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COSL Precision.tex
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COSL Precision.tex
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\documentclass[a4paper,article,oneside]{memoir}
\counterwithout{section}{chapter}
\setsecnumdepth{subsection}
\maxtocdepth{subsection}
\usepackage{microtype}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{nicefrac}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{marginnote}
%\usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor} % moved to grbbridge.sty
\usepackage{grbbridge}
\setboolean{spellten}{true}
\usepackage{url}
\newcommand{\gap}{\vspace{\baselineskip}}
\newcommand{\hcp}{\textsc{hcp}}
\newcommand{\sq}{\textsc{sq}}
\newcommand{\ltc}{\textsc{ltc}}
\newcommand{\orf}[1]{#1\textcolor{ForestGreen}{\dag}} % One round force
\newcommand{\gf}[1]{#1\textcolor{Orange}{\ddag}} % Game force
\newcommand{\excp}[1]{\textcolor{MidnightBlue}{#1}} % Exception
\newcommand{\hyp}[1]{\hyperlink{#1}{$\hookrightarrow$}} % Hyperlink
\begin{document}
\title{COSL Precision Bidding System}
\author{Sudhir Shenoy}
\date{v2.70, 6 June 2021}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\gap\gap
\emph{Note}: In the text, bids that are forcing to game are marked
with a double-dagger (\gf{}) symbol. Bids that are forcing for at
least one round are marked with a dagger (\orf{}) symbol. Descriptions
of exceptions or unintuitive bids are highlighted \excp{like so}.
A right-pointer (\hyp{}) symbol in the text is a \emph{hyperlink} that
jumps to a related section describing follow-up bids or
examples. Depending on the PDF viewer used, this may also be outlined
by a box.
\pagebreak
\section{Opening bids}
All strong hands (\excp{with one exception\footnote{Balanced 22-23
point hands are opened \Nt{2}.}}) are opened \orf{\Cl{1}} which is
forcing for one round.
In general, a major suit opening shows $5^+$-cards and the higher
ranking suit is opened with suits of equal length. A no-trump opening
shows a balanced hand with a possible 5-card minor. A club suit can be
opened with \Cl{2} with six or more cards in the suit.
A \Di{1} opening would normally be made with at least a 3-card holding
but could \excp{sometimes be made with a doubleton} when bidding
\Nt{1} or \Cl{2} is not attractive e.g., \hhand{AQJT,KQ,76,J7642}
(only 5 clubs) or \hhand{AKT9,AK98,32,432} (both majors, two suits
unstopped). Three suited hands with a singleton or void in diamonds
are opened with an artificial bid of \Di{2}.
All opening bids from \Di{1} through \Di{2} are made with between 11
and 15 \emph{high card points} (\hcp). The strictly limited nature of
these openings means that, in general, partner is not forced to
respond with less than 8\hcp.
\begin{longtable}{>{\raggedright}p{1.5cm}p{9.5cm}}
\hline
\orf{\Cl{1}} & $16^+$\hcp\ (unbalanced) or $17^+$\hcp\
(balanced). Hands with a powerful $6^+$-card suit
that can play opposite a singleton and have 15\hcp\
with a void or singleton should also be opened with
\Cl{1}, e.g., \hhand{AQJT98,8,KQ7,QJT}.
\hyp{1c} \\
\Di{1} & 11-15\hcp, $3^+$-cards in \Di{} (\excp{could be 2}), no
5-card major and less than 6 clubs.
\hyp{1d} \\
\He{1},
\Sp{1} & 11-15\hcp, $5^+$-cards in suit bid.
\hyp{1major} \\
\Nt{1} & 14-16\hcp\ in $1^{st}$/$2^{nd}$ positions and
\excp{15-17\hcp\ in $3^{rd}$/$4^{th}$ position},
balanced. May have a five-card minor and even a 5-4-2-2
distribution with a five-card minor is acceptable with
stoppers in the doubletons.
\hyp{1nt} \\
\Cl{2} & 11-15\hcp, $6^+$-card club suit (7\sq\ hand), may have a 4
or 5-card major. \hyp{2c} \\
\orf{\Di{2}} & 11-15\hcp, 5-4-3-1, 4-4-4-1 or 5-4-4-0 shape with
short diamonds (a 5-card suit, if present, would be
clubs). \hyp{2d} \\
\He{2},
\Sp{2} & 6-10\hcp, \emph{exactly} six cards in suit with two of the
top three or three of the top five honours.
\hyp{2major} \\
\Nt{2} & 22-23\hcp, balanced hand, no 5-card
suit. \hyp{2nt} \\
\Sp{3},
\He{3},
\Di{3},
\Cl{3} & Preemptive, 0-10\hcp, $7^+$-card suit (\sq\ of 9 when
vulnerable and 8 non-vulnerable). Apply rule of 2/3/4.
\hyp{3preempt} \\
\Nt{3} & ``\emph{Gambling}'', solid $7^+$-card minor suit (\emph{AKQ} or
better) with \emph{no outside ace or
king}. \hyp{3nt} \\
\gf{\Cl{4}},
\gf{\Di{4}} & \emph{Namyats}---long semi-solid major suit (usually
$8^+$-cards) with 8 or more tricks, constructive.
\excp{Used in $1^{st}$ or $2^{nd}$ seat only}.
\hyp{namyats} \\
\He{4},
\Sp{4} & Preemptive with $7\nicefrac{1}{2}$ tricks. \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
As in \emph{Standard American}, a \Nt{1} response over an opening of
one of a major is forcing for one round. Like the \emph{2/1 Game
Force} system a two-over-one response is mostly forcing to game.
In most cases, the bidding in \emph{Precision} does not change with
vulnerability or seat position.
\pagebreak
\section{Responses to \Cl{1}}
\hypertarget{1c} The responses to \orf{\Cl{1}} can be negative, constructive
or positive. All positive responses are forcing to game, i.e., holding
such a hand, you want to be in a game contract opposite any random
8\hcp\ hand.
\begin{longtable}{>{\raggedright}p{2cm}p{9cm}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{Negative response}}} \\
\orf{\Di{1}} & 0-7\hcp, no long major suit. \excp{Note that with an
ace and a king (3 controls) either in the same suit
or two different $4^+$-card suits, a positive
response should be made}.
\hyp{1c1d} \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{Constructive responses}}} \\
\He{2},
\Sp{2} & 4-7\hcp, $6^+$-card suit with two of the top four honours
\excp{but not both \emph{A} and \emph{K} when a positive
suit response should be made}.
\hyp{1c2major} \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{Positive responses---forcing to game}}} \\
\gf{\He{1}},
\gf{\Sp{1}},
\gf{\Cl{2}},
\gf{\Di{2}} & $8^+$\hcp, $5^+$-cards in suit. There are no
restrictions on suit quality.
\hyp{1csuit} \\
\gf{\Nt{1}} & 8-13\hcp, balanced hand with no five-card
suit. \hyp{1c1nt} \\
\gf{\Nt{2}} & $14^+$\hcp, balanced hand, \underline{forcing to
\Nt{4}}. \hyp{1c2nt} \\
\gf{\Sp{3}} & A solid 7 or 8 card suit (with or without side
controls) that will play for no losers opposite a
singleton, e.g., \emph{AKQJxxx} or
\emph{AKQxxxxx}. \hyp{1cl3sp} \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{Unusual positive---three-suited hands without a 5-card suit}}} \\
\gf{\Cl{3}} & 8-11\hcp\ or less than four controls, 4-4-4-1 shape
with a black singleton (spades or clubs).
\hyp{unusualpositive} \\
\gf{\Di{3}} & 8-11\hcp\ or less than four controls, 4-4-4-1 shape
with a red singleton (hearts or diamonds).
\hyp{unusualpositive} \\
\gf{\He{3}},
\gf{\Nt{3}},
\gf{\Cl{4}},
\gf{\Di{4}} & $12^+$\hcp\ \underline{and} $4^+$-controls, 4-4-4-1
shape with a singleton in the suit above the one bid (\Sp{},
\Cl{}, \Di{}, \He{} respectively).
\hyp{unusualpositive} \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
\subsection{Bidding after a negative response}
\hypertarget{1c1d} Opener rebids no-trumps with balanced hands
(\Nt{1}: 17-19\hcp, \Nt{2}: 20-21\hcp, \Nt{3}: 24-26\hcp), a 5-card
suit with 16-21\hcp\ and jumps in a 5-card suit with powerful hands
($22^+$\hcp). The jump rebid in a suit may be made with a lower
point-count given greater playing strength.
Examples of bidding after a negative response can be found
here. \hyp{ex1c1d}
\begin{longtable}{ p{1.5cm}p{9.5cm}}
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{Balanced hands}}} \\
\Nt{1} & 17-19\hcp, balanced, no 5-card major (\excp{18-19\hcp\ in
$3^{rd}$/$4^{th}$ position}). Responder's rebids are: \\
& \begin{tabular}{lp{7cm}}
\emph{Pass} & 0-5\hcp, no major suit to escape to. \\
\orf{\Cl{2}} & 6-7\hcp, \emph{Stayman}.
\hyp{stayman} \\
\orf{\Di{2}},
\orf{\He{2}} & 0-7\hcp, transfer to \He{2} and \Sp{2}
respectively. Responder will invite with
7\hcp\ and pass with 0-6\hcp\ unless
opener \emph{super-accepts}.
\hyp{superaccept} \\
\orf{\Di{4}},
\orf{\He{4}} & \emph{Texas} transfers to \He{4} and
\Sp{4} respectively. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\Nt{2} & 20-21\hcp, balanced, \emph{may have a 5-card
major}. Responder's rebids are: \\
& \begin{tabular}{lp{7cm}}
\emph{Pass} & 0-3\hcp. \\
\orf{\Cl{3}} & 4-7\hcp, \emph{Puppet Stayman} asking for
5-card majors if any.
\hyp{puppetstayman} \\
\orf{\Di{3}},
\orf{\He{3}} & Weak, transfer to \He{3} and \Sp{3}
respectively. \\
\Nt{3} & 4-5\hcp, sign-off. \\
\orf{\Di{4}},
\orf{\He{4}} & Transfer to \He{4} and
\Sp{4}---sign-off. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\Nt{3} & 24-26\hcp, balanced hand, \emph{may have a 5-card
major}. Responder's rebids are: \\
& \begin{tabular}{p{1.5cm}p{6.5cm}}
\emph{Pass} & 0-4\hcp, balanced. \\
\orf{\emph{4 of
suit}} & 5-7\hcp, $5^+$-cards. Opener bids one above suit
(\Di{4}, \He{4}, \Sp{4} or \Nt{4}) to show fit
and start \emph{Roman key-card
Blackwood}.
\hyp{blackwood} \\
\Nt{4} & 5-7\hcp, no 5-card suit, quantitative. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{Unbalanced hands}}} \\
\He{1},
\Sp{1} & 5$^+$-card suit, non-forcing. Can be only four cards if
opener started with a 4-4-4-1 shape (with a singleton
minor, opener will rebid \He{1}). Responder's rebids are: \\
& \begin{tabular}{lp{6.7cm}}
\emph{Pass} & 0-4\hcp, especially when balanced. \\
\orf{\Sp{1}} & 4-7\hcp, $4^+$-cards, may have three
hearts. It is important to bid the spades
before supporting hearts since opener may
have bid \He{1} holding a 4-4-4-1
distribution with both majors. \\
\Nt{1} & 5-7\hcp, no 5-card suit, no 4-card spade after
\He{1}. May have 3-card support. This bid should
be avoided as far as possible to prevent the
strong hand from coming down. \\
\Cl{2},
\Di{2} & 5-7\hcp, 5-card suit, denies 3-card support. \\
\emph{Single raise} & 4-5\hcp\ with $3^+$-card support. \\
\emph{Double raise} & 6-7\hcp\ with $3^+$-card support. \\
\gf{\emph{Jump shift}} & \emph{Splinter} with $4^+$-card
support showing slam
interest. E.g., bid \Cl{4} when
holding \hhand{JT98,93,AJT987,5}
after opener rebids \Sp{1}. A
splinter of \Cl{3} would be
slightly weaker showing a
game-going hand. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\Cl{2},
\Di{2} & $5^+$-card suit, may have a 4-card major,
non-forcing. Responses have the same structure as over
\He{1} and \Sp{1}. \\
\orf{\He{2}},
\orf{\Sp{2}} & Powerful hand with $22^+$\hcp\ and $5^+$-card suit,
equivalent of a \Cl{2} opener in \emph{Standard
American}. Responder's rebids are: \\
& \begin{tabular}{lp{6.7cm}}
\Nt{2} & 0-3\hcp, minimum, no support. \\
\Nt{3} & 4-7\hcp\ maximum, spread values, no support. \\
\emph{Raise} & 0-3\hcp, minimum, $3^+$-card support. \\
\emph{Game raise} & 4-7\hcp, maximum, $3^+$-card support,
no specific values in other suits. \\
\orf{\emph{New suit}} & 4-7\hcp, values in suit, does not
deny support for partner's
suit. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\orf{\Cl{3}},
\orf{\Di{3}} & Very strong unbalanced hand with a long minor and
good playing strength that is too strong for either
\Cl{2} or \Di{2}. E.g., \hhand{A,AK,KQJT876,QJ5} or
\hhand{KQJ5,6,A,AKQT964}. \\
\gf{\He{3}},
\gf{\Sp{3}} & Extremely powerful hand with a solid suit and at least
nine tricks. This bid sets trumps and asks responder
to cue-bid an ace or void. E.g.,
\hhand{AKQJT98,4,KJ3,AK} or \hhand{65,AKQT7543,AKJ,}
where a slam is on if responder can cue-bid. Responder
bids: \\
& \begin{tabular}{lp{6.7cm}}
\orf{\emph{New suit}} & First-round control---ace or void
in suit. \\
\orf{\Nt{3}} & No first round control but has a king or
singleton in a non-trump suit. Opener rebids
\Cl{4} to ask which suit. \\
\emph{Game raise} & Denies ace, king, singleton or void. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
\subsection{Bidding after a constructive response}
\hypertarget{1c2major} Since responder is showing a strictly limited
hand of 4-7\hcp\ with a long suit, the opener needs to decide on the
best contract. If there is no chance for game or slam, he should pass
with a tolerance for responder's suit.
\begin{longtable}{ p{2cm}p{9cm}}
\hline
\emph{Pass} & Game unlikely. \\
\He{4}, \Sp{4} & Sign-off, to play. \\
\orf{\emph{New suit}} & Natural, $5^+$-card suit. Responder's rebids
are: \\
& \begin{tabular}{>{\raggedright}p{1.8cm}p{6.3cm}}
\emph{Raise} & $3^+$-card support (or \emph{Qx}). \\
\emph{Rebid suit} & Minimum, no support. \\
\Nt{3} & Maximum, no support. \\
\orf{\emph{New
suit}} & Maximum, $3^+$-card support and a singleton
or void in suit bid. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\gf{\Nt{2}} & Showing support for suit and asking for
shortness. Responders's rebids are: \\
& \begin{tabular}{p{1.8cm}p{5cm}}
\emph{Rebid suit} & Minimum, no singleton or
void. \\
\emph{New suit} & Singleton or void in bid suit. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\Nt{3} & \emph{AQ} or \emph{KQ} in suit. \\
\orf{\Cl{4}} & \emph{Roman key-card} ask \excp{with modified
responses} since responder cannot have more than 2
key cards.
\hyp{blackwoodmod} \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
\subsection{Bidding after a positive no-trump response}
\hypertarget{1c1nt} A no-trump response shows a balanced hand with
8-13\hcp\ (\Nt{1}) or $14^+$\hcp\ (\Nt{2}). After a \Nt{1} response,
opener can either (a) bid his own suit at the 2-level showing a
5-carder, (b) bid his own suit at the 3-level showing a very strong
hand with slam interest, (c) bid \orf{\Cl{2}} (\emph{Transfer Stayman})
or (d) raise no-trumps.
\textcolor{red}{\emph{All bidding sequences are forcing to game}}.
Examples of bidding after a positive no-trump response are available
here. \hyp{ex1cnt}
\subsubsection{\emph{Transfer Stayman}---\Cl{1}--1NT--\Cl{2}}
Responder's rebids after opener's \emph{Transfer Stayman} bid
are:
\begin{longtable}{ p{1.5cm}p{9.5cm}}
\hline
\Di{2} & 8-10\hcp, 4 card \He{}, may have 4 card \Sp{}. Opener's
rebids are: \\
& \begin{tabular}{lp{7cm}}
\He{2} & Relay affirming fit in hearts---responder should
bid \Nt{2} with 4-3-3-3 or a second suit at
3-level. \\
\Sp{2} & 4-card \Sp{}, no 4-card \He{}. \\
\Nt{2} & No 4-card major. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\He{2} & 8-10\hcp, 4 card \Sp{}, denies 4-card \He{}.
Opener rebids: \\
& \begin{tabular}{lp{7cm}}
\Sp{2} & Relay affirming fit in spades---responder bids
\Nt{2} with 4-3-3-3 else second suit at
3-level. \\
\Nt{2} & No 4-card \Sp{}, may have 4-card \He{}. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\Sp{2} & 8-10\hcp, no 4 card major. Opener then bids \Nt{2} to ask
for a further description. Responder's rebids are: \\
& \begin{tabular}{lp{6cm}}
\Cl{3},
\Di{3} & 4-3-3-3 with 4-card suit. \\
\He{3} & 4-4 in minors with three hearts. \\
\Sp{3} & 4-4 in minors with three spades. \\
\Nt{3} & 5-card minor. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\Nt{2} & 11-13\hcp, 4-3-3-3 shape. \Cl{3} by opener is then a relay
asking responder to bid his 4-card suit (\Nt{3} with
clubs). \\
\Cl{3} & 11-13\hcp, 4-4-3-2 shape with 4 clubs. Opener bids \Di{3}
as a relay and responder bids \He{3} with spades, \Sp{3}
with hearts and \Nt{3} with diamonds.\\
\Di{3} & 11-13\hcp, 4-4-3-2 shape with \Di{} and \He{}. \\
\He{3} & 11-13\hcp, 4-4-3-2 shape with \He{} and \Sp{}. \\
\Sp{3} & 11-13\hcp, 4-4-3-2 shape with \Sp{} and \Di{}. \\
\Nt{3} & 11-13\hcp, 5-card minor suit. \Cl{4} by opener is then a
relay asking responder to bid his suit. \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
\subsubsection{Suit bid after \Cl{1}--1NT}
When opener has a possible trump suit, he bids it asking responder to
show shape and point range. With a very strong hand and a good suit,
he can jump in the suit setting trumps and asking partner for his
holding in that suit.
\begin{longtable}{>{\raggedright}p{1.5cm}p{9.5cm}}
\hline
\Di{2},
\He{2},
\Sp{2},
\Nt{2} & $5^+$-card suit, \emph{support-asking bid} (\Nt{2} shows
clubs). Responder's rebids are (minimum = 8-10\hcp, maximum
= 11-13\hcp, support = \emph{Hxx}, \emph{xxxx} or
better): \\
& \begin{tabular}{ll}
\emph{1 step} & Minimum and no support. \\
\emph{2 steps} & Minimum with support. \\
\emph{3 steps} & Maximum and no support. \\
\emph{4 steps} & Maximum with support. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\Cl{3},
\Di{3},
\He{3},
\Sp{3} & Very strong hand with slam interest, sets
trumps and asks for responder's holding in
the suit bid. Responses are in steps: \\
& \begin{tabular}{ll}
\emph{1 step} & Two or three spot cards. \\
\emph{2 steps} & Doubleton honour. \\
\emph{3 steps} & Tripleton honour. \\
\emph{4 steps} & Two honours doubleton. \\
\emph{5 steps} & Two honours tripleton. \\
\emph{6 steps} & Four card support. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
\underline{Any suit bid} after a support-asking bid is an $\epsilon$
control-asking bid in that suit. \hyp{epsilon}
\subsubsection{No-Trump raise after \Cl{1}--1NT}
Since \excp{a raise to \Nt{2} shows a club suit} (see above), there
are only two possible raises in no-trumps---\Nt{3} and \Nt{4}.
\begin{longtable}{ p{1.5cm}p{9.5cm}}
\hline
\Nt{3} & Minimum balanced hand with no four-card major nor interest
in slam. \\
\Nt{4} & Quantitative raise with a balanced hand and no four-card
major inviting slam if responder has a maximum. \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
\subsubsection{Bidding after \Cl{1}--2NT}
\hypertarget{1c2nt} A \Nt{2} response shows $14^+$\hcp\ and
immediately puts the partnership in slam range. It is, therefore,
\underline{forcing to \Nt{4}}. Responses are:
\begin{longtable}{ p{2.5cm}p{8.5cm}}
\hline
\Cl{3} & \emph{Baron}---asking responder to show 4-card suits
upwards (\Nt{3} would show 4-3-3-3 with four clubs). \\
\Di{3},
\He{3},
\Sp{3},
\Cl{4} & $5^+$-card suit. Subsequent bidding is natural. \\
\Nt{3} & Asks responder to clarify his point range as follows: \\
& \begin{tabular}{lp{6.5cm}}
\Cl{4} & 14-15\hcp. \\
\Di{4} & 16-17\hcp. \\
\He{4} & 18-19\hcp. \\
\Sp{4} & 20-21\hcp. \\
\Nt{4} & $22^+$\hcp. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
\subsection{Bidding after a positive suit response}
\hypertarget{1csuit} Opener rebids no-trumps with a balanced
hand. With support for responder's suit he has the option of
initiating a series of \emph{asking bids}.\footnote{As a rule of
thumb, asking bids should not be used if two of the outside suits
are missing first-round controls. This is because once asking bids
are triggered, there is no way to return to natural bidding.} With
an unbalanced hand and no support for responder's suit, opener bids
his suit and further bidding is natural.
With a 4-4-4-1 distribution, if responder bids the singleton suit,
opener should rebid no-trumps. E.g., \Nt{1} over \He{1} or \Nt{2} over
\Di{2}. If responder rebids his suit, opener should rebid \Nt{}.
Partner should cater to this possibility and insist on his suit as
trumps only with a $6^+$-card suit.
\textcolor{red}{\emph{All bids short of game are forcing}}.
Examples of bidding after a positive response in a suit are available
here. \hyp{ex1suit}
\begin{longtable}{ p{2.5cm}p{8.5cm}}
\hline
\emph{New suit} & $5^+$-card suit, denies 3-card support for
responder's suit. Subsequent bids are natural to
find the correct game contract. Responder's rebids
are: \\
& \begin{tabular}{lp{5.5cm}}
\emph{New suit} & $4^+$-card suit. \\
\emph{Raise} & $3^+$-card support. \\
\emph{Rebid suit} & $6^+$-card suit, semi-solid
if minor. \\
\emph{No-trumps} & 5-3-3-2 shape, values in
unbid suits. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\Nt{1} & 17-19\hcp, balanced (\Nt{2} over \Cl{2} or \Di{2}). No
5-card major, may have 3-card support (shows shape first).
After \He{1} or \Sp{1}, a \emph{jump rebid} of the suit by
responder would show a semi-solid $6^+$-card suit. A
\emph{jump shift} would show a 5-5 two-suited limited
hand---typically \emph{KQxxx} in both suits with nothing
outside. \\
\Nt{2} & 20-21\hcp, balanced (\Nt{3} over \Cl{2} or \Di{2}). No
5-card major, may have 3-card support. \\
\emph{Single raise} & $\gamma$ \emph{trump-asking} bid---indicates a
powerful hand with distinct slam
possibilities. \hyp{gamma}
Any further new suits bid by opener after the
$\gamma$ response will be $\epsilon$
\emph{suit control-asking} bids.
\hyp{epsilon} \\
\emph{Double raise} & Minimum balanced hand, 4-card support with
good controls. Avoids $\gamma$/$\epsilon$
sequences. \\
\emph{Game raise} & Minimum balanced hand, 4-card fit with poor
controls. \\
\Sp{3},
\Cl{4},
\Di{4},
\He{4} & \emph{Splinter} bid with $4^+$-card support and a singleton
or void in the bid suit. \\
\Nt{4} & \emph{Roman key-card Blackwood}.
\hyp{blackwood} \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
In general, over a minor suit positive response, a rebid in no-trumps
by opener is preferred if it is likely that the final contract will be
\Nt{3}. This will ensure that the strong hand is declarer. Similarly,
with a 5-card minor suit, opener should consider rebidding no-trumps
rather than his suit since, in most cases, \Nt{3} is preferable to
five of a minor.
\subsection{Bidding after a \Sp{3} response}
\hypertarget{1cl3sp} The \gf{\Sp{3}} response is artificial and shows a solid
$7^+$-card suit headed by \emph{AKQ} with or without outside
controls. The suit should be obvious on most occasions.
\textcolor{red}{\emph{All bidding sequences are forcing to game}}.
Bidding examples are available here. \hyp{ex1c3s}
Opener's rebids are:
\begin{longtable}{p{1cm}p{10cm}}
\hline
\Nt{3} & To play. Responder should pass unless he has many outside
controls. \\
\Cl{4} & $\beta$-ask for \emph{outside} controls---\excp{responses
from the 0-3 scale}. \hyp{beta}
Any following non-trump suit bid is an $\epsilon$
\emph{suit control} ask.
\hyp{epsilon} \\
\Di{4} & Asks responder to bid his suit (diamonds are indicated by a
\Nt{4} response).
A subsequent bid in a new suit would be an $\epsilon$
\emph{suit control} ask.
\hyp{epsilon} \\
\He{4},
\Sp{4} & $5^+$-card suit, to play. Responder should pass with 3-card
support or doubleton honour. \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
\subsection{Bidding after an \emph{unusual positive} response}
\hypertarget{unusualpositive} An \emph{unusual positive} response
shows a 4-4-4-1 distribution. With less than 4 controls (typically,
8-13\hcp), the singleton is not shown directly---\gf{\Cl{3}} is bid with a
black singleton and \gf{\Di{3}} with a red singleton. With four or more
controls (typically $12^+$\hcp), the singleton is immediately shown by
bidding the suit below the singleton.
After \gf{\Cl{3}} or \gf{\Di{3}}, opener bids the next higher suit to ask
responder to clarify where his singleton lies. Responder bids one
step above the relay to show the lower ranking suit and two steps
above to show the higher ranking suit.
\textcolor{red}{\emph{All bidding sequences are forcing to game}}.
\begin{longtable}{p{3cm}p{2cm}|p{3cm}p{2cm}}
\multicolumn{4}{l}{\emph{Possible sequences after an unusual positive of \Cl{3}/\Di{3}}}\\
\hline
\Cl{1}--\Cl{3}--\Di{3}--\He{3} & 4-4-4-1 (\Cl{}) & \Cl{1}--\Di{3}--\He{3}--\Sp{3} & 4-4-1-4 (\Di{}) \\
\Cl{1}--\Cl{3}--\Di{3}--\Sp{3} & 1-4-4-4 (\Sp{}) & \Cl{1}--\Di{3}--\He{3}--\Nt{3} & 4-1-4-4 (\He{}) \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
Once the singleton is known, opener can bid the singleton suit to
initiate $\beta$ and ask for the number of controls held (\excp{the
0-3 scale is used after a \gf{\Cl{3}} or \gf{\Di{3}} response and the $4^+$
scale is used after the stronger
responses}). \hyp{beta}
Examples of bidding after an unusual positive can be found
here. \hyp{ex1c3c}
\subsection{Handling intervention over \Cl{1}}
Over a double of \orf{\Cl{1}}, the additional bids of \emph{Redouble} and
\emph{Pass} are used to provide more granular information. When the
double is conventional (e.g., shows both majors), the bidding is the
same \excp{except that a bid of \Nt{1} would also confirm stoppers in
both majors}. All other bids retain their normal meaning.
\begin{longtable}{ p{1.5cm}p{9.5cm}}
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{After \Cl{1}--(Double)}}} \\
\emph{Pass} & 0-4\hcp. \\
\orf{\Di{1}} & 5-7\hcp, artificial. \\
\gf{\emph{Redouble}} & $8^+$\hcp, usually balanced since \Nt{1}
cannot be bid without stoppers in the
opponent's suits. \\
\gf{\Nt{1}} & Normal 8-13\hcp, but if the double shows a two-suited
hand, shows stoppers in both implied suits. \\
\emph{Others} & Same as over \Cl{1} without the intervention. \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
After an overcall in a suit at the one-level, \emph{any suit or
no-trump bid} is a positive response forcing to game. A \emph{trap
pass} can be made when responder wants to double for penalties---in
this case, he will pass a re-opening double by opener.
When opponents overcall with \Nt{1}, the responses are different
depending on whether the overcall is a genuine strong hand or is
conventional showing a two-suiter (the \emph{unusual no-trump}). In
the latter case, the \emph{unusual over unusual} approach repurposes
the \gf{\Cl{2}} and \gf{\Di{2}} bids to show a game-going hand with a major
suit.
\begin{longtable}{>{\raggedright}p{2.5cm}p{8.5cm}}
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{After a one-level suit overcall \Cl{1}--(\Di{1}/\He{1}/\Sp{1})}}} \\
\emph{Pass} & 0-4\hcp\ or a \emph{trap pass}. \\
\orf{\emph{Double}} & 5-8\hcp\ unbalanced or $5^+$\hcp, balanced. \\
\gf{\emph{Suit}} & Natural, $8^+$\hcp, $5^+$-card suit. \\
\gf{\emph{Jump to \Cl{3}, \Di{3}}} & Unusual positive with
4-4-4-1. \\
\gf{\emph{Cue-bid}} & $8^+$\hcp, balanced hand with \emph{no
stopper} in opponent's suit. \\
\gf{\Nt{1}},
\gf{\Nt{2}} & Usual meaning and promises a stopper in opponent's
suit. \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{After an artificial no-trump overcall \Cl{1}--(\Nt{1}) (showing minors)}}} \\
\emph{Double} & Modest high-card points, suitable for penalising one
of opponent's suits, usually no 5-card major. \\
\gf{\Cl{2}},
\gf{\Di{2}} & $8^+$\hcp, $5^+$-card heart or spade suit
respectively. \\
& These two bids are the so-called \emph{unusual over
unusual} responses in which cue-bids of known suits
correspond to forcing bids in the unbid suits. \\
\He{2},
\Sp{2} & Natural, non-forcing. \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{After a strong no-trump overcall \Cl{1}--(\Nt{1})}}} \\
\emph{Pass} & 0-4\hcp. \\
\emph{Double} & $5^+$\hcp, balanced---for penalties. \\
\emph{Suit} & 5-8\hcp, $5^+$-card suit. \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
Over higher level overcalls, bidding is largely natural but responses
over an \emph{unusual \Nt{2}} are still \emph{unusual over unusual}.
\begin{longtable}{ p{1.5cm}p{9.5cm}}
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{After a suit overcall at 2-level}}} \\
\orf{\emph{Double}} & 6-8\hcp, any shape. Any suit rebid by opener
would be a one-round force. \\
\gf{\emph{Suit}} & Natural and forcing to game. Note that a jump to
\Di{3} over \Cl{2} would be an unusual
positive. \\
\gf{\Nt{2}} & 8-10 or $14^+$\hcp, with stopper in opponent's suit. \\
\gf{\Nt{3}} & 11-13\hcp\ with stopper in opponent's suit. \\
\gf{\emph{Cue-bid}} & Values to be in game but no clear-cut
action---no long suit, no stopper in
overcaller's suit. \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{After an overcall of \Nt{2} (unusual no-trump)}}} \\
\orf{\emph{Double}} & Penalty oriented, usually no 5-card major. \\
\gf{\Cl{3}},
\gf{\Di{3}} & $8^+$\hcp, $5^+$-card heart or spade suit respectively (\emph{unusual/unusual}). \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{After an overcall at 3-level}}} \\
\orf{\emph{Double}} & Balanced hand with $8^+$\hcp. \\
\gf{\emph{Suit}} & Positive, natural, game forcing. \\
\Nt{3} & 8-11\hcp\ with stoppers. \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{After an overcall at 4-level}}} \\
\orf{\emph{Double}} & Shows values---support for partner if he bids
and provides defence if he passes. \\
\emph{Suit} & Natural, non-forcing. \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
\subsubsection{Intervention after a negative response}
If the intervention occurs after partner's negative response of
\orf{\Di{1}}, e.g., \Cl{1}--(\emph{Pass})--\Di{1}--(\emph{RHO doubles /
bids}), opener should rebid as follows:
\begin{longtable}{ p{1.5cm}p{9.5cm}}
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{After \Cl{1}--(Pass)--\Di{1}--(Double) (usually showing diamonds)}}} \\
\emph{Pass} & Balanced minimum (no 5-card suit). \\
\Nt{1} & Upper end of range (19\hcp) with diamond stopper. \\
\emph{Suit} & Same meaning as without the double. \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{After a 1-level suit overcall \Cl{1}--(Pass)--\Di{1}--(\He{1}/\Sp{1})}}} \\
\emph{Pass} & Balanced minimum (no 5-card suit). \\
\orf{\emph{Double}} & For takeout with support for other suits. \\
\emph{Suit} & Natural, at least 5-cards, non-forcing. \\
\Nt{1} & Upper end of the range (19\hcp) with stopper. \\
\Nt{2} & Same as \Nt{2} without interference but promises
stopper. \\
\orf{\emph{Cue-bid}} & Strong hand, lacking stopper in overcalled
suit. \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{After a no-trump overcall \Cl{1}--(Pass)--\Di{1}--(\Nt{1}) (showing minors)}}} \\
\emph{Pass} & Balanced minimum (no 5-card suit). \\
\emph{Double} & Penalty oriented. \\
\orf{\Cl{2}} & Heart suit with extra values
(\emph{unusual/unusual}). \\
\orf{\Di{2}} & Spade suit with extra values
(\emph{unusual/unusual}). \\
\He{2},
\Sp{2} & Natural, non-forcing. \\
\Nt{2} & Upper-end of the \Nt{1} rebid range (19\hcp) with stoppers
in both minors. \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{After an intervention above 1-level}}} \\
\emph{Pass} & Balanced minimum (no 5-card suit). \\
\emph{Others} & A little extra weight as compared to without the
intervention.
\excp{\emph{Unusual/unusual} over an unusual \Nt{2}
overcall}. \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
Examples of bidding after opponents intervene can be found
here. \hyp{ex1cintervene}
\pagebreak
\section{Responses to \Di{1}}
\hypertarget{1d} A \Di{1} opening guarantees 11-15\hcp\ and at least
three diamonds although it could occasionally be a
doubleton. Regardless, the bid is \emph{not forcing} and partner can
pass with a poor hand (0-7\hcp\ and no 4-card major).
When opener does not have a genuine diamond suit, it is either because
(a) he is interested in the major suits but does not have a
five-carder, (b) he holds a club suit but cannot bid \Cl{2} because it
is less than six cards or (c) he has a balanced hand that cannot be
opened with \Nt{1}, i.e., 11-13\hcp. The opener's first rebid will
clarify which type of hand he holds---bid or raise a major suit with
(a), bid clubs with (b), or bid no-trumps or a minor with
(c). Opener's rebids will also classify his point range into a minimum
(11-13\hcp) or maximum (14-15\hcp).
The first priority for both partners is to establish a 4-4 major suit
fit if there is one so a bid by either partner that skips a major suit
implies that he does not hold four cards in that suit. If a major suit
fit is found, a real diamond suit holding in opener's hand may never
be mentioned.
Responder will always bid either spades or hearts (\orf{\He{1}},
\orf{\Sp{1}}, \gf{\He{2}}, \gf{\Sp{2}}) if he has a four-card or
longer major so any other bid \emph{denies four cards in either major
suit}. As a consequence, \emph{Precision} does \emph{not} have the
concept of \emph{$4^{th}$-suit forcing} that is found in standard
systems and a simple rebid by responder in a new suit (which may be a
six-card suit) is always non-forcing. However, \excp{any new suit bid
at the three-level (with or without a jump) is forcing}.
\subsection{Responder has a major suit}
With a four-card or longer major, responder will bid one, two or four
of a major depending on length and strength. Responder's bids are:
\begin{longtable}{>{\raggedright}p{1.5cm}p{9.5cm}}
\hline
\orf{\He{1}} & $4^+$-cards in hearts, usually
$6^+$\hcp\footnote{Sometimes, with favourable
vulnerabilty and an extremely weak hand, a tactical
bid may be made to interfere with opponent's
game. E.g., holding \hhand{754,J852,985,654}, responder
could bid \He{1} planning to pass any rebid by
opener.}, may also have four spades. Note that with
4-4 in the majors and a strong hand, responder will
\emph{reverse}, i.e., rebid \Sp{2} after first
responding with \He{1}. \\
\orf{\Sp{1}} & $4^+$-cards in spades, $6^+$\hcp, less than four
hearts. \\
\gf{\He{2}},
\gf{\Sp{2}} & Strong hand (slam interest) with either a very strong
suit or a good suit with diamond support. For example,
bid \He{2} with either \hhand{AJ,KQJT965,K4,K6} or
\hhand{54,AKT96,KQJ98,A}. The first hand can play
opposite a void so responder will rebid hearts unless
opener raises (in which case responder will invoke
\emph{RKCB}). With the second hand, if opener does not
raise hearts, responder will bid diamonds. \\
& After a \emph{jump shift}, the final contract will be
in one of---opener's suit, responder's suit or
no-trumps. Hence, \excp{a new suit by
\emph{responder} shows support for opener's suit with
shortness in the suit bid}. E.g.,
\Di{1}--\He{2}--\Nt{2}--\Cl{3} shows diamond support
and shortness in clubs. Similarly,
\Di{1}--(\emph{Pass})--\He{2}--(\emph{Pass})--\Cl{3}--(\emph{Pass})--\Cl{4}
would show diamond support and club shortness. \\
\He{4},
\Sp{4} & Single-suited hand with $7^+$-cards and no slam interest,
sign-off. \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
\subsubsection{Opener's rebids after a \He{1} response}
After a \orf{\He{1}} response, opener's rebids are:
\begin{longtable}{>{\raggedright}p{0.75cm}p{10.25cm}}
\hline
\orf{\Sp{1}} & 4-card \Sp{}, denies four cards in hearts. Responder
rebids: \\
& \begin{tabular}{>{\raggedright}p{2cm}p{7.25cm}}
\Sp{2} & 8-9\hcp, $4^+$-card spade support. \\
\Sp{3} & 10-11\hcp, $4^+$-card spade support,
invitational. \\
\Sp{4} & Weak hand with long trumps or strong hand
with no interest in slam. \\
\Nt{1} & Minimum hand, sign-off. \\
\Nt{2} & 10-12\hcp, balanced hand, invitational. \\
\Cl{2},
\Di{2},
\He{2} & Minimum hand, $5^+$-cards, attempt to find
a better part-score,
\excp{non-forcing}. \\
\gf{\Cl{3}} & Could be a 3-card suit. Opener should
show 3-card heart support if he has
it with \He{3}. \\
\orf{\Di{3}} & $5^+$-card suit, strong hand,
game-going. \\
\He{3} & Jump rebid indicates a $6^+$-card suit
with 10-12\hcp. Invitational. \\
\gf{\emph{Double jump
shift}} & \emph{Splinter} bid with singleton or
void and $4^+$-card spade support. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\He{2} & Single raise---4-card heart suit, 11-13\hcp. Could be a
3-card suit with a singleton elsewhere when no other bid is
available. E.g., \hhand{2,AK9,J9832,AT92}. \\
\He{3} & Jump raise---4-card heart suit, 14-15\hcp. \\
\Nt{1} & 11-13\hcp, balanced, denies 4-card major. Can be
3-3-2-5 shape. Responder can rebid: \\
& \begin{tabular}{>{\raggedright}p{2cm}p{7.25cm}}
\Nt{2} & 11-12\hcp, balanced hand, invitational. \\
\Nt{3} & $13^+$\hcp, balanced hand. \\
\Cl{2}, \Di{2}, \He{2} & Minimum with $5^+$-card
suit, retreat from
no-trumps. \\
\orf{\Sp{2}} & \emph{Reverse}, at least 4-4 in the
major suits, strong hand. \\
\orf{\Di{3}} & $5^+$-card diamonds, strong hand. \\
\gf{\emph{Jump
shift}} & Could be a 3-card suit. Intermediate bid
to decide between \Nt{3} and \He{4} (if
opener shows delayed support with
\He{3}). \\
\end{tabular} \\
\Cl{2} & Unbalanced, usually 5-4 in minors and no 4-card
major. Responder's rebids: \\
& \begin{tabular}{>{\raggedright}p{2cm}p{7.25cm}}
\Di{2} & Weak hand, to play, preference for
diamonds. \\
\He{2} & $6^+$-card suit, to play. \\
\orf{\Sp{2}} & \emph{Reverse}, 5-4 in the major
suits, strong hand. \\
\Cl{3} & 10-12\hcp, at least 3-card support for
clubs. \\
\orf{\Di{3}} & $5^+$-card suit, strong hand,
invitational. \\
\Nt{3} & To play. \\
\gf{\emph{Double jump
shift}} & \emph{Splinter}---singleton or void in
suit bid and club support. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\Di{2} & $6^+$-card diamond suit, no 4-card major, non-forcing. \\
\Sp{2} & \emph{Reverse}---14-15\hcp, $6^+$-cards in diamonds and
$4^+$-cards in spades. \\
\Nt{2} & 14-15\hcp, good diamonds and stoppers in spades
and clubs. \\
\Cl{3} & 14-15\hcp, at least 5-5 in minors with values concentrated
in the two suits. \\
\Di{3} & 14-15\hcp, $6^+$-card diamond suit, no 4-card major. \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
\subsubsection{Opener's rebids after a \Sp{1} response}
Opener's rebids after \orf{\Sp{1}} are similar to those after
\orf{\He{1}} but are repeated here for convenience.
\begin{longtable}{>{\raggedright}p{0.75cm}p{10.25cm}}
\hline
\Sp{2} & Single raise---4-card spade suit, 11-13\hcp. Could be a
3-card suit with a singleton elsewhere (see example under
\He{1}). \\
\Sp{3} & Jump raise---4-card spade suit, 14-15\hcp. \\
\Nt{1} & 11-13\hcp, balanced, may have 4-card heart. Responder can
rebid: \\
& \begin{tabular}{>{\raggedright}p{2cm}p{7.25cm}}
\Nt{2} & 11-12\hcp, balanced hand, invitational. \\
\Nt{3} & $13^+$\hcp, balanced hand. \\
\Cl{2},
\Di{2},
\Sp{2} & $5^+$-card suit, minimum, retreat from
no-trumps. \\
\gf{\emph{Jump
shift}} & Could be a 3-card suit. Intermediate bid to
decide between \Nt{3} and \Sp{4} (if opener
shows delayed support with \Sp{3}). \\
\end{tabular} \\
\Cl{2} & Unbalanced, usually 5-4 in minors but could have four cards
in hearts. Responder's rebids: \\
& \begin{tabular}{>{\raggedright}p{2cm}p{7.25cm}}
\Di{2} & Weak hand, to play. \\
\Sp{2} & $6^+$-card suit, to play. \\
\Cl{3} & 10-12\hcp, at least 3-card support for clubs. \\
\orf{\Di{3}} & $5^+$-card suit, strong hand. \\
\Nt{3} & To play. \\
\gf{\emph{Double jump
shift}} & \emph{Splinter}---singleton or void in suit bid
and club support. \\
\end{tabular} \\
\Di{2} & $6^+$-card diamond suit, may have four cards in hearts,
non-forcing. \\
\Nt{2} & 14-15\hcp, good diamonds and stoppers in hearts
and clubs. \\
\Cl{3} & 14-15\hcp, at least 5-5 in minors with values concentrated
in the two suits. \\
\Di{3} & 14-15\hcp, $6^+$-card diamond suit, may have four cards in
hearts. \\
\hline
\end{longtable}
\subsection{Responder does not have a major suit}
When responder does not have a major suit, he can bid:
\begin{longtable}{>{\raggedright}p{1.5cm}p{9.5cm}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{Balanced hands}}} \\
\Nt{1} & 8-10\hcp, usually balanced hand. \\
\Nt{2} & 11-12\hcp, balanced hand. Could be a 4-3-3-3 shape with a
weak four card major and tenaces that would play better as
declarer in \Nt{}. E.g., \hhand{AQT,T642,QT9,KT7} or
\hhand{9843,KJT,AQ7,JT5} \\
\Nt{3} & 13-15\hcp, balanced hand. \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{Support for diamonds (inverted raises)}}} \\
\orf{\Di{2}} & $11^+$\hcp, $5^+$-card diamond suit,
\underline{forcing to \Nt{2} or \Di{3}}. \\
\Di{3} & 0-10\hcp, $5^+$-cards in \Di{}, usually with a singleton or
void. \\
\Di{4} & Preemptive, with more shape and trumps than for \Di{3},
i.e., 6 or 7-card diamond suit. \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\emph{\underline{Unbalanced hands}}} \\
\gf{\Cl{2}} & Usually, $12^+$\hcp\ and a $5^+$-card suit but could be
four cards. Opener will show strength and stoppers
targeting \Nt{3}. Bidding may stop in \Cl{3} or \Di{3}
with missing stoppers. \\
& \begin{tabular}{lp{7cm}}
\He{2} & 11-$14^-$\hcp, heart stopper, no spade
stopper. \\
\Sp{2} & 11-$14^-$\hcp, spade stopper, no heart
stopper. \\
\Nt{2} & 11-$14^-$\hcp, stoppers in both majors. \\
\Di{2},
\Di{3} & No stopper in majors, genuine diamond suit. Jump
shows a maximum 15\hcp. \\