic analysis after an attack.",
  "While logging is a good practice in general, and very high levels of logging are appropriate for debugging stages of development, too much logging in a production environment might hinder a system administrator's ability to detect anomalous conditions. This can provide cover for an attacker while attempting to penetrate a system, clutter the audit trail for forensic analysis, or make it more difficult to debug problems in a production environment.",
  "The software constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software uses the RSA algorithm but does not incorporate Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP), which might weaken the encryption.",
  "Padding schemes are often used with cryptographic algorithms to make the plaintext less predictable and complicate attack efforts. The OAEP scheme is often used with RSA to nullify the impact of predictable common text.",
  "The software defines an IOCTL that uses METHOD_NEITHER for I/O, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates the addresses that are provided.",
  "When an IOCTL uses the METHOD_NEITHER option for I/O control, it is the responsibility of the IOCTL to validate the addresses that have been supplied to it. If validation is missing or incorrect, attackers can supply arbitrary memory addresses, leading to code execution or a denial of service.",
  "The software implements an IOCTL with functionality that should be restricted, but it does not properly enforce access control for the IOCTL.",
  "\n            ",
  "The program uses an expression in which operator precedence causes incorrect logic to be used.",
  "While often just a bug, operator precedence logic errors can have serious consequences if they are used in security-critical code, such as making an authentication decision.",
  "The application uses a protection mechanism that relies on the existence or values of a cookie, but it does not properly ensure that the cookie is valid for the associated user.",
  "Attackers can easily modify cookies, within the browser or by implementing the client-side code outside of the browser. Attackers can bypass protection mechanisms such as authorization and authentication by modifying the cookie to contain an expected value.",
  "The software invokes a function for normalizing paths or file names, but it provides an output buffer that is smaller than the maximum possible size, such as PATH_MAX.",
  "Passing an inadequately-sized output buffer to a path manipulation function can result in a buffer overflow. Such functions include realpath(), readlink(), PathAppend(), and others.",
  "The software reads or writes to a buffer using an index or pointer that references a memory location prior to the beginning of the buffer.",
  "This typically occurs when a pointer or its index is decremented to a position before the buffer, when pointer arithmetic results in a position before the beginning of the valid memory location, or when a negative index is used.",
  "The software writes data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.",
  "Typically, this can result in corruption of data, a crash, or code execution.  The software may modify an index or perform pointer arithmetic that references a memory location that is outside of the boundaries of the buffer.  A subsequent write operation then produces undefined or unexpected results.",
  "The software reads or writes to a buffer using an index or pointer that references a memory location after the end of the buffer.",
  "This typically occurs when a pointer or its index is decremented to a position before the buffer; when pointer arithmetic results in a position before the buffer; or when a negative index is used, which generates a position before the buffer.",
  "The product allocates memory based on an untrusted, large size value, but it does not ensure that the size is within expected limits, allowing arbitrary amounts of memory to be allocated.",
  "The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but does not filter or incorrectly filters special elements before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but does not completely filter special elements before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but does not completely filter one or more instances of special elements before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but only filters a single instance of a special element before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "Incomplete filtering of this nature may be location-dependent, as in only the first or last element is filtered.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but does not filter all instances of a special element before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but only accounts for special elements at a specified location, thereby missing remaining special elements that may exist before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but only accounts for special elements positioned relative to a marker (e.g. \"at the beginning/end of a string; the second argument\"), thereby missing remaining special elements that may exist before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "The software receives data from an upstream component, but only accounts for special elements at an absolute position (e.g. \"byte number 10\"), thereby missing remaining special elements that may exist before sending it to a downstream component.",
  "The software contains hard-coded credentials, such as a password or cryptographic key, which it uses for its own inbound authentication, outbound communication to external components, or encryption of internal data.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not properly limit the number or frequency of interactions that it has with an actor, such as the number of incoming requests.",
  "This can allow the actor to perform actions more frequently than expected. The actor could be a human or an automated process such as a virus or bot. This could be used to cause a denial of service, compromise program logic (such as limiting humans to a single vote), or other consequences. For example, an authentication routine might not limit the number of times an attacker can guess a password. Or, a web site might conduct a poll but only expect humans to vote a maximum of once a day.",
  "When an application exposes a remote interface for an entity bean, it might also expose methods that get or set the bean's data. These methods could be leveraged to read sensitive information, or to change data in ways that violate the application's expectations, potentially leading to other vulnerabilities.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special characters such as \"<\", \">\", and \"&\" that could be interpreted as web-scripting elements when they are sent to a downstream component that processes web pages.",
  "This may allow such characters to be treated as control characters, which are executed client-side in the context of the user's session. Although this can be classified as an injection problem, the more pertinent issue is the improper conversion of such special characters to respective context-appropriate entities before displaying them to the user.",
  "The software uses a CAPTCHA challenge, but the challenge can be guessed or automatically recognized by a non-human actor.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software uses a sequential operation to read or write a buffer, but it uses an incorrect length value that causes it to access memory that is outside of the bounds of the buffer.",
  "When the length value exceeds the size of the destination, a buffer overflow could occur.",
  "The software uses the size of a source buffer when reading from or writing to a destination buffer, which may cause it to access memory that is outside of the bounds of the buffer.",
  "When the size of the destination is smaller than the size of the source, a buffer overflow could occur.",
  "The application uses a protection mechanism that relies on the existence or values of an input, but the input can be modified by an untrusted actor in a way that bypasses the protection mechanism.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special characters that could be interpreted as web-scripting elements when they are sent to an error page.",
  "\n            ",
  "The web application does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes scripting elements within attributes of HTML IMG tags, such as the src attribute.",
  "Attackers can embed XSS exploits into the values for IMG attributes (e.g. SRC) that is streamed and then executed in a victim's browser. Note that when the page is loaded into a user's browsers, the exploit will automatically execute.",
  "The software utilizes a shared resource in a concurrent manner but does not attempt to synchronize access to the resource.",
  "If access to a shared resource is not synchronized, then the resource may not be in a state that is expected by the software. This might lead to unexpected or insecure behaviors, especially if an attacker can influence the shared resource.",
  "The software utilizes a shared resource in a concurrent manner, but it does not correctly synchronize access to the resource.",
  "If access to a shared resource is not correctly synchronized, then the resource may not be in a state that is expected by the software. This might lead to unexpected or insecure behaviors, especially if an attacker can influence the shared resource.",
  "The program obtains a value from an untrusted source, converts this value to a pointer, and dereferences the resulting pointer.",
  "\n            ",
  "The program performs pointer arithmetic on a valid pointer, but it uses an offset that can point outside of the intended range of valid memory locations for the resulting pointer.",
  "\n            ",
  "The program accesses or uses a pointer that has not been initialized.",
  "\n            ",
  "The program dereferences a pointer that contains a location for memory that was previously valid, but is no longer valid.",
  "When a program releases memory, but it maintains a pointer to that memory, then the memory might be re-allocated at a later time. If the original pointer is accessed to read or write data, then this could cause the program to read or modify data that is in use by a different function or process. Depending on how the newly-allocated memory is used, this could lead to a denial of service, information exposure, or code execution.",
  "The program releases a resource that is still intended to be used by the program itself or another actor.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not restrict a reference to a Document Type Definition (DTD) to the intended control sphere. This might allow attackers to reference arbitrary DTDs, possibly causing the software to expose files, consume excessive system resources, or execute arbitrary http requests on behalf of the attacker.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software defines a signal handler that contains code sequences that are not asynchronous-safe, i.e., the functionality is not reentrant, or it can be interrupted.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software imports, requires, or includes executable functionality (such as a library) from a source that is outside of the intended control sphere.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes \"javascript:\" or other URIs from dangerous attributes within tags, such as onmouseover, onload, onerror, or style.",
  "The software includes web functionality (such as a web widget) from another domain, which causes it to operate within the domain of the software, potentially granting total access and control of the software to the untrusted source.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software defines a function that is used as a handler for more than one signal.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software attempts to unlock a resource that is not locked.",
  "Depending on the locking functionality, an unlock of a non-locked resource might cause memory corruption or other modification to the resource (or its associated metadata that is used for tracking locks).",
  "The software contains multiple threads or executable segments that are waiting for each other to release a necessary lock, resulting in deadlock.",
  "The software performs an iteration or loop without sufficiently limiting the number of times that the loop is executed.",
  "If the iteration can be influenced by an attacker, this weakness could allow attackers to consume excessive resources such as CPU or memory. In many cases, a loop does not need to be infinite in order to cause enough resource consumption to adversely affect the software or its host system; it depends on the amount of resources consumed per iteration.",
  "The program contains an iteration or loop with an exit condition that cannot be reached, i.e., an infinite loop.",
  "If the loop can be influenced by an attacker, this weakness could allow attackers to consume excessive resources such as CPU or memory.",
  "The software records password hashes in a data store, receives a hash of a password from a client, and compares the supplied hash to the hash obtained from the data store.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software requires that an actor should only be able to perform an action once, or to have only one unique action, but the software does not enforce or improperly enforces this restriction.",
  "In various applications, a user is only expected to perform a certain action once, such as voting, requesting a refund, or making a purchase. When this restriction is not enforced, sometimes this can have security implications. For example, in a voting application, an attacker could attempt to \"stuff the ballot box\" by voting multiple times. If these votes are counted separately, then the attacker could directly affect who wins the vote. This could have significant business impact depending on the purpose of the software.",
  "The software uses or specifies an encoding when generating output to a downstream component, but the specified encoding is not the same as the encoding that is expected by the downstream component.",
  "\n            ",
  "The program checks a value to ensure that it is less than or equal to a maximum, but it does not also verify that the value is greater than or equal to the minimum.",
  "\n            ",
  "The web application improperly neutralizes user-controlled input for executable script disguised with URI encodings.",
  "The software supports a session in which more than one behavior must be performed by an actor, but it does not properly ensure that the actor performs the behaviors in the required sequence.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software or the administrator places a user into an incorrect group.",
  "If the incorrect group has more access or privileges than the intended group, the user might be able to bypass intended security policy to access unexpected resources or perform unexpected actions. The access-control system might not be able to detect malicious usage of this group membership.",
  "The program allocates or initializes a resource such as a pointer, object, or variable using one type, but it later accesses that resource using a type that is incompatible with the original type.",
  "\n            ",
  "The web application does not filter user-controlled input for executable script disguised using doubling of the involved characters.",
  "The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes invalid characters or byte sequences in the middle of tag names, URI schemes, and other identifiers.",
  "Some web browsers may remove these sequences, resulting in output that may have unintended control implications. For example, the software may attempt to remove a \"javascript:\" URI scheme, but a \"java%00script:\" URI may bypass this check and still be rendered as active javascript by some browsers, allowing XSS or other attacks.",
  "The software does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action, but it does not correctly perform the check. This allows attackers to bypass intended access restrictions.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controlled input for alternate script syntax.",
  "The software constructs a string for a command to executed by a separate component\nin another control sphere, but it does not properly delimit the\nintended arguments, options, or switches within that command string.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software constructs all or part of an SQL command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended SQL command when it is sent to a downstream component.",
  "\n            ",
  "If elevated access rights are assigned to EJB methods, then an attacker can take advantage of the permissions to exploit the software system.",
  "If the EJB deployment descriptor contains one or more method permissions that grant access to the special ANYONE role, it indicates that access control for the application has not been fully thought through or that the application is structured in such a way that reasonable access control restrictions are impossible.",
  "The software constructs all or part of an LDAP query using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended LDAP query when it is sent to a downstream component.",
  "The software uses or accesses a resource that has not been initialized.",
  "When a resource has not been properly initialized, the software may behave unexpectedly. This may lead to a crash or invalid memory access, but the consequences vary depending on the type of resource and how it is used within the software.",
  "The software does not initialize a critical resource.",
  "Many resources require initialization before they can be properly used. If a resource is not initialized, it could contain unpredictable or expired data, or it could be initialized to defaults that are invalid. This can have security implications when the resource is expected to have certain properties or values.",
  "The software does not properly neutralize special elements that are used in XML, allowing attackers to modify the syntax, content, or commands of the XML before it is processed by an end system.",
  "Within XML, special elements could include reserved words or characters such as \"<\", \">\", \"\"\", and \"&\", which could then be used to add new data or modify XML syntax.",
  "The software uses or accesses a file descriptor after it has been closed.",
  "After a file descriptor for a particular file or device has been released, it can be reused. The code might not write to the original file, since the reused file descriptor might reference a different file or device.",
  "The software uses a reference count to manage a resource, but it does not update or incorrectly updates the reference count.",
  "Reference counts can be used when tracking how many objects contain a reference to a particular resource, such as in memory management or garbage collection. When the reference count reaches zero, the resource can be de-allocated or reused because there are no more objects that use it. If the reference count accidentally reaches zero, then the resource might be released too soon, even though it is still in use. If all objects no longer use the resource, but the reference count is not zero, then the resource might not ever be released.",
  "The software contains functionality that is not documented, not part of the specification, and not accessible through an interface or command sequence that is obvious to the software's users or administrators.",
  "Hidden functionality can take many forms, such as intentionally malicious code, \"Easter Eggs\" that contain extraneous functionality such as games, developer-friendly shortcuts that reduce maintenance or support costs such as hard-coded accounts, etc. From a security perspective, even when the functionality is not intentionally malicious or damaging, it can increase the software's attack surface and expose additional weaknesses beyond what is already exposed by the intended functionality. Even if it is not easily accessible, the hidden functionality could be useful for attacks that modify the control flow of the application.",
  "The software does not properly restrict reading from or writing to dynamically-managed code resources such as variables, objects, classes, attributes, functions, or executable instructions or statements.",
  "Many languages offer powerful features that allow the programmer to dynamically create or modify existing code, or resources used by code such as variables and objects. While these features can offer significant flexibility and reduce development time, they can be extremely dangerous if attackers can directly influence these code resources in unexpected ways.",
  "The software does not properly restrict reading from or writing to dynamically-identified variables.",
  "Many languages offer powerful features that allow the programmer to access arbitrary variables that are specified by an input string. While these features can offer significant flexibility and reduce development time, they can be extremely dangerous if attackers can modify unintended variables that have security implications.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component that specifies multiple attributes, properties, or fields that are to be initialized or updated in an object, but it does not properly control which attributes can be modified.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software generates a hash for a password, but it uses a scheme that does not provide a sufficient level of computational effort that would make password cracking attacks infeasible or expensive.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software constructs all or part of an expression language (EL) statement in a Java Server Page (JSP) using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended EL statement before it is executed.",
  "The web server receives a URL or similar request from an upstream component and retrieves the contents of this URL, but it does not sufficiently ensure that the request is being sent to the expected destination.",
  "By providing URLs to unexpected hosts or ports, attackers can make it appear that the server is sending the request, possibly bypassing access controls such as firewalls that prevent the attackers from accessing the URLs directly. The server can be used as a proxy to conduct port scanning of hosts in internal networks, use other URLs such as that can access documents on the system (using file://), or use other protocols such as gopher:// or tftp://, which may provide greater control over the contents of requests.",
  "The software operates in an environment in which power is a limited resource that cannot be automatically replenished, but the software does not properly restrict the amount of power that its operation consumes.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software stores sensitive information in a file system or device that does not have built-in access control.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software stores sensitive information without properly limiting read or write access by unauthorized actors.",
  "If read access is not properly restricted, then attackers can steal the sensitive information. If write access is not properly restricted, then attackers can modify and possibly delete the data, causing incorrect results and possibly a denial of service.",
  "The software establishes a communication channel to (or from) an endpoint for privileged or protected operations, but it does not properly ensure that it is communicating with the correct endpoint.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software establishes a communication channel with an endpoint and receives a message from that endpoint, but it does not sufficiently ensure that the message was not modified during transmission.",
  "Attackers might be able to modify the message and spoof the endpoint by interfering with the data as it crosses the network or by redirecting the connection to a system under their control.",
  "The Android application uses a Broadcast Receiver that receives an Intent but does not properly verify that the Intent came from an authorized source.",
  "Certain types of Intents, identified by action string, can only be broadcast by the operating system itself, not by third-party applications. However, when an application registers to receive these implicit system intents, it is also registered to receive any explicit intents. While a malicious application cannot send an implicit system intent, it can send an explicit intent to the target application, which may assume that any received intent is a valid implicit system intent and not an explicit intent from another application. This may lead to unintended behavior.",
  "The Android application exports a component for use by other applications, but does not properly restrict which applications can launch the component or access the data it contains.",
  "\n            ",
  "The Android application uses an implicit intent for transmitting sensitive data to other applications.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software uses CRLF (carriage return line feeds) as a special element, e.g. to separate lines or records, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes CRLF sequences from inputs.",
  "The software uses a handler for a custom URL scheme, but it does not properly restrict which actors can invoke the handler using the scheme.",
  "Mobile platforms and other architectures allow the use of custom URL schemes to facilitate communication between applications. In the case of iOS, this is the only method to do inter-application communication. The implementation is at the developer's discretion which may open security flaws in the application. An example could be potentially dangerous functionality such as modifying files through a custom URL scheme.",
  "The software constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software establishes a communication channel to handle an incoming request that has been initiated by an actor, but it does not properly verify that the request is coming from the expected origin.",
  "When an attacker can successfully establish a communication channel from an untrusted origin, the attacker may be able to gain privileges and access unexpected functionality.",
  "The software creates a communication channel to initiate an outgoing request to an actor, but it does not correctly specify the intended destination for that actor.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software uses a cross-domain policy file that includes domains that should not be trusted.",
  "\n            ",
  "The application generates a query intended to access or manipulate data in a data store such as a database, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that can modify the intended logic of the query.",
  "\n            ",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes code syntax before using the input in a dynamic evaluation call (e.g. \"eval\").",
  "This may allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code, or at least modify what code can be executed.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes code syntax before inserting the input into an executable resource, such as a library, configuration file, or template.",
  "The software generates a web page, but does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input that could be interpreted as a server-side include (SSI) directive.",
  "The PHP application receives input from an upstream component, but it does not restrict or incorrectly restricts the input before its usage in \"require,\" \"include,\" or similar functions.",
  "In certain versions and configurations of PHP, this can allow an attacker to specify a URL to a remote location from which the software will obtain the code to execute. In other cases in association with path traversal, the attacker can specify a local file that may contain executable statements that can be parsed by PHP.",
  "The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not restrict or incorrectly restricts the input before it is used as an identifier for a resource that may be outside the intended sphere of control.",
  "\n            "
]